How the Soviet Jew was made
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
Harvard University Press
2022
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How the Soviet Jew was made |c Sasha Senderovich |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Note on Transliteration and Translation ix Introduction: Dispersion of the Pale i I Haunted by Pogroms: David Bergelson’s Judgment 20 2 Salvaged Fragments: Moyshe Kulbak’s The Zelmenyaners 74 3 The Edge of the World: Narratives of Non-Arrival in Birobidzhan 4 Back in the USSR: The Wandering Jew on the Soviet Screen 5 The Soviet Jew as a Trickster: Isaac Babel and Hershele Ostropoler 123 168 218 Epilogue: Returns to the Shtetl 273 Notes 285 Acknowledgments 329 Index 335
Index The letter ƒ following a page number denotes a figure. “About Zhenya” (Khemlin), 278-282 Abramovitch, Sh. Y., 14; Brief Adventures ofBenjamin the Third, The, 92-93 agitation trials of 1920s, 204, 205; transition to show trials, 205-206 agricultural colonies, Jewish: in Palestine, 130,145,146,152,153; propaganda regarding, 157-158,171; Soviet attempts to establish, 4, 124,125,306m, 307Ո15; as weapon against antisemitism, 158. See also Birobidzhan agriculture: in efforts to transform Jewish men, 4,7,18; and figure of New Soviet Man, 125; industrialization of, Jewish colonists associated with, 127,137; Jewish tradition associated with (sukkah), 114-115. See also agricultural colonies; collectivization of agriculture Aleksandrov, Hillel, Research Your Shtetll, 105-106 Alexander II (tsar of Russia), 3 Alexandrov, Grigorii, 187 Alone (film), 191,196-197 “Among Refugees” (Bergelson), 26 Amur Cossacks, 136; experiences in Far East, 136-143,156 Amur River, 123,135-136, 210 analogies. See substitution(s) Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 89 An-sky, S., 228 antisemitism: agricultural resettlement as weapon against, 158; of Bolshevik hero, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 62-63, 67,72; campaigns against “cosmopolitanism” of late i94os-early 1950s and, 277; criminal ization of Jewish economic activities as, 18, 60-64; “fifth line” in Soviet passport and, 17; myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and, 36; official opposition to, 4,10-11,18, 22, 36, 58; in Russian literary history, 9; trickster’s (Hershele’s) response to, 323Ո42; tropes of, in Seekers of Happiness (film), 208-209. See also pogroms anxiety:
cinematic montage encoding, 190; in early Soviet state, 40, 58,192, 203; and figure of Soviet Jew, 7, 22, 25,38,190,192, 203, 216-217; in Gothic literature, 22-23, 40 Aquila of Sinope, 258 Arrival of the Train, The (film), 190 Ashes out of Hope (Howe and Greenberg), 54 Ashkenazi Jews: Bolshevik Revolution and dispersal of, 1-2, 4; dominant mother tongue of, 14. See also Jew(s) At the Depot (Bergelson), 38 Attias, Jean-Christophe, 153 Austen, J. L„ 233 Austria, emancipation of Jews in, 7 avant-garde film: circus associated with, 181,182; exaggerated gestures associated with, 189,192; Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS) and, 182-184; influence on Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 173, 181,182-184 Baal Shem Tov (Besht), 223, 260 Babel, Isaac, 229/; as army correspondent, 57, 242, 243; arrest and execution of, 271, 277; 335
Babel, Isaac (continued) diary of the 1920 Bolshevik-Polish war, 36, 249, 250-251; “Di Grasso,” 269-270; “End of the Almshouse, The,” 1-2, 8-11,14,19, 278; “First Aid,” 236; “Gapa Guzhva,” 264-265; “Gedali,” 243-244, 245, 250, 251, 324Ո62,324Ո67; and Gorky, 236,323Ո43; Hershele cycle of, 19, 218, 228, 234-235, 240-252, 255,265, 268, 270-272,320Ո2; imaginative geography of, 255-256, 261, 326Ո90; journalistic work of, 234-236, 263; “Karl-Yankel,” 252-269; as literary messiah, vision of, 235, 237, 268; “My First Fee,” 229; “My First Goose,” 245-248, 324Ո62,324Ո67; “Odessa,” 235, 237,238, 239, 250, 255, 268,323Ո40; Odessa Tales, 83,218; on physical characteristics of Jews, 64; pseudonyms used by, 239,242; “Rebbe,” 244, 245, 248, 251-252, 256-257, 324Ո62, 324Ո67; Red Cavalry, yj, 64, 83,137, 218, 241-252, 255-257; “Road, The,” 236-239, 240-241, 243, 259, 268; Russian language used by, 13-14,229-232,256-257; “Shabosnakhamu,” 218-222,224,226, 228-234, 244-245,270-272; sketches about Odessa, 235, 323Ո39; “Squadron Commander Trunov,” 57; as trickster, 235, 271-272; trip to Ukraine in 1930, 263. See also “KarlYankel”; Red Cavalry; “Shabos-nakhamu” Babylon: Babel’s pseudonym evoking, 239; Birobidzhan as version of, 215; Petrograd compared to, 234, 239 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 23-24, 79 bal-tshuve (term), 68 “Belorussia” (Kulbak), 121 Belorussia/ Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR): emblem of, 8շՀ; failed Jewish agricultural colony in, 124; official languages of, 82, 82/ See also Minsk Belorussian Academy of Sciences: Bronshteyn at, 296Ո122; Jewish Sector of, 103-104,106,118; Kulbak
at, 103-104, 118,303Ո89 Belorussian Film Studio, 183 Bemporad, Elissa, 76, 299Ո4 Benbassa, Esther, 153 Bender, Ostap (trickster figure), 168,225 Ben Eliezer, Rabbi Israel (Baal Shem Tov, Besht), 223 Ben-Salim, Kador, 173,174/ 314Ո17 336 · INDEX Berdichev (Gorenshtein), 276 Bergelson, David, 25, 26/ 51; “Among Refugees,” 26; in Berlin, 24, 25, 26, 38, 51; DeafMan, The, 100; At the Depot, 38; Descent, 38; End of Everything, The, 38; execution of, 54, 277; Judgment, 18, 20-25, 37-72; “One Night Less,” 299Ո7; Pome granate essay of, 72-73; return to Soviet Union, 51-53; textual strategies used by, 42-43, 45-46, 61-62; “Two Murderers,” 26; “Uphill,” 151; visit to Birobidzhan, 134; visit to U.S., 53. See also Judgment Berlin: Bergelson in, 24, 25, 26,38, 51; Haskalah in, 7; Jewish refugees in, 25-26; Kulbak in, 77, 299Ո7 Bezalel (biblical figure), 117; parallels in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 118,119 Bialik (Hebrew poet), 266, 268 Birobidzhan, 123,135-136; Bergelson’s visit to, 134; “brotherhood of peoples” narrative regarding, 138; Cossack experiences in, Fink’s Jews in the Taiga on, 136-143,156; metaphors in texts about, 126-129, 153; as new “promised land,” 124,134,153; non arrival in, and figure of Soviet Jew, 126,128, 129, ИЗ. 157, 158,160,166,167; photos of, Zionist iconography in, 154; U.S. (IKOR) expedition to (1929), 18,123-124,125,126, 130-131,143; as version of Babylon, 215 Birobidzhan, Jewish settlement in: activities aimed at public support for, 157-158; as antithesis to shtetl in decline, 162-163, 164,165; challenges for, 124,166; children’s books about,
128,157,159-166; designation of, 124-125; erasure of present in writings about, 129-130,133; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 129,141-142; IKOR report on, 123-124,125,129; literary and artistic representations of, 125-129,133; “nationali ties policy” and, 124-125,136,158; Ogonëk articles on, 126-127; omissions in descrip tions of, 124,151; Pale of Settlement compared to, 126,129; Palestine as substitution for, in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 134,143-147,151-154,155; Petrov’s travel sketch about, 170; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 176,207-208, 214-216; Soviet government’s plan for, 18, 124,125,136,275; substitution in texts about, 126-129, 43, 134-45, 143-147, 151-157
Black Hundreds, 71 Bletnitsky brothers, 229,322Ո30 Blok, Alexander, “Twelve, The,” 68 body, Jewish: circumcised, in Babel’s “KarlYankel,” 253,259, 260-261; disabled, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 179-181,186-187,195; disaggregation of, Bergelson’s textual strategy of, 61-62; physical characteristics of, focus on, 7, 64 Boese, Carl, 24 Bolshevik(s) / Bolshevik regime: association of Jews with, myth of, 10,34, 36-37, 293Ո64; commitment to internationalism and racial equality, global appeal of, 173; criminal ization of economic activity associated with Jews, 18, 58, 60-64; ethnographic research by, 18,105-106,118; inclusive rhetoric toward Jews, 168,170; as messen gers, Jewish perspective on, 65; messianic ideology of. Hershele and challenges to, 224; nationalities policy of, 16-17,124, 306Ո6; official opposition to antisemitism, 4,10-11,18, 22,36, 58; and Red Terror, 22; vs. Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 20-21; succession struggle after Lenin’s death, 69; tenuous hold on power by, literary works suggesting, 45-49, 58; and War Commu nism, 22,40,60; writers’ role in legitimating regime of, 242-243 Bolshevik hero: antisemitism of, literary depiction of, 62-63, 67, 72; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 24, 46-51, 53-55, 60, 64, 66-68, 70-71; self-sacrifice of, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57; in Tarasov-Rodionov’s Chocolate, 48-49. See also Jewish Bolshevik, figure of Bolshevik-Polish War of 1920,19; Babel’s diary of, 36, 249, 250-251; Babel’s fictional stories on, in Red Cavalry, 241-252; Babel’s reporting on, 57,242, 243 Bolshevik Revolution, 4; Christological
understanding of, 67-69; and dispersal of Jewish communities, 1-2, 4; and economic devastation of Pale of Settle ment, 41-42, 58-59, 60; and figure of New Soviet Man, 7-8; as foundational event of Soviet experience, 276; imagined as end of history, 169; indeterminate trajectory of, 8, 45-46, 69,73, 236; Jewish emigration after, 3,25-26; Petrograd’s demise after, Babel on, 234-239, 242; strange world brought forth by, 33 border(s): of Birobidzhan with Manchuria, threats along, 136,164; in Pale of Settlement, smuggling across, 20,41-42, 58-60; popu lation relocation policies to secure, 136 Border, The (film), 19,176, 201-202, 202/ 214 Borukhl, Rebbe, 219,223, 232, 233, 235, 245, 250, 255,261 Boym, Svetlana, 255 Brief Adventures ofBenjamin the Third, The (Abramovitch), 92-93 Bronshteyn, Yasha, 296Ո122; on Bergelson’s Judgment, 53, 62, 65; on Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 87, 88,91,111-112,113,116 “brotherhood of peoples,” Soviet narrative of, 138,253; homage to, in Babel’s “KarlYankel,” 254, 259-261 “Brothers” (Markish), 30 Brown, Benjamin, 130; in Gekht’s Ogonëk article, 144; protagonist based on, in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 130-131,146,150 Brusilovskii, E., 198 Budler Family’s Resettlement, The (Gekht), 128,157,159-166; abrupt ending of, 165-166; Birobidzhan as antithesis to shtetl in, 162-163, 164, 165; cover of, 161/; folktale elements in, 159-164; theme of non-arrival in, 158,166; transitional moment in Soviet children’s literature and, 158,159 Budyonny, Semyon, 242 Bulgakova, Oksana, 182,183 Cabinet ofDr. Caligari, The (film), 24 Caplan, Marc, 53 Caruth, Cathy,
160 Cassiday, Julie, 204 castle, chronotrope of, in Gothic texts, 23-24,40 Castle of Otranto, The (Walpole), 40 Chapaev (Furmanov), 243 Chaplin, Charlie, 187,316Ո42 Cheka: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 24-25, 39, 41, 45-46, 49; downfall of agents of, in fiction about early Bolshevik era, 46; head of, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 24,46-51, 53-55, 60,64; mandate of, 20; meaning of term, 45; suicidal inclinations of agents of, literary texts suggesting, 48-49, 51, 55-57; in Tarasov-Rodionov’s Chocolate, 30,46,48-49 INDEX · 337
Chekhov, Anton, 9 Chernenko, Miron, 211 childrens books, Soviet: about Birobidzhan, 157,159-166; orphan/child who ran away from home in, 159; transitional moment in evolution of, 158,159 China: acquisition of Birobidzhan from, 135; attempted escape to, in Seekers of Happiness (film), 210; Russian emigration to, 165-166; White Russians in, 164-165 Chocolate (Tarasov-Rodionov), 30-31, 46, 48-49 Christ, protagonist in Bergelson’s Judgment compared to, 67-68,70-71 Christianity: early, communism compared to, 258; image of Jew in, 6; Jewish conversion to, during Russian civil war, 27, 29 circumcision: Bolshevik position on, 253; compared to translation, 257-258; of heart vs. flesh, 258; as marker of Jewishness, 6, 253, 259, 260-261 circus I circus arena: acrobat vs. clown figure in, 187-188; in avant-garde film, 181,182; and political show trials of Stalin era, 203-204; in Return of Heitän Bekker, The (film), 181,184, 185/ 187; in Soviet image of America, 183 Circus (silent film), 187 Circus (Socialist Realist film), 187, 203-204 citizenship, Jews and issue of, 6-7 “City, The” (Kulbak), 111-112,113,121 civil war. See Russian civil war Clark, Katerina, 88,90,129,132,133 clown: vs. acrobat, in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 187-189. See also trickster(s) Cohen, Shaye J. D., 6 Cold War, figure of Soviet Jew during, 5, 277 collectivization of agriculture: Babel as witness to horrors of, 263; Babel’s “Gapa Guzhva” on, 264-265; and internal passports, 17; subtext of, in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 262-264; trick ster figure (Hershele) in descriptions of, 19 commissar (term), 54
construction, Soviet: vs. American, in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 174-175,184-189, ı86ƒ 195; in films about returning Jewish émigrés, 175,177,178-179; and Jewish migration, 3,120; metaphor of, in Socialist Realist descriptions, 132; reporting to global 338 · INDEX audiences, 168,169; socialist (sotsboyung), in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 86,110-113 “conversion,” to Soviet ideology: in agitation trials of 1920S, 205; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; and loss of speech, in Stalin-era cultural artifacts, 194-195, 200-203, 214; returning Jewish émigrés and, 275; in Return of Heitän Bekker, The (film), 175,194-196,199-201, 206; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 211-212. See also Jewish Bolshevik, figure of Cossacks: in Babel’s Red Cavalry, 137; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 136-143,156; Jewish resettlement compared to relocation of, 138,139,142-143; relations with Jewish settlers in Birobidzhan, 137-138,156; reloca tion to Birobidzhan, 136,138; uprisings in 17th century, and anti-Jewish violence, 21, 27-29,137, 222-223 courtyard, Jewish (hoyf): compared to sukkah, 114-115,119,120; compared to Tabernacle (mishkan), 117-118; compared to train station, 114,115,120; dismantling of, 115-116, 119-120,122; ethnography of, 104-105; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 97,103-105,113-116,119-120,122; as microcosm of shtetl, 76,105,122; in Minsk, 75/; montage used to create image of, 115; stasis and mobility encompassed in, 117 Crimea, failed Jewish agricultural colony in, 124, 306m, 307Ո15 criminality, conflation of Jewish livelihoods with: in Bergelson’s
Judgment, 18, 60-64; demise of Pale of Settlement and, 60-64, 124; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, Damesek, A., 90,106-108 “Dead Body of Christ in the Tomb, The” (Holbein the Younger), 68 DeafMan, The (Bergelson), 100 de Certeau, Michel, 233, 234 Demons (Dostoevsky), 46 Dennen, Leon, 167 de Sade, Marquis, 22, 23 Descent (Bergelson), 38 “Di Grasso” (Babel), 269-270 disabled body: cultural representations in Stalinist era, 180-181; in film portrayal of returning Jewish émigrés, 179-181, 186-187,195
dispersal/displacement, of Jewish communi ties: Bolshevik Revolution and, 1-2,4; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 123,139-142; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 146; and idealized Jewish version of New Soviet Man, 212; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 113-117; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 214-216; traditional ways of dealing with memory of, 114-115; train as symbol of, 75-76, 214-216; World War II and, 5 Dobrenko, Evgeny, 130,132, 276, 324Ո62 Dobroliubov, Nikolai, “What is Oblomovism?,” 106 Dostoevsky, Fyodor: antisemitic stereotypes in works of, 9; Demons, 46 Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 265 Dubnow, Simon, 26 Dubson, Mikhail, Border, The (film), 176, 201-202,214 Dunaevsky, Isaak, 213 Dunets, Khatski, 89-90 Dymshitz, Valerii, 320Ո2 Earth (film), 265 Eastern Europe: emigration of Jews from, 3; Haskalah in, and modern Yiddish literature, 14 economic criminality, conflation of Jews with, 18,58,60-64; Birobidzhan settlement touted as solution to, 124 economic devastation, of Pale of Settlement, 41-42,58-59, 60 Egart, Mark, Scorched Earth, 148-149, 308Ո35 Ehrenburg, Ilya: Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov, 46; “Ship Fare, A,” 34-37; Stormy Life ofLazik Roytshvants, The, 297Ո147 Eisenstein, Sergei: international reputation of, 172; montage associated with films of, 78,190,191; Old and the New, The, 100; on sound film and challenges to montage, 191 electrification: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 84-86,114-115; sukkah as simile for, 114-115, 119 emigration: of Eastern European Jews, 3, 25-26; of White Russians, 164-166. See also Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union End ofEverything, The
(Bergelson), 38 “End of the Almshouse, The” (Babel), 1-2,8-11, 278; antisemitic stereotypes in, 9-10; dis solution of Jewish community structures in, 1-2; indeterminate road in, 1-2,19; Jewish Bolshevik in, figure of, 9,10,11; old Jew in, figure of, 1-2,10,11,14,19 Envy (Olesha), 83 Epshtein, S., Misha from a Jewish Settlement, 157.159,162 Erdman, Nikolai: Suicide, The, 305Ո117 Estonia, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Esu-Elegbara (trickster), 225 ethnic groups, in Soviet state: defining and counting, 17; diversity of, and ideological compliance, 253; and nationalities policy, 124.136 ethnography: about Jews, 18,105-106,118; local, approaches to, 303Ո95; parody of, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 108; and Soviet state building, 105. See also salvage ethnography Evening Star, The (Vecherniaia zvezda) (periodical): Babel’s literary sketches about Odessa in, 235; Babel’s “Shabosnakhamu” in, 218, 235, 236 evolution: Lamarck’s theories of, 77,105,107; of Soviet Jew, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 76-77, 78, 79-80,97,112,113,114,119,120, 122 expressionism, 24 Extraordinary Adventures ofMr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, The (film), 171-172 Ezrahi, Sidra, 237 Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS), 182-184,189,192 Fadeev, Alexander, Last of the Udege, The, 76 fairy tales. See folktales / fairy tales Falen, James, 320Ո2 family: conflicts among members of, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 83, 85, 96-98,108; postrevolutionary hostility toward, 159 Far East. See Birobidzhan Feuchtwanger, Leon, 150-151 film(s): early sound, 190; Gothic mode in, 24; influence on Bergelson’s literary works, 38-39;
influence on Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 77,78. See also avant-garde film; film(s), Soviet; montage; silent film; sound film; specificfilm titles film(s), Soviet: disabled body in, 180; early sound, 190-191; figure of Soviet Jew in, 212-213; growth and international reputation INDEX · 339
film(s), Soviet (continued) of, 171-172; ideological messaging in, 191,192, 196; progressive loss of speech in, 195-196, 200-201,203,207,210,214; transition from silent to sound, 192,196 Fink, Viktor, 126; Birobidzhan reportage in Haynt, 166-167; tn IKOR expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 123-124,126,131,134; Jews in the Taiga, 18,123,128,131,136-143, 156; New Homeland, The, 128; Ogonek article by, 127, 307Ո15; return trip to Birobidzhan (1930), 131; Socialist Realism and, 130,132; substitutions in writings about Birobidzhan, 127,128,133,134-135, 143,156,157; on Ukrainian and Crimean agricultural colonies, 306Ո1, 307Ո15 “First Aid” (Babel), 236 First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers: fairy tale rehabilitated at, 159; Kulbak at, 90; on New Soviet Man, 93; and Socialist Realism, codification of, 90 First Five-Year Plan, 178; celebration of achieve ments of, 80; literature associated with, 86-87 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 178, 225 Flaherty, Robert, 100; Nanook of the North (film), 98-102; and salvage ethnography, 102,103 folktales / fairy tales: functions of, 160; in Gekht’s Budler Family’s Resettlement, 159-164; Soviet campaigns against, 159,163; trickster (Hershele Ostropoler) in, 223, 228-231,246; Yiddish, Russian language used to retell, and changes in meaning, 231-233 Ford, Henry, 175 Foucault, Michel, 233 France, postrevolutionary terror in, and Gothic literature, 22-23 Frank, Joseph, 222 free indirect discourse, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 42-43 Freidin, Gregory, 320Ո2,326Ո86 Freud, Sigmund: notion of dreamwork, 249; on return of repressed, 23; theory of humor, 227
Fridlyand, Semyon, 154 “friendship of peoples” (druzhba narodov), Soviet narrative of, 138, 253. See also “brotherhood of peoples” Friends of OZET, 157-158 Furmanov, Dmitry, 243 340 · INDEX future: in Socialist Realist depictions, 129-130, 132,134,153-154; in world of Soviet utopia, 132-133; in writings about Birobidzhan, 126,129-130; in Zionist texts, 134,153-154 Gaidar, Arkady, “Tale about a Military Secret, A,” 162 “Gapa Guzhva” (Babel), 264-265 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 226-227, 248 “Gedali” (Babel), 243-244,245, 250, 251, 324Ո62,324Ո67 Gekht, Semyon, 126; Budler Family’s Resettle ment, The, 128,157,158,159-166, löi/; in Gulag, 277; in IKOR expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 126,134,143; “Life after Death,” 151; Man Who Forgot His Life, The (Shoemaker’s Son, The), 27-29, 28/, 32/; on nonviability of Birobidzhan settlement, 128; Ogonek article by, 126-127, 144,145/j 151; repetitions across works of, 33; Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 18,128, 130-131,134,143-157; sketches about Pale of Settlement, 138,147; Socialist Realism and, 130,132; substitutions in writings about Birobidzhan, 126-127,128,133, 134-135,143-147,151-157 gender: and figure of New Soviet Man, 178; and figure of Soviet Jew, 6-7,173, 281; and group representation, in early Israelite and Jewish texts, 6. See also women Germany: contribution to Gothic mode, 24; Nazi, secret nonaggression agreement with Soviet Union, 5; socialist children’s literature in,158 Gessen, Masha, 150 Gippius, Zinaida, 236 Gitelman, Zvi Y„ 6 Glaser, Amelia, 13, 29 Gogol, Nikolai: antisemitic stereotypes in works of, 9; Inspector
General, The, 90; letter to Vasilii Zhukovskii, 310Ո80 gold: Jew’s search for, antisemitic trope of, 208-209; as metaphor for Birobidzhan’s richness, 126-127 Golem (film), 24 Goncharov, Ivan, Oblomov, 106 Gorenshtein, Fridrikh, Berdichev, 276 Gorham, Michael, 242 Gorizont (film), 19,175-176,213-214; con temporary critics on, 177,315Ո22
Gorky, Maxim: and Babel, 23 6,3 23Ո43; and Bolshevik regime, 240; on folklore/folktale, 159; on literary sketch (ocherk), 131; on “little men,” 86-87; on Socialist Realism, 156 Gorshman, Mendel, illustrations by, 28Հ 32/ GOSET (Moscow State Yiddish Theater), 148 Gothic literature: and Bergelson’s Judgment, 22,23, 24-25,39-41, 47, 67,69,71; chrono trope of castle / monastery in, 23-24; and Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 29; postrevolu tionary terror in France and, 22-23; uncertain succession in, 40-41; and Wandering Jew, figure of, 27-29, 216 Great Depression, and Jewish émigrés’ return to Soviet Union, 4,18-19,175, 203 Greenberg, Eliezer, 54 Grinberg, Marat, 288Ո46 Grossman, Vasily, “In the Town of Berdichev,” 37 Grumberg, Karen, 216 Gutman, David, 173,185/ Halevi, Yehuda, 237-238 Harbin (China): Russian emigration to, 165-166; White Russians in, 164-165 Harris, Franklin S., 123,144 Hasan-Rokem, Galit, 217 Hasidism, 219,222-223; imaginative geography of, in Babel’s work, 255-256, 261; references to, in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254-255; trick ster’s role in context of, 219, 222, 223-224, 225,226. See also Hershele Ostropoler; niggun Haskalah: in Berlin, 7; and modern Yiddish literature, 14 Havdalah ceremony, 115 Haynt (periodical), Birobidzhan reportage in,166-167 Hebrew language, 14-15 Hershele Ostropoler (trickster figure): antisemitism tackled by, 323Ո42; Babel’s identification with, 235,271-272; Babel’s implicit cycle of stories about, 19, 218, 228, 234-235, 240-252, 255, 265, 268, 270-272, 320Ո2; in Babel’s “Shabos-nakhamu,” 218-222, 224, 226, 228; chapbooks of stories
about, 229,322Ո30; as cipher for Soviet Jew, 19, 218, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, 247, 252, 253, 265,271,275; in folk narratives, 223,228-231, 246; as guide to dealing with wartime violence, 242,243,249,251,270; as historical figure, 222-223; influence on Soviet culture, 273; as jester in Borukhl’s court, 219, 223, 232,233, 235,245,249, 250,255,261; as model for literary messiah, 239,242; in Polyanker’s Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273-274; role in context of Hasidism, 223-224, 225; in stories about Soviet experience, 273; Trunk’s novel based on narratives of, 321Ո15; walking associated with, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Hetényi, Zsuzsa, 147-148,149 Hoberman, J., 198 Holbein the Younger, Hans, “Dead Body of Christ in the Tomb, The,” 68 Holocaust, 22, 273, 278 Holodomor, 263 Howe, Irving, 54 How the Steel Was Tempered (Ostrovsky), 89-90 hoyf. See courtyard, Jewish Hughes, Langston, 173 Huizinga, Johann, 246 humor: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 41,42,70; Freud’s theory of, 227; Hasidic trickster (Hershele) and, 223-224, 274; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 70-71, 86,104,106,108, 118-119, 122, 304Ո114; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 187-189; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 211. See also merriment lavorskaia, Alena, 148,149 IKOR. See Organization for Jewish Coloniza tion of Russia Il’f, Ilya: Little Golden Calf, The, 168-171, 216; trickster figure in novels by, 168, 225 imprecision, narrative: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 45-46; in Birobidzhan texts, 124,127-129.133.144.149.151.154,157; in Gekht’s works, 33-34; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 214-216; and strange world of Bolshevik
revolution, 33. See also omission(s); substitution(s) industrialization, Soviet: English-language publications about, 169; and figure of Soviet Jew, 114; and Jewish mobility, 3; Jews as leading members of, narrative of, 127,137,138; in Minsk, 80; portrayal in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 80-86,114-115, 120-121; portrayal in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 174-175 INDEX · 341
Industrial Party, show trial of, 204 Inspector General, The (Gogol), 90 Institute of Belorussian Culture (Inbelkult), Jewish Department of, 103-104 “In the Town of Berdichev” (Grossman), 37 Japan, influence in Manchuria, 136 Jazz Singer, The (film), 190 Jerusalem: in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 145-146; Halevi’s inability to reach, 237-238; heavenly vs. earthly, 238; Petersburg compared to, 237, 239, 242, 3241153 Jew(s): association with Bolshevik regime, myth of, 10,34, 36-37, 77, 293Ո64; citizen ship in Soviet Union, 6-7; male, physical characteristics of, 7, 64; and technological and industrial progress, Soviet narrative of, 137,138. See also body, Jewish; Jewish Bolshevik; Jewish communities; Jewish émigrés; Soviet Jew; Wandering Jew Jewish Antifascist Committee, 54, 277 Jewish Bolshevik, figure of, 30-33; in Babel’s “End of the Almshouse, The,” 9,10,11; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 83,93-96; in Markish’s “Brothers,” 30; pogroms incorporated into psyche of, 30,31,33; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173-175, 194-195,196,198; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 209, 210, 211-212; Soviet Jew distinguished from, 10; in TarasovRodionov’s Chocolate, 30; as variant of New Soviet Man, 10 Jewish communities: criminalization of economic activities of, 18, 58, 60-64; in Minsk, 76; in Russian Empire, 2-3, 4,17. See also Birobidzhan, Jewish settlement in; dispersal / displacement; Pale of Settlement Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union, 4, 18-19; and “conversion” to Soviet ideology, 194-196,199-201,206,275; doubly
compro mised (“socially crippled”) bodies of, 179; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 18,128,130-131,134,143-157; Great Depression and, 4,18-19,175 203; in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, 168-171; motivations of, 4,18-19, 171; and New Soviet Man, figure of, 177,178,187-189, 212; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 342 · INDEX 19,172-175,174/ 179; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 207-212; symbolic rehabilitation of, 209-210; and Wandering Jew, figure of, 178 “Jewish question,” 168; Bolshevik claims of having resolved, 168,170; and Soviet Jew, figure of, 169 Jewish Section (Evsektsiia), 36 Jews in the Taiga (Fink), 18,123,128; on Amur Cossacks’ experiences in Far East, 136-143; cliched responses by Jewish settlers in, 141-142; contemporary critics on, 142-143; ending of, 156; excerpts from, in Haynt, 167; Fink’s previous publications and, 306м, 307Ո15; footnotes in, 132; lack of detail on Jewish settlement in, 129; narrative of displacement in, 123,139-142; play based on, 309Ո53; on relationship between Cossacks and Jewish settlers, 137-138; revisions between editions of, 132; substitution strategy in, 143,156; subversive interpretive strategies suggested by, 138-139, 142; time frame in, 131 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 7 journalism: Babel’s work in, 234-236; and creative fiction, intermediate genre between, 131. See also specific titles ofperiodicals Judeo-Bolshevism, myth of, 10,34, 293Ո64; and pogroms, 36-37 Judgment (Bergelson), 18,20-25,37-72; abrupt ending of, 56-58; ambiguity and liminality of Russian civil war in, 37-38; anti-Bolshevik forces
portrayed in, 20-21,31, 43-44.7°, 71,72; antisemitism of Bolshevik hero in, 62-63, 67, 72; as apparent endorsement of Bolshevik regime, 44-45,51-53; Bolshevik hero in, 24, 46-51,53-55, 60, 64, 66-68, 70-71; Cheka outpost in, 20, 24-25,39, 41, 45-46, 49; Cheka policies targeting shtetl Jews in, 60-66; Christian references in, 67-72; cinematic influences in, 38-39; concern about fate of shtetl dwellers in, 51; contemporary critics on, 53, 62, 65, 68; cross-border smuggling in, 20, 41-42. 47-48, 60-61; disaggregation of body in, 61-62; Gothic mode in, 22, 23, 24-25, 39-41, 47, 67, 69, 71; historical context of, 290Ո3; Jewish Bolsheviks in, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; Jewish speculator in, 63-66; publication of, 51,52/; scholarship on, 53-55; shtetl in, 20, 41-42,59, 73; on “strange”
world after Bolshevik Revolution, 33,45-46; textual strategies used in, 42-43, 45-46, 61-62; threat of pogroms in, 23, 25, 43, 49-50, 71-72; tribunal/trial in, 63-67; uncertain succession in, 40-41, 45-46, 69 Kaganovsky, Lilya, 180,190, 217 Kalinin, Mikhail, 125 “Karl-Yankel” (Babel), 252-269; circumcised body in, 259, 260-261; collectivization subtext in, 262-264; ending of, 265, 266; figure of Soviet Jew emerging in, 265-266; imaginative geography in, 255-256, 261; narrator of, 267-268; performance of “brotherhood of peoples” in, 254, 259-261; as story of authorial self-invention, 266-269; traces of blood libel accusation in, 326Ո91; trial in, 254, 260, 262, 265, 266; women’s role in, 254-255, 259-260, 281; Yiddish translation of, 267 Kashnitskaya, Yelena, 173 Katsnelson, Anna Wexler, 204 Katz, Maya Balakirsky, 288Ո46 Kautsky, Karl, 169 Khemlin, Margarita, 328Ո12; “About Zhenya,” 278-282 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, Cossack uprisings led by, 21,137 khurbn, during Russian civil war, 22, 29 “khvostism,” accusation of, 94 Kipnis, Itsik, Months and Days, 33,34 Kishinev, pogroms in, 31 Kolas, Jakub, 90 Korn, Rokhl, 54 Korsh-Sablin, Vladimir, 176. See also Seekers of Happiness (film) Kozintsev, Leonid, 182,183; Alone (film), 191, 196-197 Kristeva, Julia, 68 Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 159 Krutikov, Mikhail, 38, 53, 54, 55 Kukulin, Ilia, 77-78 Kulbak, Moyshe, 78/ 300Ո32; “Belorussia,” 121; at Belorussian Academy of Sciences, 103-104,118, 303Ո89; in Berlin, 77, 299Ո7; “City, The,” 111-112,113,121; execution of, 78, 276-277; influences on, 77; poetics of, 120-122; as translator and literary
editor, 90,113; Zelmenyaners, The, 18, 74-122. See also Zelmenyaners, The Kulbak, Raya, 303Ո94 Kulbak, Zelda, 104,303Ո89 Kuleshov, Lev: Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, The (film), 171-172; Gorizont (film), 175-176,177, 213-214,315Ո22; interna tional reputation of, 172 Kvitko, Leyb, 1919, 34 Labor Zionism, 153 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 77,105,107 language(s): of Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), 82, 82/; and changes in meaning of trickster tale, 230-231; as tool for establishing Bolsheviks’ legitimacy, 242-243; as trickster’s tool for creating alternative meanings, 226-227. See also Hebrew language; Russian language; Yiddish language Last of the Udege, The (Fadeev), 76 Latvia, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: and Cheka, establish ment of, 20; death of, and succession struggle, 69; “little light bulbs” of, 85; on older vs. younger generations’ role in communist society, 300Ո21; seizure of power by, 3; spontaneity-consciousness dialectic articulated by, 88; and Trotsky, 293Ո64; “What Is to Be Done?,” 87-88 Lewis, Matthew, Monk, The, 22-23 Leyda, Jay, 317Ո48,317Ո51 Libedinskii, Yuri, Week, A, 44, 49 “Life after Death” (Gekht), 151 Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov (Ehren burg), 46 Lipovetsky, Mark, 225, 226 literacy campaign, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 86,113 literary messiah: Babel’s visions of becoming, 235, 237, 268; Hershele as model for, 239, 242 literary sketch (ocherk), 131 Lithuania, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Little Golden Calf, The (Il’fand Petrov), 168-171, 216 Lotman, Yuri, 184 luftmentsh, figure of,
207, 212 Lumière, Auguste and Louis, 190,317Ո51 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 31 Lysenko, Timofey, 107 INDEX ■ 343
male gender: and figure of New Soviet Man, 178; and figure of Soviet Jew, 6-7, 173, 281 Manchuria, 123,135,136. See also China Mandelshtam, Osip, 11 Man Who Forgot His Life, The (Gekht), 27-29, 28/ Margolit, Evgeny, 190 Markish, Peretz, 317Ո47; “Brothers,” 30; execution of, 277; “Mound, The,” 29-30; and Return ofHeitän Bekker, The, 173, 178,181,197 Marr, Wilhelm, 63 maskilim. See modernization Mayzel, Nakhmen, 87 McGeever, Brendan, 31, 60, 293Ո64 McKay, Claude, 173 Medzhibozh: in Babel’s work, 218, 219, 233, 235, 254-256,261; in history of Hasidism, 223, 235; in Polyanker’s Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273 Menorah Journal, The (periodical), 167 merriment: in Freud’s theory of humor, 227; Hershele as figure of, 222, 225, 235; and horror, uncanny proximity in Babel’s work, 226, 241, 243-244,249, 264; and verse, in Babel’s work, 244-245 metaphor(s): in Circus (film), 204; construc tion, in Socialist Realist descriptions, 132; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 120-122; in texts about Birobidzhan, 126-129, 15Յ· See also substitution(s) mezuzah, 116 Michaelis, Johann David, 7 Mikhoels, Solomon, 174,174Հ 277 Mil’man, Rashel’: and avant-garde film, 182, 183; and Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 173,178,199, 214 Minsk: Belorussian State Yiddish Theater in, 100, toif; films shown in, 98-100, loo/; identification with former Pale of Settle ment, 76, 299Ո4; industrialization of, 80; Jewish Sector of Belorussian Academy of Sciences in, 103-104; Kulbak in, 77; movie theater in, 98,99/ 102; residential courtyard in, 75/; tramway in, 80, 81Հ 84 Misha from a Jewish Settlement (Epshtein),
157,159։ 162 mishkan. See Tabernacle Mishnah Sanhedrin (tractate), 65 344 · INDEX mobility, Jewish: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 113-115; from Pale of Settlement to Far East, 125; of postrevolutionary era, 3-4,19,135; Russian civil war and, 3; Soviet industrial ization and, 3,114; Soviet state’s program of, in texts about Birobidzhan, 134-135. See also dispersal/displacement, of Jewish communities Moch, Leslie Page, 135 modernization (maskilim): and family dispersal, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 80-81,114; Jewish proponents of, 7; traditional way of life undermined by, in Hanook of the Horth (film), 102. See also industrialization, Soviet Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 5 monarchists. See Whites monastery: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 24, 39; chronotrope of, in Gothic texts, 24 Monk, The (Lewis), 22-23 montage, film technique of, 38; agitation trials compared to, 206; anxieties encoded in, 190; and destabilization of reality, 77-78; in Earth (film), 265; Eisenstein’s use of, 78, 190,191; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 77,78, 112,113,115,121,122; in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 192-193; silent film and, 190,191; sound film and challenges to, 191 Months and Days (Kipnis), 33, 34 Morphology of the Folktale (Propp), 160 Moscow State Yiddish Theater (GOSET), 148 “Mound, The” (Markish), 29-30 movie theater(s): in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 98,103; in Minsk, 98,99/ 102; Soviet, sound equipment in, 192 Murav, Harriet: on Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 326Ո91; on Bergelson’s Judgment, 54-55; on Bergelson’s textual strategies, 61,151; on Bergelson’s “Uphill,” 151; on chain of calamities in Jewish
history, 73; on Gekht’s sketch about decaying shtetl, 138; on Gorenshtein’s Berdichev, 276; on Jewish Bolshevik, figure of, 30; on Jewishness, assumptions about, 13; on Kipnis’s Months and Days, 33; on Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 197, 212; on Russian-Yiddish linguistic interaction, 15 Muraviev, Nikolai, 140 Murnau, F. Μ., 24
music, Jewish, in film, 198-199, 208-209, 212, 213, 214-215. See also niggun “My First Fee” (Babel), 229 “My First Goose” (Babel), 245-248,324Ո62, 324Ո67 Mysteries of Udolpho, The (Radcliffe), 22-23 Naiman, Eric, 40 Nakhimovsky, Alice, 11,12,16 Nanook of the North (film), 98-102; Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners compared to, 102-103 nationalities policy, Soviet, 16-17,124 зобпб; and Jewish settlement in Birobidzhan, 124-125,136,158 “NEP Gothic,” 40 neveyle (term), 47 New Economic Policy (NEP), 40, 60 New Homeland, The (Fink), 128 New Life (Novaia zhizn) (periodical), Babel as reporter for, 236,240,263 New Soviet Man, figure of, 178; Birobidzhan settlement and, 133; Bolshevik Revolution and, 7-8; in films about Jewish returnees, 177,178, 212; First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers on, 93; gender of, 178; Jewish Bolshevik as variant of, 10; scholarship on, 288Ո39; vs. shtetl Jew, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 177,178,187-189; Soviet Jew and, 8,10,76,178; transformation of shtetl Jew into, Birobidzhan settlement and, 125; trickster evolving together with, 225 Niger, Shmuel, 304Ո114 niggun (Hasidic wordless melody): in Border, The (film), 201, 202; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 175,198, 212; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 208-209 1919 (Kvitko), 34 non-arrival, and figure of Soviet Jew, 126, 128,129,133,157,158,160,166,167, 275 Nordau, Max, 7 Nosferatu (film), 24 Oblomov (Goncharov), 106 ocherk (literary sketch), 131 October (film), 191 Odessa: Babel’s literary sketches about, 235, 323Ո39; Bletnitsky brothers in, 229,322Ո30; dissolution of Jewish community structures
in, ı-շ; Jewish cemetery in, 1,2,14; Pushkin’s statue in, 269-270; reputation among Jews, 287Ո34; streets in, Babel on, 266-269 “Odessa” (Babel), 235, 237, 238, 239, 250, 255, 323Ո40; messianic dreams in, 235, 237, 268 Odessa Tales (Babel), 83, 218 Ogonek (journal): Babel’s “Di Grasso” in, 270; Fink’s article in, 127,307Ո15; Gekht’s article in, 126-127,144 145/ 15Ն Petrov’s travel sketch in, 170 Old and the New, The (film), 100 Old Dudino (film), 176. See also Border, The (film) old Jew, figure of, 11; in Babel’s “End of the Almshouse, The,” 1-2,10,11,19; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 83-84, 87,95-97; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 209 Olesha, Yuri, Envy, 83 Olgin, Moyshe, 193 omission(s): in Birobidzhan texts, 124,151; in depictions of pogroms, 34-35; and figure of Soviet Jew, emergence of, 13; Hershele’s strategy of, 246, 263; “strange” world of Bolshevik Revolution depicted through, 33 Organization for Jewish Colonization of Russia (IKOR): expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 18,123-124,125,126; study commis sioned by, 123-124,125,129,131 Ostap Bender (trickster figure), 168, 225 Ostropoler, Hershele (trickster figure). See Hershele Ostropoler Ostrovsky, Nikolai, How the Steel Was Tempered, 89-90 Overcoat, The (film), 182 OZET (Society for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land), 144,157; children’s division of, 157-158 Pale of Settlement, 2-3; Babel’s observations on, 250-251; Birobidzhan compared to, 126, 129; criminalization of Jewish livelihoods in, 18, 60-64,124; cross-border smuggling in, 41-42,47-48,58-61; as degenerate space, descriptions of, 7,138; dispersal
of Jewish communities of, 1-2, 4,158; dissolution of, 3,4, 59, 80; economic devastation after Bolshevik Revolution, 41-42, 58-59, 60; Gekht’s sketches about, 138,147; Jewish refugees from, in Berlin, 25-26; Minsk’s identification with, 76,299Ո4; physical destruction of, 29-30, 250-251; INDEX · 345
Pale of Settlement (continued) post-World War I division of, 41-42; residence restrictions in, 2-3,17; scattered cultural attributes of, 275, 278; shtetl’s persistence after destruction of, 274-275; simultaneous revulsion and nostalgia regarding, 11-12; smell associated with Jewish residents of, as symbol of cultural preservation in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 75, 76-77, 80,106,120,121-122; traces of, in figure of Soviet Jew, 11-12, 275. See also pogroms; shtetl(s) Palestine: in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 130,134,143-147,151-154,155; immigration of Eastern European Jews to, 3; Old Yishuv vs. New Yishuv in, 152; Soviet political discourses on, 134; Soviet texts about, in 1930s, 148-149; Zionist settlers in, appeal of Cossack image to, 137 Panopticon, 233 Paperny, Vladimir, 132 parallel editing, film technique of, 38 parody: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 70-71, 86,104-105,106,108,118-119,122,304Ո114. See also humor Party Membership Card, The (film), 318Ո63 passport(s): in Russian Empire, notation of ethnoreligious origins in, 17; in Soviet Union, “fifth line”/“nationality” declaration in, 16,17 Paul, Apostle, 258 peasants, Russian: after Bolshevik Revolu tion, 3; restrictions on residence of, 17 Peterson, Dale, 23 Petliura, Symon, 21; in Gekht’s Man Who Forgot His Life, The, 27,33; and White mon archists, equating in literary texts, 33,36 Petrograd (Petersburg): Babel’s journalistic work in, 234-236; demise after Bolshevik Revolution, Babel on, 234-239, 242; Jeru salem compared to, 237,239, 242, 324Ո53; journey to, in Babel’s “Road, The,” 236-237, 238 Petrov, Evgeny: on
Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, 170; Little Golden Calf, The, 168-171, 216; trickster figure in novels by, 168, 225 pogroms: accounts of, in 1920s, 25-30; allusions to, in early Soviet literature, 30-33; armed formations responsible for, 346 · INDEX equating in literary texts, 33-34; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; Bergelson’s Pomegranate essay on, 72-73; children’s story hinting at, 160-161,164,165; Cossack 17th-century uprisings and, 21, 27-29,137, 222-223; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, A, 27-29, 2 f, 1շք, gendered nature of violence in, 281; internalization of violence of, 29; Jewish survivors of, in Berlin, 26; Kishinev, 31; in Markish’s “Mound, The,” 29-30; myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and, 36-37; Red Army’s role in, 22, 34, 36; during Russian civil war, 20-22, 25-30, 34-37; strange aspects of, literary texts about, 33-36; threat of return of, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 23, 25, 43, 49-50,71-72; threat of return of, in Ehrenburg’s “Ship Fare, A,” 37; trauma of, and figure of Soviet Jew, 18, 25, 26, 29, 33,45,73,275; tsarist-era, 3,31,34 Poland: post-World War I borders and, 41-42; Soviet occupation of, 4-5. See also Bolshevik-Polish War of 1920 Polyanker, Hirsh (Grigoril), Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273-274 Pomegranate (Milgroym) (journal), Bergelson’s essay in, 72-73 Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 276 present: avoidance in Socialist Realism, 129-130; erasure of, in writings about Birobidzhan, 129-130,133 Presner, Todd, 15 Propp, Vladimir, Morphology of the Folktale, 160 proste yidn (simple Jews), 77 Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 190,191 purges, Stalin’s, 276-277; Bergelson as
victim of, 54; Dunets as victim of, 89; Kulbak as victim of, 78 Pushkin, Alexander, 266, 269; High Stalinism and status of, 270; statue in Odessa, 269-270 Pyr’iev, Ivan, 318Ո63 Radcliffe, Anne, Mysteries of Udolpho, The, 22-23 “Rebbe” (Babel), 244, 245,248, 251-252, 324Ո62,324Ո67; implied Yiddish text in, 256-257 Red Army: anti-Jewish violence perpetrated by, 22,36; anti-Jewish violence prevented by, 34; founder of, 36
Red Cavalry (Babel), 57, 218, 241-252, 255-257; Cossack-Jewish relations in, 137; “Gedali,” 243-244, 245, 250, 251; “My First Goose,” 245-248; physical characteristics of Jews in, 64; protagonist of, 243; “Rebbe,” 244, 245, 248, 251-252, 256-257; references to Hershele in, 243; sensitive Jewish intellectual in, 83; “Squadron Commander Trunov,” 57 Red Cavalryman, The (Krasnyi kavalerist) (newspaper), Babel’s work for, 57, 242, 243 263 Red Terror, 22. See also Cheka Red Virgin Soil (Krasnaia nov’) (journal), 57 Research Your Shtetl! (Aleksandrov), 105-106 return narratives. See Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 19,172-175, 174/Ī178-189, 200/; avant-garde influences on, 173,181,182-184, 200; Chaplin’s Circus compared to, 187; circus arena in, 181,184, 185/ 187, 203; construction competition in, 175,184-189, ı86ƒ 195,203; contemporary critics on, 177,193; “conversion” to Soviet ideology in, 175,194-196,199-201, 206; disabled Jewish body in, 179-181,186-187, 195; ending of, 212-213, 214, 227; figure of Soviet Jew in, 212-213; as first Soviet sound film in Yiddish, 189,192-193,195-196,197, 199, 317Ո47; Hasidic wordless melody (niggun) in, 198-199, 217; historical setting for, 203; Jewish Bolshevik in, 173-174, 194-195,196,198; juxtaposition of sound and montage in, 192-193; New Soviet Man vs. shtetl Jew in, 177,178,187-189; novel based on, 173,181,197; progressive loss of speech in, 195-196, 200-201, 203, 207, 210, 214; as propaganda film, 194,197-198,199; screenplay for, 173,178,180; Seekers of Happiness (film) compared to, 210; set
directions for, 178; shifting aesthetic and ideological priorities and, 189-190; Socialist Realist aesthetic and, 173,183; symbolic rehabilitation of Jewish returnee in, 209-210; traces of show trials in, 204, 205, 206; vestiges of silent film in, 183, 192,195 revolutionary hero: self-sacrifice of, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57. See also Bolshevik hero rhetorical replacements. See substitution^) “Road, The” (Babel), 236-239, 240-241, 243, 259, 268 Roskies, David G., 289Ո46 Roth, Philip, Portnoy’s Complaint, 276 Rougle, Charles, 324Ո67 Russian civil war, 4; ambiguity and liminality of, 37-38; and Jewish mobility/dispersal, 1-4; Jewish refugees from, 3, 25-26; khurbn during, 22, 29; in Soviet fiction, 90-91; transitional periods during, 37 Russian civil war, pogroms during, 20-22, 25-30, 34-36; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; children’s story hinting at, 160-161,164,165; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, A, 27-29, 28/ 32/; in Markish’s “Mound, The,” 29-30 Russian Empire: collapse of, 4; Far East territory acquired by, 135-136; forcible relocation of Cossacks to Far East, 136, 138; Jewish communities in, 2-3, 4,17; pogroms in, 3, 31, 34; restrictions on Jewish residence in, 2-3,17 Russian language: Babel’s use of, 13-14, 229-232, 256-257; dialectical variants shaped by Yiddish, 276; points of encounter with Yiddish language, in Russian-Jewish literature, 14; RussianJewish literature in, 13-14; Soviet Jews and, 4; used to retell Yiddish folktale, and changes in meaning, 230-233; verbs of motion in, precision of, 231-232 Sabbath of Comforting, 220, 221, 226, 261 sacralizing
space: newly established Soviet Jewish homeland (Birobidzhan) as, 133, 134; Soviet state’s mission of, 132,133 salvage ethnography: Flaherty and, 102,103; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 18,102-105, 106,107-108,110-111,113,122; in Nanook of the North (film), 102 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 226 Scorched Earth (Egart), 148-149, 308Ո35 Scott, James C., 221, 234, 247-248 Seekers ofHappiness (film), 19,154,176, 207-212, շւօք, antisemitic tropes in, 208-209; ending of, 213, 214; figure of Wandering Jew in, 213, 215/, 216, 217; ideological message of, 210,213; Jewish viewers’ reactions to, 211; matriarch in, 211-212, 281; opposite Jewish types in, 212; train scene in, 214-215 INDEX · 347
Seidman, Naomi, 258 “Shabos-nakhamu” (Babel), 218-222,224, 226; historical context and audience for, 233, 234, 235-236,239; Red Cavalry stories compared to, 244-245; Russian language used to retell, and changes in meaning, 230-233; subtitle of, 270-272; Yiddish original of, 228-231, 230/ 232 Shakhty trial, 204-205, 206 “Shchepka” (Zazubrin), 49 Shell, Marc, 199 Sherman, Joseph, 55 shiluye (term), 87; Kulbak’s protagonists as, 87,88 Shimshen (rabbi of Ostropol), 223 “Ship Fare, A” (Ehrenburg), 34-37 Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A (Gekht), 18, 128,130-131,143-157; abrupt ending of, 155-156,165; Birobidzhan plot in, 144, 146-147,150,151; as covert attempt to discuss Zionism, criticism of, 147-148, 149; hilltop conversation in, 150,155; Palestine plot in, 147,151,152; protagonist of, 145-146,151,156-157; scholarship on, 147-149; Socialist Realism and, 145; substitution of Palestine for Birobidzhan in, 134,143-147,151-154,155-157; time frame in, 131 Shklovsky, Viktor, 236, 239,324Ո53 Shneer, David, 154, 277, 288Ո46 Shoemakers Son, The (Gekht), 27-29, 28/ 32/ Sholem Aleichem, 83-84 show trial(s): Industrial Party, 204; Shakhty, 204-205, 206; shift from agitation trials to, 205-206; of Stalin era, circus arena associated with, 203-204; traces of, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 204, 205,206 Shpis, Boris: and avant-garde film, 182,183; and Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173,199, 214 Shrayer, Maxim D., 12,13,148 Shtern (journal), Kulbak’s publications in, 82, 90-93 Shternshis, Anna, 211, 212,289Ո51 shtetl(s), 4,76; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 41-42, 59, 73; Birobidzhan
as antithesis to, 162-163,164,165; collapse of, sketches about, 138; courtyard (hoyf) as microcosm of, 76,105,122; economic devastation of, 348 · INDEX after Bolshevik Revolution, 41-42, 58-59, 60; ethnographic research on, 18,105-106, 118; films depicting, 173-174,176; in Gekht’s Shoemakers Son, А, гт, Gekht’s sketches of, 138,147; Old Yishuv compared to, 152; persistence after Pale’s destruction, 274-275; physical destruction after Bolshevik Revolu tion, 29-30,250-251; Sovietization of, 76,118; and Soviet Jew, figure of, 178; storytelling and dissemination of culture of, 275 Siberia, Jewish settlement in, 4. See also Birobidzhan Sicher, Efraim, 16,266-267, 268,269,270,320Ո3 Siegelbaum, Lewis, 135 Signifying Monkey, in Black American folklore, 226, 227-228, 248 silent film: circus associated with, 181; exag gerated gestures associated with, 189-190; montage used in, 190,191; Soviet film industry’s transition from, 189; transition to sound film from, 192,196, 206; vestiges of, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The, 183,192 Slezkine, Yuri, 3,11, 77,177, 269-270 Sioin, Andrew, 60 Slotnick, Susan, 53 smell, as symbol of persistent cultural char acteristics, 75,76-77,80,106,120,121-122 Smith, Adrien, 276 Smola, Klavdia, 288Ո46 Smugglers (Varshavsky), 59-60 smuggling: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 41-42,47-48, 60-61; criminalization of trade as, 60; new state borders in former Pale of Settlement and, 20,41-42, 58-60 Snyder, Timothy, 5 Sobol, Valeria, 23 Socialist Realism, 90,144-145; future-oriented project of, 129-130,132,134; and Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 145; Gorky’s
dictum about, 156; and Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 91-96,118-119; notion of “reality” in, 133; and Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173,183; and sacralizing space, 132,133; and sound film, 191-192; and spontaneity-consciousness dialectic, 88,107,112; Zionist art and literature compared to, 153-154 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 20; in Bergel son’s Judgment, 20-21,31,43-44, 70, 71, 72; and violence against Jews, 20,31
Society for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land (OZET), 144,157-158 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 158 Someone Else’s Coat (film), 183 sound film: and challenges to montage technique, 191; early, 190-191,196-197, 317Ո51; first Soviet, 196-197; and ideological messaging, 191,192,196-197,206; preference for character-based plots, 192; Return of Neitan Bekker as early representative of, 189,192-193,195-196.197.199. 3171147; Socialist Realism and, 191-192; transition from silent film to, 192,196, 206 Soviet Jew: doubt about Jewishness of, Western and Israeli Jews’ expression of, 6; stories of, true inheritors of, 282; use of term, 5 Soviet Jew, figure of, 2; ambivalence associated with, 8,172; anxieties shaping, 7,22, 25, 38, 190,192, 203, 216-217; Babel’s Karl-Yankel as prototype of, 265-266; Cold War and, 5, 277; as collector of ethnographic and linguistic tidbits, 275; complexities of culture after Bolshevik Revolution and, 270; cultural prehistory of, 5-6; as cultural type, 11; defined by limits and possibilities of Soviet culture, 18; displaced cultural elements of Pale and, 275; evolution in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 76-77, 78, 79-80, 97,112,113,114,119,120,122; features revealed through contemporary texts, 18-19; fifth line” in Soviet passport and, 16,17; in film, 212-213; gender of, 6-7,173, 281; indetermi nacy of Soviet project and, 8,17,19,192, 203; industrialization and, 114; vs. Jewish Bolshevik, 10; vs. Jewish elites in Soviet system, 77; “Jewish question” and, 169; vs. Judaic heritage, 12; marked by hidden difference, 6, 253, 259; marked by shtetl origin and
foreign travel, 169, 211, 213; mobility of postrevolutionary era and, 3-4, 19,135; as mockery of normative culture, 189; modernizing and preservationist tendencies in, 79-80,102, 217; vs. New Soviet Man, 8,10,178; non-arrival as defining feature of, 126,128,129,133,157,158, 160,166,167, 275; omission and emergence of, 13; as partially transformed figure, 217; rootlessness and migration defining, 132; Russian-Yiddish linguistic interaction and, 15-16; suspension of assumptions about, 12-13; symbolic Christian proto types and, 6; traces of Pale of Settlement in, 11-12, 275; traces of Wandering Jew in, 170-171,178, 217; tragic history of, 277-282; trauma of pogrom violence and, 18, 25, 26, 29.33. 45.73. 275; trickster (Hershele) as cipher for, 19, 218, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, 247, 252, 253, 265, 271, 275; in Western imagination, 5, 6; World War II and growing suspicion of, 277 Soviet Union: “brotherhood of peoples” narrative in, 138,253,254,259-261; enfran chisement of Jewish population in, 6-7; indeterminacy during early years of, 8,17, 19,192,203; Jewish émigrés returning to, 4,18-19; Jewish mobility within, 3-4,19, 125,135; nationalities policy of, 16-17,124 306Ո6; and Nazi Germany, secret nonag gression agreement between, 5; official opposition to antisemitism in, 4,10-11,18, 22,36,58. See also Bolshevik(s) / Bolshevik regime; construction; industrialization speculation (spekuliatsiia), crime of, 60; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 64, 65 speech: progressive loss of, in Stalin-era cultural production, 194-196, 200-201, 203, 207, 210, 214; walking compared to, 233-234
spontaneity-consciousness dialectic, Socialist Realism and, 88,107,112 “Squadron Commander Trunov” (Babel), 57 Stalin, Joseph: consolidation of power by, 203; on cultural differences, 108; and disabled body, cultural representations of, 180-181; literature of era of, 86-87, 89; and Pushkin, status of, 270; speech on Soviet industrial ization, 80. See also purges Stormy Life ofLazik Roytshvants, The (Ehrenburg), 297Ո147 substitution(s): in Babel’s imaginative geog raphy, 255-256, 261; of less transgressive acts for violence, 245-246; of “merriment” for “horror,” in Babel’s work, 226, 241, 243-244,249,264; in texts about Birobid zhan settlement, 126-129,133. !34-135 143-147,151-157; in world of Soviet utopia, 132-133. See also metaphor(s) suicide: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 108, 109-110; revolutionary hero and, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57; as societal concern in Soviet Union of 1930s, 109 INDEX · 349
Suicide, The (Erdman), 305Ո117 sukkah, traditional Jewish construction of, 114-115; courtyard in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners compared to, 114-115,119,120 Tabernacle (mishkan): Jewish courtyard (hoyfl compared to, 117-118; Kulbak’s Zelmen yaners as, 119-120 “Tale about a Military Secret, A” (Gaidar), 162 “Tale of Red-Headed Motele, Mr. Inspector, Rabbi Isaiah, and Commissar Blokh, The” (Utkin), 31-33 Tarasov-Rodionov, Alexander, Chocolate, 30-31,46, 48-49 Tcherikower, Elias, 26 Teacherfrom Medzhibozh, The (Polyanker), 27Յ-274 Tetiiv, pogrom in, 37 30 Days (30 dnei) (journal); article about cross-border smuggling in, 58-59, 60; Gekht’s short story in, 151 Thomson, Rosemary Garland, 179 Ticket to Life, A (film), 159 time frame: in writings about Birobidzhan, 129-130,133; in writings about Soviet aspirations, 132; in Zionist texts, 134, 153-154· See also future; present Tisha B’Av, 220, 221 Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina, 89 totalitarian space, concept of, 233 trade: criminalization of, Bolshevik regime and, 60-64,124· See also smuggling train station, Jewish courtyard (hoyf) compared to, 114,115,120 train(s)/tramway(s): in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, The, 168-169; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 75-77, 80-81,106,120; in Minsk, 80, 8i/; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 214-216; as symbol of displacement, 75-76,214-216 Trans-Baikal Cossacks, relocation of, 136 translation: circumcision compared to, 257-258; implied, in Babel’s writings, 256-257; of Ostrovsky’s How the Steel Was Tempered, 89-90; word-forword vs. sense-for-sense, 257-258; of Yiddish literature, Kulbak’s article on,
90 Trauberg, Grigorii, 182,183; Alone (film), 191, 196-197 350 · INDEX trial(s): agitation, of 1920s, 204, 205; in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254, 260, 262,265, 266; Bergelson’s Judgment, 63-67; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 96-98,116; of Stalin era, circus arena associated with, 203-204. See also show trial(s) Tribuna (periodical), 144,157 trickster(s): in African cultures, 227; Babel as, 235, 271-272; in Black American folklore, 226, 227-228; as cipher for Soviet Jew, 19, 218,226, 228, 234-235,240, 247, 252, 253, 265,271; existing structures manipulated by, 224,226; as guide to dealing with wartime violence, 242, 243, 249,251, 270; in Hasidic context, 219, 222, 223-224, 226; language as tool for creating alternative meanings by, 226-227; in Soviet context, 168, 225-226. See also Hershele Ostropoler Trotsky, Leon, 10, 36; antisemitism directed against, 36, 293Ո64 Trunk, Y. Y„ 321Ո15 Tsivian, Yuri, 184 Turner, Victor, 226 “Twelve, The” (Blok), 68 “Two Murderers” (Bergelson), 26 Tynianov, Yuri, 104 Tzvi, Shabtai, 222 Ukraine: horrors of collectivization and starvation (Holodomor) in, Babel as witness to, 263; Jewish agricultural colony in, failure to establish, 124,307Ո15; Jewish writers in, identification with anti-imperial struggles, 289Ո50; pogroms in, Bergelson’s Pomegranate essay on, 72-73; during Russian civil war, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; during Russian civil war, in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 27-29; sunflower as symbol of, 265 Ukrainian People’s Republic, 21 United States: Bergelson’s visit to, 53; circus associated with, 183; construction practices of, vs. Soviet
construction, in Return of Neitan Bekker, The (film), 173-175,174-175, 184-189, ı86ƒ 195; expedition to Birobid zhan from, 18,123-124,125,126,130-131, 143; immigration of Eastern European Jews to, late 19th-century, 3; visitors from, portrayal in film, 171-172 “Uphill” (Bergelson), 151
urbanization, and Soviet Jews, 3, 4 USSR in Construction (publication), 169 Utkin, Iosif, “Tale of Red-Headed Motele, Mr. Inspector, Rabbi Isaiah, and Commissar Blokh, The,” 31-33 Vainshtein, Mikhail, 147,149 Varshavsky, Oyzer, 297Ո147; Smugglers, 59-60 Veidlinger, Jeffrey, 274 Venuti, Lawrence, 257, 259 Vertov, Dziga, 172,190 Vilna: Jewish community in, 2; Kulbak in, 77; YIVO Institute in, 103 violence: antisemitic campaigns of late i94os-early 1950s and, 277; substitution of less transgressive acts for, 245-246. See also pogroms Wailing Wall, The (play), 148 walking: compared to speech, 233-234; trickster figure and, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Walpole, Horace, Castle of Otranto, The, 40 wandering(s), Jewish: Birobidzhan as metaphor for end of, 126; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 146; trickster figure and, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Wandering Jew, figure of: in films about returning Jews, 178; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 27-29; gender of, 6; in Gothic literature, 27-29, 216; in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, 169,170; instability of modernity reflected in, 216-217; legend about, 169; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 213, 215ЈЈ 216, 217; and Soviet Jew, 170-171,178, 217 War Communism, 22, 40; charges of speculation during, 60 Week, A (Libedinskii), 44, 49 “What is Oblomovism?” (Dobroliubov), 106 “What Is to Be Done?” (Lenin), 87-88 Whites (monarchists): in Bergelson’s Judgment, 70; as folklòric villain in children’s books, 162; in Gekht’s Budler Family’s Resettlement, 160-162,164-165; and Petliura’s troops, equating in literary texts, 33, 36; refugees in Berlin,
26; and threat along Amur River border, 136,164 Wiene, Robert, 24 Wilson, Woodrow, 171 Wisse, Ruth R„ 15,111,112, 223 women: in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254-255, 259-260,281; as co-creators of trickster’s stories, 220,231,281; and “conversion” to Soviet ideology, in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 211-212, 281; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 83, 97-98,108-110,113, 281; as narrator in Khemlin’s “About Zhenya,” 281-282; role in literature about Soviet Jew, 281 Worker, The (Rabochii) (periodical): cele bration of tramway in, 80; film listings and reviews in, 98,100; Kulbak’s article on translation of Yiddish literature in, 90 World War I, division of Pale of Settlement after, 41-42 World War II: Bolshevik Revolution replaced by, as foundational event of Soviet experience, 276; and displacement of Jews into Soviet interior, 5; growing suspicion of Soviet Jew after, 277; Soviet Jews during, novel about, 273-274 writers: role in legitimating Bolshevik regime, 242-243. See also First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers; specific writers Yiddish language: Babel’s “Karl-Yankel” translated in, 267; dialectical variants of Russian shaped by, 276; as diasporic language, 15; and figure of Soviet Jew, 15-16; first Soviet sound film in, 189,192-193; folktale in, Russian language used to retell and changes in meaning of, 230-233; implied text in, in Babel’s writings, 256-257; persistence of, 275-276; Russian-Jewish literature in, 12,13-14; in Shabos-nakhamu folktale, 230-231; in Soviet Belorussia, 82; Sovietizing Russian vocabulary and syntax and, 275; Soviet Jews and, 4; Soviet literature in,
scholarship on, 15; state-level support for, in early Soviet era, 14; transla tion of Ostrovsky’s How the Steel Was Tempered into, 89-90; as vernacular of Ashkenazi Jews, 14 YIVO Institute, 103 Youngblood, Denise, 191 Zamiatin, Evgeny, 236 Zazubrin, Vladimir, “Shchepka,” 49 INDEX · 351
Zelmenyaners, The (Kulbak), 18,74-122; “Belorussia” (poem) as precursor of, 121; cinematic montage in, 77,78,112,113,115,121, 122; contemporary critics on, 77,79,86,87, 88,91,106-108,111-112,300Ո32,304Ո114; context of, 78-79,86; discontinuity in, 77; electrification in, 84-86,114-115; ending of, 116-117; female protagonist in, 83, 97-98, 108-110,113, 281; figure of Soviet Jew in, evolution of, 76-77,78,79-80,97,112,113,114, 119,120,122; ideological disagreements and intrafamily conflicts in, 83,85,96-98,108; impossibility of change in, questions regarding, 106-107; Jewish Bolshevik/ Marxist in, 83, 93-96; Jewish courtyard (hoyf) in, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 97,103-105, 113-116,119-120,122; Kulbak’s poem in, 111-112; literacy campaign in, 86,113; as literary Tabernacle, 119-120; manifestations of Soviet modernity/industrialization in, 80-86,114-115,120-121; as microcosm of dismantled Pale of Settlement, 80; mobility and displacement in, 113-117; movies in, 98, 103; Nanook of the North (film) compared to, 102-103; parody in, 70-71,86,104-105,106, 352 · 108,118-119, t22,304Ո114; plot of, 76-77; protagonists of, 81-82, 83, 86-87, 88; publication of, 82; references to Russian civil war in, 90-91; salvage ethnography in, 18, 102-105,106,107-108,110-111,113,122; second part of, 90, 91; serialization of, 88-89, 91, 300Ո17; smell as metaphor for idiosyncratic Jewishness in, 75,76-77,80,106,120,121-122; socialist construction (sotsboyung) in, 86, 110-113; Socialist Realist hero in, 91-96; tramway line in, 80-81; trial in, 96-98,116; unrequited love story in, 108-110 Zhitomir pogrom, 36
Zhvanetsky, Mikhail, 276 Zionism: cultural production of, Socialist Realism compared to, 153-154; Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back on, 145,147-148,149; and new type of “muscular Judaism,” call for, 7; socialist vision compared to, 134,154; Soviet texts about, in 1930s, 148-149; Soviet view on, 143,145,148,149,153 Zorkaya, Neya, 191 Zuskin, Veniamin, 202/, 209, 210/ 211 Zvezda (journal), Babel’s “Karl-Yankel” in, 252, 263 INDEX Bayerische Staatsbibliothek МПпг.ҺйП
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Contents Note on Transliteration and Translation ix Introduction: Dispersion of the Pale i I Haunted by Pogroms: David Bergelson’s Judgment 20 2 Salvaged Fragments: Moyshe Kulbak’s The Zelmenyaners 74 3 The Edge of the World: Narratives of Non-Arrival in Birobidzhan 4 Back in the USSR: The Wandering Jew on the Soviet Screen 5 The Soviet Jew as a Trickster: Isaac Babel and Hershele Ostropoler 123 168 218 Epilogue: Returns to the Shtetl 273 Notes 285 Acknowledgments 329 Index 335
Index The letter ƒ following a page number denotes a figure. “About Zhenya” (Khemlin), 278-282 Abramovitch, Sh. Y., 14; Brief Adventures ofBenjamin the Third, The, 92-93 agitation trials of 1920s, 204, 205; transition to show trials, 205-206 agricultural colonies, Jewish: in Palestine, 130,145,146,152,153; propaganda regarding, 157-158,171; Soviet attempts to establish, 4, 124,125,306m, 307Ո15; as weapon against antisemitism, 158. See also Birobidzhan agriculture: in efforts to transform Jewish men, 4,7,18; and figure of New Soviet Man, 125; industrialization of, Jewish colonists associated with, 127,137; Jewish tradition associated with (sukkah), 114-115. See also agricultural colonies; collectivization of agriculture Aleksandrov, Hillel, Research Your Shtetll, 105-106 Alexander II (tsar of Russia), 3 Alexandrov, Grigorii, 187 Alone (film), 191,196-197 “Among Refugees” (Bergelson), 26 Amur Cossacks, 136; experiences in Far East, 136-143,156 Amur River, 123,135-136, 210 analogies. See substitution(s) Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 89 An-sky, S., 228 antisemitism: agricultural resettlement as weapon against, 158; of Bolshevik hero, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 62-63, 67,72; campaigns against “cosmopolitanism” of late i94os-early 1950s and, 277; criminal ization of Jewish economic activities as, 18, 60-64; “fifth line” in Soviet passport and, 17; myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and, 36; official opposition to, 4,10-11,18, 22, 36, 58; in Russian literary history, 9; trickster’s (Hershele’s) response to, 323Ո42; tropes of, in Seekers of Happiness (film), 208-209. See also pogroms anxiety:
cinematic montage encoding, 190; in early Soviet state, 40, 58,192, 203; and figure of Soviet Jew, 7, 22, 25,38,190,192, 203, 216-217; in Gothic literature, 22-23, 40 Aquila of Sinope, 258 Arrival of the Train, The (film), 190 Ashes out of Hope (Howe and Greenberg), 54 Ashkenazi Jews: Bolshevik Revolution and dispersal of, 1-2, 4; dominant mother tongue of, 14. See also Jew(s) At the Depot (Bergelson), 38 Attias, Jean-Christophe, 153 Austen, J. L„ 233 Austria, emancipation of Jews in, 7 avant-garde film: circus associated with, 181,182; exaggerated gestures associated with, 189,192; Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS) and, 182-184; influence on Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 173, 181,182-184 Baal Shem Tov (Besht), 223, 260 Babel, Isaac, 229/; as army correspondent, 57, 242, 243; arrest and execution of, 271, 277; 335
Babel, Isaac (continued) diary of the 1920 Bolshevik-Polish war, 36, 249, 250-251; “Di Grasso,” 269-270; “End of the Almshouse, The,” 1-2, 8-11,14,19, 278; “First Aid,” 236; “Gapa Guzhva,” 264-265; “Gedali,” 243-244, 245, 250, 251, 324Ո62,324Ո67; and Gorky, 236,323Ո43; Hershele cycle of, 19, 218, 228, 234-235, 240-252, 255,265, 268, 270-272,320Ո2; imaginative geography of, 255-256, 261, 326Ո90; journalistic work of, 234-236, 263; “Karl-Yankel,” 252-269; as literary messiah, vision of, 235, 237, 268; “My First Fee,” 229; “My First Goose,” 245-248, 324Ո62,324Ո67; “Odessa,” 235, 237,238, 239, 250, 255, 268,323Ո40; Odessa Tales, 83,218; on physical characteristics of Jews, 64; pseudonyms used by, 239,242; “Rebbe,” 244, 245, 248, 251-252, 256-257, 324Ո62, 324Ո67; Red Cavalry, yj, 64, 83,137, 218, 241-252, 255-257; “Road, The,” 236-239, 240-241, 243, 259, 268; Russian language used by, 13-14,229-232,256-257; “Shabosnakhamu,” 218-222,224,226, 228-234, 244-245,270-272; sketches about Odessa, 235, 323Ո39; “Squadron Commander Trunov,” 57; as trickster, 235, 271-272; trip to Ukraine in 1930, 263. See also “KarlYankel”; Red Cavalry; “Shabos-nakhamu” Babylon: Babel’s pseudonym evoking, 239; Birobidzhan as version of, 215; Petrograd compared to, 234, 239 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 23-24, 79 bal-tshuve (term), 68 “Belorussia” (Kulbak), 121 Belorussia/ Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR): emblem of, 8շՀ; failed Jewish agricultural colony in, 124; official languages of, 82, 82/ See also Minsk Belorussian Academy of Sciences: Bronshteyn at, 296Ո122; Jewish Sector of, 103-104,106,118; Kulbak
at, 103-104, 118,303Ո89 Belorussian Film Studio, 183 Bemporad, Elissa, 76, 299Ո4 Benbassa, Esther, 153 Bender, Ostap (trickster figure), 168,225 Ben Eliezer, Rabbi Israel (Baal Shem Tov, Besht), 223 Ben-Salim, Kador, 173,174/ 314Ո17 336 · INDEX Berdichev (Gorenshtein), 276 Bergelson, David, 25, 26/ 51; “Among Refugees,” 26; in Berlin, 24, 25, 26, 38, 51; DeafMan, The, 100; At the Depot, 38; Descent, 38; End of Everything, The, 38; execution of, 54, 277; Judgment, 18, 20-25, 37-72; “One Night Less,” 299Ո7; Pome granate essay of, 72-73; return to Soviet Union, 51-53; textual strategies used by, 42-43, 45-46, 61-62; “Two Murderers,” 26; “Uphill,” 151; visit to Birobidzhan, 134; visit to U.S., 53. See also Judgment Berlin: Bergelson in, 24, 25, 26,38, 51; Haskalah in, 7; Jewish refugees in, 25-26; Kulbak in, 77, 299Ո7 Bezalel (biblical figure), 117; parallels in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 118,119 Bialik (Hebrew poet), 266, 268 Birobidzhan, 123,135-136; Bergelson’s visit to, 134; “brotherhood of peoples” narrative regarding, 138; Cossack experiences in, Fink’s Jews in the Taiga on, 136-143,156; metaphors in texts about, 126-129, 153; as new “promised land,” 124,134,153; non arrival in, and figure of Soviet Jew, 126,128, 129, ИЗ. 157, 158,160,166,167; photos of, Zionist iconography in, 154; U.S. (IKOR) expedition to (1929), 18,123-124,125,126, 130-131,143; as version of Babylon, 215 Birobidzhan, Jewish settlement in: activities aimed at public support for, 157-158; as antithesis to shtetl in decline, 162-163, 164,165; challenges for, 124,166; children’s books about,
128,157,159-166; designation of, 124-125; erasure of present in writings about, 129-130,133; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 129,141-142; IKOR report on, 123-124,125,129; literary and artistic representations of, 125-129,133; “nationali ties policy” and, 124-125,136,158; Ogonëk articles on, 126-127; omissions in descrip tions of, 124,151; Pale of Settlement compared to, 126,129; Palestine as substitution for, in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 134,143-147,151-154,155; Petrov’s travel sketch about, 170; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 176,207-208, 214-216; Soviet government’s plan for, 18, 124,125,136,275; substitution in texts about, 126-129, 43, 134-45, 143-147, 151-157
Black Hundreds, 71 Bletnitsky brothers, 229,322Ո30 Blok, Alexander, “Twelve, The,” 68 body, Jewish: circumcised, in Babel’s “KarlYankel,” 253,259, 260-261; disabled, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 179-181,186-187,195; disaggregation of, Bergelson’s textual strategy of, 61-62; physical characteristics of, focus on, 7, 64 Boese, Carl, 24 Bolshevik(s) / Bolshevik regime: association of Jews with, myth of, 10,34, 36-37, 293Ո64; commitment to internationalism and racial equality, global appeal of, 173; criminal ization of economic activity associated with Jews, 18, 58, 60-64; ethnographic research by, 18,105-106,118; inclusive rhetoric toward Jews, 168,170; as messen gers, Jewish perspective on, 65; messianic ideology of. Hershele and challenges to, 224; nationalities policy of, 16-17,124, 306Ո6; official opposition to antisemitism, 4,10-11,18, 22,36, 58; and Red Terror, 22; vs. Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 20-21; succession struggle after Lenin’s death, 69; tenuous hold on power by, literary works suggesting, 45-49, 58; and War Commu nism, 22,40,60; writers’ role in legitimating regime of, 242-243 Bolshevik hero: antisemitism of, literary depiction of, 62-63, 67, 72; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 24, 46-51, 53-55, 60, 64, 66-68, 70-71; self-sacrifice of, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57; in Tarasov-Rodionov’s Chocolate, 48-49. See also Jewish Bolshevik, figure of Bolshevik-Polish War of 1920,19; Babel’s diary of, 36, 249, 250-251; Babel’s fictional stories on, in Red Cavalry, 241-252; Babel’s reporting on, 57,242, 243 Bolshevik Revolution, 4; Christological
understanding of, 67-69; and dispersal of Jewish communities, 1-2, 4; and economic devastation of Pale of Settle ment, 41-42, 58-59, 60; and figure of New Soviet Man, 7-8; as foundational event of Soviet experience, 276; imagined as end of history, 169; indeterminate trajectory of, 8, 45-46, 69,73, 236; Jewish emigration after, 3,25-26; Petrograd’s demise after, Babel on, 234-239, 242; strange world brought forth by, 33 border(s): of Birobidzhan with Manchuria, threats along, 136,164; in Pale of Settlement, smuggling across, 20,41-42, 58-60; popu lation relocation policies to secure, 136 Border, The (film), 19,176, 201-202, 202/ 214 Borukhl, Rebbe, 219,223, 232, 233, 235, 245, 250, 255,261 Boym, Svetlana, 255 Brief Adventures ofBenjamin the Third, The (Abramovitch), 92-93 Bronshteyn, Yasha, 296Ո122; on Bergelson’s Judgment, 53, 62, 65; on Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 87, 88,91,111-112,113,116 “brotherhood of peoples,” Soviet narrative of, 138,253; homage to, in Babel’s “KarlYankel,” 254, 259-261 “Brothers” (Markish), 30 Brown, Benjamin, 130; in Gekht’s Ogonëk article, 144; protagonist based on, in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 130-131,146,150 Brusilovskii, E., 198 Budler Family’s Resettlement, The (Gekht), 128,157,159-166; abrupt ending of, 165-166; Birobidzhan as antithesis to shtetl in, 162-163, 164, 165; cover of, 161/; folktale elements in, 159-164; theme of non-arrival in, 158,166; transitional moment in Soviet children’s literature and, 158,159 Budyonny, Semyon, 242 Bulgakova, Oksana, 182,183 Cabinet ofDr. Caligari, The (film), 24 Caplan, Marc, 53 Caruth, Cathy,
160 Cassiday, Julie, 204 castle, chronotrope of, in Gothic texts, 23-24,40 Castle of Otranto, The (Walpole), 40 Chapaev (Furmanov), 243 Chaplin, Charlie, 187,316Ո42 Cheka: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 24-25, 39, 41, 45-46, 49; downfall of agents of, in fiction about early Bolshevik era, 46; head of, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 24,46-51, 53-55, 60,64; mandate of, 20; meaning of term, 45; suicidal inclinations of agents of, literary texts suggesting, 48-49, 51, 55-57; in Tarasov-Rodionov’s Chocolate, 30,46,48-49 INDEX · 337
Chekhov, Anton, 9 Chernenko, Miron, 211 childrens books, Soviet: about Birobidzhan, 157,159-166; orphan/child who ran away from home in, 159; transitional moment in evolution of, 158,159 China: acquisition of Birobidzhan from, 135; attempted escape to, in Seekers of Happiness (film), 210; Russian emigration to, 165-166; White Russians in, 164-165 Chocolate (Tarasov-Rodionov), 30-31, 46, 48-49 Christ, protagonist in Bergelson’s Judgment compared to, 67-68,70-71 Christianity: early, communism compared to, 258; image of Jew in, 6; Jewish conversion to, during Russian civil war, 27, 29 circumcision: Bolshevik position on, 253; compared to translation, 257-258; of heart vs. flesh, 258; as marker of Jewishness, 6, 253, 259, 260-261 circus I circus arena: acrobat vs. clown figure in, 187-188; in avant-garde film, 181,182; and political show trials of Stalin era, 203-204; in Return of Heitän Bekker, The (film), 181,184, 185/ 187; in Soviet image of America, 183 Circus (silent film), 187 Circus (Socialist Realist film), 187, 203-204 citizenship, Jews and issue of, 6-7 “City, The” (Kulbak), 111-112,113,121 civil war. See Russian civil war Clark, Katerina, 88,90,129,132,133 clown: vs. acrobat, in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 187-189. See also trickster(s) Cohen, Shaye J. D., 6 Cold War, figure of Soviet Jew during, 5, 277 collectivization of agriculture: Babel as witness to horrors of, 263; Babel’s “Gapa Guzhva” on, 264-265; and internal passports, 17; subtext of, in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 262-264; trick ster figure (Hershele) in descriptions of, 19 commissar (term), 54
construction, Soviet: vs. American, in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 174-175,184-189, ı86ƒ 195; in films about returning Jewish émigrés, 175,177,178-179; and Jewish migration, 3,120; metaphor of, in Socialist Realist descriptions, 132; reporting to global 338 · INDEX audiences, 168,169; socialist (sotsboyung), in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 86,110-113 “conversion,” to Soviet ideology: in agitation trials of 1920S, 205; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; and loss of speech, in Stalin-era cultural artifacts, 194-195, 200-203, 214; returning Jewish émigrés and, 275; in Return of Heitän Bekker, The (film), 175,194-196,199-201, 206; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 211-212. See also Jewish Bolshevik, figure of Cossacks: in Babel’s Red Cavalry, 137; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 136-143,156; Jewish resettlement compared to relocation of, 138,139,142-143; relations with Jewish settlers in Birobidzhan, 137-138,156; reloca tion to Birobidzhan, 136,138; uprisings in 17th century, and anti-Jewish violence, 21, 27-29,137, 222-223 courtyard, Jewish (hoyf): compared to sukkah, 114-115,119,120; compared to Tabernacle (mishkan), 117-118; compared to train station, 114,115,120; dismantling of, 115-116, 119-120,122; ethnography of, 104-105; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 97,103-105,113-116,119-120,122; as microcosm of shtetl, 76,105,122; in Minsk, 75/; montage used to create image of, 115; stasis and mobility encompassed in, 117 Crimea, failed Jewish agricultural colony in, 124, 306m, 307Ո15 criminality, conflation of Jewish livelihoods with: in Bergelson’s
Judgment, 18, 60-64; demise of Pale of Settlement and, 60-64, 124; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, Damesek, A., 90,106-108 “Dead Body of Christ in the Tomb, The” (Holbein the Younger), 68 DeafMan, The (Bergelson), 100 de Certeau, Michel, 233, 234 Demons (Dostoevsky), 46 Dennen, Leon, 167 de Sade, Marquis, 22, 23 Descent (Bergelson), 38 “Di Grasso” (Babel), 269-270 disabled body: cultural representations in Stalinist era, 180-181; in film portrayal of returning Jewish émigrés, 179-181, 186-187,195
dispersal/displacement, of Jewish communi ties: Bolshevik Revolution and, 1-2,4; in Fink’s Jews in the Taiga, 123,139-142; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 146; and idealized Jewish version of New Soviet Man, 212; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 113-117; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 214-216; traditional ways of dealing with memory of, 114-115; train as symbol of, 75-76, 214-216; World War II and, 5 Dobrenko, Evgeny, 130,132, 276, 324Ո62 Dobroliubov, Nikolai, “What is Oblomovism?,” 106 Dostoevsky, Fyodor: antisemitic stereotypes in works of, 9; Demons, 46 Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 265 Dubnow, Simon, 26 Dubson, Mikhail, Border, The (film), 176, 201-202,214 Dunaevsky, Isaak, 213 Dunets, Khatski, 89-90 Dymshitz, Valerii, 320Ո2 Earth (film), 265 Eastern Europe: emigration of Jews from, 3; Haskalah in, and modern Yiddish literature, 14 economic criminality, conflation of Jews with, 18,58,60-64; Birobidzhan settlement touted as solution to, 124 economic devastation, of Pale of Settlement, 41-42,58-59, 60 Egart, Mark, Scorched Earth, 148-149, 308Ո35 Ehrenburg, Ilya: Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov, 46; “Ship Fare, A,” 34-37; Stormy Life ofLazik Roytshvants, The, 297Ո147 Eisenstein, Sergei: international reputation of, 172; montage associated with films of, 78,190,191; Old and the New, The, 100; on sound film and challenges to montage, 191 electrification: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 84-86,114-115; sukkah as simile for, 114-115, 119 emigration: of Eastern European Jews, 3, 25-26; of White Russians, 164-166. See also Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union End ofEverything, The
(Bergelson), 38 “End of the Almshouse, The” (Babel), 1-2,8-11, 278; antisemitic stereotypes in, 9-10; dis solution of Jewish community structures in, 1-2; indeterminate road in, 1-2,19; Jewish Bolshevik in, figure of, 9,10,11; old Jew in, figure of, 1-2,10,11,14,19 Envy (Olesha), 83 Epshtein, S., Misha from a Jewish Settlement, 157.159,162 Erdman, Nikolai: Suicide, The, 305Ո117 Estonia, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Esu-Elegbara (trickster), 225 ethnic groups, in Soviet state: defining and counting, 17; diversity of, and ideological compliance, 253; and nationalities policy, 124.136 ethnography: about Jews, 18,105-106,118; local, approaches to, 303Ո95; parody of, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 108; and Soviet state building, 105. See also salvage ethnography Evening Star, The (Vecherniaia zvezda) (periodical): Babel’s literary sketches about Odessa in, 235; Babel’s “Shabosnakhamu” in, 218, 235, 236 evolution: Lamarck’s theories of, 77,105,107; of Soviet Jew, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 76-77, 78, 79-80,97,112,113,114,119,120, 122 expressionism, 24 Extraordinary Adventures ofMr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, The (film), 171-172 Ezrahi, Sidra, 237 Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS), 182-184,189,192 Fadeev, Alexander, Last of the Udege, The, 76 fairy tales. See folktales / fairy tales Falen, James, 320Ո2 family: conflicts among members of, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 83, 85, 96-98,108; postrevolutionary hostility toward, 159 Far East. See Birobidzhan Feuchtwanger, Leon, 150-151 film(s): early sound, 190; Gothic mode in, 24; influence on Bergelson’s literary works, 38-39;
influence on Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 77,78. See also avant-garde film; film(s), Soviet; montage; silent film; sound film; specificfilm titles film(s), Soviet: disabled body in, 180; early sound, 190-191; figure of Soviet Jew in, 212-213; growth and international reputation INDEX · 339
film(s), Soviet (continued) of, 171-172; ideological messaging in, 191,192, 196; progressive loss of speech in, 195-196, 200-201,203,207,210,214; transition from silent to sound, 192,196 Fink, Viktor, 126; Birobidzhan reportage in Haynt, 166-167; tn IKOR expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 123-124,126,131,134; Jews in the Taiga, 18,123,128,131,136-143, 156; New Homeland, The, 128; Ogonek article by, 127, 307Ո15; return trip to Birobidzhan (1930), 131; Socialist Realism and, 130,132; substitutions in writings about Birobidzhan, 127,128,133,134-135, 143,156,157; on Ukrainian and Crimean agricultural colonies, 306Ո1, 307Ո15 “First Aid” (Babel), 236 First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers: fairy tale rehabilitated at, 159; Kulbak at, 90; on New Soviet Man, 93; and Socialist Realism, codification of, 90 First Five-Year Plan, 178; celebration of achieve ments of, 80; literature associated with, 86-87 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 178, 225 Flaherty, Robert, 100; Nanook of the North (film), 98-102; and salvage ethnography, 102,103 folktales / fairy tales: functions of, 160; in Gekht’s Budler Family’s Resettlement, 159-164; Soviet campaigns against, 159,163; trickster (Hershele Ostropoler) in, 223, 228-231,246; Yiddish, Russian language used to retell, and changes in meaning, 231-233 Ford, Henry, 175 Foucault, Michel, 233 France, postrevolutionary terror in, and Gothic literature, 22-23 Frank, Joseph, 222 free indirect discourse, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 42-43 Freidin, Gregory, 320Ո2,326Ո86 Freud, Sigmund: notion of dreamwork, 249; on return of repressed, 23; theory of humor, 227
Fridlyand, Semyon, 154 “friendship of peoples” (druzhba narodov), Soviet narrative of, 138, 253. See also “brotherhood of peoples” Friends of OZET, 157-158 Furmanov, Dmitry, 243 340 · INDEX future: in Socialist Realist depictions, 129-130, 132,134,153-154; in world of Soviet utopia, 132-133; in writings about Birobidzhan, 126,129-130; in Zionist texts, 134,153-154 Gaidar, Arkady, “Tale about a Military Secret, A,” 162 “Gapa Guzhva” (Babel), 264-265 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 226-227, 248 “Gedali” (Babel), 243-244,245, 250, 251, 324Ո62,324Ո67 Gekht, Semyon, 126; Budler Family’s Resettle ment, The, 128,157,158,159-166, löi/; in Gulag, 277; in IKOR expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 126,134,143; “Life after Death,” 151; Man Who Forgot His Life, The (Shoemaker’s Son, The), 27-29, 28/, 32/; on nonviability of Birobidzhan settlement, 128; Ogonek article by, 126-127, 144,145/j 151; repetitions across works of, 33; Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 18,128, 130-131,134,143-157; sketches about Pale of Settlement, 138,147; Socialist Realism and, 130,132; substitutions in writings about Birobidzhan, 126-127,128,133, 134-135,143-147,151-157 gender: and figure of New Soviet Man, 178; and figure of Soviet Jew, 6-7,173, 281; and group representation, in early Israelite and Jewish texts, 6. See also women Germany: contribution to Gothic mode, 24; Nazi, secret nonaggression agreement with Soviet Union, 5; socialist children’s literature in,158 Gessen, Masha, 150 Gippius, Zinaida, 236 Gitelman, Zvi Y„ 6 Glaser, Amelia, 13, 29 Gogol, Nikolai: antisemitic stereotypes in works of, 9; Inspector
General, The, 90; letter to Vasilii Zhukovskii, 310Ո80 gold: Jew’s search for, antisemitic trope of, 208-209; as metaphor for Birobidzhan’s richness, 126-127 Golem (film), 24 Goncharov, Ivan, Oblomov, 106 Gorenshtein, Fridrikh, Berdichev, 276 Gorham, Michael, 242 Gorizont (film), 19,175-176,213-214; con temporary critics on, 177,315Ո22
Gorky, Maxim: and Babel, 23 6,3 23Ո43; and Bolshevik regime, 240; on folklore/folktale, 159; on literary sketch (ocherk), 131; on “little men,” 86-87; on Socialist Realism, 156 Gorshman, Mendel, illustrations by, 28Հ 32/ GOSET (Moscow State Yiddish Theater), 148 Gothic literature: and Bergelson’s Judgment, 22,23, 24-25,39-41, 47, 67,69,71; chrono trope of castle / monastery in, 23-24; and Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 29; postrevolu tionary terror in France and, 22-23; uncertain succession in, 40-41; and Wandering Jew, figure of, 27-29, 216 Great Depression, and Jewish émigrés’ return to Soviet Union, 4,18-19,175, 203 Greenberg, Eliezer, 54 Grinberg, Marat, 288Ո46 Grossman, Vasily, “In the Town of Berdichev,” 37 Grumberg, Karen, 216 Gutman, David, 173,185/ Halevi, Yehuda, 237-238 Harbin (China): Russian emigration to, 165-166; White Russians in, 164-165 Harris, Franklin S., 123,144 Hasan-Rokem, Galit, 217 Hasidism, 219,222-223; imaginative geography of, in Babel’s work, 255-256, 261; references to, in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254-255; trick ster’s role in context of, 219, 222, 223-224, 225,226. See also Hershele Ostropoler; niggun Haskalah: in Berlin, 7; and modern Yiddish literature, 14 Havdalah ceremony, 115 Haynt (periodical), Birobidzhan reportage in,166-167 Hebrew language, 14-15 Hershele Ostropoler (trickster figure): antisemitism tackled by, 323Ո42; Babel’s identification with, 235,271-272; Babel’s implicit cycle of stories about, 19, 218, 228, 234-235, 240-252, 255, 265, 268, 270-272, 320Ո2; in Babel’s “Shabos-nakhamu,” 218-222, 224, 226, 228; chapbooks of stories
about, 229,322Ո30; as cipher for Soviet Jew, 19, 218, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, 247, 252, 253, 265,271,275; in folk narratives, 223,228-231, 246; as guide to dealing with wartime violence, 242,243,249,251,270; as historical figure, 222-223; influence on Soviet culture, 273; as jester in Borukhl’s court, 219, 223, 232,233, 235,245,249, 250,255,261; as model for literary messiah, 239,242; in Polyanker’s Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273-274; role in context of Hasidism, 223-224, 225; in stories about Soviet experience, 273; Trunk’s novel based on narratives of, 321Ո15; walking associated with, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Hetényi, Zsuzsa, 147-148,149 Hoberman, J., 198 Holbein the Younger, Hans, “Dead Body of Christ in the Tomb, The,” 68 Holocaust, 22, 273, 278 Holodomor, 263 Howe, Irving, 54 How the Steel Was Tempered (Ostrovsky), 89-90 hoyf. See courtyard, Jewish Hughes, Langston, 173 Huizinga, Johann, 246 humor: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 41,42,70; Freud’s theory of, 227; Hasidic trickster (Hershele) and, 223-224, 274; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 70-71, 86,104,106,108, 118-119, 122, 304Ո114; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 187-189; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 211. See also merriment lavorskaia, Alena, 148,149 IKOR. See Organization for Jewish Coloniza tion of Russia Il’f, Ilya: Little Golden Calf, The, 168-171, 216; trickster figure in novels by, 168, 225 imprecision, narrative: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 45-46; in Birobidzhan texts, 124,127-129.133.144.149.151.154,157; in Gekht’s works, 33-34; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 214-216; and strange world of Bolshevik
revolution, 33. See also omission(s); substitution(s) industrialization, Soviet: English-language publications about, 169; and figure of Soviet Jew, 114; and Jewish mobility, 3; Jews as leading members of, narrative of, 127,137,138; in Minsk, 80; portrayal in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 80-86,114-115, 120-121; portrayal in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 174-175 INDEX · 341
Industrial Party, show trial of, 204 Inspector General, The (Gogol), 90 Institute of Belorussian Culture (Inbelkult), Jewish Department of, 103-104 “In the Town of Berdichev” (Grossman), 37 Japan, influence in Manchuria, 136 Jazz Singer, The (film), 190 Jerusalem: in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 145-146; Halevi’s inability to reach, 237-238; heavenly vs. earthly, 238; Petersburg compared to, 237, 239, 242, 3241153 Jew(s): association with Bolshevik regime, myth of, 10,34, 36-37, 77, 293Ո64; citizen ship in Soviet Union, 6-7; male, physical characteristics of, 7, 64; and technological and industrial progress, Soviet narrative of, 137,138. See also body, Jewish; Jewish Bolshevik; Jewish communities; Jewish émigrés; Soviet Jew; Wandering Jew Jewish Antifascist Committee, 54, 277 Jewish Bolshevik, figure of, 30-33; in Babel’s “End of the Almshouse, The,” 9,10,11; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 83,93-96; in Markish’s “Brothers,” 30; pogroms incorporated into psyche of, 30,31,33; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173-175, 194-195,196,198; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 209, 210, 211-212; Soviet Jew distinguished from, 10; in TarasovRodionov’s Chocolate, 30; as variant of New Soviet Man, 10 Jewish communities: criminalization of economic activities of, 18, 58, 60-64; in Minsk, 76; in Russian Empire, 2-3, 4,17. See also Birobidzhan, Jewish settlement in; dispersal / displacement; Pale of Settlement Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union, 4, 18-19; and “conversion” to Soviet ideology, 194-196,199-201,206,275; doubly
compro mised (“socially crippled”) bodies of, 179; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 18,128,130-131,134,143-157; Great Depression and, 4,18-19,175 203; in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, 168-171; motivations of, 4,18-19, 171; and New Soviet Man, figure of, 177,178,187-189, 212; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 342 · INDEX 19,172-175,174/ 179; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 207-212; symbolic rehabilitation of, 209-210; and Wandering Jew, figure of, 178 “Jewish question,” 168; Bolshevik claims of having resolved, 168,170; and Soviet Jew, figure of, 169 Jewish Section (Evsektsiia), 36 Jews in the Taiga (Fink), 18,123,128; on Amur Cossacks’ experiences in Far East, 136-143; cliched responses by Jewish settlers in, 141-142; contemporary critics on, 142-143; ending of, 156; excerpts from, in Haynt, 167; Fink’s previous publications and, 306м, 307Ո15; footnotes in, 132; lack of detail on Jewish settlement in, 129; narrative of displacement in, 123,139-142; play based on, 309Ո53; on relationship between Cossacks and Jewish settlers, 137-138; revisions between editions of, 132; substitution strategy in, 143,156; subversive interpretive strategies suggested by, 138-139, 142; time frame in, 131 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 7 journalism: Babel’s work in, 234-236; and creative fiction, intermediate genre between, 131. See also specific titles ofperiodicals Judeo-Bolshevism, myth of, 10,34, 293Ո64; and pogroms, 36-37 Judgment (Bergelson), 18,20-25,37-72; abrupt ending of, 56-58; ambiguity and liminality of Russian civil war in, 37-38; anti-Bolshevik forces
portrayed in, 20-21,31, 43-44.7°, 71,72; antisemitism of Bolshevik hero in, 62-63, 67, 72; as apparent endorsement of Bolshevik regime, 44-45,51-53; Bolshevik hero in, 24, 46-51,53-55, 60, 64, 66-68, 70-71; Cheka outpost in, 20, 24-25,39, 41, 45-46, 49; Cheka policies targeting shtetl Jews in, 60-66; Christian references in, 67-72; cinematic influences in, 38-39; concern about fate of shtetl dwellers in, 51; contemporary critics on, 53, 62, 65, 68; cross-border smuggling in, 20, 41-42. 47-48, 60-61; disaggregation of body in, 61-62; Gothic mode in, 22, 23, 24-25, 39-41, 47, 67, 69, 71; historical context of, 290Ո3; Jewish Bolsheviks in, 44-45, 55-56, 66, 68-69; Jewish speculator in, 63-66; publication of, 51,52/; scholarship on, 53-55; shtetl in, 20, 41-42,59, 73; on “strange”
world after Bolshevik Revolution, 33,45-46; textual strategies used in, 42-43, 45-46, 61-62; threat of pogroms in, 23, 25, 43, 49-50, 71-72; tribunal/trial in, 63-67; uncertain succession in, 40-41, 45-46, 69 Kaganovsky, Lilya, 180,190, 217 Kalinin, Mikhail, 125 “Karl-Yankel” (Babel), 252-269; circumcised body in, 259, 260-261; collectivization subtext in, 262-264; ending of, 265, 266; figure of Soviet Jew emerging in, 265-266; imaginative geography in, 255-256, 261; narrator of, 267-268; performance of “brotherhood of peoples” in, 254, 259-261; as story of authorial self-invention, 266-269; traces of blood libel accusation in, 326Ո91; trial in, 254, 260, 262, 265, 266; women’s role in, 254-255, 259-260, 281; Yiddish translation of, 267 Kashnitskaya, Yelena, 173 Katsnelson, Anna Wexler, 204 Katz, Maya Balakirsky, 288Ո46 Kautsky, Karl, 169 Khemlin, Margarita, 328Ո12; “About Zhenya,” 278-282 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, Cossack uprisings led by, 21,137 khurbn, during Russian civil war, 22, 29 “khvostism,” accusation of, 94 Kipnis, Itsik, Months and Days, 33,34 Kishinev, pogroms in, 31 Kolas, Jakub, 90 Korn, Rokhl, 54 Korsh-Sablin, Vladimir, 176. See also Seekers of Happiness (film) Kozintsev, Leonid, 182,183; Alone (film), 191, 196-197 Kristeva, Julia, 68 Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 159 Krutikov, Mikhail, 38, 53, 54, 55 Kukulin, Ilia, 77-78 Kulbak, Moyshe, 78/ 300Ո32; “Belorussia,” 121; at Belorussian Academy of Sciences, 103-104,118, 303Ո89; in Berlin, 77, 299Ո7; “City, The,” 111-112,113,121; execution of, 78, 276-277; influences on, 77; poetics of, 120-122; as translator and literary
editor, 90,113; Zelmenyaners, The, 18, 74-122. See also Zelmenyaners, The Kulbak, Raya, 303Ո94 Kulbak, Zelda, 104,303Ո89 Kuleshov, Lev: Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks, The (film), 171-172; Gorizont (film), 175-176,177, 213-214,315Ո22; interna tional reputation of, 172 Kvitko, Leyb, 1919, 34 Labor Zionism, 153 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 77,105,107 language(s): of Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), 82, 82/; and changes in meaning of trickster tale, 230-231; as tool for establishing Bolsheviks’ legitimacy, 242-243; as trickster’s tool for creating alternative meanings, 226-227. See also Hebrew language; Russian language; Yiddish language Last of the Udege, The (Fadeev), 76 Latvia, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: and Cheka, establish ment of, 20; death of, and succession struggle, 69; “little light bulbs” of, 85; on older vs. younger generations’ role in communist society, 300Ո21; seizure of power by, 3; spontaneity-consciousness dialectic articulated by, 88; and Trotsky, 293Ո64; “What Is to Be Done?,” 87-88 Lewis, Matthew, Monk, The, 22-23 Leyda, Jay, 317Ո48,317Ո51 Libedinskii, Yuri, Week, A, 44, 49 “Life after Death” (Gekht), 151 Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov (Ehren burg), 46 Lipovetsky, Mark, 225, 226 literacy campaign, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 86,113 literary messiah: Babel’s visions of becoming, 235, 237, 268; Hershele as model for, 239, 242 literary sketch (ocherk), 131 Lithuania, Soviet occupation of, 4-5 Little Golden Calf, The (Il’fand Petrov), 168-171, 216 Lotman, Yuri, 184 luftmentsh, figure of,
207, 212 Lumière, Auguste and Louis, 190,317Ո51 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 31 Lysenko, Timofey, 107 INDEX ■ 343
male gender: and figure of New Soviet Man, 178; and figure of Soviet Jew, 6-7, 173, 281 Manchuria, 123,135,136. See also China Mandelshtam, Osip, 11 Man Who Forgot His Life, The (Gekht), 27-29, 28/ Margolit, Evgeny, 190 Markish, Peretz, 317Ո47; “Brothers,” 30; execution of, 277; “Mound, The,” 29-30; and Return ofHeitän Bekker, The, 173, 178,181,197 Marr, Wilhelm, 63 maskilim. See modernization Mayzel, Nakhmen, 87 McGeever, Brendan, 31, 60, 293Ո64 McKay, Claude, 173 Medzhibozh: in Babel’s work, 218, 219, 233, 235, 254-256,261; in history of Hasidism, 223, 235; in Polyanker’s Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273 Menorah Journal, The (periodical), 167 merriment: in Freud’s theory of humor, 227; Hershele as figure of, 222, 225, 235; and horror, uncanny proximity in Babel’s work, 226, 241, 243-244,249, 264; and verse, in Babel’s work, 244-245 metaphor(s): in Circus (film), 204; construc tion, in Socialist Realist descriptions, 132; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 120-122; in texts about Birobidzhan, 126-129, 15Յ· See also substitution(s) mezuzah, 116 Michaelis, Johann David, 7 Mikhoels, Solomon, 174,174Հ 277 Mil’man, Rashel’: and avant-garde film, 182, 183; and Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 173,178,199, 214 Minsk: Belorussian State Yiddish Theater in, 100, toif; films shown in, 98-100, loo/; identification with former Pale of Settle ment, 76, 299Ո4; industrialization of, 80; Jewish Sector of Belorussian Academy of Sciences in, 103-104; Kulbak in, 77; movie theater in, 98,99/ 102; residential courtyard in, 75/; tramway in, 80, 81Հ 84 Misha from a Jewish Settlement (Epshtein),
157,159։ 162 mishkan. See Tabernacle Mishnah Sanhedrin (tractate), 65 344 · INDEX mobility, Jewish: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 113-115; from Pale of Settlement to Far East, 125; of postrevolutionary era, 3-4,19,135; Russian civil war and, 3; Soviet industrial ization and, 3,114; Soviet state’s program of, in texts about Birobidzhan, 134-135. See also dispersal/displacement, of Jewish communities Moch, Leslie Page, 135 modernization (maskilim): and family dispersal, in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 80-81,114; Jewish proponents of, 7; traditional way of life undermined by, in Hanook of the Horth (film), 102. See also industrialization, Soviet Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 5 monarchists. See Whites monastery: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 24, 39; chronotrope of, in Gothic texts, 24 Monk, The (Lewis), 22-23 montage, film technique of, 38; agitation trials compared to, 206; anxieties encoded in, 190; and destabilization of reality, 77-78; in Earth (film), 265; Eisenstein’s use of, 78, 190,191; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 77,78, 112,113,115,121,122; in Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 192-193; silent film and, 190,191; sound film and challenges to, 191 Months and Days (Kipnis), 33, 34 Morphology of the Folktale (Propp), 160 Moscow State Yiddish Theater (GOSET), 148 “Mound, The” (Markish), 29-30 movie theater(s): in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 98,103; in Minsk, 98,99/ 102; Soviet, sound equipment in, 192 Murav, Harriet: on Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 326Ո91; on Bergelson’s Judgment, 54-55; on Bergelson’s textual strategies, 61,151; on Bergelson’s “Uphill,” 151; on chain of calamities in Jewish
history, 73; on Gekht’s sketch about decaying shtetl, 138; on Gorenshtein’s Berdichev, 276; on Jewish Bolshevik, figure of, 30; on Jewishness, assumptions about, 13; on Kipnis’s Months and Days, 33; on Return ofHeitän Bekker, The (film), 197, 212; on Russian-Yiddish linguistic interaction, 15 Muraviev, Nikolai, 140 Murnau, F. Μ., 24
music, Jewish, in film, 198-199, 208-209, 212, 213, 214-215. See also niggun “My First Fee” (Babel), 229 “My First Goose” (Babel), 245-248,324Ո62, 324Ո67 Mysteries of Udolpho, The (Radcliffe), 22-23 Naiman, Eric, 40 Nakhimovsky, Alice, 11,12,16 Nanook of the North (film), 98-102; Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners compared to, 102-103 nationalities policy, Soviet, 16-17,124 зобпб; and Jewish settlement in Birobidzhan, 124-125,136,158 “NEP Gothic,” 40 neveyle (term), 47 New Economic Policy (NEP), 40, 60 New Homeland, The (Fink), 128 New Life (Novaia zhizn) (periodical), Babel as reporter for, 236,240,263 New Soviet Man, figure of, 178; Birobidzhan settlement and, 133; Bolshevik Revolution and, 7-8; in films about Jewish returnees, 177,178, 212; First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers on, 93; gender of, 178; Jewish Bolshevik as variant of, 10; scholarship on, 288Ո39; vs. shtetl Jew, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 177,178,187-189; Soviet Jew and, 8,10,76,178; transformation of shtetl Jew into, Birobidzhan settlement and, 125; trickster evolving together with, 225 Niger, Shmuel, 304Ո114 niggun (Hasidic wordless melody): in Border, The (film), 201, 202; in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 175,198, 212; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 208-209 1919 (Kvitko), 34 non-arrival, and figure of Soviet Jew, 126, 128,129,133,157,158,160,166,167, 275 Nordau, Max, 7 Nosferatu (film), 24 Oblomov (Goncharov), 106 ocherk (literary sketch), 131 October (film), 191 Odessa: Babel’s literary sketches about, 235, 323Ո39; Bletnitsky brothers in, 229,322Ո30; dissolution of Jewish community structures
in, ı-շ; Jewish cemetery in, 1,2,14; Pushkin’s statue in, 269-270; reputation among Jews, 287Ո34; streets in, Babel on, 266-269 “Odessa” (Babel), 235, 237, 238, 239, 250, 255, 323Ո40; messianic dreams in, 235, 237, 268 Odessa Tales (Babel), 83, 218 Ogonek (journal): Babel’s “Di Grasso” in, 270; Fink’s article in, 127,307Ո15; Gekht’s article in, 126-127,144 145/ 15Ն Petrov’s travel sketch in, 170 Old and the New, The (film), 100 Old Dudino (film), 176. See also Border, The (film) old Jew, figure of, 11; in Babel’s “End of the Almshouse, The,” 1-2,10,11,19; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 83-84, 87,95-97; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 209 Olesha, Yuri, Envy, 83 Olgin, Moyshe, 193 omission(s): in Birobidzhan texts, 124,151; in depictions of pogroms, 34-35; and figure of Soviet Jew, emergence of, 13; Hershele’s strategy of, 246, 263; “strange” world of Bolshevik Revolution depicted through, 33 Organization for Jewish Colonization of Russia (IKOR): expedition to Birobidzhan (1929), 18,123-124,125,126; study commis sioned by, 123-124,125,129,131 Ostap Bender (trickster figure), 168, 225 Ostropoler, Hershele (trickster figure). See Hershele Ostropoler Ostrovsky, Nikolai, How the Steel Was Tempered, 89-90 Overcoat, The (film), 182 OZET (Society for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land), 144,157; children’s division of, 157-158 Pale of Settlement, 2-3; Babel’s observations on, 250-251; Birobidzhan compared to, 126, 129; criminalization of Jewish livelihoods in, 18, 60-64,124; cross-border smuggling in, 41-42,47-48,58-61; as degenerate space, descriptions of, 7,138; dispersal
of Jewish communities of, 1-2, 4,158; dissolution of, 3,4, 59, 80; economic devastation after Bolshevik Revolution, 41-42, 58-59, 60; Gekht’s sketches about, 138,147; Jewish refugees from, in Berlin, 25-26; Minsk’s identification with, 76,299Ո4; physical destruction of, 29-30, 250-251; INDEX · 345
Pale of Settlement (continued) post-World War I division of, 41-42; residence restrictions in, 2-3,17; scattered cultural attributes of, 275, 278; shtetl’s persistence after destruction of, 274-275; simultaneous revulsion and nostalgia regarding, 11-12; smell associated with Jewish residents of, as symbol of cultural preservation in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 75, 76-77, 80,106,120,121-122; traces of, in figure of Soviet Jew, 11-12, 275. See also pogroms; shtetl(s) Palestine: in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 130,134,143-147,151-154,155; immigration of Eastern European Jews to, 3; Old Yishuv vs. New Yishuv in, 152; Soviet political discourses on, 134; Soviet texts about, in 1930s, 148-149; Zionist settlers in, appeal of Cossack image to, 137 Panopticon, 233 Paperny, Vladimir, 132 parallel editing, film technique of, 38 parody: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 70-71, 86,104-105,106,108,118-119,122,304Ո114. See also humor Party Membership Card, The (film), 318Ո63 passport(s): in Russian Empire, notation of ethnoreligious origins in, 17; in Soviet Union, “fifth line”/“nationality” declaration in, 16,17 Paul, Apostle, 258 peasants, Russian: after Bolshevik Revolu tion, 3; restrictions on residence of, 17 Peterson, Dale, 23 Petliura, Symon, 21; in Gekht’s Man Who Forgot His Life, The, 27,33; and White mon archists, equating in literary texts, 33,36 Petrograd (Petersburg): Babel’s journalistic work in, 234-236; demise after Bolshevik Revolution, Babel on, 234-239, 242; Jeru salem compared to, 237,239, 242, 324Ո53; journey to, in Babel’s “Road, The,” 236-237, 238 Petrov, Evgeny: on
Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, 170; Little Golden Calf, The, 168-171, 216; trickster figure in novels by, 168, 225 pogroms: accounts of, in 1920s, 25-30; allusions to, in early Soviet literature, 30-33; armed formations responsible for, 346 · INDEX equating in literary texts, 33-34; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; Bergelson’s Pomegranate essay on, 72-73; children’s story hinting at, 160-161,164,165; Cossack 17th-century uprisings and, 21, 27-29,137, 222-223; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, A, 27-29, 2 f, 1շք, gendered nature of violence in, 281; internalization of violence of, 29; Jewish survivors of, in Berlin, 26; Kishinev, 31; in Markish’s “Mound, The,” 29-30; myth of Judeo-Bolshevism and, 36-37; Red Army’s role in, 22, 34, 36; during Russian civil war, 20-22, 25-30, 34-37; strange aspects of, literary texts about, 33-36; threat of return of, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 23, 25, 43, 49-50,71-72; threat of return of, in Ehrenburg’s “Ship Fare, A,” 37; trauma of, and figure of Soviet Jew, 18, 25, 26, 29, 33,45,73,275; tsarist-era, 3,31,34 Poland: post-World War I borders and, 41-42; Soviet occupation of, 4-5. See also Bolshevik-Polish War of 1920 Polyanker, Hirsh (Grigoril), Teacher from Medzhibozh, The, 273-274 Pomegranate (Milgroym) (journal), Bergelson’s essay in, 72-73 Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 276 present: avoidance in Socialist Realism, 129-130; erasure of, in writings about Birobidzhan, 129-130,133 Presner, Todd, 15 Propp, Vladimir, Morphology of the Folktale, 160 proste yidn (simple Jews), 77 Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 190,191 purges, Stalin’s, 276-277; Bergelson as
victim of, 54; Dunets as victim of, 89; Kulbak as victim of, 78 Pushkin, Alexander, 266, 269; High Stalinism and status of, 270; statue in Odessa, 269-270 Pyr’iev, Ivan, 318Ո63 Radcliffe, Anne, Mysteries of Udolpho, The, 22-23 “Rebbe” (Babel), 244, 245,248, 251-252, 324Ո62,324Ո67; implied Yiddish text in, 256-257 Red Army: anti-Jewish violence perpetrated by, 22,36; anti-Jewish violence prevented by, 34; founder of, 36
Red Cavalry (Babel), 57, 218, 241-252, 255-257; Cossack-Jewish relations in, 137; “Gedali,” 243-244, 245, 250, 251; “My First Goose,” 245-248; physical characteristics of Jews in, 64; protagonist of, 243; “Rebbe,” 244, 245, 248, 251-252, 256-257; references to Hershele in, 243; sensitive Jewish intellectual in, 83; “Squadron Commander Trunov,” 57 Red Cavalryman, The (Krasnyi kavalerist) (newspaper), Babel’s work for, 57, 242, 243 263 Red Terror, 22. See also Cheka Red Virgin Soil (Krasnaia nov’) (journal), 57 Research Your Shtetl! (Aleksandrov), 105-106 return narratives. See Jewish émigrés, return to Soviet Union Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 19,172-175, 174/Ī178-189, 200/; avant-garde influences on, 173,181,182-184, 200; Chaplin’s Circus compared to, 187; circus arena in, 181,184, 185/ 187, 203; construction competition in, 175,184-189, ı86ƒ 195,203; contemporary critics on, 177,193; “conversion” to Soviet ideology in, 175,194-196,199-201, 206; disabled Jewish body in, 179-181,186-187, 195; ending of, 212-213, 214, 227; figure of Soviet Jew in, 212-213; as first Soviet sound film in Yiddish, 189,192-193,195-196,197, 199, 317Ո47; Hasidic wordless melody (niggun) in, 198-199, 217; historical setting for, 203; Jewish Bolshevik in, 173-174, 194-195,196,198; juxtaposition of sound and montage in, 192-193; New Soviet Man vs. shtetl Jew in, 177,178,187-189; novel based on, 173,181,197; progressive loss of speech in, 195-196, 200-201, 203, 207, 210, 214; as propaganda film, 194,197-198,199; screenplay for, 173,178,180; Seekers of Happiness (film) compared to, 210; set
directions for, 178; shifting aesthetic and ideological priorities and, 189-190; Socialist Realist aesthetic and, 173,183; symbolic rehabilitation of Jewish returnee in, 209-210; traces of show trials in, 204, 205, 206; vestiges of silent film in, 183, 192,195 revolutionary hero: self-sacrifice of, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57. See also Bolshevik hero rhetorical replacements. See substitution^) “Road, The” (Babel), 236-239, 240-241, 243, 259, 268 Roskies, David G., 289Ո46 Roth, Philip, Portnoy’s Complaint, 276 Rougle, Charles, 324Ո67 Russian civil war, 4; ambiguity and liminality of, 37-38; and Jewish mobility/dispersal, 1-4; Jewish refugees from, 3, 25-26; khurbn during, 22, 29; in Soviet fiction, 90-91; transitional periods during, 37 Russian civil war, pogroms during, 20-22, 25-30, 34-36; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; children’s story hinting at, 160-161,164,165; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, A, 27-29, 28/ 32/; in Markish’s “Mound, The,” 29-30 Russian Empire: collapse of, 4; Far East territory acquired by, 135-136; forcible relocation of Cossacks to Far East, 136, 138; Jewish communities in, 2-3, 4,17; pogroms in, 3, 31, 34; restrictions on Jewish residence in, 2-3,17 Russian language: Babel’s use of, 13-14, 229-232, 256-257; dialectical variants shaped by Yiddish, 276; points of encounter with Yiddish language, in Russian-Jewish literature, 14; RussianJewish literature in, 13-14; Soviet Jews and, 4; used to retell Yiddish folktale, and changes in meaning, 230-233; verbs of motion in, precision of, 231-232 Sabbath of Comforting, 220, 221, 226, 261 sacralizing
space: newly established Soviet Jewish homeland (Birobidzhan) as, 133, 134; Soviet state’s mission of, 132,133 salvage ethnography: Flaherty and, 102,103; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 18,102-105, 106,107-108,110-111,113,122; in Nanook of the North (film), 102 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 226 Scorched Earth (Egart), 148-149, 308Ո35 Scott, James C., 221, 234, 247-248 Seekers ofHappiness (film), 19,154,176, 207-212, շւօք, antisemitic tropes in, 208-209; ending of, 213, 214; figure of Wandering Jew in, 213, 215/, 216, 217; ideological message of, 210,213; Jewish viewers’ reactions to, 211; matriarch in, 211-212, 281; opposite Jewish types in, 212; train scene in, 214-215 INDEX · 347
Seidman, Naomi, 258 “Shabos-nakhamu” (Babel), 218-222,224, 226; historical context and audience for, 233, 234, 235-236,239; Red Cavalry stories compared to, 244-245; Russian language used to retell, and changes in meaning, 230-233; subtitle of, 270-272; Yiddish original of, 228-231, 230/ 232 Shakhty trial, 204-205, 206 “Shchepka” (Zazubrin), 49 Shell, Marc, 199 Sherman, Joseph, 55 shiluye (term), 87; Kulbak’s protagonists as, 87,88 Shimshen (rabbi of Ostropol), 223 “Ship Fare, A” (Ehrenburg), 34-37 Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A (Gekht), 18, 128,130-131,143-157; abrupt ending of, 155-156,165; Birobidzhan plot in, 144, 146-147,150,151; as covert attempt to discuss Zionism, criticism of, 147-148, 149; hilltop conversation in, 150,155; Palestine plot in, 147,151,152; protagonist of, 145-146,151,156-157; scholarship on, 147-149; Socialist Realism and, 145; substitution of Palestine for Birobidzhan in, 134,143-147,151-154,155-157; time frame in, 131 Shklovsky, Viktor, 236, 239,324Ո53 Shneer, David, 154, 277, 288Ո46 Shoemakers Son, The (Gekht), 27-29, 28/ 32/ Sholem Aleichem, 83-84 show trial(s): Industrial Party, 204; Shakhty, 204-205, 206; shift from agitation trials to, 205-206; of Stalin era, circus arena associated with, 203-204; traces of, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 204, 205,206 Shpis, Boris: and avant-garde film, 182,183; and Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173,199, 214 Shrayer, Maxim D., 12,13,148 Shtern (journal), Kulbak’s publications in, 82, 90-93 Shternshis, Anna, 211, 212,289Ո51 shtetl(s), 4,76; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 41-42, 59, 73; Birobidzhan
as antithesis to, 162-163,164,165; collapse of, sketches about, 138; courtyard (hoyf) as microcosm of, 76,105,122; economic devastation of, 348 · INDEX after Bolshevik Revolution, 41-42, 58-59, 60; ethnographic research on, 18,105-106, 118; films depicting, 173-174,176; in Gekht’s Shoemakers Son, А, гт, Gekht’s sketches of, 138,147; Old Yishuv compared to, 152; persistence after Pale’s destruction, 274-275; physical destruction after Bolshevik Revolu tion, 29-30,250-251; Sovietization of, 76,118; and Soviet Jew, figure of, 178; storytelling and dissemination of culture of, 275 Siberia, Jewish settlement in, 4. See also Birobidzhan Sicher, Efraim, 16,266-267, 268,269,270,320Ո3 Siegelbaum, Lewis, 135 Signifying Monkey, in Black American folklore, 226, 227-228, 248 silent film: circus associated with, 181; exag gerated gestures associated with, 189-190; montage used in, 190,191; Soviet film industry’s transition from, 189; transition to sound film from, 192,196, 206; vestiges of, in Return ofNeitan Bekker, The, 183,192 Slezkine, Yuri, 3,11, 77,177, 269-270 Sioin, Andrew, 60 Slotnick, Susan, 53 smell, as symbol of persistent cultural char acteristics, 75,76-77,80,106,120,121-122 Smith, Adrien, 276 Smola, Klavdia, 288Ո46 Smugglers (Varshavsky), 59-60 smuggling: in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20, 41-42,47-48, 60-61; criminalization of trade as, 60; new state borders in former Pale of Settlement and, 20,41-42, 58-60 Snyder, Timothy, 5 Sobol, Valeria, 23 Socialist Realism, 90,144-145; future-oriented project of, 129-130,132,134; and Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, 145; Gorky’s
dictum about, 156; and Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 91-96,118-119; notion of “reality” in, 133; and Return ofNeitan Bekker, The (film), 173,183; and sacralizing space, 132,133; and sound film, 191-192; and spontaneity-consciousness dialectic, 88,107,112; Zionist art and literature compared to, 153-154 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 20; in Bergel son’s Judgment, 20-21,31,43-44, 70, 71, 72; and violence against Jews, 20,31
Society for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land (OZET), 144,157-158 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 158 Someone Else’s Coat (film), 183 sound film: and challenges to montage technique, 191; early, 190-191,196-197, 317Ո51; first Soviet, 196-197; and ideological messaging, 191,192,196-197,206; preference for character-based plots, 192; Return of Neitan Bekker as early representative of, 189,192-193,195-196.197.199. 3171147; Socialist Realism and, 191-192; transition from silent film to, 192,196, 206 Soviet Jew: doubt about Jewishness of, Western and Israeli Jews’ expression of, 6; stories of, true inheritors of, 282; use of term, 5 Soviet Jew, figure of, 2; ambivalence associated with, 8,172; anxieties shaping, 7,22, 25, 38, 190,192, 203, 216-217; Babel’s Karl-Yankel as prototype of, 265-266; Cold War and, 5, 277; as collector of ethnographic and linguistic tidbits, 275; complexities of culture after Bolshevik Revolution and, 270; cultural prehistory of, 5-6; as cultural type, 11; defined by limits and possibilities of Soviet culture, 18; displaced cultural elements of Pale and, 275; evolution in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 76-77, 78, 79-80, 97,112,113,114,119,120,122; features revealed through contemporary texts, 18-19; "fifth line” in Soviet passport and, 16,17; in film, 212-213; gender of, 6-7,173, 281; indetermi nacy of Soviet project and, 8,17,19,192, 203; industrialization and, 114; vs. Jewish Bolshevik, 10; vs. Jewish elites in Soviet system, 77; “Jewish question” and, 169; vs. Judaic heritage, 12; marked by hidden difference, 6, 253, 259; marked by shtetl origin and
foreign travel, 169, 211, 213; mobility of postrevolutionary era and, 3-4, 19,135; as mockery of normative culture, 189; modernizing and preservationist tendencies in, 79-80,102, 217; vs. New Soviet Man, 8,10,178; non-arrival as defining feature of, 126,128,129,133,157,158, 160,166,167, 275; omission and emergence of, 13; as partially transformed figure, 217; rootlessness and migration defining, 132; Russian-Yiddish linguistic interaction and, 15-16; suspension of assumptions about, 12-13; symbolic Christian proto types and, 6; traces of Pale of Settlement in, 11-12, 275; traces of Wandering Jew in, 170-171,178, 217; tragic history of, 277-282; trauma of pogrom violence and, 18, 25, 26, 29.33. 45.73. 275; trickster (Hershele) as cipher for, 19, 218, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, 247, 252, 253, 265, 271, 275; in Western imagination, 5, 6; World War II and growing suspicion of, 277 Soviet Union: “brotherhood of peoples” narrative in, 138,253,254,259-261; enfran chisement of Jewish population in, 6-7; indeterminacy during early years of, 8,17, 19,192,203; Jewish émigrés returning to, 4,18-19; Jewish mobility within, 3-4,19, 125,135; nationalities policy of, 16-17,124 306Ո6; and Nazi Germany, secret nonag gression agreement between, 5; official opposition to antisemitism in, 4,10-11,18, 22,36,58. See also Bolshevik(s) / Bolshevik regime; construction; industrialization speculation (spekuliatsiia), crime of, 60; in Bergelson’s Judgment, 64, 65 speech: progressive loss of, in Stalin-era cultural production, 194-196, 200-201, 203, 207, 210, 214; walking compared to, 233-234
spontaneity-consciousness dialectic, Socialist Realism and, 88,107,112 “Squadron Commander Trunov” (Babel), 57 Stalin, Joseph: consolidation of power by, 203; on cultural differences, 108; and disabled body, cultural representations of, 180-181; literature of era of, 86-87, 89; and Pushkin, status of, 270; speech on Soviet industrial ization, 80. See also purges Stormy Life ofLazik Roytshvants, The (Ehrenburg), 297Ո147 substitution(s): in Babel’s imaginative geog raphy, 255-256, 261; of less transgressive acts for violence, 245-246; of “merriment” for “horror,” in Babel’s work, 226, 241, 243-244,249,264; in texts about Birobid zhan settlement, 126-129,133. !34-135 143-147,151-157; in world of Soviet utopia, 132-133. See also metaphor(s) suicide: in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 108, 109-110; revolutionary hero and, literary texts on, 48-49, 51, 55-57; as societal concern in Soviet Union of 1930s, 109 INDEX · 349
Suicide, The (Erdman), 305Ո117 sukkah, traditional Jewish construction of, 114-115; courtyard in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners compared to, 114-115,119,120 Tabernacle (mishkan): Jewish courtyard (hoyfl compared to, 117-118; Kulbak’s Zelmen yaners as, 119-120 “Tale about a Military Secret, A” (Gaidar), 162 “Tale of Red-Headed Motele, Mr. Inspector, Rabbi Isaiah, and Commissar Blokh, The” (Utkin), 31-33 Tarasov-Rodionov, Alexander, Chocolate, 30-31,46, 48-49 Tcherikower, Elias, 26 Teacherfrom Medzhibozh, The (Polyanker), 27Յ-274 Tetiiv, pogrom in, 37 30 Days (30 dnei) (journal); article about cross-border smuggling in, 58-59, 60; Gekht’s short story in, 151 Thomson, Rosemary Garland, 179 Ticket to Life, A (film), 159 time frame: in writings about Birobidzhan, 129-130,133; in writings about Soviet aspirations, 132; in Zionist texts, 134, 153-154· See also future; present Tisha B’Av, 220, 221 Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina, 89 totalitarian space, concept of, 233 trade: criminalization of, Bolshevik regime and, 60-64,124· See also smuggling train station, Jewish courtyard (hoyf) compared to, 114,115,120 train(s)/tramway(s): in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, The, 168-169; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 75-77, 80-81,106,120; in Minsk, 80, 8i/; in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 214-216; as symbol of displacement, 75-76,214-216 Trans-Baikal Cossacks, relocation of, 136 translation: circumcision compared to, 257-258; implied, in Babel’s writings, 256-257; of Ostrovsky’s How the Steel Was Tempered, 89-90; word-forword vs. sense-for-sense, 257-258; of Yiddish literature, Kulbak’s article on,
90 Trauberg, Grigorii, 182,183; Alone (film), 191, 196-197 350 · INDEX trial(s): agitation, of 1920s, 204, 205; in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254, 260, 262,265, 266; Bergelson’s Judgment, 63-67; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, 96-98,116; of Stalin era, circus arena associated with, 203-204. See also show trial(s) Tribuna (periodical), 144,157 trickster(s): in African cultures, 227; Babel as, 235, 271-272; in Black American folklore, 226, 227-228; as cipher for Soviet Jew, 19, 218,226, 228, 234-235,240, 247, 252, 253, 265,271; existing structures manipulated by, 224,226; as guide to dealing with wartime violence, 242, 243, 249,251, 270; in Hasidic context, 219, 222, 223-224, 226; language as tool for creating alternative meanings by, 226-227; in Soviet context, 168, 225-226. See also Hershele Ostropoler Trotsky, Leon, 10, 36; antisemitism directed against, 36, 293Ո64 Trunk, Y. Y„ 321Ո15 Tsivian, Yuri, 184 Turner, Victor, 226 “Twelve, The” (Blok), 68 “Two Murderers” (Bergelson), 26 Tynianov, Yuri, 104 Tzvi, Shabtai, 222 Ukraine: horrors of collectivization and starvation (Holodomor) in, Babel as witness to, 263; Jewish agricultural colony in, failure to establish, 124,307Ո15; Jewish writers in, identification with anti-imperial struggles, 289Ո50; pogroms in, Bergelson’s Pomegranate essay on, 72-73; during Russian civil war, in Bergelson’s Judgment, 20-21; during Russian civil war, in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 27-29; sunflower as symbol of, 265 Ukrainian People’s Republic, 21 United States: Bergelson’s visit to, 53; circus associated with, 183; construction practices of, vs. Soviet
construction, in Return of Neitan Bekker, The (film), 173-175,174-175, 184-189, ı86ƒ 195; expedition to Birobid zhan from, 18,123-124,125,126,130-131, 143; immigration of Eastern European Jews to, late 19th-century, 3; visitors from, portrayal in film, 171-172 “Uphill” (Bergelson), 151
urbanization, and Soviet Jews, 3, 4 USSR in Construction (publication), 169 Utkin, Iosif, “Tale of Red-Headed Motele, Mr. Inspector, Rabbi Isaiah, and Commissar Blokh, The,” 31-33 Vainshtein, Mikhail, 147,149 Varshavsky, Oyzer, 297Ո147; Smugglers, 59-60 Veidlinger, Jeffrey, 274 Venuti, Lawrence, 257, 259 Vertov, Dziga, 172,190 Vilna: Jewish community in, 2; Kulbak in, 77; YIVO Institute in, 103 violence: antisemitic campaigns of late i94os-early 1950s and, 277; substitution of less transgressive acts for, 245-246. See also pogroms Wailing Wall, The (play), 148 walking: compared to speech, 233-234; trickster figure and, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Walpole, Horace, Castle of Otranto, The, 40 wandering(s), Jewish: Birobidzhan as metaphor for end of, 126; in Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back, A, 146; trickster figure and, 228, 230-231, 232, 233 Wandering Jew, figure of: in films about returning Jews, 178; in Gekht’s Shoemaker’s Son, 27-29; gender of, 6; in Gothic literature, 27-29, 216; in Il’f and Petrov’s Little Golden Calf, 169,170; instability of modernity reflected in, 216-217; legend about, 169; in Seekers of Happiness (film), 213, 215ЈЈ 216, 217; and Soviet Jew, 170-171,178, 217 War Communism, 22, 40; charges of speculation during, 60 Week, A (Libedinskii), 44, 49 “What is Oblomovism?” (Dobroliubov), 106 “What Is to Be Done?” (Lenin), 87-88 Whites (monarchists): in Bergelson’s Judgment, 70; as folklòric villain in children’s books, 162; in Gekht’s Budler Family’s Resettlement, 160-162,164-165; and Petliura’s troops, equating in literary texts, 33, 36; refugees in Berlin,
26; and threat along Amur River border, 136,164 Wiene, Robert, 24 Wilson, Woodrow, 171 Wisse, Ruth R„ 15,111,112, 223 women: in Babel’s “Karl-Yankel,” 254-255, 259-260,281; as co-creators of trickster’s stories, 220,231,281; and “conversion” to Soviet ideology, in Seekers ofHappiness (film), 211-212, 281; in Kulbak’s Zelmenyaners, The, 83, 97-98,108-110,113, 281; as narrator in Khemlin’s “About Zhenya,” 281-282; role in literature about Soviet Jew, 281 Worker, The (Rabochii) (periodical): cele bration of tramway in, 80; film listings and reviews in, 98,100; Kulbak’s article on translation of Yiddish literature in, 90 World War I, division of Pale of Settlement after, 41-42 World War II: Bolshevik Revolution replaced by, as foundational event of Soviet experience, 276; and displacement of Jews into Soviet interior, 5; growing suspicion of Soviet Jew after, 277; Soviet Jews during, novel about, 273-274 writers: role in legitimating Bolshevik regime, 242-243. See also First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers; specific writers Yiddish language: Babel’s “Karl-Yankel” translated in, 267; dialectical variants of Russian shaped by, 276; as diasporic language, 15; and figure of Soviet Jew, 15-16; first Soviet sound film in, 189,192-193; folktale in, Russian language used to retell and changes in meaning of, 230-233; implied text in, in Babel’s writings, 256-257; persistence of, 275-276; Russian-Jewish literature in, 12,13-14; in Shabos-nakhamu folktale, 230-231; in Soviet Belorussia, 82; Sovietizing Russian vocabulary and syntax and, 275; Soviet Jews and, 4; Soviet literature in,
scholarship on, 15; state-level support for, in early Soviet era, 14; transla tion of Ostrovsky’s How the Steel Was Tempered into, 89-90; as vernacular of Ashkenazi Jews, 14 YIVO Institute, 103 Youngblood, Denise, 191 Zamiatin, Evgeny, 236 Zazubrin, Vladimir, “Shchepka,” 49 INDEX · 351
Zelmenyaners, The (Kulbak), 18,74-122; “Belorussia” (poem) as precursor of, 121; cinematic montage in, 77,78,112,113,115,121, 122; contemporary critics on, 77,79,86,87, 88,91,106-108,111-112,300Ո32,304Ո114; context of, 78-79,86; discontinuity in, 77; electrification in, 84-86,114-115; ending of, 116-117; female protagonist in, 83, 97-98, 108-110,113, 281; figure of Soviet Jew in, evolution of, 76-77,78,79-80,97,112,113,114, 119,120,122; ideological disagreements and intrafamily conflicts in, 83,85,96-98,108; impossibility of change in, questions regarding, 106-107; Jewish Bolshevik/ Marxist in, 83, 93-96; Jewish courtyard (hoyf) in, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 97,103-105, 113-116,119-120,122; Kulbak’s poem in, 111-112; literacy campaign in, 86,113; as literary Tabernacle, 119-120; manifestations of Soviet modernity/industrialization in, 80-86,114-115,120-121; as microcosm of dismantled Pale of Settlement, 80; mobility and displacement in, 113-117; movies in, 98, 103; Nanook of the North (film) compared to, 102-103; parody in, 70-71,86,104-105,106, 352 · 108,118-119, t22,304Ո114; plot of, 76-77; protagonists of, 81-82, 83, 86-87, 88; publication of, 82; references to Russian civil war in, 90-91; salvage ethnography in, 18, 102-105,106,107-108,110-111,113,122; second part of, 90, 91; serialization of, 88-89, 91, 300Ո17; smell as metaphor for idiosyncratic Jewishness in, 75,76-77,80,106,120,121-122; socialist construction (sotsboyung) in, 86, 110-113; Socialist Realist hero in, 91-96; tramway line in, 80-81; trial in, 96-98,116; unrequited love story in, 108-110 Zhitomir pogrom, 36
Zhvanetsky, Mikhail, 276 Zionism: cultural production of, Socialist Realism compared to, 153-154; Gekht’s Ship Sails to Jaffa and Back on, 145,147-148,149; and new type of “muscular Judaism,” call for, 7; socialist vision compared to, 134,154; Soviet texts about, in 1930s, 148-149; Soviet view on, 143,145,148,149,153 Zorkaya, Neya, 191 Zuskin, Veniamin, 202/, 209, 210/ 211 Zvezda (journal), Babel’s “Karl-Yankel” in, 252, 263 INDEX Bayerische Staatsbibliothek МПпг.ҺйП |
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| author | Senderovich, Sasha |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1266103678 |
| author_facet | Senderovich, Sasha |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048306158 |
| classification_rvk | NY 4780 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1344257970 (DE-599)KXP1787366278 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048306158 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:08:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:34:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674238190 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033685850 |
| oclc_num | 1344257970 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M352 DE-83 DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M352 DE-83 DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | 352 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles, Porträts, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220909 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Senderovich, Sasha Verfasser (DE-588)1266103678 aut How the Soviet Jew was made Sasha Senderovich Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England Harvard University Press 2022 352 Seiten Illustrationen, Faksimiles, Porträts, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd rswk-swf Juden Motiv (DE-588)4123469-8 gnd rswk-swf Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd rswk-swf Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Film (DE-588)4017102-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Juden Motiv (DE-588)4123469-8 s Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 s Film (DE-588)4017102-4 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 s Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-674-27574-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685850&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685850&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Senderovich, Sasha How the Soviet Jew was made Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Juden Motiv (DE-588)4123469-8 gnd Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Film (DE-588)4017102-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033542-2 (DE-588)4123469-8 (DE-588)4051038-4 (DE-588)4028614-9 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4017102-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | How the Soviet Jew was made |
| title_auth | How the Soviet Jew was made |
| title_exact_search | How the Soviet Jew was made |
| title_exact_search_txtP | How the Soviet Jew was made |
| title_full | How the Soviet Jew was made Sasha Senderovich |
| title_fullStr | How the Soviet Jew was made Sasha Senderovich |
| title_full_unstemmed | How the Soviet Jew was made Sasha Senderovich |
| title_short | How the Soviet Jew was made |
| title_sort | how the soviet jew was made |
| topic | Kulturelle Identität (DE-588)4033542-2 gnd Juden Motiv (DE-588)4123469-8 gnd Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Film (DE-588)4017102-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kulturelle Identität Juden Motiv Russisch Jiddisch Juden Literatur Film Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685850&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033685850&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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