A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900
A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism offers new insights into the history of right-wing extremism and violence in Europe, East and West, from 1900 until the present day. It is the first book to take such a broad historical approach to the topic.The book explores the transnational dimensio...
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A transnational history of right-wing terrorism |b political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |c edited by Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Routledge studies in fascism and the far right | |
| 520 | |a A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism offers new insights into the history of right-wing extremism and violence in Europe, East and West, from 1900 until the present day. It is the first book to take such a broad historical approach to the topic.The book explores the transnational dimension of right-wing terrorism; networks of right-wing extremists across borders, including in exile; the trading of arms; the connection between right-wing terrorism and other forms of far-right political violence; as well as the role of supportive elements among fellow travelers, the state security apparatus and political elites. It also examines various forms of organizational and ideological interconnectedness and what inspires right-wing terrorism. In addition to several empirical chapters on prewar extreme-right political violence, the book features extensive coverage of postwar right-wing terrorism including the recent resurgence in attacks.This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of right-wing extremism, fascism, Nazism, terrorism and political violence | ||
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CONTENTS viii x Acknowledgements List of contributors 1 Right-wing terrorism in historical perspective: An introduction Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin 1 SECTION 1 In search of origins: Right-wing terror(ism) in an era of war and revolution 2 Terrorist entanglements: Socialist perspectives on state and right-wing violence in the late Russian Empire Vitālij Fastovskij 3 Oppression, terror, and “split delegitimization”: The troubled relationship between the conservative authoritarian state and its right-wing critics in Hungary between 1919 and 1945 Béla Bodo 17 19 42 4 Terror and antisemitic student violence in East-Central Europe, 1919-1923 Roland Clark 70 5 Section commentary: Right-wing extremism, the question of power, and multiple entanglements Felicitas Fischer von Weikersthal 91
vi Contents SECTION 2 Right-wing terrorism and fascism 6 Did the Polish Minister of the Interior have to be killed? The activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the 1930s Magdalena Gibiec 7 Marseilles 1934: The death of the King Mario Jareb 97 99 115 8 Trading in arms, trading in terror: The Cagoule and right-wing terrorism in France Gayle K. Brunelle and Annette Finley-Croswhite 129 9 Section commentary: The transnational space of fascism and terrorism Angel Alcalde 149 SECTION 3 Recent trends in right-wing terrorism: Eastern and Western Europe 157 10 “Giocai militancy”? Transnational links of German far-right terrorism Daniel Koehler 159 11 “Of hobbits and tigers”: Right-wing extremism and terrorism in Italy since the mid-1970s Tobias Hof 174 12 Transnational violence and the German connection: National resistance and autonomous nationalists in the Czech Republic Ina Fujdiak and Miroslav Mares 197 13 “Praise the saints”: The cumulative momentum of transnational extreme-right terrorism Graham Macklin 215 14 Identifying extreme-right terrorism: Concepts and misconceptions Gideon Botsch 241
Contents vii 15 Section commentary: Researching transnational right-wi terrorism: challenges and trajectories Fabian Virchow 258 Index 267
A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism offers new insights into the history of right-wing extremism and violence in Europe, East and West, from 1900 until the present day. It is the first book to take such a broad historical approach to the topic. The book explores the transnational dimension of right-wing terrorism; networks of right-wing extremists across borders, including in exile; the trading of arms; the connection between right-wing terrorism and other forms of far-right political violence; as well as the role of supportive elements among fellow travelers, the state security apparatus, and political elites. It also examines various forms of organizational and ideological interconnectedness and what inspires right-wing terrorism. In addition to several empirical chapters on prewar extreme-right political violence, the book features extensive coverage of postwar right-wing terrorism including the recent resurgence in attacks. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of right-wing extremism, fascism, Nazism, terrorism, and political violence.
INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to endnotes. 4chan 224 8chan 216, 224-8, 231 Aachen 21 Abramowski, Wolfgang 161 Abwehr 103, 108 Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes see Defense Union of National Resistance (Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes) Action Prançaise 129 Adriatic, Eastern 116 Aix-en-Provence 122 Åkkerlund, Ebba 219 Albania 58 Albrecht, Udo 162 Alexander I Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia 7, 61, 115-17, 119-24, 151 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia 23, 25, T1 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia 23 Alföldi Brigád 57 Alliance of Awakened Hungarians (Ébredő Magyarok Egyesülete - EME) 53, 56-7, 64 Almirante, Giorgio 184 Althans, Bénid Ewald 163—4 alt-right 201, 219 Amato, Mario 174, 176, 186 America/American(s) 177, 181, 188, 204, 215, 225, 258; African- 220; North 168, 218, 227, 243; South 136, 168; see aho United States of America (USA) ammunition 105, 129, 136, 221, 224, 227-8 anti-capitalist 163, 179; see also capitalism/ capitalist anti-communism/anti-communist 7-9, 130-1, 135—6, 152; see also communism/ communist anti-democratic 91, 133, 248; see aho democracy/democrat(s)/democratic(ally) Antifa 202-3, 244, 252n27 anrifascist/anti-fascist/antifascists 137, 176, 224, 243, 248, 252n28 anti-feminist 248 anti-Jewish 3, 25, 62; see ako antisemitism/ antisemitic/antisemite(s); see ako Catholic, anti-Judaism anti-liberalism/anti-liberal 4-5, 8, 23,91, 150, 152, 179, 188; see ako liberalism/liberal(s) anti-modernism/anti-modernist 180, 185, 188; see ako modernism/modemist “anti-whites” 229; see ako white/White antiparliamentarian 139
anrisermrism/antisemitic/antisemites 1, 3-5, 7-8, 19-20, 23, 25, 32, 33n4, 43, 47, 53, 62-4, 70-82, 93-4, 130-1, 135, 149, 152, 204, 226, 248, 253n39, 254n57; see ako anti-Jewish Antwerp 165-6 Argentina 105, 108, 113n56, 223 Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari - NAR) 174, 178, 182, 185, 189nl5
268 Index arms 105, 129, 134, 136-7, 140, 186, 246; caches 56; call to 27, 219; comrades-in56; dealer(s) 134, 138; force of 149; manufacturer 137; purchase of 137; smuggling 130; trade routes of 2; see also firearms; see ako guns; see ako pistols; see ako weapon(s)/weaponry Arps, Philip 218 Arrow Cross movement (Nyilaskeresztes Párt - Hungarista Mozgalom) 5, 60-4 “Aryan” 77, 226 Asian 226 Asociației Studenților Creștine 79 assassination(s): as a message 22, 31; as a type of political violence 2, 4-5, 29, 43, 53, 64, 72, 81, 149, 245; attempts 22-3, 53, 56, 93, 120, 150; committed by a government 60, 62; committed by left wing or anarchist groups or individuals 20, 22, 25, 27, 33n6, 36n50, 36n52, 37n80; committed by the right-wing, irredentist or separatist groups or individuals 3-7, 28, 33nl0, 61, 99-100, 108-10, 118-20, 121-4, 126n39, 127n55, 130-1, 137, 151-2, 162, 174, 186, 241, 244; public discourse on 30, 119, 124; of Abraham Lincoln 3; of Alexander I Karađorđević 7, 61-2, 115-6, 118-19, 121-4, 126n39, 127n55, 151; of Alexander II 19, 23, 25, 27; of Bronislaw Pieracki 7-8, 99-100, 108—10, 152; of Carlo Rosselli 137; of Corneliu Codreanu 60, 62; of Count Shuvalov 27; of Dmitrii Sipiagin 37n80; of Eduardo Dato 33n6; of Francesco Straullu 186; of Frieda Poeschke 162; of Grigori lollos 33nl0; of Jean Louis Barthou 61; of Matthias Erzberger 4; of Mario Amato 174; of Mirko Neudorfer 119; of Nello Rosselli 137; of Marx Dormoy 7, 136; of Shlomo Levin 162; of Walther Rathenau 4, 81; of (other) representatives of a state or politicians 4, 58; plans for 45-6, 61-2, 100, 121,
124, 165; reaction to 27; rumors about 22; scandals surrounding 30 Asua, Luis Jimenez de 150 Atomwaffen Division 225, 262 audience 1-2, 23, 62, 152, 159, 168-9, 184, 200, 216-7, 229-30, 232, 246-7, 250, 260-2 Auslands- und Aufbauorganisation 166 Australasia 215, 224 Austria/Austrian(s) 4—5, 10, 53, 55-6, 58, 71, 73, 75-7, 79, 81, 91, 94, 109, 118, 160-2, 165, 168, 201, 221, 223, 246 Auswärtiges Amt see Foreign Office, Germany (Auswärtiges Amt - AA) authoritarianism) 1-3, 5, 8-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 51, 57-9, 61, 63-4, 91, 110, 115-16, 123-4, 130-4, 137, 150-1 153, 160, 177, 248 Autonomous Nationalists (Autonome Nationalisten) 197, 199-203, 205-6, 208 Avanguardia Nazionale see National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale — AN) Axis (powers in World War II) 9, 134, 136 Azov Battalion 164, 260 Bacsó, Béla 54 Bæarum 215 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre 61 Baku 31 Baky, Lázló 62 Baldoni 175 Balhét, Stephan 229 Baltic States/Baltics 75, 223 Bandera, Stepan 99 Banka 119 Bannon, Steve 188 Barcelona 135 Barcelona Red Cross 135 Bartavichus, Yonas 106 Bartha, Albert 49—50 Barthou, Louis 61, 123, 126n37 Bavaria/Bavarian 161, 241 Behrendt, Uwe 162 Beirut 161 Belgium 134, 137, 152, 167 Belgrade 117-8, 120, 126n28, 126n37, 127n50 Beneš, Edvard 105-6, 109 Benoist, Alain de 183 Berdychiv 26 Bergesen, Albert 72 Berinkey, Dénes 50 Berlin 73-4, 103, 108, 135, 199; East 163 Bernolák, Nándor 76 Bethlen government 46, 55-7 Bethlen, István 46, 55, 58, 63 Białystok 26 Biatorbánya 58 Bircza 105 Bissonette, Alexandre 224 Black Blocks 200-1 Black Hand 71, 74 Black Hundred(s) (chemaia sotnia) 19—21, 23-6, 29-31, 33n4,
33n6, 35n35, 92 Black Redistribution 26 Black September 161-2 Black Sun (Schwarze Sonne) 223
Index black: as political color 26, 31; as ethnic attribution 202; “terror” 20, 29, 31; lands (owned by the pre-Petrine Russian state) 24; -shirted 149; see ako white/White blackmailing 54—7, 63 Blomberg, Werner von ИЗпбО Blood Honour 160, 260; Division Bohemia 200 Blood Alliance of the Double Cross (Kettőskereszt Vérszövetség — KKV) 56 Blum, Léon 130, 136-7 Bohemia Hammerskins 202 Bohemia/Bohemian 204, 207; Northern 204, 206-7 Bologna 178, 247 Bolshevik Revolution 42, 48 Bolsheviks (Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) 25, 43 bomb(s) 26, 30, 57, 72-3, 81, 92, 117-8, 120, 138, 241, 246; assault(s)/attack(s) 1, 60, 149, 161, 163, 166-7, 177, 220, 245-6; components 220, 229; factory 99; see ako arms; see ako firearm(s); see ako guns; see ako pistol(s); see ako weapon(s)/ weaponry bombing(s) 2, 5, 10, 60, 64, 66n52, 129, 162, 166, 169nl, 178, 189nl5, 224, 243; see ako shooting(s) Booth, John Wilkes 3 Bortoluzzi, Mario 182, 191n42 Bosnia-Herzogovina 223 Böszörmény, Zoltan 60 Bowers, Robert 226-7 Boykiv, Oleksandr 105, 107 Brandenburg 241 Brandt, Willy 165 Brasillach, Robert 180, 182 Breivik, Anders Behring 1, 169nl, 215, 220-1, 230-1, 249 Breslau 73 British National Party 168 British Union of Fascists 150 Brno 200, 202-3 Brož, Miroslav 207 Brundtland, Gro Harlem 220 Bruntál 206 Bruntálsko (region) 206 Brussels 165 Bucharest 79-80 Budapest 46, 48-52, 54-7, 63, 72, 120 Buddhism 184 Buenos Aires 127n44 Bulgaria 58, 71, 118-20, 151, 223 Bulygin Aleksandr 24 Bund Heimattreuer Jugend 163 269 Burgenland 54, 56 Burger, Norbert 161, 165, 170nl0 Cakl, Ondrej 202 Camorra
of People’s Reprisal 26 Campo Hobbit 180, 182, 184, 193n82 Camus, Renaud 219 Canada 14n24, 100, 107, 152, 164, 224 capitalism/capitalist, 42, 48, 181-2; see ako anti-capitalist Carpatho-Ukraine 62 Catholic 99, 181; anti-Judaism 76; Church 48, 53, 59, 99; Church, Ukrainian Greek 104; fraternities 76; Theology 76; see ako Christian/Christianity; see ako fratemity/-ies Cavalli, Gilberto 174 Cegléd 57 Cernăuți 79, 81 České Budějovice 202, 204, 206 Charleston 220, 225 Charlottesville 219 Chautemps, Camille 137 Cheb 203 Chernov, Viktor 32 Chiare, Stefano Delle 176—7 child/children 47-8, 120, 177, 215-7, 219-21, 223-4, 230 Chișinău see Kishinev Chomutov 203 Christchurch 1, 11, 169nl, 215-16, 218, 221, 223, 225-9, 231-2, 249 Christian Democratic Party (Italy) 176, 178 Christian Democrats (Lietuvos krikščioniv demokratņ partija) 75 Christian Student Association (Asociației Studenților Creștine) 79 Christian/Christianity 73, 188, 222; see ako Cathohe Ciano, Gian Galeazzo 126n39, 137 Ciavardini, Luigi 174 Cieszyn (Těšín) 102 civil war(s) 138, 217, 249, 262; Hungarian 42, 46—7, 50, 52; Itähän 176, 183; right-wing veterans of 57; Russian 26, 43; Spanish 135-6, 138, 150, 152-3; Ukrainian 164; Yugoslavian 223 clandestine violence 6, 92-4, 95nl3 clandestinely) 2, 6-7, 12, 45, 92—3, 110, 122, 124, 129, 131, 149, 160, 167-8, 176, 246, 249, 262; see also violence, clandestine Cluj 79 Codera, Maximiliano 259 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea 5, 60, 62, 74, 79-81, 183, 259
270 Index Cojocaru, Václav 205-6 Cold War 2, 9-10, 55 Coletta, Pascal 166 Cologne 241, 246 Combat 18 203 Combat Fellowships (boevye druzhiny) 25, 31 Comintern 58 Comité Secrète d’Action Révolutionnaire (CSAR)/Cagoule 6-7, 129-40, 142ո20, 145ո50, 150, 152-3 communication 81, 198, 204, 221; between terrorists and the other parts of society 20, 92, 133, 262; networks 77; terrorism as strategy of 95n6, 217, 246, 249, 260; transnational 11—12, 159—60, 259 communism/communist(s) 6—7, 42-6, 50-3, 58, 63, 70, 74, 79, 130, 132-3, 135-6, 139, 165, 177-8, 183, 200 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, 207 Communist Party of Hungarian 50, 58 Communist Party of Italian 9 Comradeship Tor (Kameradschaft Tor) 199 Concutelli, Pierluigi 177 conservatism/conservative(s) 3, 5-6, 8, 22-3, 25, 33n4, 42, 44-6, 48, 50-51, 55, 57-9, 61-4, 76, 91, 94n5, 104, 131, 134, 139, 152, 177, 181, 184, 259 conspiracy theory/theories/narrative(s)/ ideology/ideologies 4,32, 53,159,179, 248 conspiracy/conspirator(s)/conspiratorial(ly) 11, 53, 58-60, 80, 151, 163, 166, 244, 261 Conti, Ettore 121 Corre, Aristide 132-6, 141n5 Corvignolles 138 Cot, Pierre 136—7 Cotterill, Blair 222 counter-: action (governmental, to terrorism) 199; culture/cultural 178, 180—1, 263; demonstrations/ demonstrators 207, 262; extremist, 206; jihad 222; memory, 216, 222; protests/ protesters, 203; revolution/revolutionary 4, 45, 50—4, 59, 61-2, 64, 149; terrorism/ terrorist 93, 159, 229; counterviolence 25 Croatia/Croatian 116-19, 121-2, 163, 223; see abo Independent State of Croatia Croatian Defence Force militia (Hrvatska Obrana Snaga
- HOS) 163 Croatian Home Defense (Hrvatski Domobran), Buenos Aires 127n44 Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska stranka prava - HSP) 117 Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka - HSS) 117, 119 Croatian Revolutionary Organization Ustaša (Ustaša, hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija — UHRO) 6—7,61, 115-24, 151, 153 Croix-de-Feu 133, 139 crowd violence 72—3, 92, 94 Crusius, Patrick 228-9 Csanad 57 culture(s)/cultural(ly) 6, 9, 11, 21-3, 26, 43, 50, 61, 74, 78-80, 104, 130, 139, 154, 175, 178-82, 184-7, 216-8, 225-6, 230-1, 248, 250, 260, 263; see abo multiculturalism; see abo subculture(s)/ subcultural Curtius, Julius 103 Cuza, A.C. 79 Czech National Resistance (Národní odpor) 200-4, 207 Czech Social Democratic Party (Česká strana sociálně demokratická — ČSSD) 207 Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic/Czech (oslovak) 8, 43, 54, 56, 59, 61-2, 71, 74, 76, 99-102, 104-10, 152-3, 164-5, 197, 200-8 Daladier, Édouard 133, 142ո20 Damascus 163 Daoud, Abu 161 Darányi, Kálmán 60, 62 dark fandom 11, 216, 224 David IV of Georgia 222 Dayton (Ohio) 229 Debrecen 57 Defense Union of National Resistance (Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes) 199 Degrelle, Leon 183, 259 delegitimization 21, 42, 45, 47, 57, 61—2, 64, 70, 72, 91, 93, 175, 243 Deloncle, Eugène 7, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137-40 democracy/democrat(s)/democratic(ally) 3, 5, 7-8, 43, 45, 48-50, 53, 57, 63-4, 70, 91, 124, 130, 132-4, 139, 149-50, 162, 207, 219 demonstration^) 25-6, ЗбпбЗ, 48, 55, 70, 78-9, 91, 130, 150, 179, 198-201, 203, 205-8, 261-2 Denmark 166, 261 Déroulède, Paul 19 Deutsche Aktionsgruppen see German Action Groups
(Deutsche Aktionsgruppen)
Index 271 Deutsche Alternative 198 Deutsche Studentenschaft 75-7, 79, 81 Deutscher Hochschulring 77 Deutschnationale Volkspartei 75 diaspora 8, 14ո24, 107 Diesner, Kay 199, 202, 262 diplomatie 8, 102, 106, 110, 127 direct action 132 discourse 10-11, 14n29, 20, 22, 31, 71, 75, 91-2, 129, 131, 133, 187 Dmowski, Roman 75 Domobran 116, 118-9, 121, 127n44 Donbass 10 Dormoy, Marx 7, 14n23, 129, 135-6 Dostoevsky, Fyodor ЗО Drangov, Kiril 120 Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre 180, 182 Drumont, Édouard 19 Dubrovin, Aleksandr 24, 26 Duca Ion Gheorghe 81 Duchcov 203, 206-8 Dufek, Jan 207 Duseigneur, General Édouard 138 Düsseldorf 73, 165 dynamite 32 Earnest, John 226-9 Eastern Europe 2, 5, 9-10, 20, 42, 75, 101, 152, 208, 220, 223, 236 Ébredő Magyarok Egyesülete see Alliance of Awakened Hungarians economically) 1, 44, 61, 101, 104, 125nl0, 130, 181, 185, 245, 260 Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit see Vaps movement Eichmann, Adolf 62 El Paso 1, 169nl, 215, 228-9, 232 elite(s) 5, 11, 45-55, 57, 59-61, 63-4, 72, 140, 165, 183, 185-6, 188, 200-1, 245 elitism/elitist 9, 183, 188 Endre, Lázló 62 England 166 Erlangen 162 Erzberger, Matthias 4, 56 Erzsébetváros (Budapest) 57 Escondido 227 Estébanez, Josué 224 d’Espèrey, Louis Franchet 138 ethnic: conflict/antagonism/strife 42, 44, 203; Czechs 207; group 80; Germans 61, 76—7; identities 116; Latvians 73, 75; majority 74; minorities/outsiders 2, 43, 49, 92, 202, 261; privileges 78, 81; “replacement” 218; Romanians 80-1; territories 117; violence 43 ethnically) 2, 70, 80-1, 241 ethnicity 248, 250 Europäische Befreiungsfront see European Liberation Front
European Liberation Front (Europäische Befreiungsfront - EBF) 165 European Rally for Liberty (Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté) 179 European Social Movement 260 Evola, Julius 9-10, 14ո29, 175, 179-80, 182-8, 193ո87, 259 exile(s) 9, 19, 58, 101, 135, 150 Facebook 216-18, 232 Falange Española 150 Falangist 7, 132, 150—1 far left 71, 199 Fasci d’Azione Rivoluzionaria 176 Fatah 162 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 258 Federal Republic of Germany see Germany Federation of National and European Action (Fédération d’action nationale et euroéenne - FANE) 165-6 Fedorov, Vasili։ 29—30 female 127ո44, 184-5, 227, 229, 242; see aho women Fenians 71, 74 Ferraresi, Franco 175 Fiebig, Henry 164 Filliol, Jean 135-7 Finland/Finish 28, 43, 261 Fioravanti, Valerio 185, 192n64 Fiore, Roberto 182 firearm(s) 1, 217, 220, 222, 228-9, 249; see also arms; see also guns; see also pistols; see also weapon(s)/weaponry First World War 2, 4-5, 19, 42, 44, 63, 71, 76, 79, 101-2, 104 Foreign legion, France (Légion étrangère) 160 Foreign Office, Germany (Auswärtiges Amt - AA) 103-4, 108-9 France 3, 7, 14, 43, 108, 121-2, 126n37, 127n50, 129-40, 150-2, 163-6, 179, 183, 188, 219; see also French; see also Third Republic Franco, Francisco 7, 131, 134—8, 140, 153 Francoist 152-3 Frankfurt 200 fraternity/—ies 5, 71, 75-7, 81 Freda, Franco 177, 186—7 Free Comradeships (Freie Kameradschaften) 197-200, 206
272 Index Freemasons 134 Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei see Workers’ Freedom Party Freikorps 53, 55, 62-3, 149 Freikorps Havelland 241 French Revolution 21-2, 26, 185 French Section of the Workers’ International (Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière - SFIO) 135 French, 6-7, 9, 56, 61-2, 66n40, 73, 79, 106-7, 115, 118, 122-3, 126n37, 127n47, 127n50, 129-40, 141n5, 144n40, 145n50, 150-1, 162-3, 165-6, 182-3, 219, 221, 259; see ako France; see also Foreign legion, France; see ako New Right, French Friedrich, István 51 Front National 219, 259 Fronte della Gioventù see Youth Front Fuchs, Franz 246 Furlong, Paul 175, 192-3 Fürst, Sándor 58 Galicia, Eastern 99, 101-5, 152 gamification 218 Gdańsk (Danzig) 109 gendarmerie/gendarme(s) 49, 62, 80, 117-18; see ako police gender 184-5, 192n61, 248, 261 Geneva 31, 107, 152 German 4, 8, 10-11, 14n25, 20, 22, 30, 47, 53-4, 56, 60-3, 66n40, 70-1, 73-8, 95n6, 100, 102-5, 108-9, 125n22, 134, 136-^0, 144n41, 151-2, 159-69, 170nl0, 184, 197-202, 206, 208, 209nl, 221, 229, 241-2, 244-6, 252n28, 262 German Action Groups (Deutsche Aktionsgruppen - DA) 167 German Alternative (Deutsche Alternative) 198 German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik — DDR) see Germany, East German Idealism 184 German National People’s Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei) 75 Germany 2, 4—11, 20, 22, 43, 45-6, 56, 60-1, 71-6, 81, 100, 102-5, 107-10, 125nl0, 129-30, 133-4, 136-7, 152, 159-3, 165-9, 170n24, 197-8, 200-1, 208, 215, 221, 229, 232, 241-3, 245-6; East (German Democratic Republic) 162-3; Greater 76, 161; West 197; see ako Nazi
Germany/Nazi regime; see also Weimar Germany/Weimar Republic Gershuni, Grigorii 30 Gertsenshtein, Mikhail see Herzenstein, Mikhail Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) 108-9, 135 global 1-2, 12, 42, 95n9, 159, 166-7, 177, 215, 218, 229, 231-2, 243, 258, 260 Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) 218 Godina, Ante 122 Godina, Stana 122 Goebbels, Joseph 109 Golčův Jenikov 204 Golden Dawn 188, 259 Gömbös, Gyula 46, 50, 56, 61, 64, 66ո40 Gomel 25, 31 Goring, Hermann 108 Göttingen 78 Gramsci, Antonio 179 Graziani, Clemente 177 Great Britain 43, 136, 168 “great replacement” 215, 218, 228, 260; The Great Replacement (online manifesto by Brenton Tarrant) 215—16, 218—19, 221—2, 225, 227—8; Le Grand Replacement (book by Renauld Camus) 219 Greece 177, 188, 223, 263n2 Gringmut, Vladimir 24 Gródek Jagielloński 104 Group Otte 166—7 Group S. 202 Groupement de recherche et d’études pour la civilisation européenne see Research and Study Group for European Civilization) Grzybowski, Wacław 109 Guénon, René 183, 185 Guevara, Ernesto “Che” 199 Gumbel, Emil J. 4 gun 4, 73, 129, 205, 215, 221-2, 228-9, 244; see ако arms; see also firearm(s); see ako pistol(s); see ако weapon(s)/weaponry Habrusevych, Ivan 104 Habsburg 3, 125 Habsburg Empire 3, 125nl0 Halle 1, 169, 215, 229, 231-2 Hamberger, Peter 166 Hamburg 166, 200 Hanau 169, 169nl Hasson, Christopher 221 hegemony/hegemonic 74, 92-3; “cultural” 179, 182, 186 Héjjas, Iván 54—7, 62 Hepp Kexel Group 163 Hepp, Odfried 163
Index Hérard, André 135-6, 143n30 Herzen, Alexander 22 Herzenstein, Mikhail 28 Hesdin 129 Hess, Rudolf 167 Hetényi, Imre 60 Heydrich, Reinhard 135, 143n24 Heymann, Ernst Théodor 137 Hildesheim 229 Himmler, Heinrich 109 Hindenburg, Paul von 104 Hitler, Adolf 56, 59, 61, 63, 104, 108-9, 125nl0, 134-6, 139, 153, 161, 166, 205, 225, 243 Hobbit Camp (Campo Hobbit) 180,182,184 Hochschulring movement (Deutscher Hochschulring) 77 Hoffmann, Karl-Heinz 162 Hołówko, Tadeusz 102 Holy Brotherhood (Sviashchennaia druzhina) 23, 26, 35n35 Horthy, Miklós 45-7, 53-5, 57-64, 76 Hoyerswerda 198 Hrebeljanović, Prince Lazar 222 Hrvatska Obrana Snaga 163 Hrvatsko Zagorje 119 Hungarian National Defense Union (Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet MOVE) 50, 55 Hungarian National Socialist Workers Party (Nemzeti Szocialista Magyar Munkás Párt) 60, 62 Hungary/Hungarian 4-5, 42, 44-51, 53-64, 66ո40, 66ո50, 66ո52, 70-2, 74-6, 91-4, 115-16, 119-24, 125ո10, 126ո31, 127ո51, 151, 188, 223 Hupka Steifen, 199 Iași 74, 79-81 Iberian Peninsula 150 Iceland 223, 261 Identitaires, Les 221 Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (Identitarian Movement Austria - IBÖ) 221-2 identitarian, 219, 221—2, 260 Imperial Russia 91 Imrédy, Béla 59 Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska — NDH) 117; see ako Croatia India 71 individualism 179-80, 185 inequality 1, 160, 248, 250 Innsbruck 78 273 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (V’treshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya — VMRO) 7, 71, 115-16, 118-21, 123-4, 125n20, 126n31, 153 internet 2, 10, 198, 202, 208, 218, 223, 228-9, 232, 249, 259 interwar period 5-9,
14n29, 19, 82, 102, 104, 110, 116, 123, 150, 176, 183-4, 226, 231 lollos, Grigoril 28-30, 32, ЗЗпІО, 38nlll Iorga, Nicolae 79 Iran/Iranian 168, 204, 221 Ireland 71, 166 Irish Republican Army 71 Iron Guard 183 Islamic State 217 Islamist 1, 94n3, 201, 232, 244 Israel 161-2, 204, 243, 254n57 Istinno russkie Hudi see True Russian People Itahan Social Republic (Repubblica di Salò — RSI) 176; see ako Italy/Italian Italian Socialist Movement party (Movimento Sociale Itahano - MSI) 9, 176, 178-9, 183-4, 187, 259 Italy/Italian 6-9, 14n29, 19, 44-7, 59, 61, 108, 115-24, 125nl0, 125n23, 126n31, 126n39, 127n51, 127n55, 129-30, 132, 134-7, 151-3, 160, 174-88, 189nl3, 192n63, 192n69, 224, 247, 254n59, 259; see ako Italian Social Republic Ivanovo-Voznesensk 26 Janov u Litvínov (Litvínov-Janov) 206 Jászi, Oszkár 49 Jeantet, Gabriel 136—8 Jena 74 Jew(s)/Jewish/Jewry 4-5, 20-1, 24, 28, 43, 45-7, 49, 52-9, 61-4, 70-82, 92, 134, 203, 226-7, 229, 241, 253n39; see also anti-Jewish; see ako antisemitism/ antisemitic/antisemites; see ako Catholic, anti-Judaism Jihad/Jihadism/jihadist 11, 159, 217, 219, 222, 225, 242 Jiménez de Asua, Luis 150 Jimenez, Ungria de 137 Jobbik see Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom) Judeo-Bolshevik world conspiracy, behef in 53 Junge Nationaldemokraten 198 Koch party 243 Kalinovsky, Petr 203
274 Index Kállay, Miklós 62 Kameradschaft Tor see Comradeship Tor Kamianets-Podilskyi 62 Karakozov, Dmitrii 22 Károlyi, Gyula 58-9 Károlyi, Mihály 48, 50 Katkov, Mikhail 23 Kaunas 106, 152 Kazan 36n63 Kazantsev, Alexander 29-31 Kerin, Velichko 115, 119-23, 126n31 Kexel, Walter 163 Kharkiv 227 Khartoum 162 kidnapping(s)/kidnapped 6, 52—4, 58, 63, 161, 165, 167 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 119 Kisgazdapárt see Smallholders Party Kishinev (Chișinău) 31 Köhler, Gundolf 162 Konovalets, Yevhen 8, 99-101, 103, 105-8, 110, 152 Kopys 25 Kosovo 222 Kostelec u Křížků 201 Kovács, Alajos 76 Kozma, Miklós 62 Kraków 73, 99, 220 Kralj, Mijo 121—3 Krohot, Josip 119 Krofta, Kamil 106 Krzymowski, Jerzy 100 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 3, 166, 168, 242-3 Kudriková, Natálie 205 Kühnen, Michael 167 Kulikovskii, Petr 27 Kun, Béla 50, 53 Kurz, Sebastian 222 Kutsak, Osyp 105 Kutsak, Roman 105 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido 121-3, 126ո40 Kwiecień, Brunon 220 Kwieciński, Bohdan 108 Kyffhäuser Verband 77 Kyiv 227 La Rocque, François de 133 language(s) 74, 77; Croatian 116; English 229; German 77; French 79, 183; of national liberation 124; of revolution 20, 124; political 22, 32, 221; translation into foreign 183, 227, 259; Ukrainian 227; vulgar 174 Lapshyn, Pavlo 224 Latvia/Latvian 71, 73, 75, 221 Lauck, Garry 166-8 Launitz, Vladimir von der 26 Lausanne 121-2 Le Pen, Marine 219 League of Israelite Women 57 League of Nations 104, 106-7, 112n28, 115-16, 123-4, 136 League of St. George 168 Lebanon 162—3, 168 Lebed, Mykola 109 Lehár, Anton 51, 55 Lemaigre-Dubreuil Jacques, 138 Lenin, Vladimir. See Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich Les
Idées et L’Action 139 Levin, Shlomo 162 LGBT, LGBTIQ 203, 248 liberalism/liberal(s) 3, 5, 7-8, 12, 21, 23-4, 27-30, 52, 54, 57, 61, 71-2, 76-7, 80, 134, 185, 203, 221, 248; see abo anti liberal Lida 71 Lietuvos krikščioniŲ demokraty partija 75 Liga Apărării Național Creștine 75 Lincoln, Abraham 3 Linder, Béla 49 Lipski, Józef 109 Lithuania 8, 75, 100-2, 105-8, ПО, 152-3 Litvínov-Janov see Janov u Litvínov livestream(ing)/livestreamed 1, 11, 159, 215-8, 220, 226, 228-30, 232, 262 Locuty, René 138 London 22, 181, 224 “lone wolf/wolves’71one actor(s) 178, 189nl6, 230-1, 245-7, 249, 262 Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien, J.R.R.) 180-1, 185 Lorković, Blaž 117 Loustanau-Lacau, Georges 138 Ludendorff, Erich 54 Lueger, Karl 19, 76 Lukeš, Jaromír 205-6 Lviv/Lwów 73, 99, 101 Macedonia/Macedonian 118-9, 151 Macedonian National Committee (MNC) 119, 125n23 Macerata 224 Machinskii, V.D. (ahas V. Mech) 19 Madrid 224 Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet (MOVE) see Hungarian National Defense Union Malcoci, Christian 164 male 52, 184-5, 188 Mambro, Francesca 185-6, 192n64
Index 275 Manchester Guardian 73 manifesto 1, 11, 12nl, 24-6, 28, 159, 165, 216, 218-21, 223, 225-30, 245, 262 Manshaus, Philip 228-30 Marcuse, Herbert 184 Marseilles 7, 61-2, 115, 122-3, 127n47, 135, 151 Martel, Charles 222 Martínek, Radek 204 Martov, lulii 24 martyrology/martyrdom/martyr(s) 20, 23, 159, 206, 216, 226 Marxist 43 Masaryk, Tomáš 105 masculinity 175, 188 Mason, James 225 matriarchy 184 Matseyko, Hryhoriy 99, 105, 108 Matuška, Szilveszter 58 Maurassisme 259 Mayreder, Karl 79 McVeigh, Timothy 243 media 29, 74, 95ո9, 122, 126ո37, 132-3, 205, 218, 245; mass 21; social/online 1, 10, 217, 219, 223, 231-2, 259 Mensheviks (Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) 24—5 Meshcherskii, Vladimir 25 Meštrović, Ivan 121 metapolitics 10, 186 Metzger, Tom 168 Michelini, Arturo 176, 184 Middle East 168 migration/migrant(s) 3, 11, 62, 104, 188, 203, 208, 219, 224, 241, 246-7, 262 Mihailoff, Ivan Vancha 115, 118, 121, 123, 125n20, 126n39, 151, 153 Miklos, Andor 57 Milan 177, 180 Miličevič, Vladeta 118, 127n48 militancy 10, 28, 159, 168, 200, 202, 208, 261 militants) 259; activity/action/ demonstrations 24, 186, 200, 207-8; antisemite 72; far-right/fascist 10, 28, 130, 149-50, 153-4, 160-4, 167, 179, 197, 199, 205, 208, 219-20, 223-5, 229; global organization (plan for) 166; left/ socialist 20, 150, 242; organizations 168, 241-2, 247; protests 205 Military Sports Group Hoffmann (Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann - WSG) 162-3 Military Sports Group Hoffmann foreign division (WSG Ausland) 162-3, 166 Military Sports Group Rohwer (Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer), also known as Werewolf
Group Rohwer 167 military: academy 168; activists 104; advisers 53; arms 137; bases/headquarters/camps 51, 54, 59, 119; cemetery 219; command of the/governor/leader 176, 222; conflict/events 42-3; circles 106; coup (d’état)/seizure of power 53, 150; defeat 47, 49, 51; department in government responsible for 46; dictatorship 59; disaster 54; force 28, 45, 53; foreign 160; elite(s) 45-6, 53, 55; French 130, 138, 142n20, 145n50; German 8; hierarchy 162; installations 167; intelligence 103; irregular units 25; leaders 130, 134; milieu 198; officer(s)/captain(s) 60, 1378, 142n20; Polish 106; prisons 52; rank and file 142n20; rebels 153; recruitment 138; regular 53; service 49, 168; support 136; technology 42; terminology 118; training 8, 103, 164, 262; US 163; vehicles 162; wing/branch of a group or an organization 57, 117, 138; see ako paramilitary militia 1, 44-6, 49-50, 52-7, 59-62, 64, 76, 92-3, 151, 162-4, 203 Miliukov, Pavel 28 Minin, Kuz’ma 25 minority 2-4, 46, 48-9, 59, 61-2, 72, 78, 80-1, 93-4, 101-4, 106, 108, 140, 176, 178, 202-3, 205, 219, 221, 226, 243, 247-8, 261 Minsk 25 Mišlov, Josip 121 mob violence 1, 3-5, 12, 49, 52, 72, 91-3 modern: communications technology 260; neo-Nazi ideas 206; history 42, 242; “idolatry” 180; Germany 241; life 9; politics 145n50; terrorism 1, 3, 22, 44, 94, 129, 140, 242, 249; warfare 4; world 175, 181, 183, 185-8 modernism/modernist 4, 180, 185, 188 modernity/modernization 43, 59, 61, 185 Mölln 198 monopoly on (the use oí) violence 20, 29, 93 Montenegro 223 Montesarchio 180 Moravia/Moravian 203, 206—7 Morocco 134 Moscow 22—3, 27-8, 58
Mosley, Oswald 165 mosque, 1, 11, 215-16, 218, 223-4, 227 Moța, Ion 80
276 Index Mouraille, Roger, 135-6, 143ո30 Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR) 129-31, 133-5, 138-40, 144n42, 152 Movement for a Better Hungary jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom) 188 Movimento Sociale Italiano see Italian Socialist Movement party (Movimento Sociale Italiano - MSI) Mukhin, Aleksei 28 Miiller, Ivo 205-6 multiculturalism 223, 258 Munich 56, 161-2, 165, 169nl, 221, 241 Mussolini, Benito 7, 19-20, 119, 131-2, 134-40, 151-3, 176, 183-4 mythology/mythos/myth(s)/mythic(al) 14n24, 25, 152, 175, 181-5, 188, 222, 224 Nagyatádi, István Szabó 53 Narodnaia Voha see People’s Will Národně-sociální blok (National Socialist Block) 200 Národní odpor see National Resistance Narodowa Demokracja see National Democracy Narodowe Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Akademickiej see National Union of Student Youth Narutowicz, Gabriel 4 National Christian Defense League (Liga Apărării Național Creștine) 75 National Counterrorism Center 232 National Democracy (Narodowa Demokracja - ND) 4, 75 National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands ֊ NPD) 198-200, 208 National Front - NF (United Kingdom) 259 National Offensive (Nationale Offensive NO) 164, 202 National Resistance (Nationaler Widerstand) 197-208, 209nl “National Revolution” (“Révolution nationale”), France 134, 139 National Socialism/National Socialist(s) 3, 6, 8-9, 12, 46-7, 58-64, 66n52, 102, 166, 183, 201, 231; see also Nazi(s) National Socialist Block (Národně-sociální blok) 200 National Socialist Combat Group Greater Gennany (Nationalsozialistische Kampfgruppe Großdeutschland - NSKG) 161, 166 National
Socialist Underground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund NSU) 10-11, 160, 199, 241-2, 244-7, 252n28, 252n29, 253n35 National Union of Student Youth (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Akademickiej) 73 National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale, AN) 176-7 Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands NPD see National Democratic Party of Germany Nationale Offensive see National Offensive Nationaler Widerstand see National Resistance Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei/Auslands- und Aufbauorganisation — NSDAP/AO 163-8 Nationalsozialistische Kampfgruppe Großdeutschland ֊ NSKG see National Socialist Combat Group Greater Germany Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund see National Socialist Unterground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund NSU) nativismi 1, 3, 160, 248 Nazi Germany/Nazi regime 5, 7, 9, 14, 46, 59—60, 66, 84, 109, 152—3; see ako Germany Nazi(s) 14n29, 46-7 56, 59, 61, 63, 66n40, 66n52, 130, 137-8, 162, 166-7, 198, 200, 205, 225, 231; see ako National Socialism/National Socialist Nazism 153, 160, 181, 200-1 Nechaev, Sergei 26, 35ո32 Nederlandse Volks-Unie see Netherlands Peoples’ Union Nemzeti Szocialista Magyar Munkás Párt see Hungarian National Socialist Workers Party neo-Nazism/neo-Nazi(s) 160-7, 169, 188, 197-202, 205-6, 208, 223, 241, 243-4, 246, 248, 259, 262 Netherlands 164, 167 Netherlands Peoples’ Union (Nederlandse Volks-Unie - NVU) 164 Neudorfer, Mirko 119—20 New Order (Ordine Nuovo - ON) 9, 176 New Right 178, 186; French (Nouvelle Droite) 9, 179-80, 183, 186, 188, 259; Itähän, 9, 180, 182, 191ո40, 193ո82 New South Wales 229 New York 107, 181
Index New Zealand 11, 169nl, 215, 217-18, 221, 223, 232 newspaper 22, 25-30, Збпбі, 50, 57, 60-1, 71, 77, 79-80, 95ո9, 116, 121, 168 Nezavisna Država Hrvatska see Independent State of Croatia Nicholas II 25, ЗО Nicopohs 222 Niewiadoms, Eligiusz 4 non-governmental 2, 21, 26 Nordic Resistance Movement 261 North Rhine-Westphalia 161 Northern League 260 Norway 169nl, 215, 228, 261 Nouvelle Droite see New Right, French Novi Sad (Újvidék) 62 NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)/Nazi party 75, 152 Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari - NAR see Armed Revolutionary Nuclei numerus clausus 53, 71, 74-6, 78 Nuremberg 138, 152 Oberwart 246 Obilie, Miloš 222 Obshchestvo narodnoi raspravy see People’s Reprisal Society Occorsio, Vittorio 174, 177 Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany see Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party Ohio 229 Okhotnyi Ryad (Moscow) 22 Oklahoma City 243 Oktoberfest bombing 162 Olomouc 206 online 1, 11-2, 159, 168-9, 216, 222, 224-32, 249, 262 online media see media, social/online Ordine Nuovo — ON see New Order Oreb, Petar, 120-1, 126n27 Organisation armée secrète see Secret Anny Organization Organisation Consul 4, 7, 56, 73 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN) 6, 8-9, 99-113, 115,119, 124,152 Orlová 202-4 Orsha 25 Osborne, Darren 224 Oslo 1, 220, 228, 249 Ostenburg Battalion 52—5 Ostrava 202, 206 Otte, Paul 166—7 paganism 184 Pakistan 223 277 Palestine 10 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 161-2, 168 pan-Europeanism/pan-European 75, 160, 165, 179, 183, 188, 19Խ40, 221 paramilitary/ies 4, 25-6, 44-7, 51-5, 60, 62-4, 70, 73, 75, 93-4, 117, 149-50,
153, 165, 190n27, 201, 223 Parco Lambro 180, 190ռ29 Paris 29, 107, 122, 129, 135, 137-8, 163, 166, 179, 259 Parma 229 Party of the Defenders of the Race (Magyar Fajvédő Párt - MFVP) 56 Passau 198 Patriotic Republican Party (Vlastenecká republikánská strana) 200 Pavelič, Ante 117-19, 121-3, 125nl2, 125ո23, 126ո31, 126ո39, 127ո44, 127ո55, 153 People’s Liberation Front Germany (Volksbe eiungs-Front Deutschland VFD) 162 People’s Reprisal Society (Obshchestvo narodnoi raspravy) 26 People’s Will (Narodnaia Volia) 23, 25, 34n30, 36n50 performative 2, 91 Pétain, Maréchal Philippe 133-4, 138-9, 142n20 Pettersson, Anton Lundin 224 Pieracki, Bronislaw 7-8, 99-100, 102, 104-5, 108-10, 152-3 Piłsudski, Józef 102 Pinsk 25 pistol(s) 72-3, 81, 92, 121-2, 203, 244; see also arms; see also firearm(s); see also guns; see also weapon(s)/weaponry Pittsburgh 1, 227 Platonov, Oleg 37n88 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 23 Poděbrady 105 Poeschke, Frieda 162 Pogány, József 50 pogrom(s) 3, 5, 19, 25-6, 31, 47, 49, 52-4, 62-4, 77, 91-3, 149, 249 Pohl, Willi 161 Poland/Polish 4-5, 7-9, 23, 42, 54, 71, 73-5, 99-6, 108-10, 112n28, 152, 208, 220-3; see aho Second Polish Republic police 11, 23, 25-6, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 60, 77, 79-81, 99-100, 108, 118, 122-3, 127n47, 129, 131, 133, 136-7, 165-6, 189nl3, 198, 200-1, 203-5, 207, 216, 220-2, 228-30, 241-2, 246-7, 253n39;
278 Index force 49, 53-4; headquarters/stations 51, 59, 99; investigators 245; “terror”/ “terrorism” 20, 26-7, 31; officer(s)/chief (s)/prefect(s)/official(s) 49, 61, 81, 105, 121, 161, 199, 242, 248, 252n28, 262; political 29, 59; provocation 66n52; report 79; secret 74; surveillance 59; see ako gendarmerie/gendarme (s) policeman/-men, 6, 47, 51, 54, 120 politician (s): as targets of right-wing terrorism 4, 28-9, 45, 57-8, 92, 102, 152, 165, 221; as recipents of terrorist manifestos 218; democratic/elected/ liberal/conservative/legitimist (Hungary)/ pacifist/socialist 29, 49, 53, 55, 71, 130, 133; right-wing/antisemitic/far-right 25, 76, 79, 161; French 138; German 103; in Yugoslavia 117 Popular Front (Front populaire), France 130, 136, 140, 142n20 popuhsm/popuhst 9, 19, 32, 33n4, 176, 183, 206 Pospisil, Zvonko 121-3 post-war 2, 42-4, 56, 63, 70, 76, 82, 137, 144n40, 175-6, 179, 182, 185, 187, 259, 262 post-World War II 2, 161, 167 Potocki, Feliks Kazimierz 222 Potsdam 253n39 Pound, Ezra 180 Poway (California) 1, 169nl, 215, 227, 231 Pozharskii, Dimitrii 25 Prague 74, 99, 104-6, 108-10, 152, 200, 202—4 pre-war 47, 50, 132-3, 136, 139-40 professors) 71-2, 74-6, 78-9, 179, 220 Prohászka, Ottokár 76 Prokopovich, Theophan 36n49 Prónay, Pál 52-6, 59 propaganda 3, 42, 105, 119, 122, 125n23, 130, 132, 149-50, 166-7, 170n24, 177, 200, 208, 223, 245 Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party (Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany) 201, 204 protest(s) 44, 77, 79-80, 92, 201; antisemitic 73; counter- 203; cycle of 74—5, 94; groups 44-7, 55-6, 59, 64, 93; marches 200, 203; mass 249; militant
205; movement 179, 181; petitions of 104, 112n28; repertoires of 262; student 73—1, 79-80, 179, 181, 185; violent 9, 79, 177 protester 44, 47, 78, 203 psychologic (al) 2, 6, 12, 42—3, 133, 176, 226, 245 publication^) 7, 23, 60, 91, 117-18, 121. 162-3, 197, 227 Purickis, Juoazas 106 Quebec 224 racism/racist 1, 14n29, 134, 143n24, 166, 179, 188, 202, 205, 216, 218, 224-6, 241, 243-4, 246-8 radicalism 3, 47, 92, 206 railroads/rail traific/railway 2, 51, 104, 118, 247 Rajié, Ivan 121-3 rally/-ies 5, 73, 81, 160, 168-9, 219, 259-60 Rassay, Károly 57 Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté see European Rally for Liberty Rathenau, Walther 4, 56, 81 Rauti, Pino 176-7, 179, 182-4, 187, 193ո82 Red Army 50, 58, 63 Red Army Faction see Rote Armee Fraktion Red Cross 135 Red Terror 21-2, 31, 51-2, 63 Reichswehr 102—4 “repertoire(s) of violence”/repertoires of terrorism/violent repertoire/terrorist repertoires 1, 3-5, 12, 70-2, 77, 81, 93, 209 Repubblica di Salò see Italian Socialist Republic Research and Study Group for European Civilization (Groupement de recherche et d’études pour la civilisation européenne) 183 Rev’yuk, Osyp 106-7, 110 Revehi, Marco 175 Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (Evola, Julius) 182, 185-6 riot(s)/rioter(s) 21, 47-9, 51, 70-1, 73, 76, 79, 81, 133, 150, 198, 203-4, 206, 208, 249, 261 Robespierre, Maximilien 21, 23 Roeder, Manfred 167-8 Rokycany 202 Romania/Romanian 5, 47, 51, 56, 58, 60, 62, 71, 73-5, 79-82, 91, 93-4, 101-2, 108, 152, 164, 183, 228, 259 Rome 61, 108, 119, 121, 174, 177, 183, 188 Roof, Dylann 220, 225, 237n70
Rosselli, Carlo 137 Rosselli, Nello 137
Index 279 Rostock 198, 250ոՅ Rote Annee Fraktion (Red Anny Faction RAF) 242, 244 Rotherham 224 Russia/Russian 2—4, 10, 19—24, 26—32, 33n4, 33n6, 42-3, 48, 71, 91-4, 95n9, 105, 164-5, 220-1, 224, 227-8, 260 Russian Gathering (Russkoe sobranie) 23-24 Russian Imperial Movement (Russkoe imperskoe dvizhenie - RID) 165, 260 Russian Monarchist Party 24 Russkoe sobranie see Russian Gathering SA (Sturmabteilung) 6 Saint Petersburg 22—3, 26-7 Saint Vitus Dance 26 Saliai, Imre 58 San Sebastian 135-6, 141n5 Sanremo 135, 137, 153 Sarajevo 115 Saudi Arabia 162 Scheidemann, Philipp 56 Schmitt, Carl 183, 259 Schoeps, Julius H. 253n39 Scholz, Christian 164 Schönerer, Georg von 76 Schueller, Eugene 138 Schutzstaffel (SS) 62, 161, 165, 185; see ako SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfuhrers SS - SD) Second Polish Republic 4—5, 101—2, 104, 106; see ako Poland/Polish Second World War 2, 9, 14n29, 20, 42-3, 58, 71, 91, 101, 110, 130, 135, 143n33, 152, 159-61, 165-8, 182, 188 Secret Army Organization (Organisation armée secrète - OAS) 165, 179 secret service 29, 160, 177, 192n63, 227 security agency 123, 135, 198 security apparatus 9-10, 32, 99, 175-9, 187, 200 Selbstschutzverbände (SSV) 74—5, 78, 84 Sellner, Martin 221-2 Senyk, Omelyan 8, 99—103, 106-7, 109—10 separatist 124, 159 Seraing 126n34 Serbia 71, 116, 120, 125n6, 222-3 Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke of Russia 27 Serno-Solov’evich, Nikolai A. 21 Serre, Charles 139 Servatzy, Vjekoslav 121, 126n31 sex/sexuality 50, 52, 184-5, 188, 224, 248, 261 Shcherbatov Alexander 35n35 Sheremet’ev, Ivan 24 Sheremet’ev, Petr 24 Shklov 25
shooting(s) 1-2, 4, 28, 81, 99, 120-1, 165, 169nl, 174, 205, 207, 216-8, 220, 224, 228, 230, 245, 262; see ako bombing(s) Shuvalov, Count 27 Sigismund of Luxembourg 222 Silesia 102, 202-3 Simeone, Generoso 180-1, 184 Sipiagin, Dmitrii 37n80 Skoropads’kyy, Pavlo 104 Šluknovsko (region) 206 Smallholders’ Party (Kisgazdapárt) 47-8 sodai media see media, social socialism/socialist 3—4, 6, 9, 19—22, 24, 26-7, 30-1, 42, 54, 76, 78-9, 116, 133, 139, 149-50, 152, 177-8, 181, 208 Socialist Revolutionary Party (Partha sotsialistov revoliutsionerov, Russia) 20, 25-31, 33nll, 35n46, 36n52, 37n80 Socialist-Revolutionaries 25-8, 30-1, 33nll, 35n46, 36n52, 37n80 Society for Active Struggle against Revolution and Anarchy (Obshchestvo aktivnoi borhy s revoliutsiei i anarkhiei) 26 Sofia 119, 127n50 Sofia Declaration (Sofijska deklaracija) 119 Soiuz russkikh Hudei see Union of the Russian People (Soiuz russkikh Hudei) Soiuz russkogo naroda see Union of the Russian People (Soiuz russkogo naroda) soldier 4, 43, 47-8, 50-1, 62, 73, 80, 138, 167, 224, 262 Solingen 198 Somogyi, Béla 54 Sonboly, David 221 Sopron 55 Soslan, David 222 Sotelo, José Calvo 150-1 South Carolina 220 South Tyrol 10, 160-1, 163, 165 Soviet Red Army 58, 63 Soviet Union 42-3, 101, 136, 152 space 1, 13n4, 21, 74, 80, 104, 149-50, 152-4, 260, 262 Spain/Spanish 7-8, 19, 33n6, 129-30, 132, 134-8, 140, 141n5, 150-3, 165-6, 177, 236, 259, 263 Spanish Civil War 135-6, 138, 150, 152-3 spatiality/spatial 51, 149—52, 154 Spengler, Oswald 180, 183, 259 split delegitimization 43, 45, 47, 57, 61-2, 64, 91, 175, 243
280 Index Sprinzak, Ehud 2, 21, 44-6, 54-7, 64, 70, 72, 82, 91, 175, 178, 189ո5, 243 Squadre di Azione Mussolini 176 squadri (also squadristi/squadristi) 6, 63, 149 SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfiihrers SS - SD) 160 SS see Schutzstaffel (SS); see also SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfiihrers SS — SD) Stalinist terror 43, 58 Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger von 222 Stasi (Ministerium fiir Staatssicherheit, Ministry of State Security, GDR) 162-3 state terror 4, 27, 94n3 Stockholm 219 Stolypin, Petr 29 Stoph, Willi 165 strategic(ally) 9-12, 42, 93, 133, 159, 164, 166, 198, 201, 204, 208, 231, 245, 248, 250, 261 strategy/-ies 3-5, 9-10, 32, 53, 93, 95n6, 116, 130, 132-4, 150, 175-9, 187, 189nl5, 197-8, 203, 208, 245-6, 259 Straullu, Francesco 186 street violence 2, 22, 74, 91, 261 strike(s) 5, 24, 48, 71, 73, 81, 132, 226 Stsiborskyi, Mykola 106 student 5, 22, 51-3, 55, 58, 70-82, 92-4, 179, 181, 185, 224 Sturmabteilung (SA) 6 subculture(s)/subcultural 159—60, 168, 198-200, 222 superiority 32, 184-5 Sushko, Roman 107 Sviashchennaia druzhina see Holy Brotherhood Svoboda, Jindřich 207 swastika 60, 74 Sweden/Swedish 161, 219, 224, 261 Switzerland 49, 121-2, 134, 151-2, 164, 167-8, 259 Sýkora, Michal 202-3 symbolic: targets/victims 11-12, 92, 248—50; (acts of) violence/attacks 71, 92, 245-6 synagogue 1, 60, 73, 129, 135, 169nl, 228-9 Szabó, Dezső 61 Szálast, Ferenc 60, 62—3 Szczecin 221 Sztójay (Stojakovics), Döme 62 tactic(s) 1, 3, 20, 46, 130, 132, 134-5, 139-40, 149, 164, 177, 179, 187, 225, 244, 259 tactically) 9, 20, 45, 105, 131, 133, 135, 159,
164, 166, 206, 220, 232, 248, 262 Taittinger, Pierre 138 Tambov 24 Tambroni, Fernando 176 Tarchi, Marco 175, 179-82, 184, 259 Tarrant, Brenton 11, 215-30, 232, 233n6, 249, 262 Tedeschi, Mario 176 teenager 1, 220 Telegram 225—8, 231-2 Teleki, Pál 54-5, 60, 76 Terioki 28 Terza Posizione see Third Position Těšín see Cieszyn Těšínsko see Zaolzie Texas 215, 228 Third Position (Terza Posizione - TP) 178, 182 Third Republic (Troisième République), France 129-30, 132-4, 138-9, 145ո50, 150; see ako France Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 71 Tolkien, J.R.R. 9, 175, 180-2, 184-5, 187-8, 191n42, 192n61 totalitarianism 44, 59, 63 Totu, Nicolae 81 Toulouse 137 Tours 222 Toussus-le-Noble 137, 144n37 traditionalism/traditionalist 179, 182-5, 188 Traini, Luca 224 transatlantic 160, 165-6 Transdanubia 51 Trepov, Fedor 22, 35n44 Trianon 47 tribalism 187, 193n84 Trollhättan 224 Trotsky, Leon 71 True Russian people (istinno russkie hudi) 24 Trump, Donald 188, 228 tsarism 22, 28—9 Tūbelis, Juozas 107 Tunisia 163 Turgut, Mehmet 250n3 Turkey 223 Tusk, Donald 220 Tyler, Bonnie 226 Uhl, Klaus-Ludwig 165-6 Újvidék 62 Ukraine 10, 14n24, 47, 62, 101, 105, 164, 208, 223 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 104
Index Ukrainian Military Organization (Ukrains’ka Viyskova Organizatsiya - UMO/UVO) 8, 101, 103, 105-6 Ukrainian Military Scientific Society 105 Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance 104 Ukrainian Scientific Institute (Ukrainisches Wissenschaftliches Institut) 104 Ukrainian Security Service 227 Ulain, Ferenc 56 ultranationalism/ultranationahst 3, 79, 81 Union of Russian People (Soiuz Russkogo Naroda) 19, 24, 28-32, 33n4 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soiuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik ֊ USSR) 103 Union of the Russian People (Soiuz Russkikh Liudei) 24, 35n35 United Kingdom 171n36, 181, 223-4; see abo Great Britain United Patriots Front (UPF) 222 United States of America (USA) 3, 10, 100, 103, 105, 107-8, 127n50, 152, 162-8, 181, 188, 217, 221, 232, 258, 261; see also America/American^) university 52, 58, 70-82 uprising 44, 46-7, 55, 80, 102, 119, 125nl3 USA see United States of America USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soiuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik — USSR) Ustaša military camps 119 Ustaša see Croatian Revolutionary Organization Ustaša ustashism/ustashist 115, 124, 150 Utoya 1, 220 V’treshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya see Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Vaculík, David 205-6 vandalism 71-3, 79, 81, 91 Vandas, Tomáš 207 Vannay, László 59 Vaps Movement (Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit) 75 Venezuela 136 Ventura, Giovanni 177 Versailles 75, 122 veteran 46—7, 50, 57, 59, 61—2, 64, 78, 133, 198, 225 Vichy 140 victim(s) 1-2, 28-9, 32, 51-2, 66n40, 72, 81-2, 118, 120, 123, 169, 174, 202, 205, 215, 218, 241,
246, 250, 252n28, 258, 260-1; see abo symbolic, targets/victims 281 video 159, 217-20, 226, 229-30, 232 Vienna 54, 58, 77-9, 106, 122, 162, 222-3 Vietnam 181 vigilante violence 72 vigilantism/vigilante (s) /vigilant 1, 5, 12, 21,27, 72, 74, 107, 203, 261 Viking Youth (Wiking-Jugend) 163, 198 Vilnius 102 Vinciguerra, Vincenzo 177 Violet, Jacques 138 viral 215, 217-18, 230 Virginia 219 visual 217, 223-4 Vlastenecká republikánská strana see Patriotic Republican Party völkisch 3, 5, 76-7 Volksbefreiungs-Front Deutschland see People’s Liberation Front Germany Voluntary People’s Defense 23 Vorms, Nikolai 22 Wagner, Richard 77 Warsaw 73, 99, 106, 109, 152, 221 wave of terrorism/violence 12n2, 47, 70-1, 74, 133, 159, 163, 216, 225, 232, 242-3 weapon(s)/weaponry 7-8, 10, 20, 23, 26, 30, 32, 70, 91-2, 103, 117, 122, 125n43, 129, 131, 134-7, 140, 152-3, 162-3, 164-7, 202, 219, 221-4, 227, 230, 246, 249-50, 261-2; see abo arms; see abo firearm(s) see abo guns; see abo pistols Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann see Military Sports Group Hoffmann (Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann — WSG) Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer see Military Sports Group Rohwer (Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer) Weimar Germany/Weimar Republic Weimar 8, 13nl3, 94n5, 95n8, 153; see abo Germany West Midlands 224 Western Europe/Western European 1-3, 9-11, 19, 22, 107, 197, 200, 208, 247 White Banner 26 White Redistribution 26 white/White: as name for a faction in the Hungarian Civil War 51-2; as political color 21, 26; as ethnic attribution 219-20, 223, 226; banners and bows 26; cockade (Bourbon dynastic color) 21; Commonwealth 259; “country” 202;
“genocide” 226—7, 260; “homeland” 215; lands (owned by the church and nobility in pre-Petrine Russia) 24; “nationalism” 201; power, 200, 246, 259;
282 Index “race” 11, 218, 222; “racial decline” 219; “racial extinction” 215; suppremacist 168, 221, 226, 232, 242-3; “survival” 226; “terror” 20-3, 27-8, 31; Terror (Hungary) 44, 51-2, 75; Terror (title of a series of articles) 22 “whites” 207; see abo “anti-whites” Wielkopolska 102 Wiking-Jugend see Viking Youth Wisconsin 166 Witte, Sergei 26, 28 women 47-8, 51-2, 120, 122, 140, 177, 184-5, 188, 192n63, 201, 215-7 Work Battalion from the Hungarian Plain (Alföldi Brigád) 57 Workers’ Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) 198 Workers’ Party (Dělnická strana — DS) 201, 203, 205-6, 208; see ako Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party (Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany) Workers’ Party of Social Justice (Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti - DSSS) 201, 203, 205-8 Workers’ Youth (Dělnická mládež) 201, 205 World War I see First World War World War II see Second World War worshipper 1, 224, 227—9 xenophobia 248 Yalta 25 Yary, Riko 103, 108 Yockey, Francis Parker 171n36 young(er) 54; generation (of extremists) 9, 59, 175, 179, 182-4, 191n42; persons 54, 70, 73-4, 103, 117, 122, 135, 140, 174-5, 178-80, 182, 185-8, 202, 231 Youth Front (Fronte della Gioventù — FdG) 179-81 Youth National Democrats (Junge Nationaldemokraten) 198, 200 YouTube 218, 220; see also Facebook; see ako Telegram Yugoslav United Militant Labor Organization (Zdražena borbena organizacija rada — ZBOR) 116—17 Yugoslavia 7, 9-10, 58, 115-20, 124, 125nl0, 151, 164, 223, 262 Zagreb 117-18, 120-2 Zaolzie (Těšínsko) 102 Zasulich, Vera 22 Zaunius, Dovas 107-8, 110 Zdražena borbena organizacija rada (ZBOR)
see Yugoslav United Militant Labor Organization Zemun 118 Zlatar 119 Zolla, Elemire 181, 185, 19Խ37, 19Խ42 Zündel, Ernst 164, 170n24 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek Wachen |
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CONTENTS viii x Acknowledgements List of contributors 1 Right-wing terrorism in historical perspective: An introduction Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin 1 SECTION 1 In search of origins: Right-wing terror(ism) in an era of war and revolution 2 Terrorist entanglements: Socialist perspectives on state and right-wing violence in the late Russian Empire Vitālij Fastovskij 3 Oppression, terror, and “split delegitimization”: The troubled relationship between the conservative authoritarian state and its right-wing critics in Hungary between 1919 and 1945 Béla Bodo 17 19 42 4 Terror and antisemitic student violence in East-Central Europe, 1919-1923 Roland Clark 70 5 Section commentary: Right-wing extremism, the question of power, and multiple entanglements Felicitas Fischer von Weikersthal 91
vi Contents SECTION 2 Right-wing terrorism and fascism 6 Did the Polish Minister of the Interior have to be killed? The activities of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in the 1930s Magdalena Gibiec 7 Marseilles 1934: The death of the King Mario Jareb 97 99 115 8 Trading in arms, trading in terror: The Cagoule and right-wing terrorism in France Gayle K. Brunelle and Annette Finley-Croswhite 129 9 Section commentary: The transnational space of fascism and terrorism Angel Alcalde 149 SECTION 3 Recent trends in right-wing terrorism: Eastern and Western Europe 157 10 “Giocai militancy”? Transnational links of German far-right terrorism Daniel Koehler 159 11 “Of hobbits and tigers”: Right-wing extremism and terrorism in Italy since the mid-1970s Tobias Hof 174 12 Transnational violence and the German connection: National resistance and autonomous nationalists in the Czech Republic Ina Fujdiak and Miroslav Mares 197 13 “Praise the saints”: The cumulative momentum of transnational extreme-right terrorism Graham Macklin 215 14 Identifying extreme-right terrorism: Concepts and misconceptions Gideon Botsch 241
Contents vii 15 Section commentary: Researching transnational right-wi terrorism: challenges and trajectories Fabian Virchow 258 Index 267
A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism offers new insights into the history of right-wing extremism and violence in Europe, East and West, from 1900 until the present day. It is the first book to take such a broad historical approach to the topic. The book explores the transnational dimension of right-wing terrorism; networks of right-wing extremists across borders, including in exile; the trading of arms; the connection between right-wing terrorism and other forms of far-right political violence; as well as the role of supportive elements among fellow travelers, the state security apparatus, and political elites. It also examines various forms of organizational and ideological interconnectedness and what inspires right-wing terrorism. In addition to several empirical chapters on prewar extreme-right political violence, the book features extensive coverage of postwar right-wing terrorism including the recent resurgence in attacks. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of right-wing extremism, fascism, Nazism, terrorism, and political violence.
INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to endnotes. 4chan 224 8chan 216, 224-8, 231 Aachen 21 Abramowski, Wolfgang 161 Abwehr 103, 108 Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes see Defense Union of National Resistance (Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes) Action Prançaise 129 Adriatic, Eastern 116 Aix-en-Provence 122 Åkkerlund, Ebba 219 Albania 58 Albrecht, Udo 162 Alexander I Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia 7, 61, 115-17, 119-24, 151 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia 23, 25, T1 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia 23 Alföldi Brigád 57 Alliance of Awakened Hungarians (Ébredő Magyarok Egyesülete - EME) 53, 56-7, 64 Almirante, Giorgio 184 Althans, Bénid Ewald 163—4 alt-right 201, 219 Amato, Mario 174, 176, 186 America/American(s) 177, 181, 188, 204, 215, 225, 258; African- 220; North 168, 218, 227, 243; South 136, 168; see aho United States of America (USA) ammunition 105, 129, 136, 221, 224, 227-8 anti-capitalist 163, 179; see also capitalism/ capitalist anti-communism/anti-communist 7-9, 130-1, 135—6, 152; see also communism/ communist anti-democratic 91, 133, 248; see aho democracy/democrat(s)/democratic(ally) Antifa 202-3, 244, 252n27 anrifascist/anti-fascist/antifascists 137, 176, 224, 243, 248, 252n28 anti-feminist 248 anti-Jewish 3, 25, 62; see ako antisemitism/ antisemitic/antisemite(s); see ako Catholic, anti-Judaism anti-liberalism/anti-liberal 4-5, 8, 23,91, 150, 152, 179, 188; see ako liberalism/liberal(s) anti-modernism/anti-modernist 180, 185, 188; see ako modernism/modemist “anti-whites” 229; see ako white/White antiparliamentarian 139
anrisermrism/antisemitic/antisemites 1, 3-5, 7-8, 19-20, 23, 25, 32, 33n4, 43, 47, 53, 62-4, 70-82, 93-4, 130-1, 135, 149, 152, 204, 226, 248, 253n39, 254n57; see ako anti-Jewish Antwerp 165-6 Argentina 105, 108, 113n56, 223 Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari - NAR) 174, 178, 182, 185, 189nl5
268 Index arms 105, 129, 134, 136-7, 140, 186, 246; caches 56; call to 27, 219; comrades-in56; dealer(s) 134, 138; force of 149; manufacturer 137; purchase of 137; smuggling 130; trade routes of 2; see also firearms; see ako guns; see ako pistols; see ako weapon(s)/weaponry Arps, Philip 218 Arrow Cross movement (Nyilaskeresztes Párt - Hungarista Mozgalom) 5, 60-4 “Aryan” 77, 226 Asian 226 Asociației Studenților Creștine 79 assassination(s): as a message 22, 31; as a type of political violence 2, 4-5, 29, 43, 53, 64, 72, 81, 149, 245; attempts 22-3, 53, 56, 93, 120, 150; committed by a government 60, 62; committed by left wing or anarchist groups or individuals 20, 22, 25, 27, 33n6, 36n50, 36n52, 37n80; committed by the right-wing, irredentist or separatist groups or individuals 3-7, 28, 33nl0, 61, 99-100, 108-10, 118-20, 121-4, 126n39, 127n55, 130-1, 137, 151-2, 162, 174, 186, 241, 244; public discourse on 30, 119, 124; of Abraham Lincoln 3; of Alexander I Karađorđević 7, 61-2, 115-6, 118-19, 121-4, 126n39, 127n55, 151; of Alexander II 19, 23, 25, 27; of Bronislaw Pieracki 7-8, 99-100, 108—10, 152; of Carlo Rosselli 137; of Corneliu Codreanu 60, 62; of Count Shuvalov 27; of Dmitrii Sipiagin 37n80; of Eduardo Dato 33n6; of Francesco Straullu 186; of Frieda Poeschke 162; of Grigori lollos 33nl0; of Jean Louis Barthou 61; of Matthias Erzberger 4; of Mario Amato 174; of Mirko Neudorfer 119; of Nello Rosselli 137; of Marx Dormoy 7, 136; of Shlomo Levin 162; of Walther Rathenau 4, 81; of (other) representatives of a state or politicians 4, 58; plans for 45-6, 61-2, 100, 121,
124, 165; reaction to 27; rumors about 22; scandals surrounding 30 Asua, Luis Jimenez de 150 Atomwaffen Division 225, 262 audience 1-2, 23, 62, 152, 159, 168-9, 184, 200, 216-7, 229-30, 232, 246-7, 250, 260-2 Auslands- und Aufbauorganisation 166 Australasia 215, 224 Austria/Austrian(s) 4—5, 10, 53, 55-6, 58, 71, 73, 75-7, 79, 81, 91, 94, 109, 118, 160-2, 165, 168, 201, 221, 223, 246 Auswärtiges Amt see Foreign Office, Germany (Auswärtiges Amt - AA) authoritarianism) 1-3, 5, 8-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 51, 57-9, 61, 63-4, 91, 110, 115-16, 123-4, 130-4, 137, 150-1 153, 160, 177, 248 Autonomous Nationalists (Autonome Nationalisten) 197, 199-203, 205-6, 208 Avanguardia Nazionale see National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale — AN) Axis (powers in World War II) 9, 134, 136 Azov Battalion 164, 260 Bacsó, Béla 54 Bæarum 215 Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre 61 Baku 31 Baky, Lázló 62 Baldoni 175 Balhét, Stephan 229 Baltic States/Baltics 75, 223 Bandera, Stepan 99 Banka 119 Bannon, Steve 188 Barcelona 135 Barcelona Red Cross 135 Bartavichus, Yonas 106 Bartha, Albert 49—50 Barthou, Louis 61, 123, 126n37 Bavaria/Bavarian 161, 241 Behrendt, Uwe 162 Beirut 161 Belgium 134, 137, 152, 167 Belgrade 117-8, 120, 126n28, 126n37, 127n50 Beneš, Edvard 105-6, 109 Benoist, Alain de 183 Berdychiv 26 Bergesen, Albert 72 Berinkey, Dénes 50 Berlin 73-4, 103, 108, 135, 199; East 163 Bernolák, Nándor 76 Bethlen government 46, 55-7 Bethlen, István 46, 55, 58, 63 Białystok 26 Biatorbánya 58 Bircza 105 Bissonette, Alexandre 224 Black Blocks 200-1 Black Hand 71, 74 Black Hundred(s) (chemaia sotnia) 19—21, 23-6, 29-31, 33n4,
33n6, 35n35, 92 Black Redistribution 26 Black September 161-2 Black Sun (Schwarze Sonne) 223
Index black: as political color 26, 31; as ethnic attribution 202; “terror” 20, 29, 31; lands (owned by the pre-Petrine Russian state) 24; -shirted 149; see ako white/White blackmailing 54—7, 63 Blomberg, Werner von ИЗпбО Blood Honour 160, 260; Division Bohemia 200 Blood Alliance of the Double Cross (Kettőskereszt Vérszövetség — KKV) 56 Blum, Léon 130, 136-7 Bohemia Hammerskins 202 Bohemia/Bohemian 204, 207; Northern 204, 206-7 Bologna 178, 247 Bolshevik Revolution 42, 48 Bolsheviks (Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) 25, 43 bomb(s) 26, 30, 57, 72-3, 81, 92, 117-8, 120, 138, 241, 246; assault(s)/attack(s) 1, 60, 149, 161, 163, 166-7, 177, 220, 245-6; components 220, 229; factory 99; see ako arms; see ako firearm(s); see ako guns; see ako pistol(s); see ako weapon(s)/ weaponry bombing(s) 2, 5, 10, 60, 64, 66n52, 129, 162, 166, 169nl, 178, 189nl5, 224, 243; see ako shooting(s) Booth, John Wilkes 3 Bortoluzzi, Mario 182, 191n42 Bosnia-Herzogovina 223 Böszörmény, Zoltan 60 Bowers, Robert 226-7 Boykiv, Oleksandr 105, 107 Brandenburg 241 Brandt, Willy 165 Brasillach, Robert 180, 182 Breivik, Anders Behring 1, 169nl, 215, 220-1, 230-1, 249 Breslau 73 British National Party 168 British Union of Fascists 150 Brno 200, 202-3 Brož, Miroslav 207 Brundtland, Gro Harlem 220 Bruntál 206 Bruntálsko (region) 206 Brussels 165 Bucharest 79-80 Budapest 46, 48-52, 54-7, 63, 72, 120 Buddhism 184 Buenos Aires 127n44 Bulgaria 58, 71, 118-20, 151, 223 Bulygin Aleksandr 24 Bund Heimattreuer Jugend 163 269 Burgenland 54, 56 Burger, Norbert 161, 165, 170nl0 Cakl, Ondrej 202 Camorra
of People’s Reprisal 26 Campo Hobbit 180, 182, 184, 193n82 Camus, Renaud 219 Canada 14n24, 100, 107, 152, 164, 224 capitalism/capitalist, 42, 48, 181-2; see ako anti-capitalist Carpatho-Ukraine 62 Catholic 99, 181; anti-Judaism 76; Church 48, 53, 59, 99; Church, Ukrainian Greek 104; fraternities 76; Theology 76; see ako Christian/Christianity; see ako fratemity/-ies Cavalli, Gilberto 174 Cegléd 57 Cernăuți 79, 81 České Budějovice 202, 204, 206 Charleston 220, 225 Charlottesville 219 Chautemps, Camille 137 Cheb 203 Chernov, Viktor 32 Chiare, Stefano Delle 176—7 child/children 47-8, 120, 177, 215-7, 219-21, 223-4, 230 Chișinău see Kishinev Chomutov 203 Christchurch 1, 11, 169nl, 215-16, 218, 221, 223, 225-9, 231-2, 249 Christian Democratic Party (Italy) 176, 178 Christian Democrats (Lietuvos krikščioniv demokratņ partija) 75 Christian Student Association (Asociației Studenților Creștine) 79 Christian/Christianity 73, 188, 222; see ako Cathohe Ciano, Gian Galeazzo 126n39, 137 Ciavardini, Luigi 174 Cieszyn (Těšín) 102 civil war(s) 138, 217, 249, 262; Hungarian 42, 46—7, 50, 52; Itähän 176, 183; right-wing veterans of 57; Russian 26, 43; Spanish 135-6, 138, 150, 152-3; Ukrainian 164; Yugoslavian 223 clandestine violence 6, 92-4, 95nl3 clandestinely) 2, 6-7, 12, 45, 92—3, 110, 122, 124, 129, 131, 149, 160, 167-8, 176, 246, 249, 262; see also violence, clandestine Cluj 79 Codera, Maximiliano 259 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea 5, 60, 62, 74, 79-81, 183, 259
270 Index Cojocaru, Václav 205-6 Cold War 2, 9-10, 55 Coletta, Pascal 166 Cologne 241, 246 Combat 18 203 Combat Fellowships (boevye druzhiny) 25, 31 Comintern 58 Comité Secrète d’Action Révolutionnaire (CSAR)/Cagoule 6-7, 129-40, 142ո20, 145ո50, 150, 152-3 communication 81, 198, 204, 221; between terrorists and the other parts of society 20, 92, 133, 262; networks 77; terrorism as strategy of 95n6, 217, 246, 249, 260; transnational 11—12, 159—60, 259 communism/communist(s) 6—7, 42-6, 50-3, 58, 63, 70, 74, 79, 130, 132-3, 135-6, 139, 165, 177-8, 183, 200 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, 207 Communist Party of Hungarian 50, 58 Communist Party of Italian 9 Comradeship Tor (Kameradschaft Tor) 199 Concutelli, Pierluigi 177 conservatism/conservative(s) 3, 5-6, 8, 22-3, 25, 33n4, 42, 44-6, 48, 50-51, 55, 57-9, 61-4, 76, 91, 94n5, 104, 131, 134, 139, 152, 177, 181, 184, 259 conspiracy theory/theories/narrative(s)/ ideology/ideologies 4,32, 53,159,179, 248 conspiracy/conspirator(s)/conspiratorial(ly) 11, 53, 58-60, 80, 151, 163, 166, 244, 261 Conti, Ettore 121 Corre, Aristide 132-6, 141n5 Corvignolles 138 Cot, Pierre 136—7 Cotterill, Blair 222 counter-: action (governmental, to terrorism) 199; culture/cultural 178, 180—1, 263; demonstrations/ demonstrators 207, 262; extremist, 206; jihad 222; memory, 216, 222; protests/ protesters, 203; revolution/revolutionary 4, 45, 50—4, 59, 61-2, 64, 149; terrorism/ terrorist 93, 159, 229; counterviolence 25 Croatia/Croatian 116-19, 121-2, 163, 223; see abo Independent State of Croatia Croatian Defence Force militia (Hrvatska Obrana Snaga
- HOS) 163 Croatian Home Defense (Hrvatski Domobran), Buenos Aires 127n44 Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska stranka prava - HSP) 117 Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka - HSS) 117, 119 Croatian Revolutionary Organization Ustaša (Ustaša, hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija — UHRO) 6—7,61, 115-24, 151, 153 Croix-de-Feu 133, 139 crowd violence 72—3, 92, 94 Crusius, Patrick 228-9 Csanad 57 culture(s)/cultural(ly) 6, 9, 11, 21-3, 26, 43, 50, 61, 74, 78-80, 104, 130, 139, 154, 175, 178-82, 184-7, 216-8, 225-6, 230-1, 248, 250, 260, 263; see abo multiculturalism; see abo subculture(s)/ subcultural Curtius, Julius 103 Cuza, A.C. 79 Czech National Resistance (Národní odpor) 200-4, 207 Czech Social Democratic Party (Česká strana sociálně demokratická — ČSSD) 207 Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic/Czech (oslovak) 8, 43, 54, 56, 59, 61-2, 71, 74, 76, 99-102, 104-10, 152-3, 164-5, 197, 200-8 Daladier, Édouard 133, 142ո20 Damascus 163 Daoud, Abu 161 Darányi, Kálmán 60, 62 dark fandom 11, 216, 224 David IV of Georgia 222 Dayton (Ohio) 229 Debrecen 57 Defense Union of National Resistance (Abwehrverband des Nationalen Widerstandes) 199 Degrelle, Leon 183, 259 delegitimization 21, 42, 45, 47, 57, 61—2, 64, 70, 72, 91, 93, 175, 243 Deloncle, Eugène 7, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137-40 democracy/democrat(s)/democratic(ally) 3, 5, 7-8, 43, 45, 48-50, 53, 57, 63-4, 70, 91, 124, 130, 132-4, 139, 149-50, 162, 207, 219 demonstration^) 25-6, ЗбпбЗ, 48, 55, 70, 78-9, 91, 130, 150, 179, 198-201, 203, 205-8, 261-2 Denmark 166, 261 Déroulède, Paul 19 Deutsche Aktionsgruppen see German Action Groups
(Deutsche Aktionsgruppen)
Index 271 Deutsche Alternative 198 Deutsche Studentenschaft 75-7, 79, 81 Deutscher Hochschulring 77 Deutschnationale Volkspartei 75 diaspora 8, 14ո24, 107 Diesner, Kay 199, 202, 262 diplomatie 8, 102, 106, 110, 127 direct action 132 discourse 10-11, 14n29, 20, 22, 31, 71, 75, 91-2, 129, 131, 133, 187 Dmowski, Roman 75 Domobran 116, 118-9, 121, 127n44 Donbass 10 Dormoy, Marx 7, 14n23, 129, 135-6 Dostoevsky, Fyodor ЗО Drangov, Kiril 120 Drieu la Rochelle, Pierre 180, 182 Drumont, Édouard 19 Dubrovin, Aleksandr 24, 26 Duca Ion Gheorghe 81 Duchcov 203, 206-8 Dufek, Jan 207 Duseigneur, General Édouard 138 Düsseldorf 73, 165 dynamite 32 Earnest, John 226-9 Eastern Europe 2, 5, 9-10, 20, 42, 75, 101, 152, 208, 220, 223, 236 Ébredő Magyarok Egyesülete see Alliance of Awakened Hungarians economically) 1, 44, 61, 101, 104, 125nl0, 130, 181, 185, 245, 260 Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit see Vaps movement Eichmann, Adolf 62 El Paso 1, 169nl, 215, 228-9, 232 elite(s) 5, 11, 45-55, 57, 59-61, 63-4, 72, 140, 165, 183, 185-6, 188, 200-1, 245 elitism/elitist 9, 183, 188 Endre, Lázló 62 England 166 Erlangen 162 Erzberger, Matthias 4, 56 Erzsébetváros (Budapest) 57 Escondido 227 Estébanez, Josué 224 d’Espèrey, Louis Franchet 138 ethnic: conflict/antagonism/strife 42, 44, 203; Czechs 207; group 80; Germans 61, 76—7; identities 116; Latvians 73, 75; majority 74; minorities/outsiders 2, 43, 49, 92, 202, 261; privileges 78, 81; “replacement” 218; Romanians 80-1; territories 117; violence 43 ethnically) 2, 70, 80-1, 241 ethnicity 248, 250 Europäische Befreiungsfront see European Liberation Front
European Liberation Front (Europäische Befreiungsfront - EBF) 165 European Rally for Liberty (Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté) 179 European Social Movement 260 Evola, Julius 9-10, 14ո29, 175, 179-80, 182-8, 193ո87, 259 exile(s) 9, 19, 58, 101, 135, 150 Facebook 216-18, 232 Falange Española 150 Falangist 7, 132, 150—1 far left 71, 199 Fasci d’Azione Rivoluzionaria 176 Fatah 162 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 258 Federal Republic of Germany see Germany Federation of National and European Action (Fédération d’action nationale et euroéenne - FANE) 165-6 Fedorov, Vasili։ 29—30 female 127ո44, 184-5, 227, 229, 242; see aho women Fenians 71, 74 Ferraresi, Franco 175 Fiebig, Henry 164 Filliol, Jean 135-7 Finland/Finish 28, 43, 261 Fioravanti, Valerio 185, 192n64 Fiore, Roberto 182 firearm(s) 1, 217, 220, 222, 228-9, 249; see also arms; see also guns; see also pistols; see also weapon(s)/weaponry First World War 2, 4-5, 19, 42, 44, 63, 71, 76, 79, 101-2, 104 Foreign legion, France (Légion étrangère) 160 Foreign Office, Germany (Auswärtiges Amt - AA) 103-4, 108-9 France 3, 7, 14, 43, 108, 121-2, 126n37, 127n50, 129-40, 150-2, 163-6, 179, 183, 188, 219; see also French; see also Third Republic Franco, Francisco 7, 131, 134—8, 140, 153 Francoist 152-3 Frankfurt 200 fraternity/—ies 5, 71, 75-7, 81 Freda, Franco 177, 186—7 Free Comradeships (Freie Kameradschaften) 197-200, 206
272 Index Freemasons 134 Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei see Workers’ Freedom Party Freikorps 53, 55, 62-3, 149 Freikorps Havelland 241 French Revolution 21-2, 26, 185 French Section of the Workers’ International (Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière - SFIO) 135 French, 6-7, 9, 56, 61-2, 66n40, 73, 79, 106-7, 115, 118, 122-3, 126n37, 127n47, 127n50, 129-40, 141n5, 144n40, 145n50, 150-1, 162-3, 165-6, 182-3, 219, 221, 259; see ako France; see also Foreign legion, France; see ako New Right, French Friedrich, István 51 Front National 219, 259 Fronte della Gioventù see Youth Front Fuchs, Franz 246 Furlong, Paul 175, 192-3 Fürst, Sándor 58 Galicia, Eastern 99, 101-5, 152 gamification 218 Gdańsk (Danzig) 109 gendarmerie/gendarme(s) 49, 62, 80, 117-18; see ako police gender 184-5, 192n61, 248, 261 Geneva 31, 107, 152 German 4, 8, 10-11, 14n25, 20, 22, 30, 47, 53-4, 56, 60-3, 66n40, 70-1, 73-8, 95n6, 100, 102-5, 108-9, 125n22, 134, 136-^0, 144n41, 151-2, 159-69, 170nl0, 184, 197-202, 206, 208, 209nl, 221, 229, 241-2, 244-6, 252n28, 262 German Action Groups (Deutsche Aktionsgruppen - DA) 167 German Alternative (Deutsche Alternative) 198 German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik — DDR) see Germany, East German Idealism 184 German National People’s Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei) 75 Germany 2, 4—11, 20, 22, 43, 45-6, 56, 60-1, 71-6, 81, 100, 102-5, 107-10, 125nl0, 129-30, 133-4, 136-7, 152, 159-3, 165-9, 170n24, 197-8, 200-1, 208, 215, 221, 229, 232, 241-3, 245-6; East (German Democratic Republic) 162-3; Greater 76, 161; West 197; see ako Nazi
Germany/Nazi regime; see also Weimar Germany/Weimar Republic Gershuni, Grigorii 30 Gertsenshtein, Mikhail see Herzenstein, Mikhail Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) 108-9, 135 global 1-2, 12, 42, 95n9, 159, 166-7, 177, 215, 218, 229, 231-2, 243, 258, 260 Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) 218 Godina, Ante 122 Godina, Stana 122 Goebbels, Joseph 109 Golčův Jenikov 204 Golden Dawn 188, 259 Gömbös, Gyula 46, 50, 56, 61, 64, 66ո40 Gomel 25, 31 Goring, Hermann 108 Göttingen 78 Gramsci, Antonio 179 Graziani, Clemente 177 Great Britain 43, 136, 168 “great replacement” 215, 218, 228, 260; The Great Replacement (online manifesto by Brenton Tarrant) 215—16, 218—19, 221—2, 225, 227—8; Le Grand Replacement (book by Renauld Camus) 219 Greece 177, 188, 223, 263n2 Gringmut, Vladimir 24 Gródek Jagielloński 104 Group Otte 166—7 Group S. 202 Groupement de recherche et d’études pour la civilisation européenne see Research and Study Group for European Civilization) Grzybowski, Wacław 109 Guénon, René 183, 185 Guevara, Ernesto “Che” 199 Gumbel, Emil J. 4 gun 4, 73, 129, 205, 215, 221-2, 228-9, 244; see ако arms; see also firearm(s); see ako pistol(s); see ако weapon(s)/weaponry Habrusevych, Ivan 104 Habsburg 3, 125 Habsburg Empire 3, 125nl0 Halle 1, 169, 215, 229, 231-2 Hamberger, Peter 166 Hamburg 166, 200 Hanau 169, 169nl Hasson, Christopher 221 hegemony/hegemonic 74, 92-3; “cultural” 179, 182, 186 Héjjas, Iván 54—7, 62 Hepp Kexel Group 163 Hepp, Odfried 163
Index Hérard, André 135-6, 143n30 Herzen, Alexander 22 Herzenstein, Mikhail 28 Hesdin 129 Hess, Rudolf 167 Hetényi, Imre 60 Heydrich, Reinhard 135, 143n24 Heymann, Ernst Théodor 137 Hildesheim 229 Himmler, Heinrich 109 Hindenburg, Paul von 104 Hitler, Adolf 56, 59, 61, 63, 104, 108-9, 125nl0, 134-6, 139, 153, 161, 166, 205, 225, 243 Hobbit Camp (Campo Hobbit) 180,182,184 Hochschulring movement (Deutscher Hochschulring) 77 Hoffmann, Karl-Heinz 162 Hołówko, Tadeusz 102 Holy Brotherhood (Sviashchennaia druzhina) 23, 26, 35n35 Horthy, Miklós 45-7, 53-5, 57-64, 76 Hoyerswerda 198 Hrebeljanović, Prince Lazar 222 Hrvatska Obrana Snaga 163 Hrvatsko Zagorje 119 Hungarian National Defense Union (Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet MOVE) 50, 55 Hungarian National Socialist Workers Party (Nemzeti Szocialista Magyar Munkás Párt) 60, 62 Hungary/Hungarian 4-5, 42, 44-51, 53-64, 66ո40, 66ո50, 66ո52, 70-2, 74-6, 91-4, 115-16, 119-24, 125ո10, 126ո31, 127ո51, 151, 188, 223 Hupka Steifen, 199 Iași 74, 79-81 Iberian Peninsula 150 Iceland 223, 261 Identitaires, Les 221 Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (Identitarian Movement Austria - IBÖ) 221-2 identitarian, 219, 221—2, 260 Imperial Russia 91 Imrédy, Béla 59 Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska — NDH) 117; see ako Croatia India 71 individualism 179-80, 185 inequality 1, 160, 248, 250 Innsbruck 78 273 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (V’treshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya — VMRO) 7, 71, 115-16, 118-21, 123-4, 125n20, 126n31, 153 internet 2, 10, 198, 202, 208, 218, 223, 228-9, 232, 249, 259 interwar period 5-9,
14n29, 19, 82, 102, 104, 110, 116, 123, 150, 176, 183-4, 226, 231 lollos, Grigoril 28-30, 32, ЗЗпІО, 38nlll Iorga, Nicolae 79 Iran/Iranian 168, 204, 221 Ireland 71, 166 Irish Republican Army 71 Iron Guard 183 Islamic State 217 Islamist 1, 94n3, 201, 232, 244 Israel 161-2, 204, 243, 254n57 Istinno russkie Hudi see True Russian People Itahan Social Republic (Repubblica di Salò — RSI) 176; see ako Italy/Italian Italian Socialist Movement party (Movimento Sociale Itahano - MSI) 9, 176, 178-9, 183-4, 187, 259 Italy/Italian 6-9, 14n29, 19, 44-7, 59, 61, 108, 115-24, 125nl0, 125n23, 126n31, 126n39, 127n51, 127n55, 129-30, 132, 134-7, 151-3, 160, 174-88, 189nl3, 192n63, 192n69, 224, 247, 254n59, 259; see ako Italian Social Republic Ivanovo-Voznesensk 26 Janov u Litvínov (Litvínov-Janov) 206 Jászi, Oszkár 49 Jeantet, Gabriel 136—8 Jena 74 Jew(s)/Jewish/Jewry 4-5, 20-1, 24, 28, 43, 45-7, 49, 52-9, 61-4, 70-82, 92, 134, 203, 226-7, 229, 241, 253n39; see also anti-Jewish; see ako antisemitism/ antisemitic/antisemites; see ako Catholic, anti-Judaism Jihad/Jihadism/jihadist 11, 159, 217, 219, 222, 225, 242 Jiménez de Asua, Luis 150 Jimenez, Ungria de 137 Jobbik see Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom) Judeo-Bolshevik world conspiracy, behef in 53 Junge Nationaldemokraten 198 Koch party 243 Kalinovsky, Petr 203
274 Index Kállay, Miklós 62 Kameradschaft Tor see Comradeship Tor Kamianets-Podilskyi 62 Karakozov, Dmitrii 22 Károlyi, Gyula 58-9 Károlyi, Mihály 48, 50 Katkov, Mikhail 23 Kaunas 106, 152 Kazan 36n63 Kazantsev, Alexander 29-31 Kerin, Velichko 115, 119-23, 126n31 Kexel, Walter 163 Kharkiv 227 Khartoum 162 kidnapping(s)/kidnapped 6, 52—4, 58, 63, 161, 165, 167 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 119 Kisgazdapárt see Smallholders Party Kishinev (Chișinău) 31 Köhler, Gundolf 162 Konovalets, Yevhen 8, 99-101, 103, 105-8, 110, 152 Kopys 25 Kosovo 222 Kostelec u Křížků 201 Kovács, Alajos 76 Kozma, Miklós 62 Kraków 73, 99, 220 Kralj, Mijo 121—3 Krohot, Josip 119 Krofta, Kamil 106 Krzymowski, Jerzy 100 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 3, 166, 168, 242-3 Kudriková, Natálie 205 Kühnen, Michael 167 Kulikovskii, Petr 27 Kun, Béla 50, 53 Kurz, Sebastian 222 Kutsak, Osyp 105 Kutsak, Roman 105 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido 121-3, 126ո40 Kwiecień, Brunon 220 Kwieciński, Bohdan 108 Kyffhäuser Verband 77 Kyiv 227 La Rocque, François de 133 language(s) 74, 77; Croatian 116; English 229; German 77; French 79, 183; of national liberation 124; of revolution 20, 124; political 22, 32, 221; translation into foreign 183, 227, 259; Ukrainian 227; vulgar 174 Lapshyn, Pavlo 224 Latvia/Latvian 71, 73, 75, 221 Lauck, Garry 166-8 Launitz, Vladimir von der 26 Lausanne 121-2 Le Pen, Marine 219 League of Israelite Women 57 League of Nations 104, 106-7, 112n28, 115-16, 123-4, 136 League of St. George 168 Lebanon 162—3, 168 Lebed, Mykola 109 Lehár, Anton 51, 55 Lemaigre-Dubreuil Jacques, 138 Lenin, Vladimir. See Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich Les
Idées et L’Action 139 Levin, Shlomo 162 LGBT, LGBTIQ 203, 248 liberalism/liberal(s) 3, 5, 7-8, 12, 21, 23-4, 27-30, 52, 54, 57, 61, 71-2, 76-7, 80, 134, 185, 203, 221, 248; see abo anti liberal Lida 71 Lietuvos krikščioniŲ demokraty partija 75 Liga Apărării Național Creștine 75 Lincoln, Abraham 3 Linder, Béla 49 Lipski, Józef 109 Lithuania 8, 75, 100-2, 105-8, ПО, 152-3 Litvínov-Janov see Janov u Litvínov livestream(ing)/livestreamed 1, 11, 159, 215-8, 220, 226, 228-30, 232, 262 Locuty, René 138 London 22, 181, 224 “lone wolf/wolves’71one actor(s) 178, 189nl6, 230-1, 245-7, 249, 262 Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien, J.R.R.) 180-1, 185 Lorković, Blaž 117 Loustanau-Lacau, Georges 138 Ludendorff, Erich 54 Lueger, Karl 19, 76 Lukeš, Jaromír 205-6 Lviv/Lwów 73, 99, 101 Macedonia/Macedonian 118-9, 151 Macedonian National Committee (MNC) 119, 125n23 Macerata 224 Machinskii, V.D. (ahas V. Mech) 19 Madrid 224 Magyar Országos Véderő Egylet (MOVE) see Hungarian National Defense Union Malcoci, Christian 164 male 52, 184-5, 188 Mambro, Francesca 185-6, 192n64
Index 275 Manchester Guardian 73 manifesto 1, 11, 12nl, 24-6, 28, 159, 165, 216, 218-21, 223, 225-30, 245, 262 Manshaus, Philip 228-30 Marcuse, Herbert 184 Marseilles 7, 61-2, 115, 122-3, 127n47, 135, 151 Martel, Charles 222 Martínek, Radek 204 Martov, lulii 24 martyrology/martyrdom/martyr(s) 20, 23, 159, 206, 216, 226 Marxist 43 Masaryk, Tomáš 105 masculinity 175, 188 Mason, James 225 matriarchy 184 Matseyko, Hryhoriy 99, 105, 108 Matuška, Szilveszter 58 Maurassisme 259 Mayreder, Karl 79 McVeigh, Timothy 243 media 29, 74, 95ո9, 122, 126ո37, 132-3, 205, 218, 245; mass 21; social/online 1, 10, 217, 219, 223, 231-2, 259 Mensheviks (Faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) 24—5 Meshcherskii, Vladimir 25 Meštrović, Ivan 121 metapolitics 10, 186 Metzger, Tom 168 Michelini, Arturo 176, 184 Middle East 168 migration/migrant(s) 3, 11, 62, 104, 188, 203, 208, 219, 224, 241, 246-7, 262 Mihailoff, Ivan Vancha 115, 118, 121, 123, 125n20, 126n39, 151, 153 Miklos, Andor 57 Milan 177, 180 Miličevič, Vladeta 118, 127n48 militancy 10, 28, 159, 168, 200, 202, 208, 261 militants) 259; activity/action/ demonstrations 24, 186, 200, 207-8; antisemite 72; far-right/fascist 10, 28, 130, 149-50, 153-4, 160-4, 167, 179, 197, 199, 205, 208, 219-20, 223-5, 229; global organization (plan for) 166; left/ socialist 20, 150, 242; organizations 168, 241-2, 247; protests 205 Military Sports Group Hoffmann (Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann - WSG) 162-3 Military Sports Group Hoffmann foreign division (WSG Ausland) 162-3, 166 Military Sports Group Rohwer (Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer), also known as Werewolf
Group Rohwer 167 military: academy 168; activists 104; advisers 53; arms 137; bases/headquarters/camps 51, 54, 59, 119; cemetery 219; command of the/governor/leader 176, 222; conflict/events 42-3; circles 106; coup (d’état)/seizure of power 53, 150; defeat 47, 49, 51; department in government responsible for 46; dictatorship 59; disaster 54; force 28, 45, 53; foreign 160; elite(s) 45-6, 53, 55; French 130, 138, 142n20, 145n50; German 8; hierarchy 162; installations 167; intelligence 103; irregular units 25; leaders 130, 134; milieu 198; officer(s)/captain(s) 60, 1378, 142n20; Polish 106; prisons 52; rank and file 142n20; rebels 153; recruitment 138; regular 53; service 49, 168; support 136; technology 42; terminology 118; training 8, 103, 164, 262; US 163; vehicles 162; wing/branch of a group or an organization 57, 117, 138; see ako paramilitary militia 1, 44-6, 49-50, 52-7, 59-62, 64, 76, 92-3, 151, 162-4, 203 Miliukov, Pavel 28 Minin, Kuz’ma 25 minority 2-4, 46, 48-9, 59, 61-2, 72, 78, 80-1, 93-4, 101-4, 106, 108, 140, 176, 178, 202-3, 205, 219, 221, 226, 243, 247-8, 261 Minsk 25 Mišlov, Josip 121 mob violence 1, 3-5, 12, 49, 52, 72, 91-3 modern: communications technology 260; neo-Nazi ideas 206; history 42, 242; “idolatry” 180; Germany 241; life 9; politics 145n50; terrorism 1, 3, 22, 44, 94, 129, 140, 242, 249; warfare 4; world 175, 181, 183, 185-8 modernism/modernist 4, 180, 185, 188 modernity/modernization 43, 59, 61, 185 Mölln 198 monopoly on (the use oí) violence 20, 29, 93 Montenegro 223 Montesarchio 180 Moravia/Moravian 203, 206—7 Morocco 134 Moscow 22—3, 27-8, 58
Mosley, Oswald 165 mosque, 1, 11, 215-16, 218, 223-4, 227 Moța, Ion 80
276 Index Mouraille, Roger, 135-6, 143ո30 Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR) 129-31, 133-5, 138-40, 144n42, 152 Movement for a Better Hungary jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom) 188 Movimento Sociale Italiano see Italian Socialist Movement party (Movimento Sociale Italiano - MSI) Mukhin, Aleksei 28 Miiller, Ivo 205-6 multiculturalism 223, 258 Munich 56, 161-2, 165, 169nl, 221, 241 Mussolini, Benito 7, 19-20, 119, 131-2, 134-40, 151-3, 176, 183-4 mythology/mythos/myth(s)/mythic(al) 14n24, 25, 152, 175, 181-5, 188, 222, 224 Nagyatádi, István Szabó 53 Narodnaia Voha see People’s Will Národně-sociální blok (National Socialist Block) 200 Národní odpor see National Resistance Narodowa Demokracja see National Democracy Narodowe Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Akademickiej see National Union of Student Youth Narutowicz, Gabriel 4 National Christian Defense League (Liga Apărării Național Creștine) 75 National Counterrorism Center 232 National Democracy (Narodowa Demokracja - ND) 4, 75 National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands ֊ NPD) 198-200, 208 National Front - NF (United Kingdom) 259 National Offensive (Nationale Offensive NO) 164, 202 National Resistance (Nationaler Widerstand) 197-208, 209nl “National Revolution” (“Révolution nationale”), France 134, 139 National Socialism/National Socialist(s) 3, 6, 8-9, 12, 46-7, 58-64, 66n52, 102, 166, 183, 201, 231; see also Nazi(s) National Socialist Block (Národně-sociální blok) 200 National Socialist Combat Group Greater Gennany (Nationalsozialistische Kampfgruppe Großdeutschland - NSKG) 161, 166 National
Socialist Underground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund NSU) 10-11, 160, 199, 241-2, 244-7, 252n28, 252n29, 253n35 National Union of Student Youth (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Akademickiej) 73 National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale, AN) 176-7 Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands NPD see National Democratic Party of Germany Nationale Offensive see National Offensive Nationaler Widerstand see National Resistance Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei/Auslands- und Aufbauorganisation — NSDAP/AO 163-8 Nationalsozialistische Kampfgruppe Großdeutschland ֊ NSKG see National Socialist Combat Group Greater Germany Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund see National Socialist Unterground (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund NSU) nativismi 1, 3, 160, 248 Nazi Germany/Nazi regime 5, 7, 9, 14, 46, 59—60, 66, 84, 109, 152—3; see ako Germany Nazi(s) 14n29, 46-7 56, 59, 61, 63, 66n40, 66n52, 130, 137-8, 162, 166-7, 198, 200, 205, 225, 231; see ako National Socialism/National Socialist Nazism 153, 160, 181, 200-1 Nechaev, Sergei 26, 35ո32 Nederlandse Volks-Unie see Netherlands Peoples’ Union Nemzeti Szocialista Magyar Munkás Párt see Hungarian National Socialist Workers Party neo-Nazism/neo-Nazi(s) 160-7, 169, 188, 197-202, 205-6, 208, 223, 241, 243-4, 246, 248, 259, 262 Netherlands 164, 167 Netherlands Peoples’ Union (Nederlandse Volks-Unie - NVU) 164 Neudorfer, Mirko 119—20 New Order (Ordine Nuovo - ON) 9, 176 New Right 178, 186; French (Nouvelle Droite) 9, 179-80, 183, 186, 188, 259; Itähän, 9, 180, 182, 191ո40, 193ո82 New South Wales 229 New York 107, 181
Index New Zealand 11, 169nl, 215, 217-18, 221, 223, 232 newspaper 22, 25-30, Збпбі, 50, 57, 60-1, 71, 77, 79-80, 95ո9, 116, 121, 168 Nezavisna Država Hrvatska see Independent State of Croatia Nicholas II 25, ЗО Nicopohs 222 Niewiadoms, Eligiusz 4 non-governmental 2, 21, 26 Nordic Resistance Movement 261 North Rhine-Westphalia 161 Northern League 260 Norway 169nl, 215, 228, 261 Nouvelle Droite see New Right, French Novi Sad (Újvidék) 62 NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)/Nazi party 75, 152 Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari - NAR see Armed Revolutionary Nuclei numerus clausus 53, 71, 74-6, 78 Nuremberg 138, 152 Oberwart 246 Obilie, Miloš 222 Obshchestvo narodnoi raspravy see People’s Reprisal Society Occorsio, Vittorio 174, 177 Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany see Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party Ohio 229 Okhotnyi Ryad (Moscow) 22 Oklahoma City 243 Oktoberfest bombing 162 Olomouc 206 online 1, 11-2, 159, 168-9, 216, 222, 224-32, 249, 262 online media see media, social/online Ordine Nuovo — ON see New Order Oreb, Petar, 120-1, 126n27 Organisation armée secrète see Secret Anny Organization Organisation Consul 4, 7, 56, 73 Organization ofUkrainian Nationalists (OUN) 6, 8-9, 99-113, 115,119, 124,152 Orlová 202-4 Orsha 25 Osborne, Darren 224 Oslo 1, 220, 228, 249 Ostenburg Battalion 52—5 Ostrava 202, 206 Otte, Paul 166—7 paganism 184 Pakistan 223 277 Palestine 10 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 161-2, 168 pan-Europeanism/pan-European 75, 160, 165, 179, 183, 188, 19Խ40, 221 paramilitary/ies 4, 25-6, 44-7, 51-5, 60, 62-4, 70, 73, 75, 93-4, 117, 149-50,
153, 165, 190n27, 201, 223 Parco Lambro 180, 190ռ29 Paris 29, 107, 122, 129, 135, 137-8, 163, 166, 179, 259 Parma 229 Party of the Defenders of the Race (Magyar Fajvédő Párt - MFVP) 56 Passau 198 Patriotic Republican Party (Vlastenecká republikánská strana) 200 Pavelič, Ante 117-19, 121-3, 125nl2, 125ո23, 126ո31, 126ո39, 127ո44, 127ո55, 153 People’s Liberation Front Germany (Volksbe eiungs-Front Deutschland VFD) 162 People’s Reprisal Society (Obshchestvo narodnoi raspravy) 26 People’s Will (Narodnaia Volia) 23, 25, 34n30, 36n50 performative 2, 91 Pétain, Maréchal Philippe 133-4, 138-9, 142n20 Pettersson, Anton Lundin 224 Pieracki, Bronislaw 7-8, 99-100, 102, 104-5, 108-10, 152-3 Piłsudski, Józef 102 Pinsk 25 pistol(s) 72-3, 81, 92, 121-2, 203, 244; see also arms; see also firearm(s); see also guns; see also weapon(s)/weaponry Pittsburgh 1, 227 Platonov, Oleg 37n88 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 23 Poděbrady 105 Poeschke, Frieda 162 Pogány, József 50 pogrom(s) 3, 5, 19, 25-6, 31, 47, 49, 52-4, 62-4, 77, 91-3, 149, 249 Pohl, Willi 161 Poland/Polish 4-5, 7-9, 23, 42, 54, 71, 73-5, 99-6, 108-10, 112n28, 152, 208, 220-3; see aho Second Polish Republic police 11, 23, 25-6, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 60, 77, 79-81, 99-100, 108, 118, 122-3, 127n47, 129, 131, 133, 136-7, 165-6, 189nl3, 198, 200-1, 203-5, 207, 216, 220-2, 228-30, 241-2, 246-7, 253n39;
278 Index force 49, 53-4; headquarters/stations 51, 59, 99; investigators 245; “terror”/ “terrorism” 20, 26-7, 31; officer(s)/chief (s)/prefect(s)/official(s) 49, 61, 81, 105, 121, 161, 199, 242, 248, 252n28, 262; political 29, 59; provocation 66n52; report 79; secret 74; surveillance 59; see ako gendarmerie/gendarme (s) policeman/-men, 6, 47, 51, 54, 120 politician (s): as targets of right-wing terrorism 4, 28-9, 45, 57-8, 92, 102, 152, 165, 221; as recipents of terrorist manifestos 218; democratic/elected/ liberal/conservative/legitimist (Hungary)/ pacifist/socialist 29, 49, 53, 55, 71, 130, 133; right-wing/antisemitic/far-right 25, 76, 79, 161; French 138; German 103; in Yugoslavia 117 Popular Front (Front populaire), France 130, 136, 140, 142n20 popuhsm/popuhst 9, 19, 32, 33n4, 176, 183, 206 Pospisil, Zvonko 121-3 post-war 2, 42-4, 56, 63, 70, 76, 82, 137, 144n40, 175-6, 179, 182, 185, 187, 259, 262 post-World War II 2, 161, 167 Potocki, Feliks Kazimierz 222 Potsdam 253n39 Pound, Ezra 180 Poway (California) 1, 169nl, 215, 227, 231 Pozharskii, Dimitrii 25 Prague 74, 99, 104-6, 108-10, 152, 200, 202—4 pre-war 47, 50, 132-3, 136, 139-40 professors) 71-2, 74-6, 78-9, 179, 220 Prohászka, Ottokár 76 Prokopovich, Theophan 36n49 Prónay, Pál 52-6, 59 propaganda 3, 42, 105, 119, 122, 125n23, 130, 132, 149-50, 166-7, 170n24, 177, 200, 208, 223, 245 Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party (Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany) 201, 204 protest(s) 44, 77, 79-80, 92, 201; antisemitic 73; counter- 203; cycle of 74—5, 94; groups 44-7, 55-6, 59, 64, 93; marches 200, 203; mass 249; militant
205; movement 179, 181; petitions of 104, 112n28; repertoires of 262; student 73—1, 79-80, 179, 181, 185; violent 9, 79, 177 protester 44, 47, 78, 203 psychologic (al) 2, 6, 12, 42—3, 133, 176, 226, 245 publication^) 7, 23, 60, 91, 117-18, 121. 162-3, 197, 227 Purickis, Juoazas 106 Quebec 224 racism/racist 1, 14n29, 134, 143n24, 166, 179, 188, 202, 205, 216, 218, 224-6, 241, 243-4, 246-8 radicalism 3, 47, 92, 206 railroads/rail traific/railway 2, 51, 104, 118, 247 Rajié, Ivan 121-3 rally/-ies 5, 73, 81, 160, 168-9, 219, 259-60 Rassay, Károly 57 Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté see European Rally for Liberty Rathenau, Walther 4, 56, 81 Rauti, Pino 176-7, 179, 182-4, 187, 193ո82 Red Army 50, 58, 63 Red Army Faction see Rote Armee Fraktion Red Cross 135 Red Terror 21-2, 31, 51-2, 63 Reichswehr 102—4 “repertoire(s) of violence”/repertoires of terrorism/violent repertoire/terrorist repertoires 1, 3-5, 12, 70-2, 77, 81, 93, 209 Repubblica di Salò see Italian Socialist Republic Research and Study Group for European Civilization (Groupement de recherche et d’études pour la civilisation européenne) 183 Rev’yuk, Osyp 106-7, 110 Revehi, Marco 175 Ride the Tiger: A Survival Manual for the Aristocrats of the Soul (Evola, Julius) 182, 185-6 riot(s)/rioter(s) 21, 47-9, 51, 70-1, 73, 76, 79, 81, 133, 150, 198, 203-4, 206, 208, 249, 261 Robespierre, Maximilien 21, 23 Roeder, Manfred 167-8 Rokycany 202 Romania/Romanian 5, 47, 51, 56, 58, 60, 62, 71, 73-5, 79-82, 91, 93-4, 101-2, 108, 152, 164, 183, 228, 259 Rome 61, 108, 119, 121, 174, 177, 183, 188 Roof, Dylann 220, 225, 237n70
Rosselli, Carlo 137 Rosselli, Nello 137
Index 279 Rostock 198, 250ոՅ Rote Annee Fraktion (Red Anny Faction RAF) 242, 244 Rotherham 224 Russia/Russian 2—4, 10, 19—24, 26—32, 33n4, 33n6, 42-3, 48, 71, 91-4, 95n9, 105, 164-5, 220-1, 224, 227-8, 260 Russian Gathering (Russkoe sobranie) 23-24 Russian Imperial Movement (Russkoe imperskoe dvizhenie - RID) 165, 260 Russian Monarchist Party 24 Russkoe sobranie see Russian Gathering SA (Sturmabteilung) 6 Saint Petersburg 22—3, 26-7 Saint Vitus Dance 26 Saliai, Imre 58 San Sebastian 135-6, 141n5 Sanremo 135, 137, 153 Sarajevo 115 Saudi Arabia 162 Scheidemann, Philipp 56 Schmitt, Carl 183, 259 Schoeps, Julius H. 253n39 Scholz, Christian 164 Schönerer, Georg von 76 Schueller, Eugene 138 Schutzstaffel (SS) 62, 161, 165, 185; see ako SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfuhrers SS - SD) Second Polish Republic 4—5, 101—2, 104, 106; see ako Poland/Polish Second World War 2, 9, 14n29, 20, 42-3, 58, 71, 91, 101, 110, 130, 135, 143n33, 152, 159-61, 165-8, 182, 188 Secret Army Organization (Organisation armée secrète - OAS) 165, 179 secret service 29, 160, 177, 192n63, 227 security agency 123, 135, 198 security apparatus 9-10, 32, 99, 175-9, 187, 200 Selbstschutzverbände (SSV) 74—5, 78, 84 Sellner, Martin 221-2 Senyk, Omelyan 8, 99—103, 106-7, 109—10 separatist 124, 159 Seraing 126n34 Serbia 71, 116, 120, 125n6, 222-3 Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke of Russia 27 Serno-Solov’evich, Nikolai A. 21 Serre, Charles 139 Servatzy, Vjekoslav 121, 126n31 sex/sexuality 50, 52, 184-5, 188, 224, 248, 261 Shcherbatov Alexander 35n35 Sheremet’ev, Ivan 24 Sheremet’ev, Petr 24 Shklov 25
shooting(s) 1-2, 4, 28, 81, 99, 120-1, 165, 169nl, 174, 205, 207, 216-8, 220, 224, 228, 230, 245, 262; see ako bombing(s) Shuvalov, Count 27 Sigismund of Luxembourg 222 Silesia 102, 202-3 Simeone, Generoso 180-1, 184 Sipiagin, Dmitrii 37n80 Skoropads’kyy, Pavlo 104 Šluknovsko (region) 206 Smallholders’ Party (Kisgazdapárt) 47-8 sodai media see media, social socialism/socialist 3—4, 6, 9, 19—22, 24, 26-7, 30-1, 42, 54, 76, 78-9, 116, 133, 139, 149-50, 152, 177-8, 181, 208 Socialist Revolutionary Party (Partha sotsialistov revoliutsionerov, Russia) 20, 25-31, 33nll, 35n46, 36n52, 37n80 Socialist-Revolutionaries 25-8, 30-1, 33nll, 35n46, 36n52, 37n80 Society for Active Struggle against Revolution and Anarchy (Obshchestvo aktivnoi borhy s revoliutsiei i anarkhiei) 26 Sofia 119, 127n50 Sofia Declaration (Sofijska deklaracija) 119 Soiuz russkikh Hudei see Union of the Russian People (Soiuz russkikh Hudei) Soiuz russkogo naroda see Union of the Russian People (Soiuz russkogo naroda) soldier 4, 43, 47-8, 50-1, 62, 73, 80, 138, 167, 224, 262 Solingen 198 Somogyi, Béla 54 Sonboly, David 221 Sopron 55 Soslan, David 222 Sotelo, José Calvo 150-1 South Carolina 220 South Tyrol 10, 160-1, 163, 165 Soviet Red Army 58, 63 Soviet Union 42-3, 101, 136, 152 space 1, 13n4, 21, 74, 80, 104, 149-50, 152-4, 260, 262 Spain/Spanish 7-8, 19, 33n6, 129-30, 132, 134-8, 140, 141n5, 150-3, 165-6, 177, 236, 259, 263 Spanish Civil War 135-6, 138, 150, 152-3 spatiality/spatial 51, 149—52, 154 Spengler, Oswald 180, 183, 259 split delegitimization 43, 45, 47, 57, 61-2, 64, 91, 175, 243
280 Index Sprinzak, Ehud 2, 21, 44-6, 54-7, 64, 70, 72, 82, 91, 175, 178, 189ո5, 243 Squadre di Azione Mussolini 176 squadri (also squadristi/squadristi) 6, 63, 149 SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfiihrers SS - SD) 160 SS see Schutzstaffel (SS); see also SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsfiihrers SS — SD) Stalinist terror 43, 58 Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger von 222 Stasi (Ministerium fiir Staatssicherheit, Ministry of State Security, GDR) 162-3 state terror 4, 27, 94n3 Stockholm 219 Stolypin, Petr 29 Stoph, Willi 165 strategic(ally) 9-12, 42, 93, 133, 159, 164, 166, 198, 201, 204, 208, 231, 245, 248, 250, 261 strategy/-ies 3-5, 9-10, 32, 53, 93, 95n6, 116, 130, 132-4, 150, 175-9, 187, 189nl5, 197-8, 203, 208, 245-6, 259 Straullu, Francesco 186 street violence 2, 22, 74, 91, 261 strike(s) 5, 24, 48, 71, 73, 81, 132, 226 Stsiborskyi, Mykola 106 student 5, 22, 51-3, 55, 58, 70-82, 92-4, 179, 181, 185, 224 Sturmabteilung (SA) 6 subculture(s)/subcultural 159—60, 168, 198-200, 222 superiority 32, 184-5 Sushko, Roman 107 Sviashchennaia druzhina see Holy Brotherhood Svoboda, Jindřich 207 swastika 60, 74 Sweden/Swedish 161, 219, 224, 261 Switzerland 49, 121-2, 134, 151-2, 164, 167-8, 259 Sýkora, Michal 202-3 symbolic: targets/victims 11-12, 92, 248—50; (acts of) violence/attacks 71, 92, 245-6 synagogue 1, 60, 73, 129, 135, 169nl, 228-9 Szabó, Dezső 61 Szálast, Ferenc 60, 62—3 Szczecin 221 Sztójay (Stojakovics), Döme 62 tactic(s) 1, 3, 20, 46, 130, 132, 134-5, 139-40, 149, 164, 177, 179, 187, 225, 244, 259 tactically) 9, 20, 45, 105, 131, 133, 135, 159,
164, 166, 206, 220, 232, 248, 262 Taittinger, Pierre 138 Tambov 24 Tambroni, Fernando 176 Tarchi, Marco 175, 179-82, 184, 259 Tarrant, Brenton 11, 215-30, 232, 233n6, 249, 262 Tedeschi, Mario 176 teenager 1, 220 Telegram 225—8, 231-2 Teleki, Pál 54-5, 60, 76 Terioki 28 Terza Posizione see Third Position Těšín see Cieszyn Těšínsko see Zaolzie Texas 215, 228 Third Position (Terza Posizione - TP) 178, 182 Third Republic (Troisième République), France 129-30, 132-4, 138-9, 145ո50, 150; see ako France Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 71 Tolkien, J.R.R. 9, 175, 180-2, 184-5, 187-8, 191n42, 192n61 totalitarianism 44, 59, 63 Totu, Nicolae 81 Toulouse 137 Tours 222 Toussus-le-Noble 137, 144n37 traditionalism/traditionalist 179, 182-5, 188 Traini, Luca 224 transatlantic 160, 165-6 Transdanubia 51 Trepov, Fedor 22, 35n44 Trianon 47 tribalism 187, 193n84 Trollhättan 224 Trotsky, Leon 71 True Russian people (istinno russkie hudi) 24 Trump, Donald 188, 228 tsarism 22, 28—9 Tūbelis, Juozas 107 Tunisia 163 Turgut, Mehmet 250n3 Turkey 223 Tusk, Donald 220 Tyler, Bonnie 226 Uhl, Klaus-Ludwig 165-6 Újvidék 62 Ukraine 10, 14n24, 47, 62, 101, 105, 164, 208, 223 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 104
Index Ukrainian Military Organization (Ukrains’ka Viyskova Organizatsiya - UMO/UVO) 8, 101, 103, 105-6 Ukrainian Military Scientific Society 105 Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance 104 Ukrainian Scientific Institute (Ukrainisches Wissenschaftliches Institut) 104 Ukrainian Security Service 227 Ulain, Ferenc 56 ultranationalism/ultranationahst 3, 79, 81 Union of Russian People (Soiuz Russkogo Naroda) 19, 24, 28-32, 33n4 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soiuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik ֊ USSR) 103 Union of the Russian People (Soiuz Russkikh Liudei) 24, 35n35 United Kingdom 171n36, 181, 223-4; see abo Great Britain United Patriots Front (UPF) 222 United States of America (USA) 3, 10, 100, 103, 105, 107-8, 127n50, 152, 162-8, 181, 188, 217, 221, 232, 258, 261; see also America/American^) university 52, 58, 70-82 uprising 44, 46-7, 55, 80, 102, 119, 125nl3 USA see United States of America USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soiuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik — USSR) Ustaša military camps 119 Ustaša see Croatian Revolutionary Organization Ustaša ustashism/ustashist 115, 124, 150 Utoya 1, 220 V’treshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya see Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Vaculík, David 205-6 vandalism 71-3, 79, 81, 91 Vandas, Tomáš 207 Vannay, László 59 Vaps Movement (Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit) 75 Venezuela 136 Ventura, Giovanni 177 Versailles 75, 122 veteran 46—7, 50, 57, 59, 61—2, 64, 78, 133, 198, 225 Vichy 140 victim(s) 1-2, 28-9, 32, 51-2, 66n40, 72, 81-2, 118, 120, 123, 169, 174, 202, 205, 215, 218, 241,
246, 250, 252n28, 258, 260-1; see abo symbolic, targets/victims 281 video 159, 217-20, 226, 229-30, 232 Vienna 54, 58, 77-9, 106, 122, 162, 222-3 Vietnam 181 vigilante violence 72 vigilantism/vigilante (s) /vigilant 1, 5, 12, 21,27, 72, 74, 107, 203, 261 Viking Youth (Wiking-Jugend) 163, 198 Vilnius 102 Vinciguerra, Vincenzo 177 Violet, Jacques 138 viral 215, 217-18, 230 Virginia 219 visual 217, 223-4 Vlastenecká republikánská strana see Patriotic Republican Party völkisch 3, 5, 76-7 Volksbefreiungs-Front Deutschland see People’s Liberation Front Germany Voluntary People’s Defense 23 Vorms, Nikolai 22 Wagner, Richard 77 Warsaw 73, 99, 106, 109, 152, 221 wave of terrorism/violence 12n2, 47, 70-1, 74, 133, 159, 163, 216, 225, 232, 242-3 weapon(s)/weaponry 7-8, 10, 20, 23, 26, 30, 32, 70, 91-2, 103, 117, 122, 125n43, 129, 131, 134-7, 140, 152-3, 162-3, 164-7, 202, 219, 221-4, 227, 230, 246, 249-50, 261-2; see abo arms; see abo firearm(s) see abo guns; see abo pistols Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann see Military Sports Group Hoffmann (Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann — WSG) Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer see Military Sports Group Rohwer (Wehrsportgruppe Rohwer) Weimar Germany/Weimar Republic Weimar 8, 13nl3, 94n5, 95n8, 153; see abo Germany West Midlands 224 Western Europe/Western European 1-3, 9-11, 19, 22, 107, 197, 200, 208, 247 White Banner 26 White Redistribution 26 white/White: as name for a faction in the Hungarian Civil War 51-2; as political color 21, 26; as ethnic attribution 219-20, 223, 226; banners and bows 26; cockade (Bourbon dynastic color) 21; Commonwealth 259; “country” 202;
“genocide” 226—7, 260; “homeland” 215; lands (owned by the church and nobility in pre-Petrine Russia) 24; “nationalism” 201; power, 200, 246, 259;
282 Index “race” 11, 218, 222; “racial decline” 219; “racial extinction” 215; suppremacist 168, 221, 226, 232, 242-3; “survival” 226; “terror” 20-3, 27-8, 31; Terror (Hungary) 44, 51-2, 75; Terror (title of a series of articles) 22 “whites” 207; see abo “anti-whites” Wielkopolska 102 Wiking-Jugend see Viking Youth Wisconsin 166 Witte, Sergei 26, 28 women 47-8, 51-2, 120, 122, 140, 177, 184-5, 188, 192n63, 201, 215-7 Work Battalion from the Hungarian Plain (Alföldi Brigád) 57 Workers’ Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) 198 Workers’ Party (Dělnická strana — DS) 201, 203, 205-6, 208; see ako Protection Corps of the Workers’ Party (Ochranné sbory Dělnické strany) Workers’ Party of Social Justice (Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti - DSSS) 201, 203, 205-8 Workers’ Youth (Dělnická mládež) 201, 205 World War I see First World War World War II see Second World War worshipper 1, 224, 227—9 xenophobia 248 Yalta 25 Yary, Riko 103, 108 Yockey, Francis Parker 171n36 young(er) 54; generation (of extremists) 9, 59, 175, 179, 182-4, 191n42; persons 54, 70, 73-4, 103, 117, 122, 135, 140, 174-5, 178-80, 182, 185-8, 202, 231 Youth Front (Fronte della Gioventù — FdG) 179-81 Youth National Democrats (Junge Nationaldemokraten) 198, 200 YouTube 218, 220; see also Facebook; see ako Telegram Yugoslav United Militant Labor Organization (Zdražena borbena organizacija rada — ZBOR) 116—17 Yugoslavia 7, 9-10, 58, 115-20, 124, 125nl0, 151, 164, 223, 262 Zagreb 117-18, 120-2 Zaolzie (Těšínsko) 102 Zasulich, Vera 22 Zaunius, Dovas 107-8, 110 Zdražena borbena organizacija rada (ZBOR)
see Yugoslav United Militant Labor Organization Zemun 118 Zlatar 119 Zolla, Elemire 181, 185, 19Խ37, 19Խ42 Zündel, Ernst 164, 170n24 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek Wachen |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Dafinger, Johannes Florin, Moritz 1983- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | j d jd m f mf |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1167354591 (DE-588)1064905781 |
| author_facet | Dafinger, Johannes Florin, Moritz 1983- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047947552 |
| classification_rvk | MG 10380 MG 10096 NQ 1068 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1289739921 (DE-599)BVBBV047947552 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2020 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2020 |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2019 Erlangen |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV047947552 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:36:54Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:34:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367612108 9780367613365 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033328955 |
| oclc_num | 1289739921 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-384 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M457 DE-188 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-384 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M457 DE-188 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xii, 282 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220722 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge |
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| series2 | Routledge studies in fascism and the far right |
| spelling | Dafinger, Johannes (DE-588)1167354591 edt A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 edited by Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin London ; New York Routledge 2022 xii, 282 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in fascism and the far right A Transnational History of Right-Wing Terrorism offers new insights into the history of right-wing extremism and violence in Europe, East and West, from 1900 until the present day. It is the first book to take such a broad historical approach to the topic.The book explores the transnational dimension of right-wing terrorism; networks of right-wing extremists across borders, including in exile; the trading of arms; the connection between right-wing terrorism and other forms of far-right political violence; as well as the role of supportive elements among fellow travelers, the state security apparatus and political elites. It also examines various forms of organizational and ideological interconnectedness and what inspires right-wing terrorism. In addition to several empirical chapters on prewar extreme-right political violence, the book features extensive coverage of postwar right-wing terrorism including the recent resurgence in attacks.This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of right-wing extremism, fascism, Nazism, terrorism and political violence Geschichte 1900-2020 gnd rswk-swf Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsradikalismus (DE-588)4048829-9 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2019 Erlangen gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Rechtsradikalismus (DE-588)4048829-9 s Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 s Geschichte 1900-2020 z DE-604 Florin, Moritz 1983- (DE-588)1064905781 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-10525-1 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd Rechtsradikalismus (DE-588)4048829-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059534-1 (DE-588)4048829-9 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |
| title_auth | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |
| title_exact_search | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |
| title_full | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 edited by Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin |
| title_fullStr | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 edited by Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin |
| title_full_unstemmed | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 edited by Johannes Dafinger and Moritz Florin |
| title_short | A transnational history of right-wing terrorism |
| title_sort | a transnational history of right wing terrorism political violence and the far right in eastern and western europe since 1900 |
| title_sub | political violence and the far right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900 |
| topic | Terrorismus (DE-588)4059534-1 gnd Rechtsradikalismus (DE-588)4048829-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Terrorismus Rechtsradikalismus Europa Konferenzschrift 2019 Erlangen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033328955&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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