Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code
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Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Contemporary security studies
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding Russian strategic behavior |b imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |c Graeme P. Herd |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Tables Acknowledgments x xi 1 Introduction: Understanding Russian strategic behavior 2 Russian strategic culture: Conceptualization and evolution 25 3 The “inner logic” of Twist imperial history 53 4 Soviet legacies: Stalin, Brezhnev and Putin 81 5 “Putinism” and Russia’s hybrid state: Policies, practice and performance 107 Putin’s operational code: Inferences and implications for regime stability 135 7 Russia’s global reach: Reality and rhetoric 162 8 Putin, the collective Putin and alternative power transition scenarios 186 Conclusions: Putin’s paradoxes, institutional subcultures and world order 208 6 9 Index 1 232
INDEX Note: Page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. 5Ds (disinformation, destabilization, disruption, deception and implied destruction) 43 1815 Concert of Europe 224 1917-1920 (Revolution and Civil War) 30, 33,57; see also Bolshevik Revolution; February Revolution; Russian Civil War; Russian Revolution 1917-1991 “outer empire” 61,76 1917 and aftermath 58-59,72,93 Abkhazia 7,32, 75,90,148,164 absolutism 66,73 Academy of Military Science (Russia) 28 Aden 166 adhocracy 222 Afghanistan 165,167,176,224 AFK Sistema 191 Agitprop 117 ‘A Just Russia’ party see ‘Just Russia, A’ party Akimov, Andrey 125 al-Assad, Bashar 176 al-Bashir, Omar 174 Alexander I (the Great) 34,57 Alexander II (Tsar) 57 Alexander III (Tsar) 34,57 Alexievich, Svetlana 212 Alikhanov, Anton 125 Aliyev (President of Azerbaijan) 86 Allison, Graham 9 Almond, Gabriel A. 26 American Century 5 American Civil War 145 Anayev, Maxim 121 Andropov, Yuri (Yuriy): as CPSU Central Committee secretary 58; “Hungarian fixation” of 102; old age of 92; Putin compared to 14,18; as role model for Putin 102 anti-Americanism 86; Putin and 215; Russian media messaging and 117; Russian patriotism as 90 anti-Beria coup of 1953 58 anti-Christ 37 anti-corruption measures 94,200-202 anti-fragile regime-building strategies 21, 44,192 anti-Hitler coalition 85, 87 anti-liberalism 59,70 anti-Maidan National Guard 202 anti-money laundering measures (US) 179 anti-pluralism 59 anti-protest measures 167 ‘anti-Russia’ 141 ‘anti-Russia project’ 74 anti-satellite missiles 39 anti-Westernism 70-71,86; militarized imperialist
32; rogue states committed to 227; Russia’s alignment with China and 163,173; Putinism and 59; Putin’s legitimation of 6,40,196,215,228; Russkii Mir founded on 70 Aptekar, Pavel 118
Index 233 Arbatova, Nadezhda 59,73 Archive of Ancient Acts (Russia) 119 Argentina 172 Arkadiy, Boris 125 Arkhangelskiy, Andrey 81, 90 Akhmetov, Rinat 70 Arab Spring 100 Armenia 197 ASEAN states 166 Åslund, Anders 113,116 Adantic Charter 178 Australia 175 autarky 112,227 authoritarianism: absence of intra-elite political conflict and 195; beneficiaries of 191; democracy versus 122,123; digital 174; electoral 18,123; ideology of 31; insulation of leaders inside 180; ‘manufacturing consent’ 117; nationalist populism and 12, 89; oligarchic capitalistic 211; political (China) 87; potential difficulties faced by 213; power transition inside 186,189; Putinism as 108,110, 111, 175;Russian conflict management and 167; Russian managers of 203; Russian statehood’s roots in 73; top-down reform efforts 201 autocracy: corrupt 215; logic of 199; mature 224; Muscovite 59; popular 91; Putin’s creation of Russia as 102,110; Russian 108 autocratic legalism 167 autocratic monarchy 66 autocrats 212 Azerbaijan 37, 86 Bab el-Mandeb Strait 169 Baku mafia 95 Baltic cities (Narva, Reval (Tallinn) and Riga) 63 Baltic seas 168 Baltic states 85,88,149; airspace 7 Banderites 88 Bangui 166 Baptism of Rus 72 Bastrykin, Alexander 84,99,109,221 BBC Monitoring 5,16 BBC radio 1 Belarus 22,35,37; Kievan Rus’ and 53; as part of Slavic Orthodox empire 72,164; obligatory occupation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, arguments regarding 148; orthodoxy’s influence in 119; president of 84, 86; Putin’s interest in 75; Russia’s position on 174; United States, relations with 84 Belenkaya, Marianna 164,176 Belt and Road
Initiative (China) 172,177 Belton, Catherine 12,198 Bekbulatova, Taisiya 124 Beria, Lavrenti 67,201 Berlin-Washington DC axis 6 “besieged fortress” syndrome 65—69,179 Bessarabia 61 Biden, Joe: 2021 Putin-Biden Summit 4, 41,145,147,224—226; attempts to create transatlantic consensus on Russia without escalation 8; Russia’s global reach and 164; sanctions on Russia 1—2; United Arab Emirates, suspension of sale of F-35 to 169-170 Biden-Putin era 57,178—181 Birnbaum, Michael 141 “black box” metaphor 135 “black cash” 197 black budget (Russia) 84 blacklist (Kremlin) 179 blackmail 127,167; nuclear 227 Black Sea 35,37,168 Blinken, Anthony 2 Bolivia 173,175 Bolotnaya 202,222 Bokhevik Party 72-73,135-136 Bokhevik Revolution 1917 93,101,109 Bolshevism 53,67 Bondarenko, Oleg 97 Bonini Paradox 210 Bortnikov, Aleksandr 109,170,203 Botswana 169 Boyar 61—63; clans 66-67; “Bad Boyars” 61; ehtes 62,67; neo-Boyar ehte 124 Boyes, Roger 66 Bozhyeva, Olga 33,155 Brazil 101,171 Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) 71,172 Brezhnev, Leonid 14,57; Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, accountability to 115; ehte stasis under 95-96;‘Enhanced Brezhnev’ Collective Leadership Scenario 20,187,198-199,204; Gorbachev’s reforms in the wake of 57; interdependence accepted by 62; legacy of 81, 83; Putinism and 17—18,20, 93-95,102,114;senihty of 92 BRI see Belt and Road Initiative (China) BRICS-based multipolar international order 71,172 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. 107 Bucharest 7
234 Index Bucharest NATO Summit 2008 72 Budapest Memorandum 85 Bulgaria 119 Burgo, Joseph 152 Burkina Faso 169 Burns, William 178 Burundi 169 Bush, George W 72,147 CAATSA see Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) “calibrated coercion” 47 Cameroon 169 Canada 2, 41 Čaputová, Zuzana 202 CAR see Central African Republic (CAR) Carter, Nick 7 Catherine the Great 67 CCP see Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Center for Systematic Analysis and Forecasting (Russian think tank) 148 Central African Republic (CAR) 166,169 Central Asia 61 Chad 169 Charap, Samuel 47 Charles ХП of Sweden 70 Charter of Paris 85 Chechen War 11 Chechnya 115 Chekistocracy 45 Chekistrocratic counter-intelligence state 140 chekist worldview 102 Chemezov Group 125 Chemezov, Sergey 123-125,170 Chiang Kai-shek 200 Chief Second Directorate see Second Chief Directorate China: authoritarianism combined with neoliberal politics of 87; Deng Xiapoing’s leadership of 196; East China 168; G2 world, focus on 173; G7 discussion of Russia and 2; India and 172; Kazakhstan and 86; Kofman’s prediction on 168; Lavrov’s view of 3, 130; as revisionist power 173; Russia as alternative partner to United States and 20,166; Russian in potential alliance with 29,35,163,227; Russo-Chinese strategic relations 169-177; tensions with the United States 167,225-226; Ukraine and 175,177; Yalta-2 conference 223; see abo People’s Republic of China (PRC) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 196,200 Chukotka Peninsula 61 Churchill, Winston 1,48,135,208 CIA (United States) 33,187 civic activism 98 civic freedom 101 Civic Initiative
party 188 civil society 203 civic virtue 87 climate change 224,226 Clinton, Bill 6 Club of NGO Lawyers 98 coercion: “calibrated” 47; cross-domain 42,149; “messianic” 108; “multi dimensional” 42; Russian 43 coercion-plus-dialogue statecraft approach 180 coercive diplomacy 156,167 coercive mediation 166 “coercive force,” understanding of 29-30, 217 coercive war 44 Cold War 2.0: inevitability of 225; inflection point 224—225; paradigm 21 Cold War 2—4,6; balance of power during 38; deterrence theory 38-39; end of 33; “escalation ladders” 8; “new” 15; post83; Putin’s role during 33; rules and norms of 83,149; Soviet missiles in Cuba 41; see also Yalta—Potsdam Conferences Collective Security Treaty Organization 31 ‘Collective Putin’ 126,204,218; clans/ corporations 192; gosudarst-venniki ehte operating as 128; Kremlin and 11,198; Putin’s Collective (network) and 192, 196,205;‘Neither Putin Nor Putinism’ scenario 202; Putin envisioned as hostage to 198-200 colonial democracy, Russia envisioned as 13 colonial legacy 166 colonial theory 150 Colonial Pipeline attack 3 color revolutions: as core threat to Russian regime štabihty 167; NATO as power able to prevent 13; Putin’s fixation on 102; Russian-European relations and 58; Russia’s behef that US military strategy involves 147,168; Russia’s strategic thinking projecting fears of Westengineered 19, 44—45,100,141,147; West seen by Russia as exporting 98 Committee for State Security (KGB) 2; Andropov 58,102; Chief Second Directorate 12,33; Putin 33,67,82
Index 235 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 57,58,82,115,194 Congress of Vienna 30,70, 85 Constitutional Crisis of 1993 (Russia) 67 contract killing 29 Cooley, Alexander 86 cordon sanitaire 43 Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) 1 coup d’états: anti-Beria 58; August 1991 Soviet Russia 114; Belarus 2; constitutional 195; Estonia 88; Montenegro 42; Myanmar 170; palace coup, risk of 192,203; Peter II 67; see also color revolutions coup from above (state coup) 195 Covid-19 128-130,146,157,224; constitutional reform and 192-195 CPSK-CPJP-UFDR alliance 166 CPSU see Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Crimea 137; khanate 63; referendum 86; Putin’s power, post-Crimea 96, 111; Russian territorial waters off shores of 4; Shoigu’s reputation increase, post-Crimea 115; Yalta 34; see also Crimea, Russia’s annexation of Crimean Consensus 109 ‘Crimean Majority’ 212 Crimean peninsula 75 Crimean War 62 ‘Crimea: Path to the Motherland’ (film) 92 Crimea, Russia’s annexation of 7; breakdown in relations with the West and turn to China in the wake of 35; German response to 137; Kazakh response to 86; “modernization” of Russia and 111; national image building in the wake of 36-37; Nord Steam sale cancellation in wake of 180; “preventative annexation” of 148; Putin’s political calculations regarding 148-149,152,181,214; Putin’s power consolidation as result of 15,88-92,96; Russia’s strategic isolation following 163; sanctions in response to 14; viewed as revenge and payback for perceived insults from West 147; Western policy response to 8 cryptocurrency
170,221 Cuba 71; Cold War 41; Russia’s ties to 165, 171,173;Soviet model of relations with 175 cult of personality 17,83, 91-93; militarystrategic mobilization and 101 cult of victory 87—91 cyber-attacks 179,180,227 cyber-capabilities 228 cybercrime 3,227 cyber domains 43 cyber hacking 58 cyber military operations 5; cyber-exercises, defensive 168 cyber tools 178-179 cyberwarfare 9, 40 Cyprus 119 Czerny, Milan 166 Da’esh 85,87 DarkSide ransomware 3 Davydov, Ivan 199 Day of Unity (Russia) 98 December Manifesto 1999 (Putin) 6 Decembrist revolt 67 Defense Industrial Complex (DIC) 69 democratization 60,172,175 democracy: authoritarianism versus 122, 123; “colonial” 13; as deception 163; illiberal 108; pseudo- (Russia) 99; “sovereign” 107; as tool of the West 12-13 democratic forms and authoritarian practices 18,212 democratic ideals 6, 40; Russia’s tarnishing of 167; Western 108 democratic ideology, liberal 31 “democratic multipolarity” 223 “democracy paradox” 211 democratic transition as threat to Russian statehood 110-111,189 democratic values, United States’ defense of 178,225 Demidov, Andrey 100 Deng Xiaoping 196 Densyaopinizatisitskya Scenario see “Kazakh Way Forward” de-politicization of the populace 96-100 destabilization of neighbor states 214 de-Stalinization see Stalinization Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) 8 ‘Direct Line’ annual phone-in session (Putin) 16,72,92,186 Dnepropetrovsk 41; mafia 95 Dobrenko, Evegeny 82 doctrine of limited sovereignty 32, 214 Donbas: Girkin 120; “ontological drive” to invade 70; Ruskii Mir and 75, 111; Russian live-fire
training in 84; Russian
236 Index military build-up in 1; Russian power legitimation via 88; Russian undeclared operations in 47; subversion in 15,148; Surkov’s influence on Russian policy towards 221; transfer to Ukraine 81 Donetsk 70 Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR) 32,54 ‘Dossier’project 125 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 70 DPKR see North Korea (DPKR) Dresden: Putin in 12,13,33,137,153 Dresden Syndrome 102 Drug Trade Control Service Dulles, Allen 33 Dulles Plan 33 Dyson, Stephen Benedict 136-137 Dyumin, Alexey 188 Egypt 165,166,169,174,177 elitný (ehte) 64 Engstrom, Maria 36 Enhanced Brezhnev’ Collective Leadership Scenario 20,187,198-199,204 Eritrea 174 escalation cycles 8 escalation dominance theory 88 Estonia: “June coup” 88; Russian “Orthodox geopolitics” including 37; Russian occupation of 148; Russian treaties with 88; wargame scenario involving 7 Ethiopia 169 Eurasia 31,35,42,71,110 Eurasian Economic Union model 31 Eurasia Economic Union and Shanghai Cooperation Council 31 Euromaidan 87,222 European Magnitsky Act 179 eksklusivny (exclusive) 64 February Revolution of 1917 67 Federal Agency for Youth Affairs 66 Federal Anti-Monopoly Service (Russia) 124 Federal Archives Agency (Russia) 118 Federal Border Service (FPS) (Russia) 217 Federal Courts (Russia) 19 Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) (Russia) 61,115,217 Federal Customs Service (FTS) (Russia) 217 Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation see Federal Protective Service (FSO) Federal Protective Service (FSO) (Russia) 141,217,218; as counter to FSB 152; GRU, FSB, and SVR, competitive intelligence with 143,181; kompromat gathered by 128;
Zolotov 151 Federal Security Service (FSB) (Russia) 2,217; agenda-setting power of 157; Border Guard ships 4; Bortnikov 109, 203; breakup scenario involving 203; counter-intelligence and economic security departments 127; cybercrime gatekeeping responsibilities 227; GRU, FSO, and SVR, competitive intelligence with 143,181; head of 124; Internal Security Administration 125; Ivanov 152,203; Kadyrov 221; KGB and 150; as krysha (roof) 128; Livinenko 84; Moscow 11; Murashov 179; National Guard (NG) to balance power of 115, 221; Patrushchev 203; Putin 67,110,116; Putin’s control of 123,197-199, 201; as Putin’s oprichnina 65; Sechin and Ivanov, clan run by 152; as silovyye struktury 217; undeclared hybrid operations 58 Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FGUP Okhrana) 114 Federal Tax Police 193 Federal Tax Service (Russia) 19 Felgengauer, Pavel 148 FGUP Okhrana see Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FGUP Okhrana) fifth column 44,98,202 Fifth Columnists 19,141 Finland 61 First Chief Directorate of the KGB 150 First Deputy Chief of Staff 189 First Deputy Defense Minister 44 First Person (Putin) 153 Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) (Russia) 217,218; cyberhacking by 58; formerly First Chief Directorate of the KGB 150; GRU, FSO, and FSB, competitive intelligence with 143,181; KGB, cooperation with 181; Naryshkin 152; Primakov 11 “fourth imaginary” 32 fourth-generation strategic culture theorists 216,223 fourth service class revolution 64,69 “Fourth Way” 195 Foy, Henry 117,122 FPS see Federal Border Service (FPS) France 2,62; Central African Republic and 173; Crimean War and 163; JCPOA
Index signed by 176; P5 global agreement to include 224; Russia arms sales to 144 Freeland, Chrystia 116 Friedrich, Carl J. 107 FSKN see Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) FSB see Federal Security Service (FSB) FSO see Federal Protective Service (FSO ) FTS see Federal Customs Service (FTS) GO see G-Zero World Order G2 173 G3 173,226 G7 2,4,226 Gil 4,226 G20 3,4,172,226 Gaaze, Konstantin 111 Gaddy, Clifford 9 Galeotti, Mark 144,153-154; on hybrid state 123; on late Putinism 109; on Putin’s siloviki 102; on Russia as adhocracy 222 Gambia 169 Gazprom 112,124-125,191,197,204 Gazprom-Media NTV 3 George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (GCMC) vii, xi-xiii George, Alexander L. 136 Georgia (country of) 197; mafia 95; as part of NATO 7; Russian trade embargoes against 214; Russo-Georgian War of 2008 149,164; slicing up of territory of 156 Gerasimov, Valery 29,44—45 Gerecht, Reuel Marc 116 Gergiev, Valery 36 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 12, 33 Germany: 1941 invasion of Soviet Union 1; 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA);2021 G7 meeting 2; 2021 Green Party-CDU/ CSU coalition government, Russia’s response to 180; Navalny released to 157; Nazi 210; Russian gas, purchase of 144; Russia’s business partnerships with 111; Russia’s political alliance with 163; Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85; United States and 6; Vergangenheitsbewältigung 76 gerontocracy 195,203 Ghana 169 Girkin, Igor 120 glasnost 59 237 Global Fragility Act 179 Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act 179 Golts, Alexander (Alexandr) 34,163,195 Gontmakher, Yevgeniy
199,213 Gorbachev, Mikhail: Brezhnev, reforms in the wake of 57,94; fear of “new Gorbachev” 202; gerontocracy purged by 203; Kovlev and 11; perestroika and glasnost 59,203; Putinism and 18,102; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; reforms 56, 57,59,222; shortcomings 93; Yeltsin and 200 Gorbachev scenario 195 gosudarst-venniki ehte 128 Gould-Davies, Nigel 113 Graham, Loren 113 Gray, Colin 26-27 Grazhdankin, Alexei 100 Great Northern War 70 Great Patriotic War 83,88,138,210; see also Second World War Great Power: ability to break rules without being punished as hallmark of 139,143, 146; Global Concert of 21; United States 32,147; see ако Russia as Great Power great power agreement: Da esh coalition 85; Yalta-type conference 215 great power competition: Russia 7, 42-44 ‘greatpowerness’ 30 Great Terror of the 1930s (USSR) 57 Greece 119 Greene, Samuel 108-109 Green GDP (China) 226 Green Party-CDU/CSU coalition government (Germany) 180 Gref, German 123 Gromov, Alexei 153 Groznyy, Ivan 57 GRU see Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU) Grudinin, Pavel 188 GRU Unit 29155 29 GU see GRU Gudkov, Lev 87 Guinea 169 Guinea-Bissau 169 gulags 114; see abo purges andgu/đg archipelago Gulf of Oman 168 G-Zero world order 21,226—228
238 Index Hartar 174 Hamas 176 Harding, Luke 147 Havana Syndrome З Hellie, Richard 63 Helsinki Final Act 85, 88 Hezbollah 166,176 Hille, Kathrin 100 HiU, Fiona 9 Hitler, Adolf 13, 58,73, 85,87 Hlaing, Min Aung 170 HMS Defender incident 5 Holy Rus 75 Holy Synod 63 Houthis 166 human capital 71,113 human dignity 5 humanism 4 humanitarian aid 146; instrumentalization of 168 human rights 4,13; burden/obstacle of 170, 177; as tool of Western power 12,182, 193,202; US defense of 178; violations of 179 Human Rights Commissioner (Russia) 98 Hungarian complex 103 Hutton, WiU 112 hybrid interference 7,43 hybrid mentality 56,210 hybrid operations 58,153 hybrid regime 18,123 hybrid state 18,123,125,126,226,228; see also Russia as a hybrid state hybrid war 18,39, 84,123,147 Idlib 172 illiberal democracy 108 iUiberalism 96 iUiberal peace 167 Ilnitsky, Andrey Mikhaylovich 44 imperial history see Tsarist imperial history India 169; China’s relations with 173; leadership role of 223,224; as part of the Quad 175; Russian relations with 71, 163,166,175,176; US relations with 167; see abo BRICS Indian Ocean 168 Indonesia 71 Indo-Pacific 169,175 informational dictatorship 108 informational regime 98 informational war 44 Innopraktica Foundation 117 Inozemtsev, Vladislav 143 Institute of Social Analysis and Forecasting, RANEPA 100 Internal Security Administration (USB) (Russia) 125 Iran: Israel and 177; naval drills conducted by 168; nuclear dossier 144,224; Russia’s ties to 71,165,166,176,177,227; Russian weaponry purchased by 169 Iranian Revolutionary Guard 176 Israel: Iran and 177; Palestine
and 164,165; Russia and 166,176, 227 Ishchenko, Rostislav 148 Ivan III Vasilyevich (‘the Great’) 32, 60 Ivanov Doctrine 39 Ivanov, Igor 143,145 Ivanov, Sergei 53-54,151; Medvedev more likely to succeed Putin than 187; resignation of 152; resistance to regime change 203 Ivanov, Viktor 115 Jackevicius, Mindaugas 88 Japan 173; G7 2; occupation of Russian Far East 33; leadership role of 223,224; as part of the Quad 175; Russia’s need to ally with 163,166,173; Russian Orthodox geopolitics subsuming 37; United States and 225 JCPOA see Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Johnson, Alistair Ian 26,27 Johnson, Boris 178 Johnson, Dave 44-45,137 Johnson, Michael 8 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 176 Jordan 166 Judah, Ben 143 June coup 88 Jushkin, Vladimir 181 ‘Just Russia, A’ party 98 Kadyrov, Ramzan 60,188,221 Kamakin, Andrey 190 Karaganov, Sergey 84 Kartapolov, Andrei (General) 42-43 Kashin, Oleg 12 katechon 37 Kazahkstan 37,86,147,174,207; see abo Nazarbayev “Kazahk way forward” 20,187,196,204 Kerch Strait Bridge 125 Kerimov, Suleyman 125
Index KGB see Committee for State Security (KGB) Khachaturov, Arnold 170 khanate: Crimea 63 Khodovovsky, Mikhail 64,114,125 Khruscheva, Nina L. 92,113-114 Khruschev, Nikita 18,57-58; Beria, shooting of 67; de-Stalinization under 58; downfall of 95,116; Putinism and 102; Stalin, denunciation of 91 Khvostunova, Olga 60,82 Kievan Rus’ 59-60; conversion to Christianity 72; Moscow’s inheritance of 14, 53; Putin’s fostering of narrative of 74; Russian Orthodox Church and 119; Zelensky on 75 Kirill (Patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church) 72, 119 Kiriyenko, Sergey 189 kleptocracy 69,179 Klimmage, Michael 228 Klyuchevskil, VO. 33 Kofman, Michael 43—44,154-155; prediction on Russia and China 168 Kolesnikov, Alexander (Aleksander) 100, 110 Kolesnikov, Andrei (Andrey) 11,91,215, 210 kompromot 11,42,127,128,150,151 Korea (South) see Republic of Korea (ROK) Korotchenko, Igor 202 Kortunov, Andrey (Andrei) 46,172-173 Koshkin, Pavel 91 Kostyukov, Igor 29 Kots, Alexander 54 Kovalchuk brothers 123,125,189 Kovalev, Andrey (Andrei) 11,37 Kozyrev (Kozeyrev), Andrey (Andrei) 17, 37, 162 Krasheninnikov, Dmitriy 187 Kremlin: “autocratic legalism” of 167; Biden and 180; Center for Systematic Analysis and Forecasting and 148 “collective Putin” and 11,198; decision making by 143; dictators found in 116; directives from 19; ehtes 93; emotions and messaging of 92; intra-sifoviki conflict benefitting 182; media 98,117; October 1993 ‘events’ 114; mythmaking controlled by 118; Peskov 2; Polish occupation of 33; propaganda 117; Pugachev 151,197; Putin and 156,157, 199, 205; quest for regime security 102;
Second World War as foundation axis 239 of policy 88; self-preservation of 100; Set (pro-Kremlin group) 91; Stalin 13; towers of 18; website 137 “Kremlin blacklist” 179 “Kremlin Report” (US State Department) 123 “Kremlin Towers” 151 krysha (roof), FSB as 128 kto khozyain? (Who is the boss?) 152 Kuchma, Leonid 197 Kudrin, Alexey 57 kulak class 62 Kulikovo, battle of 54 Kurds 166 Kurille Islands/Northern Territories 166 Kyrgyzstan 32,37,174,177 Latin America 167,171,173-175 Latvia 7, 8,37,88,148 Latynina,Yuha 19 Lavrov, Sergei 2—3, 5,55; response to Covid-19 130; on list of unfriendly states 181; as member of Russian Security Council 217; Middle East Quartet, relations with 165; Persian Gulf initiative 166; Russian foreign policy articulated by 137; Russian security, position on 167 Lechner, John 177 Lee Kuan Yew 196 Leites, Nathan 135-136 Levada Centre 87 Ledeneva, Alena V 67—68 Lenin, Vladimir: Communist revolution declared by 109; “historical time bomb” planted by 81,208; ideological principles developed by 135;Marx-Lenin-Stalin as trinity of state religion 119; MarxistLeninist ideology 102; New Economic Policy 1920 57 Lenins Mausoleum 18,199 Leningrad, Siege of 62,87,149 Lenin State Farm 188 Leningrad University 123 Lewis, David: on ‘Crimean Consensus’ 109; on principles of Russian conflict management 167; on Putin’s rule through exception 212; on Russian spheres of influence 31; on Russian state’s self-understanding as bulwark of order 122; on Schmitt’s influence on Russian conservative thought 37 Liar’s Paradox 210 liberal democratic ideology 31
240 Index Liberal Democratic Party (Russian Federation) 99,188 ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Putin scenario 20, 187,201-202,204 liberal international world order 5,6,223 liberalization 195 Uberal opposition 202 Uberal reform 59,211 liberals: anti-hberals 70; system 69 Uberal West 97,98,108 Libya 45,165,169,171,174,177,227 Lima Group 172 Lithuania 37,148 Litvinenko, Alexander 84 Litvinova, Daria 90 Luhansk People’s Repubhc (LNR) 32 Lukashenko, Alyaksandr 2, 84, 86,120 Lukin, Alexander 98 Lukin, Vladimir 112 Lukoil 191 Luzhkov, Yuri 11 Macierewicz, Antoni 85 Madlovics, Bálint 108 Maduro, Nicolásl72,198 mafia state 108 mafia structures 65 Magnitsky Human Rights Accountabihty Act 179 Magomedov, Ziyavudin 125 Magyar, Bahnt 108 Maidan movement (Ukraine) 100; see ako Euromaidan; “Moscow Maidan” Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU) 3,42; competitive intelhgence with FSB and SVR 143,181; undeclared hybrid operations 58; Unit 29155 29 Main Mihtary-PoUtical Directorate (GlavVņenPUR) 89 Main PoUtical Directorate (Soviet GlavPUR) 89 Makarkin, Alexei 100,121,187 “Make Russia Great Again” 10 Makhmudov, Iskander 125 Malenkov, Georgy 67 Maleva, Tatyana 100 Mahukevicius, Nerijus 88 Mannerheim (Finnish Marshall) 54 manual control (ruchnoe upravleme) 150—154 manufactured consent 69-73 MarUnsky Theater Orchestra 36 Marxist-Leninist ideology 102 Marx-Lenin-StaUn as trinity of Russian state rehgion 119 Maslyukov,Yuri 11 Matvienko, Valentina 66,217 McClain, John 164 McDaniel, Tim 57 McFaul, Michael 211 MChS see Ministry for Civil Defense (MChS)
Medvedev, Dmitry (Dmitrii) 217; as prime minister of Russia 13; “Unlearned Lessons of History” opinion editorial 2; as Putin’s potential successor 188 Medvedev, Sergei 17,30 Messianism: Russian ideological 36-37,73; United States coercive promotion of 108 Metalloinvest 191 metals and metallurgy (Russia) 62, 95,170 Mexico 41,101,172 MH Soft 174 middle class, Russian 89,94—97,201 “middle income” society 112 Middle East 7,29,165-166; Russia and Israel in 176-177,227; Russian exports to 170; Russian “digital authoritarianism” sold to 174; as secondary Russian priority 172 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 175 Middle East Quartet 165 middle political powers 224 Mikhailov, Vladimir 188 Mikhail (Tsar) 109 military-patriotic mobilization 58-59, 82; cult of personality and 101; cult of victory and 87-91 ;‘Crimean Majority’ consolidated around 212; hardliner stance supporting 227; Putin’s embrace of 111, 155,175; use of force via 217 militant atheism 36 Military Doctrine (Russia) 29 Miller, Aleksey 125 Min Aung Hlaing see Hlaing, Min Aung Minchenko, Evgeny 124 Ministry for Civil Defense (MChS) (Russia) 89,217,219 Ministry of Defense (MO) 217,219; Collegium 28 Ministry oflnterior (MVD) 61,98,115, 191,217 Minsk 13,84,214 “Minsk moment” 13 Mironenko, Sergei 119 Mironov, Dmitry 188 Mishutsin, Mikhail 129,193 “modernization partnerships” 111
Index 241 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 1 “monarchiái court” metaphor 11 Mongol invasion 59-60 Mongol-Tartar Russian past 60 Montenegro 42,119 Mordashov, Aleksey 125 Morozov, Viatcheslav 98,150 Moscow: Battle for 87; Duma 154; history and overview of 60-61 Moscow Conference on International Security 2021 (MCIS-2021) 4,42,170 ‘Moscow Consensus’31 Moscow FSB 11 ‘Moscow Maidan’ 13 Moskalkova, Tatyana 98 Motherland (Russia) 66,90,120,186 Mother Russia 107 Mozambique 169 Mukhametshina, Yelena 199 Murakhovsky, Viktor 39,155 Murashov, Nikolai 179 mutual deterrence, global strategy of 38 MVD see Ministry of the Interior (MVD) (Russia) Myanmar 170 Naryshkin, Sergey 5,188 Nashi movement 188 National Coordination Centre for Computer Incidents (Russia, FSB) 179 National Guard (NG) (Rosgvardia) (Russia) 61,223; Covid-19 and 129; Federal Service of 89,151; organization and subunits of 114-115; police resentment of 221; Putin’s control of 197-198; Putin’s creation of 64; as regime defense mechanism 222 nationalism 75,102; ethno-nationalism 208; Russian 119,120 National Security Council (Russia) 116, 142,145-146,153,217 National Security Strategy (NSS) (Russia) 28, 74, 83; defense of history and prosecution of falsehoods 99; Patrushev on 10,73; on Russia’s willingness to ‘go it alone’ 163; on traditional Russian values under attack by the West 4 National Welfare Fund (Russia) 113 NATO: 2008 Summit 72; 2021 Summit 4; Defender Europe exercise 3; Georgia (country) integrated into 7; Putin’s view of 41,147; Russia’s view of 7-9,43,101, 141, 214, 227; Ukraine and 147; United States and 6;
West’s expansion/ism via 81, 149 Natsionalnaya Oborana [National Defense] 202 naval base 165,174 naval exercises 168 Navalny, Alexei 114,135-136,202-203, 214; imprisonment of 188; poisoning of 157,204,227; as symbol of moral resistance 203 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 86,120,190, 196-197 Nazism 10, 87, 88,90,137, 210 ‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or a ‘Liberal Dictatorship’Scenario 187,201-202,204 ‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’Scenario 187, 202,204 Neoprop 117 Nevsky, Alexander 143 New Economic Policy 1920s (Lenin) 57 Nicholas I (Tsar) 68 Niger 169 NLMK (Novolipetsk Steel) 191 Noble, Ben 157 nomenklatura tradition 63,64, 95,120,213 Nord Stream 2 project 179—180,225 Norilsk Nickel 191 North Africa 7,165,166, 175 North Caucasus 12, 61,73,200 Northeast Asia 173 North Korea (DPKR) 144,227 Nossov, Dmitri 188 Novichok 204,227 Novoprudskiy, Semen 65 Novorossiya (New Russia/Eastern Ukraine) 74,86,111 NSS see National Security Strategy (NSS) (Russia) Nur Otan party (Kazakhstan) 197 Nystadt Agreement 88 Obama, Barack 9,164 obshchak 198 Okhotsk 168 Olenichev, Maksim 98 “Oligarch-in-Chief” 128 oligarchy, oligarchs: globalized 69; Kremlin 18; “polygarchic” groups 221; Putin’s support of 11,96,128,205,211;Putinera 124—126; Putin’s entourage of 189; Putin’s pledge to transform 13; Russian 40,66,69,170,179; Ukraine 70; Yeltsinera 110 OMON see Special-Purpose Mobile Detachment (OMON) riot police ONEXIM Group 117
242 Index operational code: Bolshevik 135; George’s understanding of 136; operational code ofPutin 135-157; ambiguity in 154-156; defensive reactive motivation of 147—150; inferred explanations and implications for regime stability 139-140; manual control truchnoe upravlenie) 150—154 Operational Code of the Politburo (Leites) 135 operational culture 143 Operation Barbarossa 13 “Operation Successor” 11 opposition to the Russian state: criminalization of 19; defined as terrorism 212,215 oprichniki 63 oprichnina 63,64,65 Oreshkin, Maxim 188 Orlova, Karina 127 orthodox, definition and etymology of word 201 Orthodox geopolitics of Russia 37, 75; see aho Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) Orthodox “just war” 74 Orthodox Patriarch 92 Orthodox unity 75 “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” (Uvarov) 75,102 Orttung, Robert 114 Other, the’ 210 Ovsyannikov, Dmitriy 125 Ozero dacha collective 67,123 P5 165,224 P5+1 176 Pakistan 71,177; support for Taliban 166, 167,176;U.S-Russian nuclear weapons’ development, implications for 169 palace coup, risk of 192,203 Palestine 165-166 Palestine—Israeli conflict 164 Panfilov’s guardsmen 119 paradox, definition and etymology of word 201 ‘Paramount Putin’ 187,197,204 parastatal entities 124,126,191,219-220 Parent, Matthew J. 136-137 pariah status: Russia 15,44,214 Pastukhov, Vladimir 64-66,121; on manual control as feature orlate Putinism 156—157; on political bureaucratic cycles in Russia 58; on Putin’s division of power “inward” 93; on Russian Constitutional changes allowing Putin to remain indefinitely in control 196; on ‘unwritten rule chains’ being
used by Putin to stay in power 127 Patriotic Orthodoxy 119 Patriotic Stop List 90, 98 patriotism 4,34,82,96; anti-Americanism equated with 96; as core unifying Russian ideal 87,88; militarized 88-89; paranoid xenophobia as expression of 120; state paternalism and 215; see also military-patriotic mobilization Patrushev, Nikolai (Nikolay) 1; 2016 statement regarding regime change in Russia 142; 2021 meeting with U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan 4, 145; business interests of 170; escalatory rhetoric of 5; as information gatekeeper 143; as part of ehte consensus regarding Western hybrid war against Putin 109; as part of informal Politburo 123; Putin and 151,203; on Russia’s new NSS 73; on sanctions against Russia 10 Paul I 67 Pax Americana 5 Pax Sinica 225 Pavlosky, Gleb 86,143; on the “collective Putin” 11; on de-politicization 96; on Neoprop 117; on Putin as symbol of Russia 199; on Putin’s succession 186; Russian Federation System 154; on sistema 68 Peoples Liberation Army 168 People’s Republic of China (PRC) 196,200 perestroika 58,59,203 perestroika II195 Persian Gulf 166 Peskov, Dmitri 2,146 Peter I (“Peter the Great”) 29,34, 57,70; Catherine the Great and 82; Charles II, defeat of 63; as father of Petrine nation 82; Gvardiya 67; police chief, appointment of 53; sistema and 68 Peter II (Tsar) 67 Petrograd 73 petro-state, Russia as 112 Petrov, Nikolai 203,222 Petrovskaya, Irina 92 Pfifer, Steven 8 PGSCO 166 Phlotheus of Pskov 36 pillars: four pillars of Putinism 107; neo-modernist thinking 75; three core fraternal pillars (Slavic Orthodox empire) 72; three core
pillars of Russian
Index engagement 173; three pillars of Russian power 123,126; two pillars of dual state 122 plebiscite democracy 108 pluralism 194,215; anti-pluralism 59 Pobeda (Victory) Organising Committee 10 ‘poison pill’ strategy 202 Poland 61,62,85,214 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 33,63 Polish Presidential Chancellery 85 Politburo 111, 123;Operational Code of the Politburo (Leites) 135 Politburo 2.0 194 Politburo 2.0 in the Post-Crimea Russia (Minchenko Consulting) 69 Political Directorate of the Revvoyensovet (Revolutionary Military Council - PUR) 89 Polonsky, Sergei 188 Polovinko, Viacheslav 213 “polygarchic” groups 221 Pomerantsev, Peter 118 ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’ Putin Scenario 187,202,204 Poroshenko (Ukraine) 202 Potsdam Conference 85; see also YaltaPotsdam Conferences Potsdam Meetings Forum see RussianGerman Potsdam Meetings Forum PRC see People’s Republic of China (PRC) Prigozhin, Yevgeniy 125 Primakov, Evgeni 11 Prokhorov, Mikhail 117 Pugachev, Sergei 151 Pugachev, Yemelyan 33 Pukhov, Ruslan 124 purge and gulag archipelago, Stalinist period 18,113 Pussy Riot 114 Putin, Vladimir: ability to act without constraints 147; Alexander III, admiration for 34; ambiguity of 154—156; Andropov as role model for 102; annual address to Federation Assembly 28,40,118; as arbiter and moderator between factional economic interests 68; ‘besieged fortress’ narrative 179,215; Biden’s first phone call to 178,180; Brezhnev’s Russia compared to 83;‘broken lens’ syndrome of 181; coercive force deployed by 217; ‘Collective Putin’ 11,65; collapse of the GDR, impact on 33; color revolutions,
243 fixation on 102; as Commander in Chief 92; constituency and support 89,114; costs/benefits risk analysis 148-149; Covid-19 and 128-130,192-195; Constitutional Reform under 192-195; daughter and son-in-law 117; defensive reactive motivation of 147—150; de-politicization of the populace under 96-100; destabilization of neighbor states 214;‘Direct Line’ annual phone-in session 16,72,92,186; doctrine of limited sovereignty 32,214; economic statecraft by 113; elite stasis and stability under 95-96; entourage 125; family 152; “Fourth Way” 195; freedom of press curtailed by 99; FSB and 115; as geopolitical strategist 88; Great Patriotic War used to legitimate regime of 87-88; historical-charismatic legitimation of power 111; history and historical truth as being defined by 75,83; inner circle 125,151,170,.174; institutional strategic subcultures and crises 216-223; invention and innovation under 113; intelligentsia, hatred of 98; interventions justified by 71 ; Ivanov, resignation of 152; KGB experience 12-13,33, 82,102,137, 153; kleptocracy under 69; legal-rational legitimation of power 111 ; on Lenin 81 ; line of political succession 186,188-191; loyalists 121; loyalty networks 69,123; market means used to mercantilist ends 113; Middle East, views on 164; military industrial complex, support for 90; myths peddled by 76,101; National Security Council and 116;‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or a ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Scenario 187,201-202,204;‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’Scenario 187,202, 204; neo-feudal system emerging under 124; neo-
traditionalist regime 150;‘no Putin, no Russia’ 107, 111; obshchak 198; as Oligarch-in-Chief 128; operational code 135-157,139-140; orbit/spoi of 67; paradoxes of 208,209—215; Paramount Putin scenario 187,197,204; on ‘patriotism’ as core unifying ideal 87; political and economic stagnation under 93—95; political warfare and hybrid interference against West 39; popularity 141,203; post-Putin 48; post-Soviet 2.0 potentially created by 61; Prospect Theory applied to 149; rhetorical
244 Index escalations by 70; Russia as ‘married’ to 66; Russia in relationship to 25,32, 208; Russian sense of insecurity channeled by 35; Russia’s individual cultural code and historical experience in relationship to 36, 53-58,208; secrecy and secret police, use of 153; secret assets 179; as Secretary of Security Council of Russian Federation 110; scenarios of alternate forms of power transfer after 196-205; seven golden years of economic growth (2000-2007) 59,93; social contract 96; spatial imaginary of 32, 72; ‘special’ regaining its meaning under 64; ‘stability of cadres’ policy 17, 83,95-96; as Stalin’s successor 82,91-93; symbolic functions of 142,143; three political problems caused by fixation on 157; twofold strategic goals 29-30; Ukraine 74; United States’ policy responses to 179181; universality of 127; Vienna model, views of 85; weaknesses 191; West as center of sin 98; words versus intent 172, 175; worldview 163; see abo “besieged fortress” syndrome;‘Collective Putin’; Dresden; Iran; ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Putin scenario; oligarchy; operational code of Putin; oprichnina; siloviki; Syria; Ukraine; Valdai Club; zemschchina Putin-Biden Geneva Summit 2021 4, 41 Putin doctrine 156 Putinism 107-130; 2020s challenges to 112-121; 2021 condition of 109, 111; appropriation of Great Patriotic War 83; code of 136,216;‘Collective Putin’ and 200; Covid-19 and 128-130; discourse 205; four pillars of 107; as ‘ideology of the everyday’ 111 ; ineffective authoritarianism and 175; lack of agenda 111; late Putinism 182, 222; logic of 44; power struggles 205; power vertical
hierarchies and networks 121-128; Soviet and Tsarist precursors 109-111; Surkov as key enabler of 122; sustainability of 209; various understandings of 108 ‘Putin’s Collective’ 192,196,204-205,218; see also ‘Collective Putin’ ‘Putinism without Putin’ 187,200,204 ‘Putinism with Paramount Putin’ 187,204 ‘Putinism with Partial Putin’ 198-200,204 Putinist period 59; conservatism of 96 Putinists 57,112; benchmarks 200; elite 190 Putinite 12,112,128,193,201,211 Putinomics 213 Qasem Soleimani see Soleimani, Qasem Qatar 84,166 Quad, the (India, the United States, Australia and Japan) 175 Radzikhovskiy, Leonid 96 RANEPA see Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) rational deterrence theory 148 Razin, Stepan 33 realpolitik 6, 70 Red Army 10,119 “red line” policy tool 2,15, 40-41; as four inter-enabling “must nots” 154; Russia and Belarus 85-86,174; Russia and China 177; Russia and Ukraine 174; Russia and the West 86 Renaissance Capital 101 Republic of Korea (ROK) 173 revisionist power, China as 173 Revvoyensovet (Revolutionary Military Council-PUR) 89 Riurikhid dynasty 53 riot police (Russia) 11,114 Robertson, Charles 101 Robinson, Neil 122 Roman culture and history 36,122 Romania 119 Romanova, Anna 125 Romanov dynasties 33, 53,98,109 Romanov, Pyotr 93 Roosevelt 85 Rosatom 167 Rosgvardiya (Federal Service of National Guard Troops) 61,64, 89,109; see abo National Guard (NG) Roskosmos 191 Rosneft 65,191; Bolivarian regime backed by 175; as state within a state 124; Venezuela and 221; see abo Sechin, Igor Rosoboronexport 167 Rostec 124,125,167,189,191
Rostelekom 191 Rostovsky, Mikhail 95,142,205 Rotenberg, Arkadiy 125m 189 Rotenberg, Igor 125,189 Royal Navy (Britain) 4 rule by law 120,171 rule of law 12; “dictatorship of” 107, 111; Putin’s failure to uphold 112-113,211, 212; post (Putin) succession period and 190; sanctions against Russia as means to promote 179-180
Index rulers and ruled, relationship between 69 rules-based order 4,5 Rumer, Eugene 25,163 Russia as Great Power 28-32,34,36, 214; force multipliers available to 42; resurgency of 69; Crimea’s capture seen as advancing 88; loss of status as 149, 154; as “normal” 162; Putin’s agenda to restore 12,14,89,110,200; projection of 102; reasons for seeking recognition of 83; Russian political culture, importance to 55; social contract regarding 96; as “sovereign” 163; strategic relevance of veto power to maintain 165,171; as status quo power 173; territories used to signal 166; tradition of 121; as unevenly developed 164; Western acknowledgement of 59; West not obliged to confirm 182 Russia as hybrid state 107-130; Putinism 112-121;Putin system in practice 121-128; Soviet and Tsarist precursors 109-111; see also Putinism Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) 100 Russian Civil War 33, 57, 59,89 Russian Empire 63,75 Russian-European relations, cyclical nature of 58 Russian exceptionalism 37 Russian Far East 33 Russian Federation 99,142,188 Russian-German Potsdam Meetings Forum 2021 225 Russian history: cycles in 55-59; structural factors in 59—65 Russian Investigation Committee 99 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 53 Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) 37,60, 63,116;‘Patriotic Orthodoxy’ promoted by 119 Russian Orthodox geography (“Holy Rus”) 75 Russian power structure: informal network in place of pyramid 67 Russian Post 191 Russian Railways 69,191 Russian Revolution of 1917 33,57 Russian Spring 97 Russian strategic behavior: overview 1-9 Russian
strategic culture 25-47; conceptualizing 26-30; continuities in 30—38; force multipliers 42-46; strategic instruments 38-41 245 Russian World-Order paradigms 223-228 Russia-Ukraine State Treaty of May 1997 35 Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85 Russkii mir (‘Russian World’) 31,70,72,74, 75,86,111 “Russkiye” (ethnic Russians) 61 Russo-Chinese strategic relations 169-177 Russo-Georgian War of 2008 149,164 Russo-Indian ties 176 Russo-phobia 6,107 Rwanda 169 Ryabkov, Sergei 4 Ryzhkov, Vladimir 56 Rzeczpospolita (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) 63 Saakashvilli, Mikheil 197 Saana 166 Sakhnin, Alexei 213 Sakwa, Richard 121,122,211 sanction-proofing, Russia’s efforts regarding 170,180 sanctions: by China 225; as deterrence 179; economic 35,40,141; post-Crimea 14; against Nord Stream 225; against Russia 1-4,9,35,40,141; by Russia 9; use of organized crime to evade 227 Sargysan, Sergz 197 Satke, Ryskeldi 86 Saudi Arabia 165,166 Scherbakov, Vladimir 89 Schlosberg, Lev 188 Schmitt, Carl 37 Schulmann, Ekaterina 157 sderzhivanie (strategic deterrence) 38,146 Sea of Japan 168 Sea of Okhotsk 168 Sechin, Igor 123,151,170,189; FSB clan run by 152; as head of siloviki 69; Rosneft, leadership of 124,175,221; spetsnaz 125 Second Chief Directorate 12,33,150 Second World War 85,88,208 secret police, Putin’s use of 153 “securocrats” 221 Séléka 166 Set (pro-Kremlin group) 91 Seychelles 169 Shamalov, Kirdi 117,125 Shanghai Cooperation Conned 31 Sharafutdinova, Glunaz 117, 212 Shekhovtsov, Anton 145
246 Index Sherr, James 35 Shevtsova, Liha 66,209 Shlapak, David A. 8 Shoigu (Shoygu), Sergei 5; as core member of Russian ehte 170; in GRU Unit 29155 30; Ilnitsky as adviser to 44; influence on Russia’s Syria policy 221; as potential successor to Putin 188; power of 127; remarks at Moscow Conference on International Security 4; reputation of 115 Shirreff, Richard (General Sir) 8 Sholokhov, Mikhail 91 Shulman, Ekaterina 56 Shulman, Yekaterina 114 Shoygu, Sergey see Shoigu, Sergei Sibur 191 Silk Road 86 siloviki 19,69,199; ehte conflict and 191; immunity from prosecution 180; intrasiloviki confrontation and war 114,121, 182,201; Putin’s generation of 102, 116; rebalancing of 152; risks of palace coup and 192; role of 203; questionable cohesion and unity of 151-152; see ako Sechin, Igor “siloviki state capture” 128 silovyye struktury 217 Siluanov, Anton 213 Simes, Dimitri 9 Sino-Indian border 166 Sino-Russia axis 168 sistema 31, 68,94,189 Skoch, Andrey 125 Skuratov, Yuri 11 Snyder, Jack L. 26 Sobchak, Ksenia 188 sobornost 61 Sobyanin, Sergey 129,136,189 Socratic Paradox 210 Sokoloff, Georges 58 Sokolsky, Richard 24,163 Sokotra Island 169 Soleimani, Qasem 176 Solovey, Valeriy 35,57-58 Somalia 169 Soros, George 187 South Asia 166 South China Seas 168 Southern Transitional Council (STC) (Aden) 166 South Ossetia 90 ‘Sovereign Globalization’ 175 Soviet Constitution 55 Soviet Union; Cold War 33; collapse of 6, 30,70,81,110; Communist ideology of 36; Communist Party of 57, 58, 82,115,194; Germany’s invasion of 1; historical overview of 67; Hitler’s attack of 13; legacies of 81-102;
Putin’s view of 12; Russia as successor state to 53, 72, 109—111 ; see also Brezhnev; Gorbachev; Kovalev; Stahn; Yeltsin “spatial imaginaries” 32,164 Special-Purpose Mobile Detachment (OMON) (Russia) 114 Special Rapid-Reaction Detachment (SOBR) 114 spetsnaz 125 Sprude, Viesturs 17, ЗО ‘stability of cadres’ pohcy 17, 83,95—96 Stalin, Joseph 85; as CPSU General Secretary 57; cult of personality around 91,101; enforceable principles developed by 135; first-way example of 195; “kulak class,” money and resources appropriated from 62; legacy of 81,82, 83; majority popular support enjoyed by 114; military-patriotic mobilization and power legitimation 87,88,101; “modernizer” 56; as “most successful leader of the USSR” 118; “post-Stalin 1953-56 Scenario” 20,187,200,204; purge ind gulag archipelagoes 18,113; Putinism and 18,102; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; repression and terror enabled by 203; “Revolution from Above” 59,63; sistema and 68; sudden death of 67; strategic calculus and security measures by 13; “time bombs” planted by 208; Yalta-Potsdam Conferences 70,85,101 Stalinization 61; de-Stalinization 58,215 Stanovaya, Tatyana 137-138 State Planning Committee (Gosplan) 11 status quo power, Russia viewed as 173 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter 137 St. George 90; knights of 54 St. Petersburg 73,100,150,151; Decembrist Revolt 67; Mannerheim plaque in 53; Matvienko as former governor of 66; Mayor’s office 123; Putin speeches given in 195 straits of Bosporus 172 strategic culture see Russian strategic culture strategic deterrence (Russian) 38-41; cross domain 43; nuclear 43;
sanctions as instruments of 179; see also rational
Index 247 deterrence theory; sanctions; sđerzhivanie (strategic deterrence) Strelkov (Ivor Girkin) 120 Streltsy (Л Stroygazmontazh company 125 Sudan 174 Sukhoi Su-36 aircraft 169 Sukhov, Ivan 99,112 Supreme Soviet 67 Suraykin, Maxim 188 Surgutneftegas 191 Surkov, Vladislav: on himself as founding father of new type of state 122; influence on Russian policy toward Syria and the Donbas 221; on Kremlin propaganda 117; portrayal of Putin as a conservative 92; on the problem with freedom 212; on Putinism 111; on Russia as European and Asiatic culture 210; on Russia’s future drama and unpredictability 223; on Russia’s future of geopolitical loneliness 56; on Russia policy towards Ukraine 148; on sobornost 61 Sullivan, Jake 4,145 Suvorov, Alexander 143 svoi 67 SVR see Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) SWIFT international financial system 2 Syria 7,15,168,171; Putin and 58, 85, 88, 92; Russian Aerospace Forces in 45; Russian backing of Assad 182; Russian challenges in 172; Russian exit strategy regarding 176; Russian intervention in 71,146,148,149,156,165; Russian live-fire training in 84; Russian military theory and 47; Russian partnerships with 227; as Russian success 90, 92; United States and 144,145,146; Wagner Group debacle in 42,221 System of Operative Search Measures (SORM) 174 Szczerski, Krzysztof 85 Tajikistan 37,176 Talbott, Strobe 8 Taliban: Pakistan and Russia support of 166, 167, 176 Taylor, Brian 217 Tereshkova amendment 192 terror as instrument of state control 89,114; Stalin-era 203 terrorism 151,224,226; counter-terrorism 169; see also opposition to the state
terroristic police 107 terrorist state, Russia acting as 227 Tibet 177 Tikhonova, Katerina 117 Third Rome 36 Timchenko, Gennadiy 123,125 “Time of Troubles”: 1598-1613 30, 57; 1990s 58-59,76,92,110 Timoshenko 189 “totalitarian West” 6,20,108,163 totalitarianism 2,6,18,107,225 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Friedrich and Brzezinski) 107 Touadéra, Faustin-Archange 173 Touadéra government 166 Transdneistr 90 Transmashholding 191 Treaty of Aigun (1858) 226 Treaty of Beijing (1860) 226 Trenin, Dmitri 226 Troitskiy, Mikhail 83 Trudolyubov, Maxim 53,64,97,108,202 Truman, Harry 5, 85 Trump, Donald J. 5,146,178 Tsardom 37 Tsarism 36 Tsarist ideational political and strategic cultures 10,15 Tsarist imperial history 14, 53-73 Turchak, Andrey 189 Turkey 7,166,226; aircraft purchases by 169,173; Muslims from 60; straits of Bosporus 172 Turkmenistan 37 Ukraine: Budapest Memorandum 85; “calibrated coercion” towards 47,156; China’s investment in 175, 177; Kievan Rus’ and 74,75; Kuchma 197; as part of Russian “spatial imaginary” 32; Poroshenko 202; as potential member of NATO 41,147; Putin’s view of 72, 214; Russian moves toward 1-2,7,13, 15,45,56; Russian Orthodox geopolitics and 37,119; Russian red Unes regarding 174; Russia—Ukraine State Treaty of May 1997 35; Russkii Mir and 72,74; United States and 8,182; see also Donbas; Zelensky Ulf, Walther see Walther, Ulf Ulyukayev, Aleksey 64, 125,127 UMMC 191 United Kingdom 1,2,178,224 United States 2; China, tensions with 167, 225-226; democratic values, defense
248 Index of 178,225; as part of the Quad 175; Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85; as Russia’s strategic benchmark 144—147; see aho Belarus; Biden; CIA; Clinton; Cold War; Great Powers; Obama; Roosevelt; sanctions; Syria; Truman; Trump; Ukraine United States Department of State 123 United Nations Security Council 2, 42,225 United Nations Security Council Permanent Five (UNSC P5 status) 165 Usackas, Vygaudas 142 USB see Internal Security Administration (USB) (Russia) U.S.-China tensions 167 U.S.-Russian nuclear weapons’ development 169 U.S.-USSR relations, Cold War 39 Uvarov, Sergei (Count) 75 Uzbekistan 37; mafia 95 Vaino, Anton 152,217 Valdai Club 14,38,71,94,97-98 Vasifi III (Grand Duke) 36 Vekselberg, Viktor 125 Venezuela 45,168—174,177; Moscow’s stance on 221 Verba, Sidney 26 Vergangenheitsbewältigung 76 Vienna 176; see aho Congress of Vienna Vienna system 17 Vietnam 71,163,165,166,177 Vinokutov, Andrei 100,144 Vishnevsky, Boris 19,135-136 Vitte, Sergei Yuryevich 34 Vladimir I 72 Volkov, Denis 210 Volodin, Vyacheslav 2,14,189, 218 Vorobyov, Andrey 188 votchina (patrimony) 60 Wagner Group debacle in Syria 42,221 Walther, Ulf 150 Wilsonian liberalism 5 Wilson, Kyle 153 Wood, Andrew (Sir) 142,147,191-192 Xi-ism 201 Yakemenko, Boris 188 Yakemenko, Vasily 66 Yakunin, Vladimir 69 Yalta 34 Yalta-2 Conference 223 Yalta-Potsdam II 17,82,101,145 Yalta-Potsdam conferences (1945) 30,61, 70, 85, 88,138 Yalta-Potsdam ‘Grand Bargain’ of the Putin era 83-87,145,215 Yanukovych, Viktor 35,70, 88 Yavlinsky, Grigory 188 Yeltsin, Boris 200; achievements of 56; “Family” group
around 11; first-term administration 15; foreign policy 30; oligarchs 110,124; Putin’s health and vigor compared to 111; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; Russia’s cyclical politics and 57; shortcomings of 93; shelling of Duma by 120; ‘special’ commercialized to mean eksklusivny (exclusive) and elitný (elite) 64; state building 110 Yeltsin Constitution 110 Yeltsin-Putin transition 187 Yeltsin years as “Times of Troubles” 58-59 Yemen 166,177; South Yemen 169 Zaif 176 Zakharchenko, Oleksandr 54 Zarif, Mohammad Javad 176 Zelensky (Zelenskiy; Zelenskyy), Volodymyr (President of Ukraine) 41, 75-76,147; Navalny as “Russian Zelenkyy” 202 zemschchina 63, 65 Zevelev,Igor 70-71, 109-110 Zheleznova, Mariya 84,99 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 99,188,202 Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich (Defense Minister) 67,143 Zinichev, Yevgeny 188 Zolotov, Viktor 109,170; control of all private military and security firms in Russia 114; “expanded” Security Council seat 116,151-152; Federal Protection Service under 115; as part of Putin’s inner circle 123; as permanent (then demoted) member of National Security Council 116,151-152; as “securocrat” 221 Zubov, Mikhail 14 Zygar, Mikhail 11 Zyuganov, Gennady 99,136 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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CONTENTS List of Tables Acknowledgments x xi 1 Introduction: Understanding Russian strategic behavior 2 Russian strategic culture: Conceptualization and evolution 25 3 The “inner logic” of Twist imperial history 53 4 Soviet legacies: Stalin, Brezhnev and Putin 81 5 “Putinism” and Russia’s hybrid state: Policies, practice and performance 107 Putin’s operational code: Inferences and implications for regime stability 135 7 Russia’s global reach: Reality and rhetoric 162 8 Putin, the collective Putin and alternative power transition scenarios 186 Conclusions: Putin’s paradoxes, institutional subcultures and world order 208 6 9 Index 1 232
INDEX Note: Page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. 5Ds (disinformation, destabilization, disruption, deception and implied destruction) 43 1815 Concert of Europe 224 1917-1920 (Revolution and Civil War) 30, 33,57; see also Bolshevik Revolution; February Revolution; Russian Civil War; Russian Revolution 1917-1991 “outer empire” 61,76 1917 and aftermath 58-59,72,93 Abkhazia 7,32, 75,90,148,164 absolutism 66,73 Academy of Military Science (Russia) 28 Aden 166 adhocracy 222 Afghanistan 165,167,176,224 AFK Sistema 191 Agitprop 117 ‘A Just Russia’ party see ‘Just Russia, A’ party Akimov, Andrey 125 al-Assad, Bashar 176 al-Bashir, Omar 174 Alexander I (the Great) 34,57 Alexander II (Tsar) 57 Alexander III (Tsar) 34,57 Alexievich, Svetlana 212 Alikhanov, Anton 125 Aliyev (President of Azerbaijan) 86 Allison, Graham 9 Almond, Gabriel A. 26 American Century 5 American Civil War 145 Anayev, Maxim 121 Andropov, Yuri (Yuriy): as CPSU Central Committee secretary 58; “Hungarian fixation” of 102; old age of 92; Putin compared to 14,18; as role model for Putin 102 anti-Americanism 86; Putin and 215; Russian media messaging and 117; Russian patriotism as 90 anti-Beria coup of 1953 58 anti-Christ 37 anti-corruption measures 94,200-202 anti-fragile regime-building strategies 21, 44,192 anti-Hitler coalition 85, 87 anti-liberalism 59,70 anti-Maidan National Guard 202 anti-money laundering measures (US) 179 anti-pluralism 59 anti-protest measures 167 ‘anti-Russia’ 141 ‘anti-Russia project’ 74 anti-satellite missiles 39 anti-Westernism 70-71,86; militarized imperialist
32; rogue states committed to 227; Russia’s alignment with China and 163,173; Putinism and 59; Putin’s legitimation of 6,40,196,215,228; Russkii Mir founded on 70 Aptekar, Pavel 118
Index 233 Arbatova, Nadezhda 59,73 Archive of Ancient Acts (Russia) 119 Argentina 172 Arkadiy, Boris 125 Arkhangelskiy, Andrey 81, 90 Akhmetov, Rinat 70 Arab Spring 100 Armenia 197 ASEAN states 166 Åslund, Anders 113,116 Adantic Charter 178 Australia 175 autarky 112,227 authoritarianism: absence of intra-elite political conflict and 195; beneficiaries of 191; democracy versus 122,123; digital 174; electoral 18,123; ideology of 31; insulation of leaders inside 180; ‘manufacturing consent’ 117; nationalist populism and 12, 89; oligarchic capitalistic 211; political (China) 87; potential difficulties faced by 213; power transition inside 186,189; Putinism as 108,110, 111, 175;Russian conflict management and 167; Russian managers of 203; Russian statehood’s roots in 73; top-down reform efforts 201 autocracy: corrupt 215; logic of 199; mature 224; Muscovite 59; popular 91; Putin’s creation of Russia as 102,110; Russian 108 autocratic legalism 167 autocratic monarchy 66 autocrats 212 Azerbaijan 37, 86 Bab el-Mandeb Strait 169 Baku mafia 95 Baltic cities (Narva, Reval (Tallinn) and Riga) 63 Baltic seas 168 Baltic states 85,88,149; airspace 7 Banderites 88 Bangui 166 Baptism of Rus 72 Bastrykin, Alexander 84,99,109,221 BBC Monitoring 5,16 BBC radio 1 Belarus 22,35,37; Kievan Rus’ and 53; as part of Slavic Orthodox empire 72,164; obligatory occupation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, arguments regarding 148; orthodoxy’s influence in 119; president of 84, 86; Putin’s interest in 75; Russia’s position on 174; United States, relations with 84 Belenkaya, Marianna 164,176 Belt and Road
Initiative (China) 172,177 Belton, Catherine 12,198 Bekbulatova, Taisiya 124 Beria, Lavrenti 67,201 Berlin-Washington DC axis 6 “besieged fortress” syndrome 65—69,179 Bessarabia 61 Biden, Joe: 2021 Putin-Biden Summit 4, 41,145,147,224—226; attempts to create transatlantic consensus on Russia without escalation 8; Russia’s global reach and 164; sanctions on Russia 1—2; United Arab Emirates, suspension of sale of F-35 to 169-170 Biden-Putin era 57,178—181 Birnbaum, Michael 141 “black box” metaphor 135 “black cash” 197 black budget (Russia) 84 blacklist (Kremlin) 179 blackmail 127,167; nuclear 227 Black Sea 35,37,168 Blinken, Anthony 2 Bolivia 173,175 Bolotnaya 202,222 Bokhevik Party 72-73,135-136 Bokhevik Revolution 1917 93,101,109 Bolshevism 53,67 Bondarenko, Oleg 97 Bonini Paradox 210 Bortnikov, Aleksandr 109,170,203 Botswana 169 Boyar 61—63; clans 66-67; “Bad Boyars” 61; ehtes 62,67; neo-Boyar ehte 124 Boyes, Roger 66 Bozhyeva, Olga 33,155 Brazil 101,171 Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) 71,172 Brezhnev, Leonid 14,57; Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, accountability to 115; ehte stasis under 95-96;‘Enhanced Brezhnev’ Collective Leadership Scenario 20,187,198-199,204; Gorbachev’s reforms in the wake of 57; interdependence accepted by 62; legacy of 81, 83; Putinism and 17—18,20, 93-95,102,114;senihty of 92 BRI see Belt and Road Initiative (China) BRICS-based multipolar international order 71,172 Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. 107 Bucharest 7
234 Index Bucharest NATO Summit 2008 72 Budapest Memorandum 85 Bulgaria 119 Burgo, Joseph 152 Burkina Faso 169 Burns, William 178 Burundi 169 Bush, George W 72,147 CAATSA see Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) “calibrated coercion” 47 Cameroon 169 Canada 2, 41 Čaputová, Zuzana 202 CAR see Central African Republic (CAR) Carter, Nick 7 Catherine the Great 67 CCP see Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Center for Systematic Analysis and Forecasting (Russian think tank) 148 Central African Republic (CAR) 166,169 Central Asia 61 Chad 169 Charap, Samuel 47 Charles ХП of Sweden 70 Charter of Paris 85 Chechen War 11 Chechnya 115 Chekistocracy 45 Chekistrocratic counter-intelligence state 140 chekist worldview 102 Chemezov Group 125 Chemezov, Sergey 123-125,170 Chiang Kai-shek 200 Chief Second Directorate see Second Chief Directorate China: authoritarianism combined with neoliberal politics of 87; Deng Xiapoing’s leadership of 196; East China 168; G2 world, focus on 173; G7 discussion of Russia and 2; India and 172; Kazakhstan and 86; Kofman’s prediction on 168; Lavrov’s view of 3, 130; as revisionist power 173; Russia as alternative partner to United States and 20,166; Russian in potential alliance with 29,35,163,227; Russo-Chinese strategic relations 169-177; tensions with the United States 167,225-226; Ukraine and 175,177; Yalta-2 conference 223; see abo People’s Republic of China (PRC) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 196,200 Chukotka Peninsula 61 Churchill, Winston 1,48,135,208 CIA (United States) 33,187 civic activism 98 civic freedom 101 Civic Initiative
party 188 civil society 203 civic virtue 87 climate change 224,226 Clinton, Bill 6 Club of NGO Lawyers 98 coercion: “calibrated” 47; cross-domain 42,149; “messianic” 108; “multi dimensional” 42; Russian 43 coercion-plus-dialogue statecraft approach 180 coercive diplomacy 156,167 coercive mediation 166 “coercive force,” understanding of 29-30, 217 coercive war 44 Cold War 2.0: inevitability of 225; inflection point 224—225; paradigm 21 Cold War 2—4,6; balance of power during 38; deterrence theory 38-39; end of 33; “escalation ladders” 8; “new” 15; post83; Putin’s role during 33; rules and norms of 83,149; Soviet missiles in Cuba 41; see also Yalta—Potsdam Conferences Collective Security Treaty Organization 31 ‘Collective Putin’ 126,204,218; clans/ corporations 192; gosudarst-venniki ehte operating as 128; Kremlin and 11,198; Putin’s Collective (network) and 192, 196,205;‘Neither Putin Nor Putinism’ scenario 202; Putin envisioned as hostage to 198-200 colonial democracy, Russia envisioned as 13 colonial legacy 166 colonial theory 150 Colonial Pipeline attack 3 color revolutions: as core threat to Russian regime štabihty 167; NATO as power able to prevent 13; Putin’s fixation on 102; Russian-European relations and 58; Russia’s behef that US military strategy involves 147,168; Russia’s strategic thinking projecting fears of Westengineered 19, 44—45,100,141,147; West seen by Russia as exporting 98 Committee for State Security (KGB) 2; Andropov 58,102; Chief Second Directorate 12,33; Putin 33,67,82
Index 235 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 57,58,82,115,194 Congress of Vienna 30,70, 85 Constitutional Crisis of 1993 (Russia) 67 contract killing 29 Cooley, Alexander 86 cordon sanitaire 43 Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) 1 coup d’états: anti-Beria 58; August 1991 Soviet Russia 114; Belarus 2; constitutional 195; Estonia 88; Montenegro 42; Myanmar 170; palace coup, risk of 192,203; Peter II 67; see also color revolutions coup from above (state coup) 195 Covid-19 128-130,146,157,224; constitutional reform and 192-195 CPSK-CPJP-UFDR alliance 166 CPSU see Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Crimea 137; khanate 63; referendum 86; Putin’s power, post-Crimea 96, 111; Russian territorial waters off shores of 4; Shoigu’s reputation increase, post-Crimea 115; Yalta 34; see also Crimea, Russia’s annexation of Crimean Consensus 109 ‘Crimean Majority’ 212 Crimean peninsula 75 Crimean War 62 ‘Crimea: Path to the Motherland’ (film) 92 Crimea, Russia’s annexation of 7; breakdown in relations with the West and turn to China in the wake of 35; German response to 137; Kazakh response to 86; “modernization” of Russia and 111; national image building in the wake of 36-37; Nord Steam sale cancellation in wake of 180; “preventative annexation” of 148; Putin’s political calculations regarding 148-149,152,181,214; Putin’s power consolidation as result of 15,88-92,96; Russia’s strategic isolation following 163; sanctions in response to 14; viewed as revenge and payback for perceived insults from West 147; Western policy response to 8 cryptocurrency
170,221 Cuba 71; Cold War 41; Russia’s ties to 165, 171,173;Soviet model of relations with 175 cult of personality 17,83, 91-93; militarystrategic mobilization and 101 cult of victory 87—91 cyber-attacks 179,180,227 cyber-capabilities 228 cybercrime 3,227 cyber domains 43 cyber hacking 58 cyber military operations 5; cyber-exercises, defensive 168 cyber tools 178-179 cyberwarfare 9, 40 Cyprus 119 Czerny, Milan 166 Da’esh 85,87 DarkSide ransomware 3 Davydov, Ivan 199 Day of Unity (Russia) 98 December Manifesto 1999 (Putin) 6 Decembrist revolt 67 Defense Industrial Complex (DIC) 69 democratization 60,172,175 democracy: authoritarianism versus 122, 123; “colonial” 13; as deception 163; illiberal 108; pseudo- (Russia) 99; “sovereign” 107; as tool of the West 12-13 democratic forms and authoritarian practices 18,212 democratic ideals 6, 40; Russia’s tarnishing of 167; Western 108 democratic ideology, liberal 31 “democratic multipolarity” 223 “democracy paradox” 211 democratic transition as threat to Russian statehood 110-111,189 democratic values, United States’ defense of 178,225 Demidov, Andrey 100 Deng Xiaoping 196 Densyaopinizatisitskya Scenario see “Kazakh Way Forward” de-politicization of the populace 96-100 destabilization of neighbor states 214 de-Stalinization see Stalinization Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) 8 ‘Direct Line’ annual phone-in session (Putin) 16,72,92,186 Dnepropetrovsk 41; mafia 95 Dobrenko, Evegeny 82 doctrine of limited sovereignty 32, 214 Donbas: Girkin 120; “ontological drive” to invade 70; Ruskii Mir and 75, 111; Russian live-fire
training in 84; Russian
236 Index military build-up in 1; Russian power legitimation via 88; Russian undeclared operations in 47; subversion in 15,148; Surkov’s influence on Russian policy towards 221; transfer to Ukraine 81 Donetsk 70 Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR) 32,54 ‘Dossier’project 125 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 70 DPKR see North Korea (DPKR) Dresden: Putin in 12,13,33,137,153 Dresden Syndrome 102 Drug Trade Control Service Dulles, Allen 33 Dulles Plan 33 Dyson, Stephen Benedict 136-137 Dyumin, Alexey 188 Egypt 165,166,169,174,177 elitný (ehte) 64 Engstrom, Maria 36 Enhanced Brezhnev’ Collective Leadership Scenario 20,187,198-199,204 Eritrea 174 escalation cycles 8 escalation dominance theory 88 Estonia: “June coup” 88; Russian “Orthodox geopolitics” including 37; Russian occupation of 148; Russian treaties with 88; wargame scenario involving 7 Ethiopia 169 Eurasia 31,35,42,71,110 Eurasian Economic Union model 31 Eurasia Economic Union and Shanghai Cooperation Council 31 Euromaidan 87,222 European Magnitsky Act 179 eksklusivny (exclusive) 64 February Revolution of 1917 67 Federal Agency for Youth Affairs 66 Federal Anti-Monopoly Service (Russia) 124 Federal Archives Agency (Russia) 118 Federal Border Service (FPS) (Russia) 217 Federal Courts (Russia) 19 Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) (Russia) 61,115,217 Federal Customs Service (FTS) (Russia) 217 Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation see Federal Protective Service (FSO) Federal Protective Service (FSO) (Russia) 141,217,218; as counter to FSB 152; GRU, FSB, and SVR, competitive intelligence with 143,181; kompromat gathered by 128;
Zolotov 151 Federal Security Service (FSB) (Russia) 2,217; agenda-setting power of 157; Border Guard ships 4; Bortnikov 109, 203; breakup scenario involving 203; counter-intelligence and economic security departments 127; cybercrime gatekeeping responsibilities 227; GRU, FSO, and SVR, competitive intelligence with 143,181; head of 124; Internal Security Administration 125; Ivanov 152,203; Kadyrov 221; KGB and 150; as krysha (roof) 128; Livinenko 84; Moscow 11; Murashov 179; National Guard (NG) to balance power of 115, 221; Patrushchev 203; Putin 67,110,116; Putin’s control of 123,197-199, 201; as Putin’s oprichnina 65; Sechin and Ivanov, clan run by 152; as silovyye struktury 217; undeclared hybrid operations 58 Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FGUP Okhrana) 114 Federal Tax Police 193 Federal Tax Service (Russia) 19 Felgengauer, Pavel 148 FGUP Okhrana see Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FGUP Okhrana) fifth column 44,98,202 Fifth Columnists 19,141 Finland 61 First Chief Directorate of the KGB 150 First Deputy Chief of Staff 189 First Deputy Defense Minister 44 First Person (Putin) 153 Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) (Russia) 217,218; cyberhacking by 58; formerly First Chief Directorate of the KGB 150; GRU, FSO, and FSB, competitive intelligence with 143,181; KGB, cooperation with 181; Naryshkin 152; Primakov 11 “fourth imaginary” 32 fourth-generation strategic culture theorists 216,223 fourth service class revolution 64,69 “Fourth Way” 195 Foy, Henry 117,122 FPS see Federal Border Service (FPS) France 2,62; Central African Republic and 173; Crimean War and 163; JCPOA
Index signed by 176; P5 global agreement to include 224; Russia arms sales to 144 Freeland, Chrystia 116 Friedrich, Carl J. 107 FSKN see Federal Drug Control Service (FSKN) FSB see Federal Security Service (FSB) FSO see Federal Protective Service (FSO ) FTS see Federal Customs Service (FTS) GO see G-Zero World Order G2 173 G3 173,226 G7 2,4,226 Gil 4,226 G20 3,4,172,226 Gaaze, Konstantin 111 Gaddy, Clifford 9 Galeotti, Mark 144,153-154; on hybrid state 123; on late Putinism 109; on Putin’s siloviki 102; on Russia as adhocracy 222 Gambia 169 Gazprom 112,124-125,191,197,204 Gazprom-Media NTV 3 George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (GCMC) vii, xi-xiii George, Alexander L. 136 Georgia (country of) 197; mafia 95; as part of NATO 7; Russian trade embargoes against 214; Russo-Georgian War of 2008 149,164; slicing up of territory of 156 Gerasimov, Valery 29,44—45 Gerecht, Reuel Marc 116 Gergiev, Valery 36 German Democratic Republic (GDR) 12, 33 Germany: 1941 invasion of Soviet Union 1; 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA);2021 G7 meeting 2; 2021 Green Party-CDU/ CSU coalition government, Russia’s response to 180; Navalny released to 157; Nazi 210; Russian gas, purchase of 144; Russia’s business partnerships with 111; Russia’s political alliance with 163; Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85; United States and 6; Vergangenheitsbewältigung 76 gerontocracy 195,203 Ghana 169 Girkin, Igor 120 glasnost 59 237 Global Fragility' Act 179 Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act 179 Golts, Alexander (Alexandr) 34,163,195 Gontmakher, Yevgeniy
199,213 Gorbachev, Mikhail: Brezhnev, reforms in the wake of 57,94; fear of “new Gorbachev” 202; gerontocracy purged by 203; Kovlev and 11; perestroika and glasnost 59,203; Putinism and 18,102; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; reforms 56, 57,59,222; shortcomings 93; Yeltsin and 200 Gorbachev scenario 195 gosudarst-venniki ehte 128 Gould-Davies, Nigel 113 Graham, Loren 113 Gray, Colin 26-27 Grazhdankin, Alexei 100 Great Northern War 70 Great Patriotic War 83,88,138,210; see also Second World War Great Power: ability to break rules without being punished as hallmark of 139,143, 146; Global Concert of 21; United States 32,147; see ако Russia as Great Power great power agreement: Da'esh coalition 85; Yalta-type conference 215 great power competition: Russia 7, 42-44 ‘greatpowerness’ 30 Great Terror of the 1930s (USSR) 57 Greece 119 Greene, Samuel 108-109 Green GDP (China) 226 Green Party-CDU/CSU coalition government (Germany) 180 Gref, German 123 Gromov, Alexei 153 Groznyy, Ivan 57 GRU see Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU) Grudinin, Pavel 188 GRU Unit 29155 29 GU see GRU Gudkov, Lev 87 Guinea 169 Guinea-Bissau 169 gulags 114; see abo purges andgu/đg archipelago Gulf of Oman 168 G-Zero world order 21,226—228
238 Index Hartar 174 Hamas 176 Harding, Luke 147 Havana Syndrome З Hellie, Richard 63 Helsinki Final Act 85, 88 Hezbollah 166,176 Hille, Kathrin 100 HiU, Fiona 9 Hitler, Adolf 13, 58,73, 85,87 Hlaing, Min Aung 170 HMS Defender incident 5 Holy Rus 75 Holy Synod 63 Houthis 166 human capital 71,113 human dignity 5 humanism 4 humanitarian aid 146; instrumentalization of 168 human rights 4,13; burden/obstacle of 170, 177; as tool of Western power 12,182, 193,202; US defense of 178; violations of 179 Human Rights Commissioner (Russia) 98 Hungarian complex 103 Hutton, WiU 112 hybrid interference 7,43 hybrid mentality 56,210 hybrid operations 58,153 hybrid regime 18,123 hybrid state 18,123,125,126,226,228; see also Russia as a hybrid state hybrid war 18,39, 84,123,147 Idlib 172 illiberal democracy 108 iUiberalism 96 iUiberal peace 167 Ilnitsky, Andrey Mikhaylovich 44 imperial history see Tsarist imperial history India 169; China’s relations with 173; leadership role of 223,224; as part of the Quad 175; Russian relations with 71, 163,166,175,176; US relations with 167; see abo BRICS Indian Ocean 168 Indonesia 71 Indo-Pacific 169,175 informational dictatorship 108 informational regime 98 informational war 44 Innopraktica Foundation 117 Inozemtsev, Vladislav 143 Institute of Social Analysis and Forecasting, RANEPA 100 Internal Security Administration (USB) (Russia) 125 Iran: Israel and 177; naval drills conducted by 168; nuclear dossier 144,224; Russia’s ties to 71,165,166,176,177,227; Russian weaponry purchased by 169 Iranian Revolutionary Guard 176 Israel: Iran and 177; Palestine
and 164,165; Russia and 166,176, 227 Ishchenko, Rostislav 148 Ivan III Vasilyevich (‘the Great’) 32, 60 Ivanov Doctrine 39 Ivanov, Igor 143,145 Ivanov, Sergei 53-54,151; Medvedev more likely to succeed Putin than 187; resignation of 152; resistance to regime change 203 Ivanov, Viktor 115 Jackevicius, Mindaugas 88 Japan 173; G7 2; occupation of Russian Far East 33; leadership role of 223,224; as part of the Quad 175; Russia’s need to ally with 163,166,173; Russian Orthodox geopolitics subsuming 37; United States and 225 JCPOA see Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Johnson, Alistair Ian 26,27 Johnson, Boris 178 Johnson, Dave 44-45,137 Johnson, Michael 8 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 176 Jordan 166 Judah, Ben 143 June coup 88 Jushkin, Vladimir 181 ‘Just Russia, A’ party 98 Kadyrov, Ramzan 60,188,221 Kamakin, Andrey 190 Karaganov, Sergey 84 Kartapolov, Andrei (General) 42-43 Kashin, Oleg 12 katechon 37 Kazahkstan 37,86,147,174,207; see abo Nazarbayev “Kazahk way forward” 20,187,196,204 Kerch Strait Bridge 125 Kerimov, Suleyman 125
Index KGB see Committee for State Security (KGB) Khachaturov, Arnold 170 khanate: Crimea 63 Khodovovsky, Mikhail 64,114,125 Khruscheva, Nina L. 92,113-114 Khruschev, Nikita 18,57-58; Beria, shooting of 67; de-Stalinization under 58; downfall of 95,116; Putinism and 102; Stalin, denunciation of 91 Khvostunova, Olga 60,82 Kievan Rus’ 59-60; conversion to Christianity 72; Moscow’s inheritance of 14, 53; Putin’s fostering of narrative of 74; Russian Orthodox Church and 119; Zelensky on 75 Kirill (Patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church) 72, 119 Kiriyenko, Sergey 189 kleptocracy 69,179 Klimmage, Michael 228 Klyuchevskil, VO. 33 Kofman, Michael 43—44,154-155; prediction on Russia and China 168 Kolesnikov, Alexander (Aleksander) 100, 110 Kolesnikov, Andrei (Andrey) 11,91,215, 210 kompromot 11,42,127,128,150,151 Korea (South) see Republic of Korea (ROK) Korotchenko, Igor 202 Kortunov, Andrey (Andrei) 46,172-173 Koshkin, Pavel 91 Kostyukov, Igor 29 Kots, Alexander 54 Kovalchuk brothers 123,125,189 Kovalev, Andrey (Andrei) 11,37 Kozyrev (Kozeyrev), Andrey (Andrei) 17, 37, 162 Krasheninnikov, Dmitriy 187 Kremlin: “autocratic legalism” of 167; Biden and 180; Center for Systematic Analysis and Forecasting and 148 “collective Putin” and 11,198; decision making by 143; dictators found in 116; directives from 19; ehtes 93; emotions and messaging of 92; intra-sifoviki conflict benefitting 182; media 98,117; October 1993 ‘events’ 114; mythmaking controlled by 118; Peskov 2; Polish occupation of 33; propaganda 117; Pugachev 151,197; Putin and 156,157, 199, 205; quest for regime security 102;
Second World War as foundation axis 239 of policy 88; self-preservation of 100; Set (pro-Kremlin group) 91; Stalin 13; towers of 18; website 137 “Kremlin blacklist” 179 “Kremlin Report” (US State Department) 123 “Kremlin Towers” 151 krysha (roof), FSB as 128 kto khozyain? (Who is the boss?) 152 Kuchma, Leonid 197 Kudrin, Alexey 57 kulak class 62 Kulikovo, battle of 54 Kurds 166 Kurille Islands/Northern Territories 166 Kyrgyzstan 32,37,174,177 Latin America 167,171,173-175 Latvia 7, 8,37,88,148 Latynina,Yuha 19 Lavrov, Sergei 2—3, 5,55; response to Covid-19 130; on list of unfriendly states 181; as member of Russian Security Council 217; Middle East Quartet, relations with 165; Persian Gulf initiative 166; Russian foreign policy articulated by 137; Russian security, position on 167 Lechner, John 177 Lee Kuan Yew 196 Leites, Nathan 135-136 Levada Centre 87 Ledeneva, Alena V 67—68 Lenin, Vladimir: Communist revolution declared by 109; “historical time bomb” planted by 81,208; ideological principles developed by 135;Marx-Lenin-Stalin as trinity of state religion 119; MarxistLeninist ideology 102; New Economic Policy 1920 57 ' Lenins Mausoleum 18,199 Leningrad, Siege of 62,87,149 Lenin State Farm 188 Leningrad University 123 Lewis, David: on ‘Crimean Consensus’ 109; on principles of Russian conflict management 167; on Putin’s rule through exception 212; on Russian spheres of influence 31; on Russian state’s self-understanding as bulwark of order 122; on Schmitt’s influence on Russian conservative thought 37 Liar’s Paradox 210 liberal democratic ideology 31
240 Index Liberal Democratic Party (Russian Federation) 99,188 ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Putin scenario 20, 187,201-202,204 liberal international world order 5,6,223 liberalization 195 Uberal opposition 202 Uberal reform 59,211 liberals: anti-hberals 70; system 69 Uberal West 97,98,108 Libya 45,165,169,171,174,177,227 Lima Group 172 Lithuania 37,148 Litvinenko, Alexander 84 Litvinova, Daria 90 Luhansk People’s Repubhc (LNR) 32 Lukashenko, Alyaksandr 2, 84, 86,120 Lukin, Alexander 98 Lukin, Vladimir 112 Lukoil 191 Luzhkov, Yuri 11 Macierewicz, Antoni 85 Madlovics, Bálint 108 Maduro, Nicolásl72,198 mafia state 108 mafia structures 65 Magnitsky Human Rights Accountabihty Act 179 Magomedov, Ziyavudin 125 Magyar, Bahnt 108 Maidan movement (Ukraine) 100; see ako Euromaidan; “Moscow Maidan” Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU) 3,42; competitive intelhgence with FSB and SVR 143,181; undeclared hybrid operations 58; Unit 29155 29 Main Mihtary-PoUtical Directorate (GlavVņenPUR) 89 Main PoUtical Directorate (Soviet GlavPUR) 89 Makarkin, Alexei 100,121,187 “Make Russia Great Again” 10 Makhmudov, Iskander 125 Malenkov, Georgy 67 Maleva, Tatyana 100 Mahukevicius, Nerijus 88 Mannerheim (Finnish Marshall) 54 manual control (ruchnoe upravleme) 150—154 manufactured consent 69-73 MarUnsky Theater Orchestra 36 Marxist-Leninist ideology 102 Marx-Lenin-StaUn as trinity of Russian state rehgion 119 Maslyukov,Yuri 11 Matvienko, Valentina 66,217 McClain, John 164 McDaniel, Tim 57 McFaul, Michael 211 MChS see Ministry for Civil Defense (MChS)
Medvedev, Dmitry (Dmitrii) 217; as prime minister of Russia 13; “Unlearned Lessons of History” opinion editorial 2; as Putin’s potential successor 188 Medvedev, Sergei 17,30 Messianism: Russian ideological 36-37,73; United States coercive promotion of 108 Metalloinvest 191 metals and metallurgy (Russia) 62, 95,170 Mexico 41,101,172 MH Soft 174 middle class, Russian 89,94—97,201 “middle income” society 112 Middle East 7,29,165-166; Russia and Israel in 176-177,227; Russian exports to 170; Russian “digital authoritarianism” sold to 174; as secondary Russian priority 172 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 175 Middle East Quartet 165 middle political powers 224 Mikhailov, Vladimir 188 Mikhail (Tsar) 109 military-patriotic mobilization 58-59, 82; cult of personality and 101; cult of victory and 87-91 ;‘Crimean Majority’ consolidated around 212; hardliner stance supporting 227; Putin’s embrace of 111, 155,175; use of force via 217 militant atheism 36 Military Doctrine (Russia) 29 Miller, Aleksey 125 Min Aung Hlaing see Hlaing, Min Aung Minchenko, Evgeny 124 Ministry for Civil Defense (MChS) (Russia) 89,217,219 Ministry of Defense (MO) 217,219; Collegium 28 Ministry oflnterior (MVD) 61,98,115, 191,217 Minsk 13,84,214 “Minsk moment” 13 Mironenko, Sergei 119 Mironov, Dmitry 188 Mishutsin, Mikhail 129,193 “modernization partnerships” 111
Index 241 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 1 “monarchiái court” metaphor 11 Mongol invasion 59-60 Mongol-Tartar Russian past 60 Montenegro 42,119 Mordashov, Aleksey 125 Morozov, Viatcheslav 98,150 Moscow: Battle for 87; Duma 154; history and overview of 60-61 Moscow Conference on International Security 2021 (MCIS-2021) 4,42,170 ‘Moscow Consensus’31 Moscow FSB 11 ‘Moscow Maidan’ 13 Moskalkova, Tatyana 98 Motherland (Russia) 66,90,120,186 Mother Russia 107 Mozambique 169 Mukhametshina, Yelena 199 Murakhovsky, Viktor 39,155 Murashov, Nikolai 179 mutual deterrence, global strategy of 38 MVD see Ministry of the Interior (MVD) (Russia) Myanmar 170 Naryshkin, Sergey 5,188 Nashi movement 188 National Coordination Centre for Computer Incidents (Russia, FSB) 179 National Guard (NG) (Rosgvardia) (Russia) 61,223; Covid-19 and 129; Federal Service of 89,151; organization and subunits of 114-115; police resentment of 221; Putin’s control of 197-198; Putin’s creation of 64; as regime defense mechanism 222 nationalism 75,102; ethno-nationalism 208; Russian 119,120 National Security Council (Russia) 116, 142,145-146,153,217 National Security Strategy (NSS) (Russia) 28, 74, 83; defense of history and prosecution of falsehoods 99; Patrushev on 10,73; on Russia’s willingness to ‘go it alone’ 163; on traditional Russian values under attack by the West 4 National Welfare Fund (Russia) 113 NATO: 2008 Summit 72; 2021 Summit 4; Defender Europe exercise 3; Georgia (country) integrated into 7; Putin’s view of 41,147; Russia’s view of 7-9,43,101, 141, 214, 227; Ukraine and 147; United States and 6;
West’s expansion/ism via 81, 149 Natsionalnaya Oborana [National Defense] 202 naval base 165,174 naval exercises 168 Navalny, Alexei 114,135-136,202-203, 214; imprisonment of 188; poisoning of 157,204,227; as symbol of moral resistance 203 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 86,120,190, 196-197 Nazism 10, 87, 88,90,137, 210 ‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or a ‘Liberal Dictatorship’Scenario 187,201-202,204 ‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’Scenario 187, 202,204 Neoprop 117 Nevsky, Alexander 143 New Economic Policy 1920s (Lenin) 57 Nicholas I (Tsar) 68 Niger 169 NLMK (Novolipetsk Steel) 191 Noble, Ben 157 nomenklatura tradition 63,64, 95,120,213 Nord Stream 2 project 179—180,225 Norilsk Nickel 191 North Africa 7,165,166, 175 North Caucasus 12, 61,73,200 Northeast Asia 173 North Korea (DPKR) 144,227 Nossov, Dmitri 188 Novichok 204,227 Novoprudskiy, Semen 65 Novorossiya (New Russia/Eastern Ukraine) 74,86,111 NSS see National Security Strategy (NSS) (Russia) Nur Otan party (Kazakhstan) 197 Nystadt Agreement 88 Obama, Barack 9,164 obshchak 198 Okhotsk 168 Olenichev, Maksim 98 “Oligarch-in-Chief” 128 oligarchy, oligarchs: globalized 69; Kremlin 18; “polygarchic” groups 221; Putin’s support of 11,96,128,205,211;Putinera 124—126; Putin’s entourage of 189; Putin’s pledge to transform 13; Russian 40,66,69,170,179; Ukraine 70; Yeltsinera 110 OMON see Special-Purpose Mobile Detachment (OMON) riot police ONEXIM Group 117
242 Index operational code: Bolshevik 135; George’s understanding of 136; operational code ofPutin 135-157; ambiguity in 154-156; defensive reactive motivation of 147—150; inferred explanations and implications for regime stability 139-140; manual control truchnoe upravlenie) 150—154 Operational Code of the Politburo (Leites) 135 operational culture 143 Operation Barbarossa 13 “Operation Successor” 11 opposition to the Russian state: criminalization of 19; defined as terrorism 212,215 oprichniki 63 oprichnina 63,64,65 Oreshkin, Maxim 188 Orlova, Karina 127 orthodox, definition and etymology of word 201 Orthodox geopolitics of Russia 37, 75; see aho Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) Orthodox “just war” 74 Orthodox Patriarch 92 Orthodox unity 75 “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” (Uvarov) 75,102 Orttung, Robert 114 Other, the’ 210 Ovsyannikov, Dmitriy 125 Ozero dacha collective 67,123 P5 165,224 P5+1 176 Pakistan 71,177; support for Taliban 166, 167,176;U.S-Russian nuclear weapons’ development, implications for 169 palace coup, risk of 192,203 Palestine 165-166 Palestine—Israeli conflict 164 Panfilov’s guardsmen 119 paradox, definition and etymology of word 201 ‘Paramount Putin’ 187,197,204 parastatal entities 124,126,191,219-220 Parent, Matthew J. 136-137 pariah status: Russia 15,44,214 Pastukhov, Vladimir 64-66,121; on manual control as feature orlate Putinism 156—157; on political bureaucratic cycles in Russia 58; on Putin’s division of power “inward” 93; on Russian Constitutional changes allowing Putin to remain indefinitely in control 196; on ‘unwritten rule chains’ being
used by Putin to stay in power 127 Patriotic Orthodoxy 119 Patriotic Stop List 90, 98 patriotism 4,34,82,96; anti-Americanism equated with 96; as core unifying Russian ideal 87,88; militarized 88-89; paranoid xenophobia as expression of 120; state paternalism and 215; see also military-patriotic mobilization Patrushev, Nikolai (Nikolay) 1; 2016 statement regarding regime change in Russia 142; 2021 meeting with U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan 4, 145; business interests of 170; escalatory rhetoric of 5; as information gatekeeper 143; as part of ehte consensus regarding Western hybrid war against Putin 109; as part of informal Politburo 123; Putin and 151,203; on Russia’s new NSS 73; on sanctions against Russia 10 Paul I 67 Pax Americana 5 Pax Sinica 225 Pavlosky, Gleb 86,143; on the “collective Putin” 11; on de-politicization 96; on Neoprop 117; on Putin as symbol of Russia 199; on Putin’s succession 186; Russian Federation System 154; on sistema 68 Peoples Liberation Army 168 People’s Republic of China (PRC) 196,200 perestroika 58,59,203 perestroika II195 Persian Gulf 166 Peskov, Dmitri 2,146 Peter I (“Peter the Great”) 29,34, 57,70; Catherine the Great and 82; Charles II, defeat of 63; as father of Petrine nation 82; Gvardiya 67; police chief, appointment of 53; sistema and 68 Peter II (Tsar) 67 Petrograd 73 petro-state, Russia as 112 Petrov, Nikolai 203,222 Petrovskaya, Irina 92 Pfifer, Steven 8 PGSCO 166 Phlotheus of Pskov 36 pillars: four pillars of Putinism 107; neo-modernist thinking 75; three core fraternal pillars (Slavic Orthodox empire) 72; three core
pillars of Russian
Index engagement 173; three pillars of Russian power 123,126; two pillars of dual state 122 plebiscite democracy 108 pluralism 194,215; anti-pluralism 59 Pobeda (Victory) Organising Committee 10 ‘poison pill’ strategy 202 Poland 61,62,85,214 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 33,63 Polish Presidential Chancellery 85 Politburo 111, 123;Operational Code of the Politburo (Leites) 135 Politburo 2.0 194 Politburo 2.0 in the Post-Crimea Russia (Minchenko Consulting) 69 Political Directorate of the Revvoyensovet (Revolutionary Military Council - PUR) 89 Polonsky, Sergei 188 Polovinko, Viacheslav 213 “polygarchic” groups 221 Pomerantsev, Peter 118 ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’ Putin Scenario 187,202,204 Poroshenko (Ukraine) 202 Potsdam Conference 85; see also YaltaPotsdam Conferences Potsdam Meetings Forum see RussianGerman Potsdam Meetings Forum PRC see People’s Republic of China (PRC) Prigozhin, Yevgeniy 125 Primakov, Evgeni 11 Prokhorov, Mikhail 117 Pugachev, Sergei 151 Pugachev, Yemelyan 33 Pukhov, Ruslan 124 purge and gulag archipelago, Stalinist period 18,113 Pussy Riot 114 Putin, Vladimir: ability to act without constraints 147; Alexander III, admiration for 34; ambiguity of 154—156; Andropov as role model for 102; annual address to Federation Assembly 28,40,118; as arbiter and moderator between factional economic interests 68; ‘besieged fortress’ narrative 179,215; Biden’s first phone call to 178,180; Brezhnev’s Russia compared to 83;‘broken lens’ syndrome of 181; coercive force deployed by 217; ‘Collective Putin’ 11,65; collapse of the GDR, impact on 33; color revolutions,
243 fixation on 102; as Commander in Chief 92; constituency and support 89,114; costs/benefits risk analysis 148-149; Covid-19 and 128-130,192-195; Constitutional Reform under 192-195; daughter and son-in-law 117; defensive reactive motivation of 147—150; de-politicization of the populace under 96-100; destabilization of neighbor states 214;‘Direct Line’ annual phone-in session 16,72,92,186; doctrine of limited sovereignty 32,214; economic statecraft by 113; elite stasis and stability under 95-96; entourage 125; family 152; “Fourth Way” 195; freedom of press curtailed by 99; FSB and 115; as geopolitical strategist 88; Great Patriotic War used to legitimate regime of 87-88; historical-charismatic legitimation of power 111; history and historical truth as being defined by 75,83; inner circle 125,151,170,.174; institutional strategic subcultures and crises 216-223; invention and innovation under 113; intelligentsia, hatred of 98; interventions justified by 71 ; Ivanov, resignation of 152; KGB experience 12-13,33, 82,102,137, 153; kleptocracy under 69; legal-rational legitimation of power 111 ; on Lenin 81 ; line of political succession 186,188-191; loyalists 121; loyalty networks 69,123; market means used to mercantilist ends 113; Middle East, views on 164; military industrial complex, support for 90; myths peddled by 76,101; National Security Council and 116;‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or a ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Scenario 187,201-202,204;‘Neither Putin nor Putinism’ or ‘Populist People Power 2011-12’Scenario 187,202, 204; neo-feudal system emerging under 124; neo-
traditionalist regime 150;‘no Putin, no Russia’ 107, 111; obshchak 198; as Oligarch-in-Chief 128; operational code 135-157,139-140; orbit/spoi of 67; paradoxes of 208,209—215; Paramount Putin scenario 187,197,204; on ‘patriotism’ as core unifying ideal 87; political and economic stagnation under 93—95; political warfare and hybrid interference against West 39; popularity 141,203; post-Putin 48; post-Soviet 2.0 potentially created by 61; Prospect Theory applied to 149; rhetorical
244 Index escalations by 70; Russia as ‘married’ to 66; Russia in relationship to 25,32, 208; Russian sense of insecurity channeled by 35; Russia’s individual cultural code and historical experience in relationship to 36, 53-58,208; secrecy and secret police, use of 153; secret assets 179; as Secretary of Security Council of Russian Federation 110; scenarios of alternate forms of power transfer after 196-205; seven golden years of economic growth (2000-2007) 59,93; social contract 96; spatial imaginary of 32, 72; ‘special’ regaining its meaning under 64; ‘stability of cadres’ policy 17, 83,95-96; as Stalin’s successor 82,91-93; symbolic functions of 142,143; three political problems caused by fixation on 157; twofold strategic goals 29-30; Ukraine 74; United States’ policy responses to 179181; universality of 127; Vienna model, views of 85; weaknesses 191; West as center of sin 98; words versus intent 172, 175; worldview 163; see abo “besieged fortress” syndrome;‘Collective Putin’; Dresden; Iran; ‘Liberal Dictatorship’ Putin scenario; oligarchy; operational code of Putin; oprichnina; siloviki; Syria; Ukraine; Valdai Club; zemschchina Putin-Biden Geneva Summit 2021 4, 41 Putin doctrine 156 Putinism 107-130; 2020s challenges to 112-121; 2021 condition of 109, 111; appropriation of Great Patriotic War 83; code of 136,216;‘Collective Putin’ and 200; Covid-19 and 128-130; discourse 205; four pillars of 107; as ‘ideology of the everyday’ 111 ; ineffective authoritarianism and 175; lack of agenda 111; late Putinism 182, 222; logic of 44; power struggles 205; power vertical
hierarchies and networks 121-128; Soviet and Tsarist precursors 109-111; Surkov as key enabler of 122; sustainability of 209; various understandings of 108 ‘Putin’s Collective’ 192,196,204-205,218; see also ‘Collective Putin’ ‘Putinism without Putin’ 187,200,204 ‘Putinism with Paramount Putin’ 187,204 ‘Putinism with Partial Putin’ 198-200,204 Putinist period 59; conservatism of 96 Putinists 57,112; benchmarks 200; elite 190 Putinite 12,112,128,193,201,211 Putinomics 213 Qasem Soleimani see Soleimani, Qasem Qatar 84,166 Quad, the (India, the United States, Australia and Japan) 175 Radzikhovskiy, Leonid 96 RANEPA see Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) rational deterrence theory 148 Razin, Stepan 33 realpolitik 6, 70 Red Army 10,119 “red line” policy tool 2,15, 40-41; as four inter-enabling “must nots” 154; Russia and Belarus 85-86,174; Russia and China 177; Russia and Ukraine 174; Russia and the West 86 Renaissance Capital 101 Republic of Korea (ROK) 173 revisionist power, China as 173 Revvoyensovet (Revolutionary Military Council-PUR) 89 Riurikhid dynasty 53 riot police (Russia) 11,114 Robertson, Charles 101 Robinson, Neil 122 Roman culture and history 36,122 Romania 119 Romanova, Anna 125 Romanov dynasties 33, 53,98,109 Romanov, Pyotr 93 Roosevelt 85 Rosatom 167 Rosgvardiya (Federal Service of National Guard Troops) 61,64, 89,109; see abo National Guard (NG) Roskosmos 191 Rosneft 65,191; Bolivarian regime backed by 175; as state within a state 124; Venezuela and 221; see abo Sechin, Igor Rosoboronexport 167 Rostec 124,125,167,189,191
Rostelekom 191 Rostovsky, Mikhail 95,142,205 Rotenberg, Arkadiy 125m 189 Rotenberg, Igor 125,189 Royal Navy (Britain) 4 rule by law 120,171 rule of law 12; “dictatorship of” 107, 111; Putin’s failure to uphold 112-113,211, 212; post (Putin) succession period and 190; sanctions against Russia as means to promote 179-180
Index rulers and ruled, relationship between 69 rules-based order 4,5 Rumer, Eugene 25,163 Russia as Great Power 28-32,34,36, 214; force multipliers available to 42; resurgency of 69; Crimea’s capture seen as advancing 88; loss of status as 149, 154; as “normal” 162; Putin’s agenda to restore 12,14,89,110,200; projection of 102; reasons for seeking recognition of 83; Russian political culture, importance to 55; social contract regarding 96; as “sovereign” 163; strategic relevance of veto power to maintain 165,171; as status quo power 173; territories used to signal 166; tradition of 121; as unevenly developed 164; Western acknowledgement of 59; West not obliged to confirm 182 Russia as hybrid state 107-130; Putinism 112-121;Putin system in practice 121-128; Soviet and Tsarist precursors 109-111; see also Putinism Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) 100 Russian Civil War 33, 57, 59,89 Russian Empire 63,75 Russian-European relations, cyclical nature of 58 Russian exceptionalism 37 Russian Far East 33 Russian Federation 99,142,188 Russian-German Potsdam Meetings Forum 2021 225 Russian history: cycles in 55-59; structural factors in 59—65 Russian Investigation Committee 99 Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 53 Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) 37,60, 63,116;‘Patriotic Orthodoxy’ promoted by 119 Russian Orthodox geography (“Holy Rus”) 75 Russian power structure: informal network in place of pyramid 67 Russian Post 191 Russian Railways 69,191 Russian Revolution of 1917 33,57 Russian Spring 97 Russian strategic behavior: overview 1-9 Russian
strategic culture 25-47; conceptualizing 26-30; continuities in 30—38; force multipliers 42-46; strategic instruments 38-41 245 Russian World-Order paradigms 223-228 Russia-Ukraine State Treaty of May 1997 35 Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85 Russkii mir (‘Russian World’) 31,70,72,74, 75,86,111 “Russkiye” (ethnic Russians) 61 Russo-Chinese strategic relations 169-177 Russo-Georgian War of 2008 149,164 Russo-Indian ties 176 Russo-phobia 6,107 Rwanda 169 Ryabkov, Sergei 4 Ryzhkov, Vladimir 56 Rzeczpospolita (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) 63 Saakashvilli, Mikheil 197 Saana 166 Sakhnin, Alexei 213 Sakwa, Richard 121,122,211 sanction-proofing, Russia’s efforts regarding 170,180 sanctions: by China 225; as deterrence 179; economic 35,40,141; post-Crimea 14; against Nord Stream 225; against Russia 1-4,9,35,40,141; by Russia 9; use of organized crime to evade 227 Sargysan, Sergz 197 Satke, Ryskeldi 86 Saudi Arabia 165,166 Scherbakov, Vladimir 89 Schlosberg, Lev 188 Schmitt, Carl 37 Schulmann, Ekaterina 157 sderzhivanie (strategic deterrence) 38,146 Sea of Japan 168 Sea of Okhotsk 168 Sechin, Igor 123,151,170,189; FSB clan run by 152; as head of siloviki 69; Rosneft, leadership of 124,175,221; spetsnaz 125 Second Chief Directorate 12,33,150 Second World War 85,88,208 secret police, Putin’s use of 153 “securocrats” 221 Séléka 166 Set (pro-Kremlin group) 91 Seychelles 169 Shamalov, Kirdi 117,125 Shanghai Cooperation Conned 31 Sharafutdinova, Glunaz 117, 212 Shekhovtsov, Anton 145
246 Index Sherr, James 35 Shevtsova, Liha 66,209 Shlapak, David A. 8 Shoigu (Shoygu), Sergei 5; as core member of Russian ehte 170; in GRU Unit 29155 30; Ilnitsky as adviser to 44; influence on Russia’s Syria policy 221; as potential successor to Putin 188; power of 127; remarks at Moscow Conference on International Security 4; reputation of 115 Shirreff, Richard (General Sir) 8 Sholokhov, Mikhail 91 Shulman, Ekaterina 56 Shulman, Yekaterina 114 Shoygu, Sergey see Shoigu, Sergei Sibur 191 Silk Road 86 siloviki 19,69,199; ehte conflict and 191; immunity from prosecution 180; intrasiloviki confrontation and war 114,121, 182,201; Putin’s generation of 102, 116; rebalancing of 152; risks of palace coup and 192; role of 203; questionable cohesion and unity of 151-152; see ako Sechin, Igor “siloviki state capture” 128 silovyye struktury 217 Siluanov, Anton 213 Simes, Dimitri 9 Sino-Indian border 166 Sino-Russia axis 168 sistema 31, 68,94,189 Skoch, Andrey 125 Skuratov, Yuri 11 Snyder, Jack L. 26 Sobchak, Ksenia 188 sobornost 61 Sobyanin, Sergey 129,136,189 Socratic Paradox 210 Sokoloff, Georges 58 Sokolsky, Richard 24,163 Sokotra Island 169 Soleimani, Qasem 176 Solovey, Valeriy 35,57-58 Somalia 169 Soros, George 187 South Asia 166 South China Seas 168 Southern Transitional Council (STC) (Aden) 166 South Ossetia 90 ‘Sovereign Globalization’ 175 Soviet Constitution 55 Soviet Union; Cold War 33; collapse of 6, 30,70,81,110; Communist ideology of 36; Communist Party of 57, 58, 82,115,194; Germany’s invasion of 1; historical overview of 67; Hitler’s attack of 13; legacies of 81-102;
Putin’s view of 12; Russia as successor state to 53, 72, 109—111 ; see also Brezhnev; Gorbachev; Kovalev; Stahn; Yeltsin “spatial imaginaries” 32,164 Special-Purpose Mobile Detachment (OMON) (Russia) 114 Special Rapid-Reaction Detachment (SOBR) 114 spetsnaz 125 Sprude, Viesturs 17, ЗО ‘stability of cadres’ pohcy 17, 83,95—96 Stalin, Joseph 85; as CPSU General Secretary 57; cult of personality around 91,101; enforceable principles developed by 135; first-way example of 195; “kulak class,” money and resources appropriated from 62; legacy of 81,82, 83; majority popular support enjoyed by 114; military-patriotic mobilization and power legitimation 87,88,101; “modernizer” 56; as “most successful leader of the USSR” 118; “post-Stalin 1953-56 Scenario” 20,187,200,204; purge ind gulag archipelagoes 18,113; Putinism and 18,102; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; repression and terror enabled by 203; “Revolution from Above” 59,63; sistema and 68; sudden death of 67; strategic calculus and security measures by 13; “time bombs” planted by 208; Yalta-Potsdam Conferences 70,85,101 Stalinization 61; de-Stalinization 58,215 Stanovaya, Tatyana 137-138 State Planning Committee (Gosplan) 11 status quo power, Russia viewed as 173 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter 137 St. George 90; knights of 54 St. Petersburg 73,100,150,151; Decembrist Revolt 67; Mannerheim plaque in 53; Matvienko as former governor of 66; Mayor’s office 123; Putin speeches given in 195 straits of Bosporus 172 strategic culture see Russian strategic culture strategic deterrence (Russian) 38-41; cross domain 43; nuclear 43;
sanctions as instruments of 179; see also rational
Index 247 deterrence theory; sanctions; sđerzhivanie (strategic deterrence) Strelkov (Ivor Girkin) 120 Streltsy (Л Stroygazmontazh company 125 Sudan 174 Sukhoi Su-36 aircraft 169 Sukhov, Ivan 99,112 Supreme Soviet 67 Suraykin, Maxim 188 Surgutneftegas 191 Surkov, Vladislav: on himself as founding father of new type of state 122; influence on Russian policy toward Syria and the Donbas 221; on Kremlin propaganda 117; portrayal of Putin as a conservative 92; on the problem with freedom 212; on Putinism 111; on Russia as European and Asiatic culture 210; on Russia’s future drama and unpredictability 223; on Russia’s future of geopolitical loneliness 56; on Russia policy towards Ukraine 148; on sobornost 61 Sullivan, Jake 4,145 Suvorov, Alexander 143 svoi 67 SVR see Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) SWIFT international financial system 2 Syria 7,15,168,171; Putin and 58, 85, 88, 92; Russian Aerospace Forces in 45; Russian backing of Assad 182; Russian challenges in 172; Russian exit strategy regarding 176; Russian intervention in 71,146,148,149,156,165; Russian live-fire training in 84; Russian military theory and 47; Russian partnerships with 227; as Russian success 90, 92; United States and 144,145,146; Wagner Group debacle in 42,221 System of Operative Search Measures (SORM) 174 Szczerski, Krzysztof 85 Tajikistan 37,176 Talbott, Strobe 8 Taliban: Pakistan and Russia support of 166, 167, 176 Taylor, Brian 217 Tereshkova amendment 192 terror as instrument of state control 89,114; Stalin-era 203 terrorism 151,224,226; counter-terrorism 169; see also opposition to the state
terroristic police 107 terrorist state, Russia acting as 227 Tibet 177 Tikhonova, Katerina 117 Third Rome 36 Timchenko, Gennadiy 123,125 “Time of Troubles”: 1598-1613 30, 57; 1990s 58-59,76,92,110 Timoshenko 189 “totalitarian West” 6,20,108,163 totalitarianism 2,6,18,107,225 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Friedrich and Brzezinski) 107 Touadéra, Faustin-Archange 173 Touadéra government 166 Transdneistr 90 Transmashholding 191 Treaty of Aigun (1858) 226 Treaty of Beijing (1860) 226 Trenin, Dmitri 226 Troitskiy, Mikhail 83 Trudolyubov, Maxim 53,64,97,108,202 Truman, Harry 5, 85 Trump, Donald J. 5,146,178 Tsardom 37 Tsarism 36 Tsarist ideational political and strategic cultures 10,15 Tsarist imperial history 14, 53-73 Turchak, Andrey 189 Turkey 7,166,226; aircraft purchases by 169,173; Muslims from 60; straits of Bosporus 172 Turkmenistan 37 Ukraine: Budapest Memorandum 85; “calibrated coercion” towards 47,156; China’s investment in 175, 177; Kievan Rus’ and 74,75; Kuchma 197; as part of Russian “spatial imaginary” 32; Poroshenko 202; as potential member of NATO 41,147; Putin’s view of 72, 214; Russian moves toward 1-2,7,13, 15,45,56; Russian Orthodox geopolitics and 37,119; Russian red Unes regarding 174; Russia—Ukraine State Treaty of May 1997 35; Russkii Mir and 72,74; United States and 8,182; see also Donbas; Zelensky Ulf, Walther see Walther, Ulf Ulyukayev, Aleksey 64, 125,127 UMMC 191 United Kingdom 1,2,178,224 United States 2; China, tensions with 167, 225-226; democratic values, defense
248 Index of 178,225; as part of the Quad 175; Russia-United States-Germany as “big three” 85; as Russia’s strategic benchmark 144—147; see aho Belarus; Biden; CIA; Clinton; Cold War; Great Powers; Obama; Roosevelt; sanctions; Syria; Truman; Trump; Ukraine United States Department of State 123 United Nations Security Council 2, 42,225 United Nations Security Council Permanent Five (UNSC P5 status) 165 Usackas, Vygaudas 142 USB see Internal Security Administration (USB) (Russia) U.S.-China tensions 167 U.S.-Russian nuclear weapons’ development 169 U.S.-USSR relations, Cold War 39 Uvarov, Sergei (Count) 75 Uzbekistan 37; mafia 95 Vaino, Anton 152,217 Valdai Club 14,38,71,94,97-98 Vasifi III (Grand Duke) 36 Vekselberg, Viktor 125 Venezuela 45,168—174,177; Moscow’s stance on 221 Verba, Sidney 26 Vergangenheitsbewältigung 76 Vienna 176; see aho Congress of Vienna Vienna system 17 Vietnam 71,163,165,166,177 Vinokutov, Andrei 100,144 Vishnevsky, Boris 19,135-136 Vitte, Sergei Yuryevich 34 Vladimir I 72 Volkov, Denis 210 Volodin, Vyacheslav 2,14,189, 218 Vorobyov, Andrey 188 votchina (patrimony) 60 Wagner Group debacle in Syria 42,221 Walther, Ulf 150 Wilsonian liberalism 5 Wilson, Kyle 153 Wood, Andrew (Sir) 142,147,191-192 Xi-ism 201 Yakemenko, Boris 188 Yakemenko, Vasily 66 Yakunin, Vladimir 69 Yalta 34 Yalta-2 Conference 223 Yalta-Potsdam II 17,82,101,145 Yalta-Potsdam conferences (1945) 30,61, 70, 85, 88,138 Yalta-Potsdam ‘Grand Bargain’ of the Putin era 83-87,145,215 Yanukovych, Viktor 35,70, 88 Yavlinsky, Grigory 188 Yeltsin, Boris 200; achievements of 56; “Family” group
around 11; first-term administration 15; foreign policy 30; oligarchs 110,124; Putin’s health and vigor compared to 111; Putin’s political longevity compared to 14; Russia’s cyclical politics and 57; shortcomings of 93; shelling of Duma by 120; ‘special’ commercialized to mean eksklusivny (exclusive) and elitný (elite) 64; state building 110 Yeltsin Constitution 110 Yeltsin-Putin transition 187 Yeltsin years as “Times of Troubles” 58-59 Yemen 166,177; South Yemen 169 Zaif 176 Zakharchenko, Oleksandr 54 Zarif, Mohammad Javad 176 Zelensky (Zelenskiy; Zelenskyy), Volodymyr (President of Ukraine) 41, 75-76,147; Navalny as “Russian Zelenkyy” 202 zemschchina 63, 65 Zevelev,Igor 70-71, 109-110 Zheleznova, Mariya 84,99 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 99,188,202 Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich (Defense Minister) 67,143 Zinichev, Yevgeny 188 Zolotov, Viktor 109,170; control of all private military and security firms in Russia 114; “expanded” Security Council seat 116,151-152; Federal Protection Service under 115; as part of Putin’s inner circle 123; as permanent (then demoted) member of National Security Council 116,151-152; as “securocrat” 221 Zubov, Mikhail 14 Zygar, Mikhail 11 Zyuganov, Gennady 99,136 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Herd, Graeme P. 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1029054363 |
| author_facet | Herd, Graeme P. 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Herd, Graeme P. 1966- |
| author_variant | g p h gp gph |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047906718 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85940 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1302970636 (DE-599)BVBBV047906718 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047906718 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-09-19T15:57:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T17:03:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367205218 9780367205225 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033288567 |
| oclc_num | 1302970636 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-706 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-706 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | xiii, 248 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220902 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Contemporary security studies |
| spellingShingle | Herd, Graeme P. 1966- Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Nationales Interesse (DE-588)4139132-9 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)122188926 (DE-588)4139132-9 (DE-588)4116489-1 (DE-588)4057952-9 (DE-588)4138523-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |
| title_auth | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |
| title_exact_search | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |
| title_full | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code Graeme P. Herd |
| title_fullStr | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code Graeme P. Herd |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding Russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code Graeme P. Herd |
| title_short | Understanding Russian strategic behavior |
| title_sort | understanding russian strategic behavior imperial strategic culture and putin s operational code |
| title_sub | imperial strategic culture and Putin's operational code |
| topic | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- (DE-588)122188926 gnd Nationales Interesse (DE-588)4139132-9 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Diplomatische Beziehungen (DE-588)4138523-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovič 1952- Nationales Interesse Sicherheitspolitik Strategie Diplomatische Beziehungen Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033288567&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033288567&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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