World Development Report 2023 Migrants, Refugees, and Societies

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Körperschaft:	World Bank (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Washington, D. C. World Bank Publications 2023
Ausgabe:	1st ed
Schriftenreihe:	World Development Report
Online-Zugang:	FWS01 FWS02 HWR01
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Inhaltsangabe:

Front Cover
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Key takeaways
Glossary
Abbreviations
Overview
Migration is necessary for all countries
A practical framework for policy makers: The Match and Motive Matrix
When the match is strong, the gains are large
When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally
Making migration work better requires doing things differently
A message of hope
Notes
References
1 The Match and Motive Matrix
Key messages
A people-centric approach
A focus on foreign nationals
Two perspectives: Labor economics and international law
The Match and Motive Matrix
Policy priorities
Notes
References
Spotlight 1 History
Part 1 Migration is increasingly necessary for countries at all income levels
2 The numbers: Understanding who moves, where to, and why
Key messages
Current trends
Motives and patterns
Notes
References
Spotlight 2 Data
3 The outlook: Changing patterns, needs, and risks
Key messages
Demographics: The coming competition for workers
Climate change: New risks of distressed movements
Notes
References
Spotlight 3 Methodological considerations
Part 2 When the match is strong, the gains are large
4 Migrants: Prospering-and even more so with rights
Key messages
Receiving higher wages
Accessing better services
Dealing with social costs
Returning
Failing, sometimes
Notes
References
Spotlight 4 Gender
5 Origin countries: Managing migration for development
Key messages
Reaping the full development benefits of remittances
Leveraging knowledge transfers
Managing labor market impacts
Taking a strategic approach
Notes
References
Spotlight 5 Measurement of remittances
6 Destination countries: Maximizing gains through economic and social policies
Key messages
Benefiting from migrants' labor
Maximizing economic gains
Fostering social inclusion
Notes
References
Spotlight 6 Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination
Part 3 When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally
7 Refugees: Managing with a medium-term perspective
Key messages
Recognizing the development challenge
Enhancing responsibility-sharing through regional solidarity
Going beyond emergency responses
Making progress toward durable solutions by combining legal status and access to opportunities
Notes
References
Spotlight 7 Internal displacement and statelessness
8 Distressed migrants: Preserving dignity
Key messages
Acknowledging policy trade-offs
Extending international protection
Shifting migrants' incentives through legal pathways
Strengthening the match of migrants' skills and attributes through development
Notes
References
Spotlight 8 "Root causes" and development
Part 4 Making migration work better requires doing things differently
9 Recommendations: Making migration work better
Key messages
Introduction
Strong match: Maximize gains for all
Weak match and fear motive: Ensure the sustainability of refugee-hosting, including through responsibility-sharing
Weak match and no fear motive: Respect dignity and reduce the need for distressed movements
Essentials for reform
Notes
References
Boxes
Box O.1 How many migrants are there, and where do they live?
Box 1.1 Foreign nationals or foreign-born?
Box 2.1 Migration data in this Report
Box 3.1 Can technology solve labor market mismatches across countries?
Box 3.2 Compounded drivers of migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
Box 4.1 Migrating to seek more inclusive gender norms: The case of highly educated women
Box 5.1 Migrants can transfer institutional and social norms to their origin country
Box 5.2 The Philippines: A case study of how origin countries can benefit from migration
Box 6.1 The longer-term economic effects of migration
Box 6.2 Profound cultural changes are under way
Box 6.3 Lessons from Germany: The successful integration of asylum-seekers and refugees
Box 7.1 Ukrainian refugee crisis
Box 7.2 Among refugees, some have higher protection needs
Box 7.3 An example of development financing: IDA's Window for Host Communities and Refugees
Box 7.4 Preparedness is critical when refugee situations are predictable or chronic
Box 7.5 Return: Homecoming or new movement?
Box 7.6 Creating better outcomes through integration: Lessons from Colombia
Box S7.1 IDPs versus refugees
Box S7.2 Internal displacement and assistance targeting
Box 8.1 The externalization of migration policy
Box 8.2 The evolving definition of refugee
Box 8.3 Climate-related mobility in Small Island Developing States
Box 8.4 Smugglers and traffickers
Box 9.1 Priorities for research ahead
Figures
Figure O.1 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria
Figure O.2 Two perspectives on cross-border migration
Figure O.3 "Match" determines the net gains of receiving migrants
"motive" determines their international protection needs
Figure O.4 When the match is strong, policies in both destination and origin countries can maximize the gains of migration
Figure O.5 When the match is weaker, policy making involves trade-offs for the destination country between economic gains and migrants' dignity
Figure O.6 Policy actions in both origin and destination countries can reduce distressed migration
Figure O.7 Different types of migration require distinct forms of international cooperation
Figure 1.1 Distinct groups of migrants require distinct policy responses
Figure B1.1.1 In many high-income OECD countries, over half of foreign-born people have been naturalized
Figure 1.2 When migrants are a strong match, their contributions exceed the costs of their integration
Figure 1.3 When people have a "well-founded fear" of harm if they return to their country of origin, destination countries are obligated to host them
Figure 1.4 The Match and Motive Matrix combines the perspectives of labor economics and international law to distinguish between four types of movements
Figure 1.5 Destination countries' policies partly determine where migrants fit in the Match and Motive Matrix
Figure 1.6 The Match and Motive Matrix helps to identify policy priorities for distinct groups of migrants
Figure 1.7 The challenge for countries is to enhance the match of migrants and reduce distressed movements
Figure 2.1 Patterns of movements reflect distinct matches and motives
Figure 2.2 A large share of migrants and refugees live in low- and middle-income countries
Figure 2.3 Since 1960, the share of emigrants in low-income countries' population has almost doubled
Figure 2.4 Since 1960, the share of immigrants and naturalized citizens in high-income countries' population has tripled
Figure 2.5 Cross-border movements vary greatly by region
Figure 2.6 Where migrants go to largely depends on where they come from
Figure 2.7 Most refugees come from a limited number of countries of origin-and increasingly so
Figure 2.8 Refugee flows spike after a crisis and then slow over time
Figure 2.9 Refugees are increasingly originating from middle-income countries
Figure S2.1 Many population censuses do not collect basic and consistent data on migration
Figure 3.1 Demographics and climate change are transforming migration patterns
Figure 3.2 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria
Figure 3.3 The population is growing quickly in lower-income countries, whereas it will soon begin to shrink in higher-income countries
Figure 3.4 Higher-income countries are aging rapidly, whereas lower-income countries remain young
Figure 3.5 In high-income countries, the elderly population is growing, whereas the working-age population is declining
Figure 3.6 By 2050, in the high-income OECD countries there will be fewer than two working-age individuals to support every elderly person
Figure 3.7 The number of children born per woman is declining rapidly in middle-income countries
Figure 3.8 Many upper-middle-income countries are reaching shares of elderly usually seen in higher-income countries
Figure 3.9 By 2050, Sub-Saharan Africa will be the only region with population growth
Figure B3.1.1 US employment growth is expected to be higher for occupations having younger and less-educated workers
Figure 3.10 Climate change affects migration through income and habitability
Figure B3.2.1 Some intertwined drivers of mobility
Figure 4.1 When migrants' skills and attributes match the needs of destination societies, the gains are large
Figure 4.2 In Bangladesh, Ghana, and India, income gains from international migration are many times greater than those from internal migration
Figure 4.3 Decades of economic growth are needed in the country of origin for non-migrants to achieve the economic gains of migrants who moved to high-income countries
Figure 4.4 For low-skilled migrants, incomes surge at the destination
Figure 4.5 South Asian workers moving to Gulf Cooperation Council countries face some of the highest migration costs

World Development Report 2023 Migrants, Refugees, and Societies

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