Romania, 1916-1941 a political history
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of maps Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Biographies 1 Prologue vii ix xv xvii xix 1 2 Romania, 1916—29. Politics 10 3 Romania, 1918—40. Economics and Society 30 4 Foreign Policy, 1918-40 50 5 Romania. Politics, 1930-40 65 6 The Cession of Bessarabia andNorthern Bukovina 85 7 The National Legionary State, 1940-41 102 8 Military Dictatorship 120 9 Romania at War, 1941 136 Conclusion 154 10 Annex 1 Weekly Report on Rumania, XX. February 7, 1918 Annex 2: Iuliu Maniu’s Analysis of Romanian Foreign Policy, 1919-41 157 164
vi Contents Annex 3: Bessarabia ֊ 1934 Annex 4: Romania, 1930—40: A Memoir by Archibald Gibson Select Bibliography Index 190 197 213 229
Select Bibliography Primary Sources Great Britain The National Archives, Kew, London (TNA) FO 371: Political correspondence of the Foreign Office Romania Arhiva Consiliului National pentru Studierea Arhivelor fostei Securități (Archive of the National Council for the Study of the Archives of the former Securitate) Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe (Archive of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Bucharest) Fond 71/Germania: volume 97 Arhivele Naționale Istorice Centrale (The Central Historical National Archives, Bucharest) Fond Președinția Consiliului de Miniștri (Presidency of the Council of Ministers) Russia Arkhiv Veshnii Politiki Rossiskoi Federatsii (The Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation) (AVPRF) Rossiiski Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’noi I Politicheskoi Istorii) (Russian State Archive of Social and Political History) (RGASPI) The United States The National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (NARA)Archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Microfilm Collections Record Group-25.004M Romanian Information Service (SRI) records. Fonds 2686, 2690, 2708, 2748, 2755, 2759, 2789, 2808, 2814, 2801, 7644, 2678, 2687, 2689, 2692 , 2694, 2699, 2705 , 2711, 2713, 2714, 2716 , 2717, 2718 , 2740, 2750, 2752,
214 Select Bibliography 2753, 2754, 2756, 2757, 2758, 2778, 2790, 2793, 2846, 2848, 2849, 2841, 2844, 2869, 2912, 2919, 2934, 2960, 2983, 3001, 3022, 3031, 3039, 3051. 7374, 7441, 7632, 7633, 7635, 7638, 7642, 7893, 7910, 8180, 9721, 10528, 10585, 10632, 10598, 18209, 22539, 100399, 1059810, 20521 (rolls 23-24), 22725 (roll 24), 20725 (roll 25), 40010, rolls 33-35, 40011 (rolls 19-22). Record Group -25.006M Romanian Ministry for Foreign Affairs records. ‘Problem 33’ (Deportation of the Jews) vols 5-6 (roll 1), vols 6-7 (roll 2), vols 10-11 (roll 3), vols 11-12 (roll 4), vols 13-14 (roll 5), vols 14-15 (roll 6), vol.16 (roll 7), vol.17 (roll 8), vols 18-19 (roll 9), vols 20—21 (roll 10), vols 21-22 (roll 11), vol. 23 (roll 12), vol. 24 (roll 13), vols 25—26 (roll 14), vols 26, 28 (roll 15), vols 28,31 (roll 16), vol. 32 (roll 17). Newspapers Timpul (1940-44) Universul (1940-44) Unpublished Studies Arnold, Robert (2009), King Carol Il’s Personal Fortune and Its Effect on Romania’ Eco nomic Negotiations with Germany. Thesis submitted for DPhil in Modern European History the University of Oxford. Brett, Dan (2010), Peasants and Politics: Agrarianism and Rural Transformation in Roma nia, 1918—1947. Thesis submitted to the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College, London, December 2010. Chiriac, Bogdan (2017), The Trial of the Antonescu Group (May 6—17, 1946) and the Communist Takeover in Romania. A Historical Interpretation. Thesis submitted to the History Department of the Central European University, Budapest, February 2017. Dobrincu, Dorin (2006),
Rezistența armată anticomunistă din România (1944-începutul anilor 60). Thesis submitted to the Faculty of History, Iași University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Iași, April 2006. 2 vols. Muraru, Andrei (2011), Procesele criminalilor de război din Transnistria, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of History, Iași University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Iași, August 2011. Roberts, Joanne (2009), The City of Bucharest, 1918-1940. Thesis submitted to the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College, London, August 2009). Published Collections of Documents Achim, Viorel (ed.) (2004), Documente privind deportarea Țiganilor in Transnistria, 2 vols (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică) Actes et Documents du Saint Siège Relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (1974), 8. Le Saint Siège et les Victimes de la Guerre, fanvier 1941-Decembre 1942 (The Vatican: Libreria Editrice Vaticana) Arimia, Vasile, Ardeleanu, Ion and Lache, Ștefan (1991), Antonescu-Hitler. Corespondență įi íntílniri inedite (1940—1944), 2 vols (Bucharest: Cozia)
Select Bibliography 215 Benjamin, Lya (ed.) (1993, 1996), Evreii din România între anii 1940-1944, vol.l, Leg islația antievreiască, voi.2, Problema evreiască în stenogramele Consiliului de Miniștri (Bucharest: Hasefer) Berindei, Mihnea, Dobrincu, Dorin and Goșu, Armand (eds) (2009), Istoria Comunismului din România. Documente Perioada Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1945—1965) (Bucharest: Humanitás). Brătescu, G. (ed.) (1995), Lichidarea lui Marcel Pauker (Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic). Burcea, Mihai, Stan, Marius and Bumbeș, Mihail (eds) (2009), Dicționarul ofițerilor si angajatilor civili ai Direcției Generale a Penitenciarelor. Vol. I: Aparatul Central (1948— 1989 (Bucharest: Polirom). Buzatu, Gheorghe and Chirițoiu, Mircea (1998), Agresiunea Comunismului în România. Documente din arhivele secrete, 1944—1989, 2 vols (Bucharest: Paideia). Cartea Albă a Securității (1994—96), 6 vols (Bucharest: SRI). Cătănuș, Dan and Buga, Vasile (eds) (2012), Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej la Stalin. Stenograme, Note de Convorbire, Memorii, 1944—1952 (Bucharest: Institutul Național pentru Studiul Totalitarismului). Ciucă, Marcel-Dumitru (ed.) (1995), Procesul Mareșalului Antonescu. Documente, 4 vols (Bucharest: Editura Saeculum, Editura Europa Nova). Ciuceanu, Radu, Chiper, Ioan, Florin, Constantiniu and Văratec, Vitalie (eds) (1997), Misiunile luiA.I. Vișinski în Románia. Din istoria relațiilor româno-sovietice 1944—1946. Documente Secrete (Bucharest: Institutul Național pentru Studiul Totalitarismului). Conditions of an Armistice with Roumania (1945), Miscellaneous No.l (1945) (London: HMSO) (Cmd.
6585). Conferințele Miniștrilor de Afaceri Externe, with an introduction by Mioara Anton (2009), Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, Institutul Diplomatic Român (Buzău: Alpha). Demetriade, Oana Ionel and Șerbănescu, Alexandru (2015), Generalul Nicolae Rădescu. Profilul unui Om de Stat în Imagine și Documente (Bucharest: Editura Oscar Print). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919—1939 (1949—55), Third Series: 19 vols (London: HMSO). Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D: 1937—1945 (1949—76), 14 vols (Washington, DC, London, and Arlington, Virginia). Documents on the Expulsion of the Germansfrom Eastern-Central-Europe, vol. III. The Fate of the Germans in Rumania (1961) (Bonn: Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims). Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1944 (1966), vol. IV (Washington, DC: Department of State). loanid, Radu (ed.) (2015), Securitatea și vânzarea evreilor. Istoria acordurilor secrete dintre România și Israel (Iași: Polirom). La population juivre de la Transylvanie du Nord (1945) (Bucharest: Section de Roumanie du Congrès Juif Mondial). Nastasă-Kovacs, Lucian (ed.) (2002), Maghiarii din România. Mărturii documentare (1945-55) (Cluj: Centrul pentru Resurse și Diversitate Etnoculturală). Nastasă-Kovacs, Lucian (ed.) (2003), Evreii din România. Mărturii documentare (1945—65) (Cluj: Centrul pentru Resurse și Diversitate Etnoculturală). Prigoana. Documente ale Procesului C. Noica, C. Pillat, N. Steinhardt, Al. Palelologu, A. Acterian, S. Al-George, Al. O. Teodoreanu (1996) (Bucharest: Editura Vremea). Refugiațiipolonezi în România
1939—1947. Documente din Arhivele Naționale ale României. Polscy uchodźcy w Rumunii 1939—1947. Dokumenty z Narodowych archiwów Rumunii
216 Select Bibliography (2013), 2 vols (Warsaw-Bucharest: Arhivele Naționale ale României, Institutul Memoriei Naționale ֊ Comisia pentru Condamnarea Crimelor împotriva Națiu nii Poloneze). România în anii celui de-al doilea război mondial (1989), 3 vols (Bucharest: Editura Militară). Ross, G. (ed.) (1984), The Foreign Office and the Kremlin. British Documents on AngloSoviet Relations, 1941-45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Rusalii ‘51 Fragmente din deportarea în Bărăgan (1994) (Timișoara: Editura Marineasa). Scurtu, Ion et al. (eds) (1994), Viaļa politică în Documente (Bucharest: Arhivele Statului). Trașcă, Ottmar (ed.) (2010), “Chestiiunea evreiască’ în documente militare române. 19411944 (Bucharest: Institutul European, Institutul „Elie Wiesel”). Trașcă, Ottmar and Deletant, Dennis (eds) (2007), Al Ill-lea Reich și Holocaustul din România. 1940—1944. Documente din arhivele germane (Bucharest: Editura Institutu lui Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”). Volokitina, TV., Murashko, G. P. and Noskova, A. F. (eds) (2002), Sovietskiy faktor v Vostochnoy Evrope 1944—1953. [The Soviet Factor in Eastern Europe 1944—1953. Documents], 2 vols (Moscow: Rosspen). Volokitina, TV., Murashko, G. P., Noskova, A. F. and Pokivailova, T. A. (eds) (2002), Moskva i Vostochnaya Evropa. Stanovlenie politicheskih sovetskogo tipa. 19491953. [Moscow and Eastern Europe: The Establishment of Soviet Political Systems in 1949-1953] (Moscow: Rosspen). Monographs, and Memoir Literature б martie 1945. începuturile Comunizării României (1995) (Bucharest: Editura
Enciclopedică). Abraham, Florin (2017), Romania since the Second World War. A Political, Social and Economic History (London: Bloomsbury). Achim, Viorel (1998), Țiganii în istoria României (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică). Achim, Viorel and lordachi, Constantin (2004), România și Transnistria: Problema Hol ocaustului (Bucharest: Curtea veche). Adorian, Gheorghe (ed.) (19 71), Voluntari români în Spania, 1936-1936 (Bucharest: Editura Politică). Agapie, Mircea and Rotaru, Jipa (eds) (1993), Ion Antonescu. Cartera militară. Scrisori inedite (Bucharest: Editura Academiei de înalte Studii Militare). Alexe, Vladimir (2004), România secretă (Bucharest: Editura Elit). Ancei, Jean (1998), Transnistria, 3 vols (Bucharest: Atlas). Ancel, Jean (2005), Preludiu la asasinat. Pogromul de la Iași, 29 iunie 1941 (Iași: Polirom). Angrick, Andrej (2003), Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion, 1941-1943 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition). Aparaschivei, Sorin (2013), Spionajul american în România, 1944-1948 (Bucharest: Editura Militară). Ardeleanu, I. and Lache, Șt. (eds) (1991), Antonescu-Hitler. Corespondentă și întîlniri inedite (1940-1944), vol.l (Bucharest: Cozia). Axworthy, Mark, Scafeș, Cornel, and Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995), Third Axis, Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945 (London: Arms and Armour).
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Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Academy of Commercial and Industrial Studies 23 agrarian reform 38-40,48n42 agricultural reforms 48n42 agriculture 36; in Bukovina 40 Alexianu, Gheorghe 143 ‘All for the Country’ Party 73 Allied Military Advisers 15 Anderson, A.C. 92, 93 Anglo-French guarantee 91, 93 Anglo-Jewish Association 74 Angot, Pierre 98n27 Anschluss 177,178,180 anti-German resentment 107 anti-Romanian protests 89 anti-Semitic feeling 74,90 anti-Semitic legislation 106-7 anti-Semitic measures 74,75,83n46,106, 122,143 anti-Semitic propaganda 105 anti-Semitic sentiment 69 anti-Semitism 34, 68,70, 72, 73, 75, 83n43,110,122,195 anti-Soviet war 143 Antonescu, Ion 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 102-7,109-12,114,117n37,117n50, 119n64,119n69,120,122,128,131, 136,140,142,144,149nl, 152n57, 205, 206; decree promulgated by 143; dictatorship of 121; dysfunctionality between army and civil authorities and institutions 146; German attack 137; hostility 124; measures against Iron Guard 133n21; pragmatism 115n7; regime of 156; rejecting Hitler’s request 151n35; request ofJilava prisoners 108; use of decree 123 Antonescu,Mihai 111, 121,132n2,137, 138,142,144,148,200 Apponyi, Count Albert 39 Arad-Szatmar strip 16 Argetoianu, Constantin 87 Austria-Hungary: army in Transylvania 11; attack on 10; forces, Italian offensive against 11 Austrian banking system 55 Austro-German campaign 159 Austro-Hungarian Compromise 35 Austro-Hungarian occupation 14 Autobiography (Ehade) 5 Autonomous Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 53 Averescu, Alexandru 11, 20,23, 24,38 Bălan, Nicolae 72
Balkan Entente 175-7,186,187 Balkan Pact 172 Barbul, Gheorghe 64n40,138 Barthou,Jean Louis 172 Bessarabia 5; amputation of Romania by annexing 94; anti-Roumanian propaganda into 194; Bolshevik troops in 160; climate and countryside of 190—1; economic loss to Russia of 192; expropriation of land 191—2; land reform in 40; language difficulty in 43; legal claim of Roumania to ownership of 193; Moldavian Soviet Republic in 53; national movement in 52; non Romanians in 88; occupation of 147; population of 190; railway system 190; reconquest of 139; secure, Germany defeat Soviet Union 141; situation of 158-9; Soviet sovereignty over 149;
230 Index Soviet ultimatum over 94; Soviet Union exercised claim to 91; status of 90; tales of humiliation and injury 88; transfer to Soviet control 87; unique memorandum on conditions in 41—2 Bessarabian National Council 192 Bessarabian National Movement 158 Bessarabian Peasant Party 23 Bessarabia Pravda 43 Bessarabia Sovietica 43 Black Sea trade 192—3 Blaga, Lucian 5 Blaj Theological Academy 65 Boaden, E. 92 Bodea, Cornelia 162nl, 162n2 Bohle,Ernst 111 Bolitho, Hector 77 Bolshevik Revolution 52 Bolshevism 137,161,191 Bonnet, Georges 177,182 Bossy, Raoul 130,151n26 Brătianu, Constantin 77,114,120,124, 125,140 Brătianu Dinu 115n9 Brătianu, Gheorghe 73 Brătianu, Ion I.C. 10,11,13,14, 22, 24, 25, 38, 40 Brătianu,Vintila 25 Brauchitsch,Walther von 127 Braybrooke,W 198 Breton, Andre: Manifeste du surréalisme 6 British Guarantees 181 British ultimatum 206 Brunner, Elisabeth 68 Bucharest, anti-Jewish ‘excesses’ 90 Bucharest Bar Association 74 Budișteanu, Radu 105 Bukovina 5; agriculture in 40; break down of county population 97n9; break-down of county population figures for 46nl5; secondary school in 32; union with Romania 33; unique memorandum on conditions in 41-2 Bulgaria, Russian military assistance against 11 bureaucracy 18, 31,37,128,145,156 bureaucratic hypertrophy 21 Burghezia Română (Zeletin) 5 Carol II, King 54,188,202 Carra, Jean-Louis 2 Cernăuți 42;Jewish preponderance in schools 34; predominant language of 43; schools 33 Chamberlain, Austen 51,168,178,179 Chicherin, Georgy 52 children: death rate for 36; intellectual and physical development of 37 Christianity 88
Churchill,Winston 54,155,208 Ciano, Count Galeazzo 94,126 Cioran, Emil 72 ducă, Marcel-Dumitru 133nl6 Ciupercă, Nicolae 88 Clima, Gheorghe 75 Clodius, Carl 107 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea 7,34, 47n21, 68-72, 75,76,105,107, 111, 123,203 Communism 7,123,137,156; Christianity and 88 Communist Party 7 Communist revolution 155 Conducător 102,123 Conference ofAmbassadors of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers 20, 27n25 Congress of Berlin 30 Conservative Party 22 Constantiniu, Florin 133n23 conventional language, destruction of 6 Convention for the Definition of Aggression 147,183 corruption 21 Cot, Pierre 188 Council for Cultural and Religious Affairs 123 Covenant of the League of Nations 50, 54,165,168,180,187 Crainic, Nichifor 5 Criminal Investigation Committee 107 Cristescu, Eugen 108 Csangos 45n2 cultural influence, in Romania 4 Cuza,A.C. 34,69,70, 75,77 Czechoslovak crisis 178—81 Czechoslovakia 17,18; disappearance of 181 Călinescu, Armand 75,76,200, 203 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe 71 Carol I, King 10,22,24-5, 55, 57-60, 75-7, 81nl, 86, 91,102,122,139, 205; exploitation 66; foreign policy 204 Dada movement 6 Daily Express 77 Daily Herald 74 Daladier, Édouard 178,179 Davidescu, Gheorghe 85—7,149
Index Davis, R. Chris 45n2 Death at my Heels (Walker) 197 ‘death squad’ 122 De Chastelain, Alfred 81n5 Declaration on Liberated Europe 155 Decree on the Revision of Citizenship 74 democracy 7, 72,73; principal parties of 103 Democratic Nationalist Party 66 denationalization 35 Dering, Herbert 22 d’Esperey, Louis Franchet 14 disarmament 169-71 Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Constantin 21 duality of power 105 Dual Monarchy ofAustria—Hungary 35 Duca, Ion 211n5 Dumas, Alexandre père 3 Dumitrescu, Petre 139 Easterman, A.L. 74 Eastern Europe 21 Eastern Pact 172 economic recession 71 economic viability principle 15,16 Eden, Anthony 149 Edward VIII, King 188 Ehade, Mircea 72; Autobiography 5 Eminescu, Mihai 7 Enlightenment, philosophes of 1 Entente Powers 161,162 ethnicity, population breakdown by 46n3 Europe: dictatorships in 155; Fascism in 113; security system of 54—5 European Dateline (Maitland) 197 European Union, Romania joined 155 Fabricius, Wilhelm 58-60, 72, 79,91, 104, 110 Falkenhayn, Erich von 11 Faragho, Gábor 94 fascism 7,45,113,122 Federation of Russian Socialist Republics 191 Federation of the Union ofJewish Communities (FUCE) 121 Ferdinand, King 10,12,22, 23,191; evacuation of 11 Filderman, Wilhelm 106,121 Finland, Soviet defeat of 57 Finno-German cooperation 139 First World War 16,20, 30,37, 68, 69; peace negotiations after 12 231 Flondor, Iancu 33 foreign pohcy 50—64,103,154 Four-Power Pact 171,172 Fourteen Points 12,15 Franco-British Guarantees 185—6 Franco-Soviet alliance 54 Franco-Soviet Treaty 54 French cultural influence 2 French language 2; and culture 3 French
literature 2 French radicalism 188 French Revolution 1 Front of National Renaissance 77, 204 Fundoianu, Benjamin 7 Funk,Walter 128 Gafencu, Grigore 56, 57,59,136,154 gallomania 3 Garoflid, Constantin 38 German investment 4 German—Italian Commission 101n50 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact 172 German-Polish Pact 171—2 German Protectorate, reestablishment of 171-81 German-Romanian agreement 205 German-Romanian attack 136 German-Romanian economic agreement 56 German-Romanian economic treaty 56, 57 German—Romanian forces 131 German-Soviet treaty 182 Germany: acquisitions ofJewish properties 110; complexities during January rebellion 119n64; declared war on Romania 10; declared war on USA 148; enemies of 59; Great Britain pohcy towards 177; illiteracy in 37; Iron Guard refuge in 142; military mission in Romania 108—9; offensive against Greece 109-10; offensive in West 58; purposes of forces in Romania 125—6; Romania’s enmeshment with 124; taking advantage of expropriations 107 Gerstenberg, Alfred 117n34 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 7, 67 Ghica, Alexandru 107 Ghika, Alexandru 112 Gibson, Archibald McEvoy 139,197,198, 200, 201,207,209,210 Gigurtu, Ion 86, 94
232 Index Giurescu, Dinu 133ո23 Giurescu, M. 78 Gleason, Abbot 132nll Goga, Octavian 73—5, 77,121 Göring, Hermann 128 Grand National Assembly 12—13 Great Britain: broke diplomatic relations with Romania 128; declared war on Romania 148; economic cooperation from 177-8; policy towards Germany 177; public opinion in 139 Great Powers 17-19,184; subsequent attitude of 166 Greceanu, Constantin 110 Greece 18 Greek language 2 Gunther, Franklin Mott 75,115n7,148, 152n54 Gusti, Dimitrie 78 Habsburg Emperor 1 Halder, Franz 112,127,129 Halifax, Lord 56,177,188 Halifax,Viscount 42 Hall, DJ. 78 Hankey, Robert 41,42,48n59, 49n64 Hansen, Erik 109-10,112,113,117n34, 126,127,130 Hauffe, Arthur 129 Haynes, Rebecca 119n64 Helen of Greece 25 Henderson (Admiral) 170 Henderson, Neville 177 Hess, Rudolf 111 Hillgruber, Andreas 117n34 Hitchins, Keith 48n35; The Romanians, 1774-18667 Hitler, Adolf 54, 55,57,58,76, 91, 93-5, 105,108,109,117n37,117n50,125-7, 130,142,151Ո35,154,170-2,178, 205; in attack on Soviet Union 140; for Barbarossa 130; dictatorships of 121; intentions in Russia 140 Hoare, Sir Reginald 57,75, 92, 93, 118n54,126,200 Hollingworth, Clare 77 Hungary: demarcation Ene between Romanian forces and 14; Transylvania incorporated with 27nl5 Iancu, Marcel 6 Ignat Maria 133nl6 illiteracy, in Germany 37 industrial growth 40-1 industrialization 4, 5,23,40,122 Inochentism 133n28 inter-war period, in Romania 5, 6 Ioana Lambrino 24—5 Ionescu, Eugene 6,7 Ionescu,Take 20 lordachi, Constantin 71 Iorga, Nicolae 66,108, 212n9 Iron Guard 68,71,74,75, 79, 84n53, 102-5,108,110-12,119n64,203, 204,
209,211n6, 212n7;‘death squad’ of 122; government of 121; irregular police of 92; rebellion 113,114,120; refuge in Germany 142 Isac, Emil 6 Itähän-Abyssinian War 173—4 Italy, declared war on USA 148 Jewish Bolshevism 68 Jewish Communism 70 Jewish community 34, 106, 121 Jews: anti-Romanian protests 89; ban on employment of 73—4; in camps 145; mass killing of 144; official opprobrium and popular hostility 90; reprisals against 90 Jilava massacre 107-8,110,133n20 Kellogg-Briand Pact 53,147,183 Kemal, Mustapha 167 Killinger, Manfred Baron von 58, 64n40, 93,110,113,114,126,130,131,138, 148 Kiosseivanoff, Georgi 186 Kulshnikov, Andrei 53 Kun, Bela 14 land reform 39; in Bessarabia 40 Land Reform Law 38 ‘Law on Acquiring and Losing Romanian Nationality’ 31, 34 League of National Christian Defence (LANC) 69,70 League of Nations 12,18,19,39, 50, 51,164,173,183; for organization of mutual assistance 167-8 legionari 212n7 Legionary movement 114 Levizor, Ion 133n28 L’Indépendance Roumaine З linguistic diversity 22 Little Entente 168,175-7,179,180,193, 194,196 Litvinov, Maxim 53, 54, 62n20
Index Litvinov Protocol 183 Locarno Pact 168,172 London Convention for the Definition of Aggression 53 Lovinescu, Eugen 5 Lupescu, Elena 65, 67, 81n3,102 Macdonald, Ramsay 51,167,171 Mackensen, August von 11 Macnab, Geoffrey 91, 92 Madgearu,Virgil 23, 28n40,108, 212n9 Magyars 14,16, 27nl4 Maimuca, Constantin 112 Maitland, Patrick: European Dateline 197 Malaxa Works, in Bucharest 41 Manciù, Constantin 70 Manifeste du surréalisme (Breton) 6 Maniu, Adrian 5 Maniu, luhu 12,23, 25, 26ո7, 61ոՅ, 65, 67, 73, 77, 80, 81ո5,83ո39, 104, 114, 124,125,140 Mannerheim, Gustav 139 Manoilescu, Mihail 95 Manuilă, Sabin 35,36 Mărgineanu Nicolae 96 Mărgineanu, Nicolae 12 Marinescu, Gabriel 107 Marin,Vasile 72 mass killing 203; of Jews 144 Matuszewski (Colonel) 63n32 Micescu, Istrate 74 Michael, Archangel 69,70 Michael, King 102,121,137,139,201 Mihalache, Ion 23,38,73 minorities 13,14,16—20, 24, 30,32, 35, 38 Minorities Treaties 20,165 Mironescu, George 65 Mironovici, Radu 112 modernization 6, 7; of Romania 4 Moldavia: contemporary visitors to 3; Phanariot princes of 2; principalities of 2; Romanian national awakening in both 3; Rumanian action against Russian troops in 157—9 Moldavian Republic 52,159 Moldavian Soviet Republic 53 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 57,154 Molotov,Vyachesalv 57, 85-7, 89, 94, 136,182,184 Moruzov, Mihail 58, 64n40, 92,107,108 Mościcki, Ignacy 57 Moscow-based Communist International 24 233 Mosely, Philip E. 6ІПІЗ Moța, Ion 69,70,72 multi-lingual anti-Semitic strategy 69 multi-party system 7, 72 Munich Agreement 50, 54,56,154 Murgescu, Bogdan 45nl Muscalagiu, Marin 95
Mussolini,Benito 54,108,125,151n35, 182; dictatorships of 121 National Agrarian Party 73 National Christian Party 77 National Legionary State 104—6,122 National Liberal Party 22,24,102, 103, 120 National Party ofTransylvania 12, 23 National Peasant Party 22, 23, 25, 26, 65, 67, 73,102,103 National Socialist Party 171 National Socialists 180 Natural Law 1 Nazi Germany 80,103,138, 202; military alliance with 121-2; tension between Soviet Union and 57,154 Nazism 45,195 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 60 Nazi-Soviet Pact 57, 86 Negel, Elefterie 88 Neubacher, Hermann 104,107,112-13, 126-8 Neutrality Act 175 Noel, Charles 182 northern Bukovina: amputation of Romania by annexing 94; occupation of 147; reconquest of 139,144; Soviet sovereignty over 149; Soviet ultimatum over 94; Soviet Union exercised claim to 91; status of 90; transfer to Soviet control 87 northern Transylvania 103; breakdown of population 101n50 Operation Barbarossa 94,127,129,130, 136,154; grand scheme of 138; launch of 137 Operation Marita 108,126 organization of mutual assistance, League of Nations for 167-8 Ostrowsky, Mihail 62n20 Ottoman Empire 2 Palairet, Michael 68 Paris Peace Conference 13—15,38, 50, 52, 57,80,180
234 Index Paris Peace Settlement 17-19, 50,93, 154,164-6 Paris Peace Treaties 16-17,33,164,165 ‘Parliamentary Bloc’ 23 pașoptiști (forty-eighters) 4 Patriarch of Constantinople 2 Peace of Bucharest 20 Pearl Harbor, attack on 152n57 peasant economy, preservation of 23 Peasant Party doctrine 28n40 peasants 36—8,40,44 pellagra 37 Petrescu, Cezar 6 Petrovicescu, Constantin 107,112, 133n20 Phoenix Oil and Transport Company Ltd. 99n34 Pillat, Ion 5-6 Pilsudski (Marshal) 172 Plugarulroşu 53 Poland 17-19 political history, of Romania 10-26 political parties 20,22,66,75,77,102, 103,121 Popovici, Ion 99n37 post-war European territorial settlement 17 Potopeanu, Gheorghe 128 power station, construction of 134n40 Prague: German troops into 56; occupation of 55 Preliminary Peace Conference in Paris 17 Preparatory Commission of the Disarmament Conference 169 Prince Charles (Carol) of Hohenzollern 4 private financial institutions 66 Romanian Communist Party 24, 28n44, 29n45,133n23 Romanian Fourth Army 141 Romanian government 11,12, 24, 30, 33, 39,40,52,56-9, 68,70, 85-7,91,128, 147,148 Romanian-Hungarian conflict 14 Romanian-Hungarian Mixed Arbitral Tribunal 39 Romanian Intelligence Service (SSI) 58, 98n27,125 Romanianization 31,34; principal instruments in 35 Romanian language 1 Romanian National Party 12, 23 Romanian oil industry 41, 48n53 Romanian oil production and supply 134n44 The Romanians, 1774-1866 (Hitchins) 7 Romanian Secret Service 113,118n55 Romanians ofTransylvania 11 Romanian-Soviet Commission 91 Romantic movement 3 Roosevelt (President) 189 Rothermere, Lord 188 Roumanian
Fascist movement 195 Royal Government of Romania 86 Rundstedt, Gerd von 129 Russia: revolution in 198; Rumanian ‘ interference’in 159—62 Russian Empire 17 Russian Federal Republic 52 Russian Republic 159 Russian troops 44; in Moldavia, Rumanian action against 157—9 Ruthenian 47nl8 Ruthenianization 33 Răceanu, Grigore Ion 84n62, 95 Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin 7 Ramniceanu, Chiriac 3 Red Army 43, 87,152n40,154 Regional Pacts 168-9 revisionism 51 Rhineland, remilitarization of 174—5 Ribbentrop,Joachim von 60, 86, 94—5, 112,125,182 Roberts, Henry 20,73, 80,122 Rockefeller Foundation fellowship 12 Roman Catholic learning 1 Romanian Agrarian Reform Law 39 Romanian boyars 3 Romanian-Bulgarian commission 96 Sandu, Ion 133nl6 Saracioglu, Mehmet 184 Sarandos, Dimitrie 118n55 Schirach, Baldur von 110 Schmidt, Andreas 107 Schmidt,Paul 111 Schobert, Eugen Ritter von 129—31 Schobert, Eugen von 138,139 Second Hague Conference on Reparations 40 Second World War 7,154; outbreak of 181-9 self-determination 10,12,13,19, 31,52 Seton-Watson, Hugh 21,65, 66, 77, 79, 156,162nl, 162n2
Index Shell Group 99n34 Sima, Horia 78, 84n53, 84n56,103-5, 107,108,110,112,117n50 Skoropadsky, Hetman 195 Smigly-Rydz, Edward 57, бЗпЗЗ Smuts, Jan Christian 14 Social Democracy 160 Socialist Party 77 South-Eastern Europe 87 Soviet Government 85-7 Soviet-Romanian Pact 54 Soviet-Romanian rapprochement 53 Soviet-Romanian Treaty of Mutual Assistance 54 Soviet Ukraine 88 Soviet ultimatum 89, 90, 93, 94,186-9 Soviet Union 7,24,41, 43,46nl6, 49n63, 50,53, 80, 85, 88, 208,212nl0; defensive alliance with 54; fear of 57; German-Romanian attack 136; Hitler in attack on 140; Hitler’s plan to attack 95; no pact of non-aggression with Romania 89; tension between Nazi Germany and 57,154; threatening attitude of 183-5 Speidel,Wilhelm 117n34,130 Stalin, Joseph 57, 91,147,154 Standard Oil Company ofAmerica 99n34 Steaua Română (British) Ltd. 99n34 steel production 41 Stoyadinovich, Milan 176 Sturdza,Mihail 110, 111, 132n2 Sue, Eugene 3 The Sunday Times 201 Supreme War Council 14,26n8 synchronization 6 Țării, Sfatul 158,160 Tatar Bunar ‘revolution’ 53 Tătărescu, Gheorghe 58—60,70,71,73, 77, 86,196n3 Tătărescu, Stefan 196n3 teaching 31—2 Temperley, Harold 20, 27n8 territorial acquisitions, of Romania 30 territorial integrity 50 ‘Judeo-Bolshevik’ threat 68 Thierry, Adrien 75 Tighina convention of annexation 143 Ті lea, Viorel 56 Tillesen, Werner 117n34 The Times 197,199,201,203 235 Titulescu, Nicolae 39,51, 53, 54,173 totalitarianism 132nll ‘tradition versus modernity’ 5 Transnistria 141-3,145,151n34,151n35, 151n37 Transylvania 5; Austrian and Hungarian investment 34; incorporated with Hungary
27nl5; Magyar settlement of 35; Romanian peasants in 38; Romanian population of 23; union of 12,13 Treacy, J.E. 92, 93 Treaty of Berlin 30, 68 Treaty of Friendship 61n2 Treaty of Lausanne 167 Treaty of Mutual Assistance 167,168 Treaty of Neuilly 20 Treaty of Paris 52,191,193 ‘Treaty of Peace Between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration’ 14 Treaty of Sèvres, revision of 166—7 Treaty ofTrianon 15,16,39 Treaty ofVersailles 12, 50,169; denunciation of military clauses of 172-3 Tripartite Pact 109,126 Tzara, Tristan 6,7 Ukrainianization 33 Ukrainian National Council 33 ultimatum 56, 90 Unirea Oil Company 99n37 United States: adoption of policy of isolation by 166; declared war on Romania 153n57; neutrality of 175—6; Romania declared war on 152n54 urbanization 4 Urdărianu, Ernest 59,67 Urmuz 6 Vaida, Alexandru 14,23, 67, 71, 77 Vienna Agreement 151n37 Vienna Award 103,107,109, 111, 143 Vinea, Ion 6 Voronca, Ilarie 7 Waldeck, R. G. 108 Walker, David: Death at my Heels 197 Wallachia: contemporary visitors to 3; Phanariot princes of 2; principalities of 2; Romanian national awakening in both 3; tutors to 3
236 Index Watts, Larry Լ. 151ո26,151ո37 Weber, Eugen 69 Wenda, Zygmunt 63ո34 Wenger, Léon 98ո27 Werth, Henrik 93 Western Europe 2 Wilkinson, William 28n27, 80 Wilson,Woodrow 12,15,17,19, 31, 50, 162,165,175 Wohltat Agreement 41 Wohlthat, Helmuth 56 women, right to vote 28ո31 World Conference ofTrade Unions 84n62 world economic depression 41 Yalta Conference 155 Young, Reginald 92 Yugoslav-Bulgarian political treaty 177 Yugoslavia 16—18, 51,124,126 Yugoslav politics, evolution of 176—7 Zeletin, Ștefan: Burghezia Română 5 Zizi see Ioana Lambrino
|
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| author | Deletant, Dennis 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131658689 |
| author_facet | Deletant, Dennis 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Deletant, Dennis 1946- |
| author_variant | d d dd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048446054 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4630 NP 5930 MG 94030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1343966369 (DE-599)BVBBV048446054 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1916-1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1916-1941 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV048446054 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T09:31:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367774035 9780367774042 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033824285 |
| oclc_num | 1343966369 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | xxxiii, 236 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221220 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe |
| spellingShingle | Deletant, Dennis 1946- Romania, 1916-1941 a political history Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history |
| title_auth | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history |
| title_exact_search | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history |
| title_full | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history Dennis Deletant |
| title_fullStr | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history Dennis Deletant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Romania, 1916-1941 a political history Dennis Deletant |
| title_short | Romania, 1916-1941 |
| title_sort | romania 1916 1941 a political history |
| title_sub | a political history |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033824285&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033824285&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033824285&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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