The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present
Ali Askerov theorizes that although the Russo-Chechen wars that unfolded between 1994 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2008, the Chechen predicament continues toremain uncertain. The enduring demand of the Chechen people for national independence persists, while Russia’s ruthless aggression towards...
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| 520 | 3 | |a Ali Askerov theorizes that although the Russo-Chechen wars that unfolded between 1994 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2008, the Chechen predicament continues toremain uncertain. The enduring demand of the Chechen people for national independence persists, while Russia’s ruthless aggression towards its ethnic minorities and neighboring sovereign nations exhibits no discernible signs of diminishing. Immerse yourself in this powerful narrative that shines a light on resilience, determination, and the pursuit of freedom of Chechnya and the Chechen people. | |
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Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 : Project Narrative 7 Chapter 2: Historical Context 21 Chapter 3 : Ethnopolitical and Ethnoterritorial Conflicts in Russia: The Risks of Russia’s Fragmentation in the Context of the Ukrainian Conflict 65 Chapter 4: From Multidimensional Analysis to Multidimensional Intervention 101 Chapter 5: The Nexus of Human Needs, Socioeconomic Forces, and Administrative Realities amidMoscow’s Grips 139 Chapter 6: Role of Psychocultural Factors 181 Chapter 7: Violence: Story, Memory, Metaphors, Emotions, and the Notion of Freedom 213 Chapter 8: The Practice of Conflict Management in Chechnya 233 Conclusion 257 Appendix 1 267 Appendix 2 269 References 271 Index 299 About the Author 315 vii
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Index Abdurrahmanov, 57, 62, 91 Abkhazians, 215 abolition, 154 accelerating, 206 accord, 50, 52, 238, 245, 247, 249, 264, 293 Accord, 2, 52, 197, 209, 255 achieve, 2, 71, 73, 78, 80, 116, 122, 130, 136, 241,250, 259, 263 adats, 24 advantageous, 156 adversary, 23, 93, 98 Adygei, 25 Afghanistan, 54, 135, 154, 240, 276 AG, 237-39, 241-43, 252 AgaArshadin, 158, 160-61 aggression, 3, 5, 43, 82, 83, 85, 88-90, 102-3, 109, 115-18, 172,213, 221, 263, 275, 278, 280-81, 286; aggressive, 5, 61, 87-89, 115-18, 157,172,190, 240, 264-65, 299 agricultural, 23, 118, 141 Ahmethan Mutushev, 34 Akhmad Kadyrov, 42, 53-54, 157, 161-62, 166, 178, 243,282 aksakal, 14, 60 Albik Hajji, 33 Alexander II, 29 Alexander III, 33 Alexander Lebed, 51, 246 Ali Asayev, 57 Ali Osaev, 57, 169 alienation, 247 Alik Dzhabrailov, 170, 236 Alkhan-Kala, 150, 237 Alkhanov, 243 Altaians, 71 Alu Alkhanov, 53, 162, 243 American liberal internationalism, 108 amnesty, 37, 235 Anatol Lieven, 48 ancestors, 21, 117-18, 185, 187, 217 Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA), 129 animosity, 22, 105-6, 229 Anna Politkovskaya, 95; Politkovskaya, 4, 24, 37, 52, 88, 90-91, 93, 95-96, 171, 178, 193,247, 278,289-90 annexation, 68, 74, 250 annexed, 31, 75, 200 antagonism, 2, 78, 222 anti-Bolshevik, 34 anticipated, 2, 103 apex, 24 Arabic, 200-202 Arabs, 108, 194 arbitrary detentions, 242 Argun, Mountain, 31 Arkadi Volski, 50 299
300 Index armed force, 262 Armenia, 15, 59, 105, 137, 211, 296; Armenians, 14-15, 124, 206 armies, 2, 24, 28 ashamed, 190 Ashilta, 26 Aslan Maskhadov, 51, 53, 156, 237, 247 Assamese, 108 assassinated abroad, 163 assassination, 50, 53, 56, 158, 167, 170, 236, 246 astonishment, 181 asymmetric, 66, 133, 193 Atabay, 31-32 atrocities, 4, 56, 89, 152, 182, 222, 227, 229, 234, 237 Austria, 165-66, 171 Autonomous Republic, 41-42, 164, 195, 197 autonomy, 36, 39-41, 44, 61, 65-66, 68-70, 72-74, 80-81, 107, 252 Avar, 26, 29 Aviation Academy, 149 azan, 16 Azerbaijan, 8-12, 15, 19, 22, 57-61, 105, 137, 148^49, 164-68, 171, 174, 176, 200, 206, 211, 214, 264, 288, 296; Azerbaijani, 9, 11-12, 14, 17, 59-60,91, 149, 167, 189; Azerbaijanis, 14, 124, 206, 215; Baku, 8-12, 14-16, 19, 47, 57-60, 91-92, 146, 149, 165, 167, 169-170, 174, 189, 202, 206, 210, 214, 225, 287, 296; Dagestan, 11, 22-24, 26-29, 31, 33, 35-37, 42, 46, 51, 54-55, 68, 74, 79, 96-97, 159, 182, 195, 200, 204, 215-16, 244, 267, 280, 283, 296-97 Baddeley, 21-24, 26, 273 Baltic countries, 200 bandits, 52, 95, 145, 192, 223, 249, 291 Basayev, 49-50, 53, 55, 93, 96, 157-60, 171, 186, 195, 222, 244, 255 Bashkir, 70-71 Bashkirs, 70-71 Bashkortostan, 68, 70-72, 98, 273 basic human needs, 3, 102,109-12, 123, 139-40, 146, 152-53, 166, 168-69, 172-73, 178, 226 Battle of the Sunja River, 24 Baysungur, 31 bazaar, 14, 184, 283 Bazhenov, 31, 32 Belgium, 13, 165, 171 Benoy, 31 besieged, 26, 31-32 Black Sea, 23, 25, 35, 59, 61 Bolsheviks, 34-36 Bosnia, Kosovo, 54 Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, 34 bribery, 30 British and Irish governments, 130
British government, 129 Brotherhood for Resurrecting the Holy Cross, 25 Budyonnovsk, 49-50, 89, 244-45 Canada, 8, 78, 165, 167, 225, 279, 295 Caspian Sea, 57, 59-60, 292 casualties, 36, 48, 52, 80, 140, 221,263 catastrophe, 81, 140, 210 Caucasophobia, 203—4 Caucasus, 1, 21-30, 33-37, 44-45, 56, 58-62, 74, 78-79, 87-89, 93, 97, 152, 154, 156, 159, 179, 182, 19596, 202-6, 210, 215, 222, 231, 233, 251, 255, 262, 266, 271, 273-74, 280, 281, 284-85, 287-88, 293-95, 297; Northern Caucasus, 22, 35-36, 78-79, 206; Transcaucasia, 22, 204 Caucasus Emirate, 56, 97, 154, 156, 196, 202, 222, 231, 266, 284, 294 cease-fire agreement, 2, 50-51, 245 central Africa, 123 Central Asian, 114 Charles Osgood, 249 Chechenophobia, 203, 204 Chechnya, 1-5, 7-8, 11, 14, 18-19, 22-24, 26-29, 31-34, 36-38, 40-62,
Index 66, 68, 70, 76, 79-80, 83-84, 86, 88-89, 91-98, 108, 115, 122, 135, 137, 139-54, 156-64, 166-79, 182-83, 185-86, 188-201, 203, 205-11, 213, 215, 217-18, 220-31, 233-55, 257-58, 260-65, 271-83, 285-93, 295-96; Chechen, 1-6, 8-19, 21-25, 27-32, 34-36, 38-62, 66, 68, 79-80, 82, 84, 87-99, 101-2, 104, 107-8, 110-17, 122, 124, 128, 136-37, 139-78, 181-211,213-31, 233-37, 239-41, 243-55, 257-68, 272-74, 277, 279-83, 285, 287-96; Chechens, 2-5, 8-10, 12-16, 18-19, 22, 24, 27-28, 30-41, 44, 47^18, 50, 52-58, 61-62, 66, 84, 86-95, 97-98, 108, 110, 113-14, 116-17, 119, 122, 124, 140-46,149-51, 154, 156-61, 163-78, 181-89, 193-211, 214-15, 217-18, 220-22, 224-31, 236-37, 239-40, 244-53, 258-59, 261-65, 272-73, 291 Chernomyrdin, 44, 50, 78, 244-46 Children, 213, 254 China, 81 Chinese empire, 74 Christianity, 25 Christian, 25, 150, 174-75, 279-80 Christopher Mitchell, 104 Chukotka, 76-77, 282 Chuvash, 68, 72 Circassians, 23, 62, 205-6, 215 civilian, 2, 33, 36, 47, 49, 51-52, 90, 98, 115, 140, 153, 161, 171-72, 177, 220, 236, 239, 254, 263 collapse, 2, 41, 65, 69, 72-73, 82, 206, 257, 261, 271 collective memory, 88,127, 182, 21718, 228-29, 260, 296 collectivist culture, 188 colonial administration, 30 colonialism, 123 colonization, 221 communism, 13, 231 301 complex, 2, 22, 66-68, 74, 79-80, 82, 104-5, 121, 126, 136, 164, 176-77, 190, 193, 253, 257, 263, 283 complexities, 5, 21, 62, 101-2, 106, 136-37, 153, 176, 299 conflict, 1-5, 7, 15, 18, 21-22, 25, 28, 30-31, 36-37, 40, 42-43, 45, 50, 52-53, 58-59, 61-62, 66, 78-80, 82-83, 85, 88-93, 96, 98, 101-40, 153, 156-57, 159, 168,
172-73, 17578, 181-83, 187-88, 190, 193-94, 198-99, 200-201, 206-8, 213-16, 219, 221-22, 226-27, 229-30, 233-37, 239, 241, 243-54, 257-66, 271-76, 278-86, 288-97, 299 conflict eruption, 124 conflict resolution, 3, 18, 105-6, 108, 119-22, 126, 128-31, 133,136-37, 139, 175, 214-15, 229, 248, 250, 252, 254, 257-61, 264-65, 273-76, 279, 284-86, 288-89, 291, 295, 297 confrontation, 131, 188, 288 conquer, 22-23, 27, 35, 74 conquering, 23 Constitution, 34, 68, 70, 191 constitutional citizens, 210 construction jobs, 141 contingency approach, 130 contributing factor, 115, 140 counter hostage-taking law, 53 conventional, 2 correctness, 196 Corsicans, 108 Cossack, 31,33, 35, 79, 163 Cossacks, 31-35, 74, 163, 186, 216 Crimea, 23, 68, 250, 265, 272 Crimean, 23, 28-29, 296 Crimean khans, 23 criminal prosecution, 49 criminals, 45, 93-97, 144-45, 177, 204 crisis management, 238,251 crucial mistake, 266 CSMR, 233-35 cultural identity, 122, 197-98
302 Index culture, 3, 15-16, 22-23, 70, 72-74, 101-2, 106, 112-13, 119-22, 133, 146, 150, 181-89, 191, 196, 202, 205-10, 214, 217, 220, 225-30, 259, 271, 273, 275, 283-84, 287, 290-92, 296 customs, 183-84, 198, 231 Cyrillic alphabet, 40, 201, 209 Czechoslovakia, 200 Dada Umayev, 33 Dada Zalmayev, 33 David Chavchavadze, 30; Chavchavadze, 30 Davidenko, 46 de jure independent, 239 decentralized, 26 declaration, 24, 42, 44, 161, 201, 220, 231,254, 262 decolonization, 106 decree, 35, 39, 43, 45, 48, 154, 162 dehumanized, 206 demilitarization, 51 democracy, 13, 68, 85, 122, 133-34, 251,272, 293,296 demonized, 206 Department of Employment, 144 deportation, 4, 37-38, 40, 89, 141, 150, 182, 279, 288 deprivation, 8, 66, 104, 107-8, 115-16, 176, 214, 293 deprivation models, 116 deprivations, 16, 168, 213, 227 deprived, 12, 39, 86-87, 117, 144, 146, 173-74,213,227, 258 desperate, 149 destruction, 23, 26-27, 42, 49, 51, 75, 140, 150, 174, 221, 227, 254, 263 deterioration, 2,181 diaspora, 57, 62, 70, 74, 146, 165, 173, 176-77 diasporas, 13, 175-77, 249 dilemma, 35, 156, 245 diminished, 5, 93-94, 97, 140, 147, 165, 199, 266 direct and structural violence, 102— 3, 112 disequilibrium, 114-15, 143, 173 disintegration, 41, 65, 78, 81-82,142 disunity, 92, 98, 186, 193,231 division, 31, 67, 186, 267 Dokka Umarov, 56, 97, 154, 156, 160, 196 Doku Zavgayev, 51, 186, 246 domination, 22 drugs, 91, 95, 202-3, 205 Dubai, 57, 169, 172 Dudayev, 41^15, 68, 83, 92-95, 154, 156-58, 161-62, 175, 181, 186, 255 Dudayev’s death, 157-58 Duma, 44, 51, 78, 81, 207, 235-36 dynamics, 1, 3, 21, 62, 79, 92, 101,
103-5, 107-8, 116-17, 119, 126, 129, 172, 190, 198,218, 258-59, 275, 277, 290, 299 Dzahnibekov, 169 economic conditions, 142, 173 education, 4, 11-12, 18, 40, 91, 114, 128, 130-31, 133, 139-41, 145-50, 166-67, 174, 176, 213-14, 224, 229, 235, 248, 258, 271, 273-74, 277-78, 280, 282-84, 288, 299 education opportunities, 146, 148 educational institutions, 144 eighteenth century, 22, 218, 271 employment, 112, 134, 139, 140-42, 144, 172, 176, 257 England, 28 entrenched, 108, 248, 251 eradicate, 25, 161, 220 escalation, 2, 92, 123-24, 139, 173, 259, 262 escalations, 5 Estemirova, 171, 178, 193, 236-37 Ethiopia, 108 ethnic cleansing, 5, 191, 219, 230, 296 ethnic identity, 122, 197, 199 ethnic minorities, 42,66, 69, 81, 107 ethnocentrism, 196, 228, 231, 290
Index Ethnocentrism, 97 ethnocultural, 70 ethnopolitical, 65-67, 81-83, 98, 101, 104, 106-7, 110, 119, 125, 129, 131, 134-36, 271, 276, 289 ethnoterritorial, 41, 66-67, 81-82, 276 Eurasia, 57, 81-82, 281, 295-96 Europe, 50, 60, 63, 165-66, 168, 176, 233, 247, 249, 253, 273, 277-78, 280,285,288-91,293,295-96 European, 61, 164, 165-66, 177, 234, 251,272, 274, 277,282 European countries, 164-66, 177 European Court of Human Rights, 165 European Union, 166 Evdokimovskoe, 31 exile, 29, 33, 35, 37-40, 87-88, 117, 141,152,181, 183,185-86, 208, 218, 227, 296 expansion, 1,23, 106 expansionist, 1, 2, 200 explicit, 117, 189, 242 explicitly, 102, 247 external, 5-6, 31, 80, 98, 107, 111, 129-30, 134-35, 137, 156, 169, 198, 233, 248, 276 face-to-face dialogue, 244 fascism, 13 father’s militia, 161 fatigue, 30 Fatiha, 16 Federalism, 67, 277, 279, 295 fertile conditions, 97 fifteenth century, 1 filtration points, 227 forces, 2, 21, 23-29, 31-33, 35, 36, 41-43, 45-47, 49-51, 53-58, 62, 71, 78, 90-91, 94, 96, 98, 111, 129-30, 140, 147, 159, 161-62, 164, 169, 171, 174, 192, 196, 201,208,220, 227, 230-31, 234, 237, 240, 242, 244, 249, 250, 267, 276 foreign debts, 76 foreign fighters, 54, 161, 194, 200, 211 303 foreign insurgence, 199 Foreign Ministry, 241 forgiveness, 3, 128, 221, 258, 286, 289, 293, 296 France, 28, 108, 121, 165, 177 freedom, 2, 21-22, 25, 88, 95, 97-98, 110, 111, 116, 154, 156-58, 160, 164, 175, 177-78, 193-95, 208, 21314,219-27, 229-30, 239, 259 frustration, 88-90, 102, 103, 11517, 227 fundamentalism, 13, 204 Galtung, 3, 88, 102-5, 108-12, 114-15, 120, 122, 129, 133, 196-97,
226, 280,284 Gammer, 4, 21-42, 54, 111, 137, 226, 273, 280, 290, 297 Gazhi Edilsutanov, 57,169 Gaziyev, Abdurrakhmanov, 169 Gender, 125-26, 277, 284, 285, 290, 293, 296 gender factor, 190 gender system, 125, 290 generation, 4, 5, 119, 127, 182, 214, 226, 229, 264, 296 genocide, 5, 106, 118, 219-20, 227, 229, 258, 294 Georgia, 22, 25, 32, 59-62, 124, 137, 164, 202, 211, 235, 240^11, 264, 278, 285 Georgians, 62, 124, 215 Ghazi Muhammad, 25, 26 Ghazi Mulla, 26 Golden Fund, 75 Golden Horde, 1 Goldstein, 117-18, 281 Governor Tsvetkov, 77 Gregoria Gregorian church, 26 grievances, 5-6, 80, 82, 88, 98, 106, 143, 177, 208, 210, 228-29, 253, 264 Grozny, 2, 15, 33-37, 39-43, 45-53, 58-59, 62, 90, 141, 143, 147^18, 150-52, 161-62, 165, 169-70,
304 172, 174, 178, 182, 184, 186, 203, 210-11, 236-39, 244-45, 248, 282, 289, 292-94 Grozny oil refinery, 58 guerrilla, 2, 31, 57, 62, 79, 193, 231, 244-45, 248 Hajji, 32-33 Hamzat Bek, 26 harmony, 109, 123, 185, 188 harsh policies, 84, 192, 197, 253 Hasan Israilov, 37 hegemonic, 125 Henri Tajfel, 122 hierarchy, 22, 109-10, 188 Hindus, 123 hinterland, 22 historical, 2, 4-6, 18, 21-22, 30, 52, 58, 61-62, 70, 72-74, 80, 82, 96, 98, 105-7, 117, 124, 125-27, 130, 144, 150-52, 163, 174, 183, 188, 196, 202, 210, 214, 247, 257, 260, 265, 275 holistic, 103-4, 117, 133, 136-37, 230, 259 holy war, 24—25 homeland, 28, 33, 39-40, 43, 183, 188, 198, 208 honor, 29-30, 36, 49, 158, 163, 171, 183, 187, 195, 207 hostages, 49-51, 55, 89, 94, 236, 244, 272 human rights, 2, 52, 62, 83-85, 90-91, 96, 122, 135, 166, 168, 171, 176-78, 192-93, 202-4, 209, 224, 228, 23438, 241-42, 248, 251,253,278 humanism, 7 humanitarian organizations, 214 hunger, 30, 39, 140, 237 Ibrahim Chulikov, 34 Ichkeri okrugs, 31 identity, 2-5, 65, 73, 81, 88, 97-98, 102, 104, 106-11, 114, 119-20, 122-25, 140, 181, 183, 185, 196-99, 207, Index 209, 216, 219, 224, 228, 251, 257, 259, 262-65, 271, 279, 281, 284-85, 287, 290, 295, 299 iftar, 11, 14-15 illegal, 11, 58, 94, 97, 153,166, 168, 177-78 Imam, 4,11, 13-14,16, 19, 24, 26-30, 32, 34,36, 182, 267, 271, 280 imamate, 24 immunity, 49 imperative, 103, 126, 136, 261, 264 Imperialism, 123 imprisonment, 25, 168 Imran Gaziyev, 57 incompatible, 183, 194, 238, 248, 260 independence, 1-2,4-5, 35, 41-42, 58, 61-62, 66, 68-74, 76, 78-81, 83-84, 86, 88, 92, 97-98, 107, 116, 153,
156-58, 161, 163, 173, 194-95, 197-99, 201, 209, 215, 217, 219-24, 227-29, 231, 243-44, 247, 249-51, 252, 257, 261-62, 266, 272, 288, 296 independent rulers, 76 India: North India, 123; South Indian, 123 indigenous, 22-23, 38, 102, 108, 133, 282, 297 individualism-collectivism, 188 inferior, 113, 140 infiltrated, 54, 154 influx, 74, 142-43 Ingushetia, 32, 42, 46, 62, 68, 79, 97, 148, 159, 164-67, 174, 176-77, 195, 235-36, 238, 273, 285 integrity, 2-3, 30, 42-43, 45, 59, 61, 66, 78, 80, 83-87, 97, 188, 194, 238-39, 247, 254, 290 intensified, 2, 77,227, 239 intention, 2, 42-43, 55, 99, 159, 206, 211,220-21,250 intercultural, 2, 120, 273 interference, 83, 252 interfering, 83, 240, 252 intergenerational, 214 internally displaced people, 164, 167
Index International Congress of Soldiers’ Mothers, 234 International Court of Justice, 84 interrelatedness, 114 intervention, 3, 10, 32, 40, 45, 47, 52, 61, 101-3, 113, 128-34, 136, 139, 233, 240, 276, 279, 288, 297 interviewed, 8, 42, 49, 88, 168, 174, 261 intraparty, 245—47 invaders, 15, 198, 206, 208, 221 invasion, 5, 22-23, 46, 52, 65-66, 68, 71,82, 86, 221,264, 293 involvement, 22, 108, 132, 135, 140, 169, 177, 187, 203, 233, 239, 242, 250-53, 291 Iran, 22, 59-60, 164 Iranian Turkic Safavid empires, 22 Irish government, 129 irreconcilability, 21 Ishayev, 76-78 Islam, 12, 14, 23-24, 54, 57, 169, 194, 196, 199, 200, 204, 226, 230-31, 259, 272, 274, 282, 288, 290, 291; al-Qaeda, 54, 222, 240, 253; Islamic law, 24, 185, 192, 267; Islamic traditions, 25; jihad, 36, 42, 267, 283; Koran, 200, 202; mufti, 34, 36, 42, 54, 154, 157, 161-62; Muslim republics, 79; Muslimdominated, 78-79, 159; Muslims, 11-12, 15, 108, 150, 195-96, 199, 211, 272, 274, 289, 291, 293, 296; radical Islamists, 197-99; sectarian Wahhabi, 162; Wahhabis, 54, 194, 297 Islamic militants, 54 Islamophobia, 203-4, 272, 291 Israel, 105, 108, 119 Jabir Raduin, 158, 159 Japan, 75-78, 289 jeopardizing, 18 Kabarda, 24-25 Kabardins, 216 305 Kadyrov, 54-57, 62, 151, 154, 161-63, 166, 169-71, 172, 175-78, 191-92, 194, 224, 227-28, 236, 243, 283, 287 Kadyrovtsy, 154, 157, 175, 194 Kalmyk Republic, 74, 80, 98, 294 Kaluga, 29 Kamchatka, 76-77, 294 Karabakh, 14, 19, 233, 235, 255, 272, 296 Karelians, 71 Kasav Yurt, 31 Kashmiri, 108 Kazakhstan, 4, 37, 59, 60, 87-88, 98, 166, 235 Khakasses, 71 Khasavyurt, 2, 51-52, 61, 197,
238, 247, 249, 255, 264-65, 267 Khattab, 54, 93, 157, 158, 194-95, 211 Khodz-Ahmet Yarikhanov, 50 kidnapped, 30, 53, 57, 95, 171, 191-92, 207-8, 277 killing civilians, 164 Kishkeroy, 27 Kizlyar, 24, 51 kontratniki, 58, 209 Kovalev, 52, 236, 285 Krasnodar, 79, 144 Krasnodarsky Kray, 144 Kumyks, 26, 31 Kurds, 86, 293 Kurt Lewin, 103 Kushtau mountain, 71 labeling, 209, 249, 261 large-scale police, 203 last Crimean khan, 23 last gazavat, 33 lasting resolution, 62, 250 leadership and government, 139 legitimacy, 51, 56, 80, 85, 93, 156, 172, 240, 246, 275 legitimate, 45, 84, 124, 154, 156, 158-59, 171, 175, 177, 194,210, 220-21, 264 Leibniz, 7
306 Lezginka, 215-16 Lezgins, 215 liberation movement, 25, 92, 97, 154, 176 Lidia Yusupova, 237; Yusupova, 237 life-giving opportunities, 128 limitations, 28, 85, 104, 126, 129, 173, 213, 252 literature, 2, 40, 101, 106, 116, 120, 127, 136, 181,201,205 Lithuania, 71 long-lasting, 2, 114, 247 long-standing, 2, 80, 84, 106, 193 long-term success, 260 Lubyanka, 56 Magadan, 76-77 manifestation, 2, 116 Mari El, 68, 70, 72-73, 98, 296 marsha ghoyla, 226 marsha woghiyla, 226 marshala doiytu, 226 marsho, 22, 214-26, 227, 231 masculinity, 190, 278 Maskhadov, 53-54, 83, 93, 96, 157-59, 161-62, 181,222, 247 mass deportation, 33, 39, 98 massacre, 23-24, 49, 62, 192, 211, 220 massacre of the Nogays, 23 massacred civilians, 169 Mecca, 29 mediation, 3, 50, 102, 128, 130-32, 238, 239, 241, 248, 274-76, 279, 282, 284, 288, 299 Memorandum of Understanding, 238 Memorial human rights institution, 235 metaphor, 219-20, 227, 229 metaphors, 102, 109, 213-14, 219, 220-22, 229, 257, 289 meticulously, 237 Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, 225 military, 2, 13, 15, 22, 26-30, 32, 35, 37, 41, 45-50, 52, 55, 57, 61-62, 76, 87, 90-93, 95-96, 98, 107, 111-12, 135, 140, 145, 147—48, 152-53, Index 159-64, 166, 171, 174, 177, 191-92, 195, 200, 204-5, 207-11, 221-22, 233-37, 239—40, 242, 244-45, 24749, 251, 253-54, 258, 261, 263, 285 military campaigns, 27, 145, 192,207 militiamen, 32 Ministry of Education, 10-11, 149 Ministry of Justice, 238, 242 mitigating violence, 248 Mola Ramazanov, 162-63, 167, 197 momentum, 71-73, 78, 234 Mongolia, 75 Mongols, 1 Mordovian activists, 73 mosques, 19, 150, 199 motherland, 49,
187, 196, 210 Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 36 Mountain Jews, 216 mountaineer, 1 mountaineers, 21-22, 25, 31, 182, 188 mountainous, 22, 36, 146-47, 150-51, 169, 174, 185,205 mountainous Caucasus region, 22 mountainous regions, 36, 146, 150-51 Movladi Baisarov, 169 multidimensional, 18, 101, 104,115, 129, 136, 272 multimodal nature of intervention, 128 Muridism, 25 myths, 127, 215, 217, 226, 230, 277 Nagorno, 235, 255, 272 Najm al-Din, 34-36 Nakhshibandi, 195 narratives, 4, 16, 105, 119—21, 18283, 260 Natalya Estemirova, 169 national heroes, 11 national identity, 122, 197 national liberation movement, 21, 57-58, 73, 80, 94, 154, 196-97, 221, 257, 283
Index nationalism, 13, 79, 97, 99, 108, 198, 209, 213, 227-28, 231, 277, 281, 283, 288, 290, 294 Nationalism, 99, 227, 231, 273, 281-82 Nationalist, 129, 228 Nationalist Catholic, 129 Nationalists, 130 Nazism, 13 negative connotation, 218 negotiation, 3, 29, 44, 102, 121, 126, 128, 13 0, 132, 23 8, 244-45, 252, 260-61,282, 297 New Dargo, 29 NGOs, 47, 132 Nikolai Britvin, 241 NKVD, 38-39, 117, 267 Nobel Peace Prize, 237, 290 Nogays, 23,26 Nokchi, 24 Nokhchi, 22, 197, 267 nonverbal communication, 189 North Caucasian Republics, 75 North Caucasus, 21-23, 25, 34, 36, 49, 62, 74, 97, 157-59, 171, 182, 187, 195, 210, 231, 254, 258, 266, 273, 275, 280, 282, 285, 294-95 North Ossetia, 31, 40, 46, 55, 68 Northern Kazakhstan, 87 Novgorod gubernia, 33 occupied, 25, 35, 40, 55, 98, 137 Olivia Ward, 215 orchestrated, 24, 29 orderliness, 11 Oromos, 108 Orthodox Church, 26, 289 OSCE, 50, 179, 233, 237-38, 239-43, 245-46, 248, 251-55, 272, 274, 277, 280, 282-83, 288, 289-90, 293, 297 Ossetia, 32, 233, 235 overlap, 108, 194 oversight, 252 PACS, 7, 18, 101-4, 108-9, 115, 12425, 128, 131, 133, 136, 249, 257, 264 307 pagan traditions, 24 paramilitary, 129, 157, 178, 211 Paris Peace Treaty, 28 Park Kulturi stations, 56 patriotic, 124, 144, 190, 230 patriotism, 15, 216, 223 pawns, 192, 207 peace, 2, 4, 6, 34, 46, 50, 52-53, 61, 80, 85-86, 92, 101-5, 111-12, 121-22, 125-26, 129-30, 132-35, 152, 175, 177-78, 193, 215, 223-24, 230, 238, 240-41, 244-47, 249-50, 257-59, 264-65, 271-72, 274-76, 278, 28081, 283-84, 286-97, 299 peacebuilding, 3-4, 106, 121-22, 126— 29, 132-33, 183, 219, 250, 264, 271,
276, 290-92 Peacekeeping, 195, 250, 276 perpetuate, 110, 114, 126, 205, 215, 260 perpetuation, 5, 113, 135 persecution, 205, 235 Petrovich Yermolov, 22; Yermolov, 4, 22-23, 25, 27, 30, 181-82, 195, 210 Pieri, 24 Plato, 7 Poland, 165-66, 200 polarization, 92, 125, 286 Polish rebels, 32 political rights, 72, 121, 265 political tension, 71 Political turbulences, 76 portrayed, 13, 24, 93, 205, 210, 221 positivism, 7 Post-9/11,253 post-Soviet, 87, 107, 144, 196, 235, 252, 271, 273, 286-87, 294-96 preconditions, 249, 261 preexisting internal crises, 265 pre-Soviet, 15 Prime Minister, 44, 50, 162, 245 Prince Bariatinskii, 25, 29 Prince Potemkin, 23 pro- claimed democratic orientation, 240 proclamation, 23, 36, 46 professional job positions, 114
308 Index pro-independence, 71 prolonged war, 122 propaganda, 24, 32, 41, 65, 89, 124, 169, 206, 248 prosecuted, 33 pro-South-Eastern Alliance, 34 pro-Soviet, 34 prostitution, 168 protesters, 46 provocative, 168, 210, 217 psychocultural, 3, 18, 98, 102, 106, 117, 119, 121, 128, 167, 177, 181, 196, 202, 257, 259 psychocultural dimension, 181 Psychocultural interpretation theory, 106, 290 psychological, 5, 8 8, 90, 96, 103, 106, 109-10, 118, 119, 145, 148-49, 151, 164, 170, 191,214-15,219, 259, 284, 294 psychology, 5, 12, 101, 105, 117, 119, 123, 145, 263, 278, 286-88, 294 Qadiriya tariqats, 195 Qatar, 56,158 Queen Victoria, 28 Raduyev, 51, 93 Ramazan Molayev, 9, 15, 19, 29, 58, 60, 158, 168, 170-71, 187-88, 191-92, 198, 200, 219, 223, 226; Molayev, 10-16, 19, 30, 57, 193-94, 220-21,225 Ramzan Kadyrov, 53, 56, 153-54, 16164, 171, 175, 178, 193, 198, 221, 225, 236, 243, 262, 265 ransom, 94, 140, 170, 205, 208 rape, 168, 191, 230 rebellion, 23, 31-33, 37, 107, 285 rebels, 32, 36-37, 55, 90, 240, 246, 248, 291 reconciliation, 3, 105, 127-28, 133, 137, 250, 258, 260, 264, 281, 286-87 Red Army, 35-36 Red Crescent, 14 Red Cross, 53, 58, 248 refrain, 261 refugees, 8-13, 18, 57-58, 60, 139,143, 148, 164-169, 174, 176-78, 203, 206, 213-14, 220, 235, 237-38, 241, 274, 288 refugees and internally displaced people, 18, 139, 165, 238 regime, 34, 46, 67-68, 81, 94, 136, 171,245 reinforced, 33, 205, 210 relations, 2, 4, 51, 69, 106-7, 123, 133, 162, 181, 238-39, 241, 273, 278-79, 284, 290, 293-95 relationship, 2, 60, 67, 90, 111, 114, 116, 123, 126, 131, 189, 239-40, 251,273,280, 291
religious, 4, 18, 25, 34, 36, 38, 54, 93, 97, 106, 107, 117, 120, 122-23, 128, 134, 151, 156, 182, 184, 195-97, 199, 200, 209, 228, 257, 259, 260, 265, 286, 288 Religious, 199, 267, 286, 296 Republic of Azerbaijan, 57, 165 Republic of Buryatia, 68, 75 Republic of Ichkeria, 57, 146, 153-54, 156-57, 161, 181, 197, 266 Republic of Tuva, 68, 74-75 resistance, 1,22-31, 38, 46—47, 71, 77, 126, 170, 182, 188, 195-96, 220, 231,251,280 restoration, 39, 61,151,152 restrictions, 126, 242, 251 resurgence, 81-82, 125,265 retaliation, 51, 62, 213, 281 revolt, 32, 283 Revolution, 1, 15, 33, 34, 62, 200, 287 rituals, 121, 182-83, 199 rivalries, 92, 97, 106, 126, 153, 260 Rizvan, 19, 189, 197-99 Romanov, 50, 245^16, 255 Rostov, 79 Roza Gantemirova, 162 Ruslan Yamadaev, 169
Index Russia, 1-5, 7, 12, 19, 22-23, 25, 27-28, 30-31, 33-34, 37, 41-48, 50-51, 53-63, 65-89, 91, 93-95, 97, 99, 107-8, 112-13, 115, 117, 135, 137, 141-44, 149, 153-54, 157-62, 164, 167, 169-73, 176-78, 182, 184-85, 187, 191-92, 195-206, 208-11, 215, 217-18, 220-22, 224, 227-31, 233, 235-43, 245-54, 25758, 260-65, 267, 271-74, 276-83, 285-97, 299; imperial Russia, 22, 210; Kremlin, 5, 43^15, 56, 65-69, 71, 73-74, 78, 80-82, 88, 97, 137, 139, 157-59, 161, 163, 175-76, 191-92, 198, 203, 207, 221, 238, 241-43, 248-50, 252, 257, 261, 263—65; Moscow, 2, 7, 37, 40-44, 52-53, 55-56, 58, 60-62, 66, 68-69, 71-83, 89-90, 95-96, 98, 114, 116, 139, 143, 145, 154, 156-57, 159, 161, 163, 171-72, 175, 176, 194, 198, 202, 204-6, 209, 210-11, 215, 219, 221-23, 228, 234-41, 243-45, 247-53, 260-61, 265, 277-79, 283, 288-90, 295; Russia’s, 1-3, 5, 7, 12, 23,25,27, 30,41-45,50-51,53, 55-56, 58-61, 65-66, 68-69, 71, 73, 76-79, 81-83, 89, 93-94, 97, 107, 112, 115, 135, 141, 149, 158-59, 161, 164, 169, 171, 173, 177, 187, 191-92, 197, 201, 203-4, 208, 20910, 218, 221, 233, 236, 238-43, 246, 248, 250-53, 257-58, 260, 262-65, 271-72, 276, 278-82, 285, 287-89, 291, 293-95, 299; Russian, 1-2, 4-5, 9-13, 15, 17, 19, 21-37, 40-62, 65-66, 68-83, 87-99, 110, 113-15, 137, 139-40, 142-43, 147, 149-54, 157-64, 166, 168-78, 181-85, 187-211, 213-14, 216, 218, 220-22, 225, 227-31, 234-42, 244-55, 25864, 266-67, 272-75, 277, 280-83, 285-87, 289, 291, 293-94, 296-97; Russians, 3-5, 11, 15, 18, 22-33, 47-51, 53-55, 57, 62, 67, 70-71, 309 75, 86, 88-89, 95, 99, 112, 116-17, 119, 124, 151-52, 154, 157, 161, 168,
170, 172, 182-89, 191, 193-97, 199-200, 205-11, 216, 218, 220-22, 226, 228, 230-31, 237, 244-47, 249, 255, 259, 261, 264-65, 272; Russo, 2-3, 5, 13, 18, 21, 32, 50, 58, 61-62, 66, 80, 91, 96, 98, 101-2, 104, 107, 110-11, 113-17, 122, 124, 128, 13637, 139-40, 146, 150, 153, 155, 157, 168, 172, 178, 181, 187-88, 190, 193, 197-99, 202, 207-9, 216, 219, 222, 226-27, 229, 233, 241, 243, 247-51, 254, 257, 259-64, 272-73, 279, 292-93, 296; St. Petersburg, 25, 30, 78,235,254, 296 Sadulayeva, 170-71, 178, 193, 236 Said Sulimov, 160, 162-63 Said-Magomed Kakiev, 162 Sakhalin, 76, 77, 98 Samashki, 49, 58, 215, 220 Saudi Arabia, 194 secessionist, 65-66, 71-74, 76-77, 83, 97-98, 107, 134, 252, 262-63 second Gazavat, 25 secular, 13, 34, 36, 159 secular democracy, 34 secular-nationalists, 36 security, 10, 16-17, 46, 55-58, 60, 83, 87, 89-90, 94, 98, 110-11, 114-15, 135-37, 139, 140, 143, 162, 166-67, 169, 173, 176-77, 192, 201, 210, 237-38, 242, 251, 253-54, 272-73, 277, 280, 285-86, 289 self-destruction, 221 self-determination, 2, 4, 25, 34, 52, 61, 83-87, 97, 108, 194, 275, 28081,290 Self-determination, 83-84, 290, 294 seminomadic, 140 sentiments, 21, 77, 81, 223, 229, 257, 262 separatism, 41, 72-73, 75, 78-80, 197, 204, 206, 271,282, 294
310 Index separatist governments, 83-84 separatist movement, 58, 73, 79-80, 92, 98, 158, 296 separatist movements, 72-73, 80 separatist regime, 159 separatists, 55, 71, 73, 143, 197, 202, 222, 241 Serbian, 191, 230 Sergei Stepashin, 50 setback, 24 shamans, 74 shariat, 24, 34, 36, 192 Shatoevskoe, 31-32 Shatoi, 54, 151 Sheikh Abdul Halim, 156, 158 Sheikh Mansur, 23-25 Sheikh Shamil, 24; Shamil, 4, 11, 24, 26-31, 36, 49, 96, 182, 244, 280 Shirvani, Basayev, 50 Shmesettin Batukaev, 56 Siberia, 4, 33, 37, 78, 87-88, 98, 273, 279 silent pistol, 57 simmering, 2 Sinhalese, 123 Slavic, 35 socioeconomic, 18, 76, 124, 133, 139, 140, 165, 167, 196, 224 sociopsychological theory, 123 Soldiers’ Mothers and Memorial, 248 Somalis, 108 sophisticated, 24, 47, 247, 263 sought, 2, 28, 80, 98, 176, 228, 233, 243, 252 Sovereignty, 194, 290 Soviet government, 37 Soviet identity, 124 Soviet rule, 88, 91, 141, 198-99 Soviet Union, 2, 39, 41, 60-61, 65, 69, 72-73, 75, 80, 87-88, 107, 124, 14042, 144, 200, 202, 206, 235, 257, 261,283, 288, 291,294, 296 Soviets, 31, 34, 36, 124, 199 sparked, 2 Sri Lankan, 123 state terror, 169, 171, 177-78 State terror, 170, 172, 177 Stavropol, 35, 39, 56, 79 Stavropol region, 56, 79 stereotypes, 120, 202, 205-7,210, 216 stories, 4, 17-18, 30, 89, 119-21, 127, 139, 182, 202, 214-19, 225-26, 228-29, 231,260, 294 storytelling, 3, 17-18, 102, 126-27, 132, 135, 213, 218, 229, 257-58, 273, 292-93 Storytelling, 17, 126, 292 strategy, 7, 23, 27, 47, 71, 92, 97, 136, 158, 170, 191, 193, 249, 253, 260, 263, 275; strategic, 7, 23, 30, 44,47, 70, 113, 129, 149, 156, 195, 279
stronghold, 29 struggle, 4, 15, 21-22, 24, 26-27, 31, 34, 36, 40, 42, 49, 54-55, 57, 75, 80-81, 90, 92, 97-98, 122, 130, 156-57, 160, 163, 168, 178, 185, 187-88, 196, 199, 207, 215-17, 221, 222, 226, 229, 231, 239, 258, 262, 265, 294 subgroups, 93, 188, 193, 208 subjugation, 1,23 Sulim Yamadaev, 169 Sulim Yamadayev, 57, 162, 172 Sunja, 24, 27 surrender, 4, 24, 29-31, 49, 236, 248, 285 Suvorov, 23-24 symbolic, 120, 182, 229 sympathy, 10,62, 94, 229 Tajikistan, 54, 235 Tamils, 123 Tatars, 1,66, 70, 124, 296 Tatarstan, 41-42, 65-66, 68-72, 80, 98, 162,249, 261,287, 293 Tbilisi, 47, 60, 202 tendencies, 71, 74, 76, 78, 81, 115,197, 206, 236 Terek oblast, 31, 33-34 Terek People’s Republic, 34-35, 287
Index Terek River, 23, 25 territorial, 1-3, 31, 42-43, 45, 59, 61, 66, 80, 83-87, 97, 107, 194, 238-39, 247, 254, 257, 265, 272, 290; territories, 1, 26, 31, 39, 53, 68, 74-76, 89, 169, 235, 282 terrorism, 56, 58, 116, 135, 169, 170, 172, 177-78, 183, 204, 224, 239, 241, 253-54, 274-75, 283, 285, 289, 292, 295, 299 terrorists, 52, 89, 95, 97, 140, 145, 19192, 204-5, 208, 222, 224, 240-41, 261,294 the Arab-Jewish conflict, 106 Thomas Hobbes, 83; Hobbes, 83, 282 threat, 24-25, 53-54, 58, 71, 73, 76, 82, 97-98, 162, 178, 198-99, 210, 227-28, 245, 253, 274, 282, 296 threatened, 27, 58, 66, 76, 87-89, 164, 192, 207 time of threat, 227 Timurid Empire, 1 Toronto Star, 215 traditional costumes, 216 traditions, 24, 30, 142, 150, 183-84, 207, 286 tragedies, 4, 18, 119 Trans-Baikal Association, 77 transform, 3; transformation, 3, 102, 104, 112, 128-30, 132-34, 136, 181,216, 241,248,250, 261,272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 284, 286, 288, 291-93, 295, 299 transgenerational externalization, 4, 88, 182 transmission, 4,119, 260 trauma, 4, 53, 88, 119, 127, 149, 182, 214-15,264 traumatized, 4, 145, 213, 215 traumas, 89, 98, 105-7, 122, 123, 127, 145,213-15,295 Treaty of Gulistan, 22 troops, 23-24, 26-27, 32-33, 37, 39, 41-43, 45-47, 49-50, 52, 55, 62, 311 76-77, 79, 96-98, 117, 140, 154, 171, 182, 220, 244-45, 247, 282 truce, 2 tsar, 23-27, 29, 33, 280 tsarist, 22-24, 31, 33, 35, 87, 89, 196, 218,231 Tumanov, 32 Turkey, 13, 22, 59-60, 63, 142, 164, 171, 253; Anapa, 25; Istanbul, 56-57, 89, 169, 178-79, 239-41, 254, 277, 287, 295; Ottoman, 22, 28, 31-33, 35, 37, 202, 274, 282; Turkish, 12, 22, 25,
29, 57, 59-60, 99, 202; Turks, 28, 106, 285, 293 Turkic ethnic group, 70 Turkmenistan, 60 turmoil, 81, 85, 125 Tuva, 66, 74-75, 80, 98, 271, 291, 294 Tuvinian nationalists, 75 Tuvinian Popular Front, 74 Udmurt, 73, 285 UK, 253, 272-73 Ukraine, 3, 5, 65-67, 69, 71, 73, 81-82, 164, 189, 221-22, 235, 249-50, 257, 262-65, 272-73, 293 Uma Hajji, 33 Uma sur, 32 Umar Israilov, 169, 172 Umarov, 56, 62, 154, 158, 196, 222 UN Charter, 83, 86 UN’s Declaration on Independence, 85 underlying, 2-3, 5, 12, 65, 81, 101-4, 106-7, 113, 128-29, 133-34, 136, 248-50, 258 unemployment, 75, 140, 143-45, 172, 223 UNHCR, 149 Unionist Protestant, 129 unionists, 154, 157-58, 178, 194, 221 Unionists, 130 United Arab Emirates, 164,171 United States, 35, 52, 60, 75-78, 83, 94, 121, 135, 165, 167, 177, 196, 202, 239-40, 253, 279, 280, 295
312 University of Manitoba, 9, 194, 272, 287 unreasonable, 188 unresolved, 2-3, 5, 81, 107, 243, 262, 265 uprisings, 31-32, 37, 43, 285 Ural, 23, 74, 78 Urals region, 71 Usman Imayev, 50 Uzbekistan, 124, 137 Uzun Haji, 36 Vainakh, 152, 156, 178-79, 197, 268 Vasan Girey Jabaghi., 34 Vatchagayev, 2, 27, 53, 272, 295 Vedeno, 33, 36 victory, 2, 24, 42, 49, 52, 62, 135, 161, 223, 230, 243, 246, 257 Vienna, 169, 172 Viktor Kazantsev, 247 Vilayat Nohchiycho, 154 violence prone, 205 violent power struggles, 162 Vladikavkaz, 25, 34-35 Vladimir Putin, 52, 55, 57, 65-66, 81, 154, 159, 207, 261; Putin, 52, 55, 65-66, 68-70, 81-82, 96, 154, 16162, 170-71, 177, 181, 221, 236, 240, 243, 247, 253-54, 263, 265, 281-83, 290, 292, 294, 296 Vladimir Ustinov, 53; Ustinov, 53 Volga, 23, 71, 74, 78, 262 Vologda, 28 Vorontsov, 27 Vyacheslav Mikhailov, 50 Waltz, 104-5, 296 war and cultural heritage, 139 warriors, 92, 144, 205, 216, 222 Washington, 8, 15-16, 49, 76, 78, 94, 282, 289 Western governments, 253 Western values, 228 Westphalia Peace Treaty, 83 withdrawal, 35, 49-51, 239, 244-45 Index women, 2, 10-11, 15, 19, 27, 39,49, 55-56, 125-26, 165, 168, 170,177, 184-85, 190-92, 205, 207-8, 211, 213, 216-17, 220, 224, 227, 230, 253, 273, 277, 288, 293 worldviews, 119, 121, 183,213-15 xenophobia, 203 xenophobic groups, 210 Yakutia Republic (Sakha), 75 Yandarbiyev, 53, 83, 156, 158, 246; 1990s, 21-22, 38, 40, 54, 59, 65-68, 70-75, 78-81, 88, 94, 97-98, 124, 140, 148, 150-51, 154, 173, 182, 199, 206, 210, 219, 226-28, 231, 235, 250, 261-62, 289; 1991, 1, 3, 21, 25, 32, 41^12, 58, 61, 65, 69, 71, 74-75,
84, 93, 95, 102-3, 119-20, 131, 142, 144, 154, 156, 173, 197, 200-201, 209-10, 257, 271, 273, 275-77, 279, 292; 1994, 2-3, 21, 30, 41-46, 48, 52, 54, 58-59, 61, 68-69, 88, 91-93, 102, 104, 118, 122-24, 142, 145^18, 162, 164, 172, 181, 200, 223, 234-36, 271, 274-75, 277, 279-80, 286, 289-293, 296; 1995, 4, 27, 48-49, 51, 59-60, 67, 75-76, 89, 106, 114, 118, 131, 133-34, 161, 183-84, 186, 219-20, 234, 236-39, 241-42, 244-45, 247, 249, 254-55, 274, 276, 281-82, 286, 288-96; 1996, 2-4, 17, 24, 28-29, 33-35, 39, 41-42, 46, 51, 53-54, 57, 59, 61, 75-77, 89, 93, 95, 102-6, 111-14, 120, 122, 127, 129-30, 133, 135-36, 146, 148, 156-58, 164, 172, 175, 197, 199, 209, 215-16, 223, 234, 236, 238-39, 244-47, 255, 264, 271, 273, 275-78, 280, 282-83, 285-89, 291-94, 296; 1997, 2-5, 21-24, 26, 31-33, 40, 52-53, 66, 69, 75-78, 85-86, 88, 102-3, 105, 118-19, 131, 156, 159, 235, 239, 246, 271, 273, 275, 279, 283-84,
Index 286-87, 290, 293-97; 1998, 3-4, 21-22, 24-43, 45^19, 51-53, 59-60, 68-69, 74, 76-79, 84, 88-89, 102, 106, 108, 119, 121, 123, 132, 134, 159, 182-83, 195, 198, 205, 227, 235, 238, 239, 245, 249, 273-76, 278-82, 286, 291-93, 295; 1999, 2-4, 11, 34, 42, 46—18, 52-55, 58-62, 65-66, 68, 70, 74-81, 84-85, 87, 94-95, 102, 104-5, 115, 123-24, 132-34, 148, 159, 162, 164-66, 172, 175, 181, 195, 204, 206, 211, 214, 223, 234-41, 244-45, 247, 251, 253, 271-74, 277-78, 280, 283-87, 290-92, 294-96; 2000, 3-4, 17, 32, 38-40, 47, 49, 52, 60, 66, 69-72, 74-79, 85, 88, 102, 104, 106, 108, 111, 117, 119, 121, 126, 131, 133, 147-48, 151, 161, 164, 170, 207, 211, 220, 234, 237-38, 242, 271, 273-74, 276-77, 280-89, 292, 29497; 2000s, 15, 22, 67, 71, 73, 79-81, 147-48, 150, 165-66, 175, 206, 210, 231, 250, 258, 262-63, 265; 2002, 3-4, 8, 17, 40, 50, 52-53, 55, 72, 86, 89, 94, 96, 102-3, 106, 116-17, 124, 127-29, 133-35, 158, 183, 207, 211, 225, 233-36, 242, 254, 272-73, 275-83, 285, 287-88, 290, 292-93, 296; 2003 to 2005, 53; 2004, 4, 11, 27-28, 31, 42, 52-56, 59-61, 69, 83-84, 88, 92-94, 96, 102, 107, 118, 125-26, 154, 158, 161, 168, 182, 213-14, 216, 228, 240, 242, 243, 271, 273-74, 276, 279, 281-86, 289-90, 292, 294-97; 2007, 3-4, 23-24, 26, 30, 35-37, 39-40, 42-45, 49-54, 57, 59, 62, 80, 84-85, 89-90, 93, 102, 106-8, 117, 119-21, 124, 130-31, 134-35, 154, 156, 159, 16162, 165, 182, 196, 205, 219, 240, 243—17, 250, 264, 272-79, 282-84, 286-89, 291, 293, 296-97; 2008, 3^1, 32, 54-57, 59-62, 88-89, 1024, 107-9, 111-12, 125-27, 129-31, 313 133-35, 144, 165, 172, 183,221, 223, 236, 249,
272-75, 277-79, 281, 283, 285-93, 295-97; 2009, 3, 8, 12, 14, 17, 19, 32, 34, 57-58, 61-62, 73, 89, 102, 105, 108, 125-27, 130, 165, 167, 172, 178-79, 223, 226, 236-37, 239-41, 243, 254, 272, 274, 276-79, 285, 287, 290, 292-94, 296-97; 2010, 19, 33-34, 49-50, 52-56, 58, 62, 80, 89, 102, 145, 159, 162-63, 165-66, 169, 202, 206, 222, 236, 238-42, 244, 246, 264, 272, 274, 281, 283, 287-89, 293; 2010s, 5, 21, 73, 143, 146, 166, 260, 262; 2022, 19, 65-67, 189, 221-22, 249-50, 263-65, 293 Years: 1859, 4, 24-25, 29, 280, 295 Yeltsin, 41-46, 48, 50, 55, 65, 70, 76, 154, 181, 236, 241, 244-47, 262-63, 272, 274, 281-82, 296 Zarema, 169, 236 Zavgayev, 51, 246 zealous volunteers, 188 Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, 56, 158, 169, 246, 255 zenith, 26 |
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| author | Askerov, Ali 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1082302449 |
| author_facet | Askerov, Ali 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Askerov, Ali 1970- |
| author_variant | a a aa |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049357054 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1418698811 (DE-599)BVBBV049357054 |
| format | Book |
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The enduring demand of the Chechen people for national independence persists, while Russia’s ruthless aggression towards its ethnic minorities and neighboring sovereign nations exhibits no discernible signs of diminishing. 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| geographic_facet | Tschetschenien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049357054 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:51:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:02:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781666930085 9781666930092 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034617267 |
| oclc_num | 1418698811 |
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| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | vii, 315 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231220 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Russian studies Peace & Conflict studies |
| spelling | Askerov, Ali 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1082302449 aut The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present Ali Askerov Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books 2023 vii, 315 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian studies Peace & Conflict studies Literaturverzeichnis Seite 271-298 Indexverzeichnis auf Seite 299-313 Ali Askerov theorizes that although the Russo-Chechen wars that unfolded between 1994 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2008, the Chechen predicament continues toremain uncertain. The enduring demand of the Chechen people for national independence persists, while Russia’s ruthless aggression towards its ethnic minorities and neighboring sovereign nations exhibits no discernible signs of diminishing. Immerse yourself in this powerful narrative that shines a light on resilience, determination, and the pursuit of freedom of Chechnya and the Chechen people. Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd rswk-swf Tschetschenen (DE-588)4360541-2 gnd rswk-swf Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd rswk-swf Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd rswk-swf Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd rswk-swf Erster Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4455442-4 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 g Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 s Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 s Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 s Erster Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4455442-4 s Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 s DE-604 Tschetschenen (DE-588)4360541-2 s Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 s Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Askerov, Ali 1970- The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd Tschetschenen (DE-588)4360541-2 gnd Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd Erster Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4455442-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032081-9 (DE-588)4360541-2 (DE-588)4121814-0 (DE-588)4033542-2 (DE-588)4054573-8 (DE-588)4632776-9 (DE-588)4455442-4 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4408215-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present |
| title_auth | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present |
| title_exact_search | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present |
| title_full | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present Ali Askerov |
| title_fullStr | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present Ali Askerov |
| title_full_unstemmed | The continuing struggle for Chechnya insights into the past and present Ali Askerov |
| title_short | The continuing struggle for Chechnya |
| title_sort | the continuing struggle for chechnya insights into the past and present |
| title_sub | insights into the past and present |
| topic | Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd Tschetschenen (DE-588)4360541-2 gnd Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd Erster Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4455442-4 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konflikt Tschetschenen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Kulturelle Identität Separatismus Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg Erster Tschetschenienkrieg Nationalbewusstsein Tschetschenien Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034617267&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT askerovali thecontinuingstruggleforchechnyainsightsintothepastandpresent |