Party people candidates and party evolution
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Contents List offigures List of tables Preface and acknowledgements 1. Introduction: Candidates and party evolution viii xi xii 1 2. A conceptual model of candidate and party change 18 3. Measures matter: New concepts, methods, and big data 45 4. Determinants of candidate change 68 5. Old, new, and partially new parties 90 6. Getting volatility right 117 7. Fission and fusion 151 8. Leadership change 180 9. Programmatic change 199 10. Conclusion 220 Bibliography Index 229 247
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Index Äboltina, Solvita 187 Action of Dissatisfied Citizens (ANO) 7 agency 11-12,20,21,34 Albatrosses 8,45 Alliance for the Future ofAustria (BZÖ) 3, 90 Alliance of Alenka Bratusek (ZAAB) 168, 197 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) 61, 105, 208 Andriukaitis, Vytenis 188 ANO, see Action of Dissatisfied Citizens (ANO) Ansip, Andrus 185 Ataka 209 Australia 182 Austria 3, 26, 90 AWS, see Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) AWSP, see Solidarity Electoral Action of the Right (AWSP) Babis, Andrej 7 Balcerowicz, Leszek 188 BDSA, see Social-Democratic Coalition of Algirdas Brazauskas (BSDA) Belka, Marek 187 Berlusconi, Silvio 7,182 Bërzins, Gaidis 188 Better Estonia-Estonian Citizen (PE-EK) 61,122,125 big data 6,13-16,46-7 BITE, see Free Choice in People’s Europe (BITE) Borisov, Boyko 185 Bratusek, Alenka, see Alliance of Alenka Bratusek (ZAAB) Brazauskas, Algirdas 97,196, see also Social-Democratic Coalition of Algirdas Brazauskas (BSDA) Brexit Party 90 Bridge (Most-Hid) 197 BSP, see Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) Bugâr, Béla 197 Bulgarian Radical Democratic Party/Free Radical Democratic Party 163 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) 56,108, 133,165 BZÖ, see Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) Cameron, David 10 Canada 182 candidate congruence, see congruence of slates candidate dropout 7, 49, 54-6, 69-71, see also weighted candidate dropout (WCD) candidate novelty 7, 49, 54-6, 64, 69-71, see also weighted candidate novelty (WCN) candidate recruitment 20, 34-5, 38, 78, 205 candidate selection 5, 20, 34, 38, 88 candidate turnover candidate weighting 49-53 in mixed systems 53 Centre
Party (K) 61, 123-5,131-2,165, 168,174,176 Cerar, Miro, see Party of Miro Cerar (SMC) Cevers, Ziedonis 195 Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) 31, 117,200-6, 209, 214, 218-19 Christian and Democratic UnionCzechoslovak Peoples Party (KDU-CSL) 170,178 Christian Democracy, Italy 4 Christian Democrat Union (LKDS) 174, 194 Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) 162,196,210 Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP) 177,203
248 INDEX Christian Party (KP) 168 Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) 54,185, 209 Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA) 107 Civic Democratic Party (ODS) 29, 56,133, 167,195 Civic Platform (PO) 3, 61, 90,108, 112, 136, 156, 159, 167, 174-5, 186, 201, 209 cleavages 117 Coalition Party and Country Peoples Union (KMÜ) 61,104,123-5, 130, 165,173 collective defection 28,129,135,165,168, 172-9 Common Choice (SV) 100,105 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM) 133,197 Comparative Candidates Survey 16 congruence of party leaders 192-97 of party programmes 215-7 of slates 8, 34, 56-61, 74,118, 120,126, 130, 157-8, 160-1,171-72, see also candidate congruence Conservative Party, United Kingdom 3, 10,22, 26 Conservative Peoples Party (EKRE), Estonia 176 Conservative People’s Party (SKL), Poland 165 Corbyn, Jeremy 29 corruption 69,76-79, 86, 88 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 79, 83, 86, 88 Csäky, Pal 197 CSSD, see Czech Social Democratic Party (CSSD) Czech Social Democratic Party (CSSD) 133,163,186 David 49-51,119-20 Dawkins, Richard 11,19 Dawn (ÙSVIT) 167 de Gaulle, Charles 4 Democratic Left (DL) 133, 165-6 Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 26, 61, 105, 170, 182,187 Democratic Party (DS) 173 Democratic Party of Pensioners (DeSuS) 102,169 Democratic Party Saimnieks (DPS) 164 Democratic Union (UD) 4,105,165 Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (DSB) 195 Denmark 3,4, 90 DeSuS, see Democratic Party of Pensioners (DeSuS) DFP, see Peoples Party (DFP) Direction-Social Democracy (Smer-SD) 56,210 district magnitude 50-2 DL, see Democratic Left (DL) Dombrovskis, Valdis 196 DP
(Latvia), see Labour Party (DP), Latvia DP (Lithuania), see Labour Party (DP), Lithuania DPS (Bulgaria), see Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) DPS (Latvia), see Democratic Party Saimnieks (DPS) dropout, see candidate dropout DS, see Democratic Party (DS) DSB, see Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (DSB) Dzurinda, Mikulâs 196 ЕССЕЕ, see Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (ЕССЕЕ) EKGP, see United Smallholders Party (EKGP) EKRE, see Conservative People’s Party (EKRE), Estonia ELDP, see Liberal Democratic Party (ELDP), Estonia Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (ЕССЕЕ) 14, 46-7, 63, 95,159, 170 electoral paradigm, see genetic paradigm En Marche 4, 90 Equal Rights (L) 155 ER, see Reform Party (ER) ERSP, see National Independence Party (ERSP) European Union 158, 209 evolution in genetics 7,11,19-20, 39
INDEX in party systems 2,10-1, 61,140 in political parties 3, 7,10,12, 39, 61, 141 Farage, Nigel 90 Farmers’ Union (LZS) 174,194 FDP, see Free Democratic Party (FDP) feasible candidates 41-2, 68, 69-72 Fico, Robert 210 Fidesz 3, 32, 59-61, 163, 175,177,182, 200, 203, 209 Fidesz-MDF, see Fidesz; Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) fission and leadership congruence 195-7 and programmatic change 216-7 and slate congruence 157-8,160-4 definition of 151-2,155 detection based on candidate movement 166-70 fissionary tendencies 152,164,179, 216 of electoral coalitions 159,161 Five Star Movement 4, 90,182 FKGP, see Independent Smallholders Party (FKGP) For a Good Latvia! (PLL) 196,210 For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (TB-LNNK) 173,188 For Human Rights in a United Latvia (PCTVL) 155,156 For Latvia from the Heart (NSL) 169 For Order and Justice (UTT) 133,164,169 Forza Italia 4, 7 FP, see Progress Party (FP) France 4, 28 Free Choice in People’s Europe (BITE) 155-6 Free Democratic Party (FDP) 26 Freedom and Dignity (NPSD) 168 Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) 186 Freedom Party (FPÖ) 3 Freedom Union (US), Czech Republic 61, 136,165,170 Freedom Union (UW), Poland 4,61,136, 165,189 Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic (SsCR) 167 fusion and leadership congruence 193-4 249 and programmatic change 216-7 and slate congruence 157-8,171-4 definition of 151-2,155 detection based on candidate movement 175-8 fusionary tendencies 152,164,176,179 of electoral coalitions 170,177 Garden of Eden 92 Gasparovic, Ivan 164 genes/genetics in evolutionary biology 11,19-20, 39 in political parties 8,11-2,19-20
genetic paradigm 19-20, 27, 30, 32, 34, 42, 43-4 genuinely new party, see party novelty/newness, genuine novelty Georgia 97 GERB, see Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) German Democratic Republic 10 Germany 3,10,26,181-2 Goliath 49-51,119-20 Grebenicek, Miroslav 197 Green and Farmers’ Union (ZZS) 174,178 Green Party, Austria 26 Green Party, Germany (Democratic Republic) 10 Green Party, Germany (Federal Republic) 3,182 Gregor Virant’s Civic List (LGV) 107 Gyurcsâny, Ferenc 107,182,187, 209 Harmony (S) 155-6 Harmony Centre (SC) 156,169,209,210 Head-Up (HV) 167 Hiller, Istvan 187 Homeland Union (TS) 100,210 Hrusovsky, Pavol 196 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) 59-61,163,175,197 Hungarian Democratic People’s Party (MDNP) 197 Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÊP) 61 Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) 48, 61, 104,107,182,187, 209 HV, see Head-Up (HV)
250 INDEX HZD, see Movement for Democracy (HZD) HZDS, see Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) I, see Pro Patria Electoral Coalition (I) I-ERSP, see Pro Patria-National Independence Party (I-ERSP) IL, see Pro Patria (IL) Independent Smallholders Party (FKGP) 196,208 IRL, see Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) Israel 4,120 Italy 4, 7, 77,182 Jankovic, Zoran 185,197 Jansa, Janez 48 Jobbik 53 JP, see New Party (JP) Jurek, Marek 163 Jurkäns, Janis 194 K, see Centre Party (K) Kaczynski, Jaroslaw 183 Kadima 4,120 Kallas, Siim 174,196 KDH, see Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) KDU-CSL, see Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People’s Party (KDU-CSL) Kirkilas, Gediminas 196 KK, see Safe Home (KK) Klaus, Vaclav 29,168 KLD, see Liberal-Democratic Congress (KLD) KMU, see Coalition Party and Country Peoples Union (KMÜ) Kostov, Ivan 195 Kovacs, Istvan 35-8,47-8 Kovacs, Laszlo 187 KP, see Christian Party (KP) Kreituse, Ilga 195 KSCM, see Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM) Kun, see Royalists (Kun) L, see Equal Rights (L) Labour Party (DP), Latvia 164,195 Labour Party (DP), Lithuania 4,133,154, 175,186 Labour Party (Labourists), Lithuania 4 Labour Party, United Kingdom 3,10,29 Labour Union (UP) 61,170 Labourist Party 4 Latgale Democratic Party (LDP) 174,194 Latin America 14,20 Latvia First Party (LPP) 134,196,210 Latvia’s Way (LC) 164,174,187,194,196, 210 Latvian Association of Regions (LRA) 168 Latvian Socialist Party (LSP) 155-6,194 Law and Justice (PiS) 3,10, 61, 90,108, 112,136, 159,163, 183 LB, see Left Bloc (LB) LC, see Latvia’s Way (LC) LD, see Liberal
Democrats (LD) LDDP, see Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (LDDP) LDP (Latvia), see Latgale Democratic Party (LDP) LDP (Lithuania), see Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Lithuania LDS, see Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) League of Polish Families (LPR) 61,112, 136 Left Bloc (LB) 197 Lega Nord 182 legislative switching 24, 35,166 Lendvai, Ildiko 187 Lezsâk, Sandor 197 LGY see Gregor Virants Civic List (LGV) Liberal and Centre Union (LICS) 133,168 Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS) 107, 134-5, 213 Liberal Democratic Party (ELDP), Estonia 100,123,131,161 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Lithuania 164 Liberal Democrats (LD) 174 Liberal Democrats (LIDEM) 166 Liberal-Democratic Congress (KLD) 4, 165 LICS, see Liberal and Centre Union (LICS) LIDEM, see Liberal Democrats (LIDEM)
INDEX LiepajaParty 178 List Pim Fortuyn 4 Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (LDDP) 164,188 Lithuanian Liberal Union (LLS) 102, 105, 133, 164 Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) 105,162,188,196 LKDS, see Christian Democrat Union (LKDS) LKRS, see Russian Union (LKRS) LLS, see Lithuanian Liberal Union (LLS) LPP, see Latvia First Party (LPP) LPR, see League of Polish Families (LPR) LRA, see Latvian Association of Regions (LRA) LSDP, see Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP) LSP, see Latvian Socialist Party (LSP) LZS, see Farmers’ Union (LZS) Macron, Emmanuel 4,90 Manifesto Project (MARPOR) 31, 71, 95, 200-6, 214, 218-9 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 188 MCPP (mean change in party positions) 206-15 MD, see Moderates (MD) MDNP, see Hungarian Democratic Peoples Party (MDNP) Medgyessy, Péter 182,187 Mesterhâzy, Attila 187 MIEP, see Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) Migas, Joezf 189 Mihaylova, Nadezhda Nikolova 195 Miliband, Ed 29 MKOE, see Our Home is Estonia (MKOE) Moderates (MD) 28,125,131-2,164, 210 Most-Hid, see Bridge (Most-Hid) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) 164,173,175 Movement for Democracy (HZD) 164 Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) 168,195 MSZP, see Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) 251 NA, see National Alliance (NA) National Alliance All for Latvia’ (PVL) 187 National Alliance All for Latvia!’/ For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (PVL-TB-LNNK) 187 National Alliance (NA) 168 National Harmony Party (TSP) 155-6, 194 National Independence Party (ERSP) 123-4,132,161 National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) 54, 56,184 National Resurrection Party (TPP) 168 NDSV, see
National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) Necas, Petr 56 Netherlands 4,7,182 New Era (JL) 184, 203,210 New Party (JP) 134 New Slovenia (NSi) 108 New Union (NS) 133,162,164,175,196 non-feasible candidates 41-2, 68, 69-72 Non-Partisan Bloc in Support of Reforms (BBWR) 108 novelty, see candidate novelty, party novelty/newness NPSD, see Freedom and Dignity (NPSD) NS, see New Union (NS) NSi, see New Slovenia (NSi) NSL, see For Latvia from the Heart (NSL) ODA, see Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA) ODS (Bulgaria), see United Democratic Forces (ODS) ODS (Czechia), see Civic Democratic Party (ODS) OEaNO, see Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OEaNO) Olechowski, Andrzej 186 Olejniczak, Wojciech 187 Orban, Viktor 3, 32,182 Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OEaNO) 102,175 organizational paradigm 18-19, 26, 27, 29, 43,198 Ortman, Jaroslav 197 Our Home is Estonia (MKOE) 132
252 INDEX Paksas, Rolandas 133,164 Palikot, Janusz, see Palikot’s Movement (RUCHP) Palikot’s Movement (RUCHP) 159, 167, 182,186 Pantelëjevs, Andrejs 187 ParlGov 71, 80, 95,188-9 Paroubek, Jin 182,186 Partido Ecologico Espanol 10 Parts, Juhan 184 party entry 27, 39 and candidate novelty 100-5 and candidate turnover 92-4 identification of 95-99, 109-13, 115-16 party exit 27, 34, 71, 91 and candidate dropout 105-8 and candidate turnover 92-4 identification of 95-9, 109-13, 115-16 Party for Freedom (PW) 7,159 party leaders change of 29-30,180-1 continuation of 192-7 novelty of 183-6 types of 181-3 party logos 10 party novelty/newness conceptualization of 5-6 genuine novelty 4,16, 27, 38, 54, 63, 71, 74,90,91,104, 157,172 partial novelty 90, 105,112,115,126, 129,189 Party of Civic Rights (‘Zemanites’) 163 Party of Entrepreneurs and Businessmen (SPZSR) 173,175 Party of Miro Cerar (SMC) 54, 90,184 Party of the Democratic Left (SDL) 100, 189 Party of the Hungarian Community (SMK-MKP) 197 party switching 20, 34,43, 46, 57, 164-5, 174,179 by group of politicians, see collective defection in parliament, see legislative switching Paulauskas, Artüras 196 Pauls, Raimonds 134 PCTVL, see For Human Rights in a United Latvia (PCTVL) PE-EK, see Better Estonia-Estonian Citizen (PE-EK) People of Freedom 182 Peoples Party (DFP) 3,4,90 People’s Movement for Latvia (TKL-ZP) 164 People’s Party (TP) 100,102,134,174,185, 194,196, 210 People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (WD) 158 People’s Union (RL) 175 Philistia 119-20 PiS, see Law and Justice (PiS) PJN, see Poland Comes First (PJN) Plaid Cymru
(PC) 26 Plazynski, Maciej 186 PLL, see For a Good Latvia! (PLL) PO, see Civic Platform (PO) Poland Comes First (PJN) 159 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 61,167 Political Party Database 182 Popular Front (RR) 105, 123-4,131-2, 165 Positive Slovenia (PS) 54,168,169,185, 197 PP, see Right Wingers (PP) PR, see Right Wing of the Republic (PR) Prince of Sweden, Carl Philip 124 Pro Patria (IL) 102,123-24,126,131-2, 136,161,164,174,178,194,196 Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) 102,156,173,194 Pro Patria Electoral Coalition (I) 161,163, 194,196 Pro Patria-National Independence Party (I-ERSP) 61,123-4,132, 136,194, 196 Progress Party (FP) 3, 90 PS, see Positive Slovenia (PS) PSL, see Polish Peasant Party (PSL) Public Affairs (W) 56,107,166,167 PVL, see National Alliance All for Latvia’ (PVL) PVL-TB-LNNK, see National Alliance All for Latvia!’/ For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (PVL-TB-LNNK)
INDEX Rally for the Republic (RPR), France 4 Rally for the Republic (SPR-RSC), Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic 102, 133 Rally ofthe French People (RPF) 4 Reform Party (ER) 61,100,102,123-24, 126, 131-2, 161, 164, 165, 168, 174, 185,194,196, 210 rejuvenation 69, 77, 83, 88 relative list position 51, 58,64-67 renomination 69, 77-78, 80, 88 Representative Audit of Britain 16 Repse, Einars 184 Res Publica (RP) 102,105,164,178,184, 194 Right Wing of the Republic (PR) 95,163 RightWingers (PP) 61, 123-5,132,161, 194 RL, see Peoples Union (RL) Röivas, Taavi 185 Royalists (Kun) 122,124 RP, see Res Publica (RP) RPF, see Rally of the French People (RPF) RPR, see Rally for the Republic (RPR), France RR, see Popular Front (RR) RUCHP, see Palikot’s Movement (RUCHP) Russian Party (VE) 176,178 Russian Union (LKRS) 169 S, see Harmony (S) Safe Home (KK) 104,123,130,173 Sajudis (SK) 105, 210 Samoobrona (SRP) 164 SaS, see Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon, see National Movement Simeon II (NDSV) SBC, see volatility, split-by-congruence (SBC) volatility SC, see Harmony Centre (SC) SD, see Social Democrats (SD), Slovenia SDE, see Social Democratic Party (SDE), Estonia SDK, see Slovak Democratic Coalition (SDK) SDKU, see Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÙ) SDL’, see Party of the Democratic Left (SDL’) 253 SDP, see Social Democratic Party (SDP), United Kingdom SDS (Bulgaria), see Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) SDS (Slovenia), see Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) SDSS, see Social-Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS) selfish gene 11,19, see also genes/genetics in
evolutionary biology Ship of Theseus 1 single-mandate districts, see candidate weighting, in mixed systems SK, see Sajudis (SK) Skële, Andris 100,174,185,194,196 SKL, see Conservative People’s Party (SKL), Poland slates component slates 154 definition of 8, 33 joint slates 154,157,192 making of 33-39 proto-slates 20, 37-9, 76, 124, 166,199 SLD, see Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) Sledzifiska-Katarasmska, Iwona 136 Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÙ) 100,162,196 Slovak Democratic Coalition (SDK) 100, 105,157,161-3,179,195, 196 Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) 102 SMC, see Party of Miro Cerar (SMC) Smer-SD, see Direction-Social Democracy (Smer-SD) SMK-MKP, see Party of the Hungarian Community (SMK-MKP) Social Democratic Party (SDE), Esto nia 28, 124, 165, 168,174,176,178, 179, 210 Social Democratic Party (SDP), United Kingdom 3 Social Democratic Party (SPD), Germany 182 Social Democrats (SD), Slovenia 135,169, 186 Social-Democratic Coalition of Algirdas Brazauskas (BSDA) 133,188 Social-Democratic Party of Slovenia (SDSS) 105,165
254 INDEX socio-economic indicators economic growth (GDP) 80, 83,137-40 unemployment 80, 85 Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 3, 61, 90,108,133,135,165,173 Solidarity Electoral Action of the Right (AWSP) 108 Spain 10 SPR-RSC, see Rally for the Republic (SPR-RSC), Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic SPZSR, see Party of Entrepreneurs and Businessmen (SPZSR) SRP, see Samoobrona (SRP) SsCR, see Freeholder Party (SsCR) Straujuma, Laimdota 187 Suchman, Tamas 48 Sulik, Richard 186 SV, see Common Choice (SV) Sweden 124 Szabo, Ivan 197 Szabo, Janos 196 SZDSZ, see Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) Szydlo, Beata 183 TB-LNNK, see For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK (TB-LNNK) Team Stronach 3,90 TKL-ZP, see Peoples Movement for Latvia (TKL-ZP) TOP09 159 Topolânek, Mirek 29 Torgyân, Jdzsef 196,208 TP, see Peoples Party (TP) TPP, see National Resurrection Party (TPP) TR, see Your Movement (TR) TS, see Homeland Union (TS) TSP, see National Harmony Party (TSP) Turkey 158 Tusk, Donald 186 U (index of programmatic similarity) 203-17 UD, see Democratic Union (UD) UdL, see Working for Lithuania (UdL) UKIP, see United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) Ukraine 48, 97 Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) 4 Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) 133, 163,170 United Democratic Forces (ODS) 170,195 United Kingdom 3,10,16, 22, 26,29,48, 77, 90,182 United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) 90 United Left (ZL) 167 United Smallholders Party (EKGP) 196 United States of America 20,31,77 UP, see Labour Union (UP) US, see Freedom Union (US) Uspaskich, Viktor 186 ÙSVIT, see Dawn (ÙSVIT) UTT, see For Order and Justice (UTT) UW,
see Freedom Union (UW) VE, see Russian Party (VE) Vienotiba 168,175,187,196, 210 Virant, Gregor see Gregor Virant ’s Civic List (LGV) Vlaams Belang 4 VlaamsBlok 4 volatility as a measure of party system stability/change 2,117-18 calculation of 118-19 determinants of 136-40 extra-system 138-40 in Central and Eastern Europe 133-6 intra-system 138-9 split-by-congruence (SBC) volatility 126-8 Vona, Gabor 53 W, see Public Affairs (W) WD, see Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy (WD) Walçsa, Lech 108 WCD, see weighted candidate dropout (WCD) WCN, see weighted candidate novelty (WCN) weighted candidate dropout (WCD) 54-6, 92-4,105-8,109-13 weighted candidate novelty (WCN) 54-6, 92-4,100-5, 109-13 Wilders, Geert 7,158
INDEX Windsor, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary 47 Working for Lithuania (UdL) 105,114, 133,162,164,196 Your Movement (TR) 167 ZAAB, see Alliance of Alenka Bratusek (ZAAB) Zares-Social Liberals 135 255 Zatlers’s Reform Party (ZRS) 168,175,186 Zatlers, Valdis 186, see also Zatlers’s Reform Party (ZRS) Zeman, Milos 133,163, see also Party of Civic Rights (‘Zemanites’) ZL, see United Left (ZL) ZRS, see Zatlers’s Reform Party (ZRS) ZZS, see Green and Farmers’ Union (ZZS) Bsyonethe I S^iWWo1i©!i i ''^ЭД J |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1990-2016 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV049376392 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:58:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-31T01:12:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198868125 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034704111 |
| oclc_num | 1414557358 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M347 DE-29 DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M347 DE-29 DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 255 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240705 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Comparative politics |
| spelling | Sikk, Allan 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)131791400 aut Party people candidates and party evolution Allan Sikk and Philipp Köker Oxford, United Kingdom Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xv, 255 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Comparative politics Geschichte 1990-2016 gnd rswk-swf Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd rswk-swf Partei (DE-588)4044737-6 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Political candidates / Europe, Central Political candidates / Europe, Eastern Political parties / Europe, Central Political parties / Europe, Eastern Political party organization / Europe, Central Political party organization / Europe, Eastern Candidats (Élections) / Europe centrale Partis politiques / Organisation / Europe centrale Partis politiques / Organisation / Europe de l'Est Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Partei (DE-588)4044737-6 s Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 s Geschichte 1990-2016 z DE-604 Köker, Philipp Verfasser (DE-588)1171940122 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-263848-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sikk, Allan 1975- Köker, Philipp Party people candidates and party evolution Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd Partei (DE-588)4044737-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4131693-9 (DE-588)4044737-6 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Party people candidates and party evolution |
| title_auth | Party people candidates and party evolution |
| title_exact_search | Party people candidates and party evolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Party people candidates and party evolution |
| title_full | Party people candidates and party evolution Allan Sikk and Philipp Köker |
| title_fullStr | Party people candidates and party evolution Allan Sikk and Philipp Köker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Party people candidates and party evolution Allan Sikk and Philipp Köker |
| title_short | Party people |
| title_sort | party people candidates and party evolution |
| title_sub | candidates and party evolution |
| topic | Kandidat (DE-588)4131693-9 gnd Partei (DE-588)4044737-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kandidat Partei Osteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034704111&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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