From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents

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Hauptverfasser: Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer (VerfasserIn), Enmon, Richard (VerfasserIn), Grasser, Florian (VerfasserIn), Heiseke, Andreas (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Hürth Carl Heymanns Verlag 2023
Ausgabe:7th edition
Schriftenreihe:Heymanns intellectual property
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text TABLE OF CONTENTS - OVERVIEW PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... V 1 PRODUCTS OF NATURE: WHAT IS PATENTABLE IN THE EPO (COMPOUNDS, STEM CELLS, PLANTS, ETC.) DR. CHRISTIAN SCHLORB ...................................................................................................... 1 2 THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE .............................................................................................. 21 3 THE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY THE TECHNICAL BOARDS IN ASSESSING THE DISCLOSURE OF A DOCUMENT AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ...................................................................................................... 35 4 THE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY THE TECHNICAL BOARDS IN CLAIM CONSTRUCTION OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ......................................... 69 5 PLAUSIBILITY AS A MEANS TO ASSESS QUID PRO QUO DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN .......................................................................................... 91 6 THE PRINCIPLES OF PATENTING MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC USES OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ...................................................................................................... 153 7 PATENTING NUCLEIC ACID INVENTIONS DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN ............................................................................................. 243 8 PATENTING PROTEIN INVENTIONS DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN ............................................................................................. 439 9 PATENTING ANTIBODY INVENTIONS DR. JURGEN MEIER ............................................... 582 10 PATENTING MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES DR. STEFAN MULLER .............................................................................................................. 672 11 PATENTING VIRUSES DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE ...................................................................................................... 802 12 PATENTING STEM CELLS AND CELL-BASED THERAPEUTICS DR. JURGEN MEIER .......................................................................................................... 914 13 PATENTING NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES RICHARD ENMON, PH. D., J. D ............................................................................................. 942 14 PATENTING GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES: CRISPR ET AL. DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE ...................................................................................................... 997 15 PATENTING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES DR. FLORIAN GRASSER ........................................................................................................ 1023 16 PATENTING PERSONALIZED MEDICINES AND COMPANION DIAGNOSTICS DR. CHRISTIAN SCHLORB ...................................................................................................... 1055 17 PATENTING PLANTS AND ANIMALS DR. OLAF MALEK ................................................................................................... 1067 18 PRIORITY - HURDLES OF SAME SUBJECT MATTER AND LEGAL ENTITLEMENT DR. OLAF MALEK ................................................................................................... 1174 19 DEPOSIT DR. STEFAN MULLER .......................................................................................................... 1225 20 HOW TO DRAFT A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION AND CLAIMS DR. PHILIPP MARCHAND ....................................................................................... 1243 21 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION CERTIFICATES OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ......................................................................................... 1259 22 BIOTECH LITIGATION IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS, PERSPECTIVES ARISING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UPC DAAN DE LANGE, DR. KAI RUTING ................................................................................... 1267 DECISIONS OF THE EPO .................................................................................................. 1325 INDEX ...................................................................................................................... 1403 TABLE OF CONTENTS - DETAILED PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... V 1. PRODUCTS OF NATURE: WHAT IS PATENTABLE IN THE EPO (COMPOUNDS, STEM CELLS, PLANTS, ETC.) DR. CHRISTIAN SCHLORB .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK: PATENTABLE INVENTIONS AND EXCEPTIONS ................................... 1 1.2 PATENTABLE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS ....................................................................... 2 1 3 THE PATENTING OF HUMAN DNA IS NOT INTRINSICALLY UNETHICAL ..................................... 5 1.3.1 T 1213/05, BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER/UNIVERSITY OF UTAH , EPB1 705 902 ................................................................................. 5 1.4 COMPOUNDS AND DISCOVERIES, INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY ............................................... 7 1.4.1 RECOMBINANT HETERODIMERIC RECEPTORS ARE NO DISCOVERY WHEN INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE: T 338/00, MULTIMERIC RECEPTORS/SALK INSTITUTE , EP-B1 619 842 ................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY OF NEWLY IDENTIFIED POLYPEPTIDES: T 870/04, BDP1 PHOSPHATASE/MAX-PLANCK , EP-AL 914 425 ............. 7 1.4.3 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 604/04, PF4A RECEPTORS/GENENTECH , EPB 1 577 752 ................................................................................. 9 1.4.4 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 898/05, HEMATOPOIETIC RECEPTORS/ ZYMOGENETICS , EP-B1 910 635 ........................................... 10 1.4.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 641/05, GPCR-LIKE RECEPTOR/PHARMACIA , EP-A1 1 238 076 ..................................................... 12 1.4.6 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 1452/06, SERINE PROTEASE/BAYER , EP-A1 1 309 676 ............................................................................ 12 1.4.7 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 1165/06, IL-17 RELATED POLYPEPTIDE/SCHE RING , EP-A1 1 141 297 .............................................................. 13 1.4.8 DNA SEQUENCES ISOLATED FROM NATURAL SOURCES ARE NO DISCOVERY, INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 1213/05, BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER/ UNIVERSITY OF UTAH , EP-B1 705 902 ................................. 13 1.4.9 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 1450/07, TGFA-HII/HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES , EP-B1 826 041 ....................................................... 15 1.4.10 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY: T 1540/07, CYTOKINE RECEPTOR/HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES , EP-A1 1 093 457 ................................ 15 1.4.11 T 18/09, NEUTROKINE/HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES , EP-B1 939 804 ................................................................................. 16 1.4.12 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY OF NEWLY IDENTIFIED POLYPEPTIDES: T 1109/10, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION/LEXICON (MARCH 13, 2014), EP-B1 1 461 425... 18 1.5 NO INVENTION: SCHEME, RULE OR METHOD FOR PERFORMING A MENTAL ACT OR DOING BUSINESS ......................................................................................................... 19 1.5.1 MERE MENTAL ACT: T 758/12, SELECTING PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS/MAYO FOUNDATION , EP-B1 2 046 996 ............................................. 19 1.6 INVENTIONS RELATING TO BIOINFORMATICS ......................................................................... 19 1.6.1 MATHEMATICAL METHODS: T 784/06, GENOTYPE DETERMINATION/BECKMAN , EPB1 0 736 107 .............................................................................. 19 1.6.2 MATHEMATICAL METHODS: T 2070/07, DNA MIXTURE ANALYSIS/PERLIN , EPB1 1 229 135 ............................................................................... 20 2. THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE ............................................................................ 21 2.1 WHO/WHAT IS THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART? ................................................................. 21 2.2 THE ATTITUDE OF THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART ................................................................. 26 2.3 THE COMMON GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE PERSON SKILLED IN THE ART .............................. 29 3. THE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY THE TECHNICAL BOARDS IN ASSESSING THE DISCLOSURE OF A DOCUMENT AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ......................................................................................... 35 3.1 A UNIFORM CONCEPT OF DISCLOSURE .............................................................................. 35 3.2 THE STANDARD OF DIRECT AND UNAMBIGUOUS DISCLOSURE ................................................ 36 3.2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................... 36 3.2.2 IMPLICIT DISCLOSURE ......................................................................................... 37 3.2.3 ASSESSING THE DISCLOSURE OF A DOCUMENT AS A WHOLE ..................................... 40 3.3 THE RELEVANT POINT IN TIME FOR DETERMINING THE DISCLOSURE OF A DOCUMENT ........... 40 3.4 INHERENT DISCLOSURE ...................................................................................................... 41 3.5 COMBINATIONS WITHIN A DOCUMENT ........................................................ 53 3.5.1 ALL FEATURES HAVE TO BE DISCLOSED IN A SINGLE EMBODIMENT ........................ 53 3.5.2 THE TWO-LIST PRINCIPLE: SELECTIONS FROM MULTIPLE LISTS OF ALTERNATIVES .... 55 3.5.3 INTERMEDIATE GENERALIZATIONS ......................................................................... 66 3.5.4 COMBINATIONS OF NUMERICAL RANGES .............................................................. 67 4. THE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY THE TECHNICAL BOARDS IN CLAIM CONSTRUCTION OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ..................................................................................... 69 4.1 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLAIM CONSTRUCTION: THE PATENT AS ITS OWN DICTIONARY VERSUS INTERPRETATION AS A MEANS TO RESOLVE AMBIGUITIES ............................ 69 4.2 THE MIND WILLING TO UNDERSTAND ................................................................................ 72 4.3 THE RELEVANCE OF ARTICLE 69 EPC FOR CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ....................................... 75 4.4 FURTHER PRINCIPLES OF CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ................................................................... 85 4.4.1 CLAIM CONSTRUCTION AS A POINT OF LAW ......................................................... 85 4.4.2 INTERPRETATION OF CLAIMS IN THE BROADEST TECHNICALLY SENSIBLE MANNER .... 85 4.4.3 INTERPRETATION OF INDEPENDENT CLAIMS IN VIEW OF THEIR SUBORDINATE DEPENDENT CLAIMS .......................................................................... 87 4.4.4 INTERPRETATION OF DEPENDENT CLAIMS IN VIEW OF THEIR SUPERORDINATE INDE PENDENT CLAIMS .............................................................................. 87 4.4.5 INTERPRETATION OF DIFFERENT TERMS AS HAVING DIFFERENT MEANINGS ................. 87 4.4.6 INTERPRETATION OF THE TERMS COMPRISING , CONSISTING OF AND HAVING . . . 88 4.4.7 ADMISSIBLE MEANS OF CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ................................................... 89 5. PLAUSIBILITY AS A MEANS TO ASSESS QUID PRO QUO DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN ............................................................................... 91 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 91 5.2 T1329/04, FACTOR-9/JOHNS HOPKINS (JUNE 28, 2005), EP-A1 678 101 ... . 94 5.3 T 18/09, NEUTROKINE/HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES (OCTOBER 21, 2009), EP-B1 939 804 .............................................................................................. 96 5.4 DECISIONS DENYING PLAUSIBILITY .................................................................................... 99 5.5 DECISIONS ACKNOWLEDGING PLAUSIBILITY ......................................................................... 118 5.6 THE ESSENCE .................................................................................................................. 144 6. THE PRINCIPLES OF PATENTING MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC USES OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ..................................................................................... 153 6.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS AND THE AVAILABLE CLAIM FORMATS ......................................................................................................... 153 6.1.1 LEGAL BASIS FOR FIRST AND SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS IN THE PURPOSE LIMITED PRODUCT FORMAT 153 6.1.2 SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS IN THE SWISS-TYPE FORMAT UNDER THE EPC1973 155 6.1.3 THE INTERPRETATION OF PURPOSE-LIMITED PRODUCT CLAIMS DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE EPC 1973 OR THE EPC2000 IS APPLICABLE .................... 156 6.1.4 THE AVAILABILITY AND INTERPRETATION OF SWISS-TYPE CLAIMS UNDER THE EPC2000 159 6.1.5 CLAIMING SECOND MEDICAL USES IN BOTH THE PURPOSE-LIMITED PRODUCT FORMAT AND THE SWISS-TYPE FORMAT ................................................. 160 6.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SECOND MEDICAL USES .................................................................... 163 6.2.1 ALL SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC USES ARE PATENTABLE UNDER G 2/08 ......................... 163 6.2.2 THE DEFINITION OF THE THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT IN A SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIM ............................................................................................... 165 6.2.3 TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF SPECIFIC DISEASES .............................................. 187 6.2.4 TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC PATIENT GROUPS ........................................................... 193 6.2.5 SPECIFIC ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION .................................................................. 203 6.2.6 SPECIFIC DOSAGE REGIMENS ............................................................................... 204 6.2.7 SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ACTION ...................................................................... 205 6.2.8 SPECIFIC CONTRAINDICATIONS ............................................................................. 218 6.2.9 SPECIFIC COMBINATION THERAPIES .................................................................... 219 6.3 THE TYPES OF PRODUCTS THAT CAN BE CLAIMED IN A MEDICAL USE CLAIM ..................... 222 6.4 INVENTIVE STEP CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MEDICAL USE CLAIMS ................................. 226 6.5 SURGICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC USE INVENTIONS ...................................................................... 236 7. PATENTING NUCLEIC ACID INVENTIONS DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN .......................................................................... 243 7.1 SOME OF THE HISTORY OF PATENTING NUCLEIC ACIDS AND SYSTEMS FOR THEIR EXPRES SION: OPTIONS AND LIMITS ............................................................................. 243 7.1.1 THE GENENTECH POLYPEPTIDE EXPRESSION CASES T 292/85, T 293/85 AND T 794/94, EP-B1 1 929 ............................................................................... 243 7.1.2 T 19/90, ^ONCO-MOUSE/HARVARD^ AND T 694/92, MODIFYING PLANT CELLS/ MYCOGEN^ ................................................................................................ 246 7.1.3 T 301 /87 AND T 500/91, ALPHA-INTERFERONS/BIOGEN ............................ 248 7.1.4 T 412/93, ....................................................................................................... 251 7.1.5 T 18/09, NEUTROKINE/HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES ........................ 254 7.1.6 T 923/92, T-PA/GENENTECH ................................................................ 256 7.1.7 T 1213/05, BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER/UNIVERSITY OF UTAH ......... 260 7.2 CORRECTION OF SEQUENCE ERRORS ....................................................................................... 266 7.3 CLARITY ........................................................................................................................... 270 7.3.1 THE CLARITY REQUIREMENT FOR CLAIMS IS SET OUT IN ARTICLE 84 EPC: .................. 270 7.4 ENABLEMENT .................................................................................................................. 273 7.4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES .............................................. 273 7.4.2 PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES ON THE ENABLEMENT OF NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE INVENTIONS ........................................................................ 281 7.5 NOVELTY .......................................................................................................................... 310 7.5.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES.............................................. 310 7.5.2 PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF NOVELTY OF NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE INVENTIONS ..................................................... 324 7.6 INVENTIVE STEP ............................................................................................................... 353 7.6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND A SUMMARY OF WHAT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF INVENTIVE STEP OF NUCLEIC ACID INVENTIONS .......... 353 7.6.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF NUCLEIC ACID INVENTIONS ................... 363 7.6.3 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF SYSTEMS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF DNA SEQUENCES ......................................................................................... 411 7.6.4 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF PLASMIDS .......................................... 436 8. PATENTING PROTEIN INVENTIONS DR. HANS-RAINER JAENICHEN .................................................................. 439 8.1 CLARITY ........................................................................................................................... 439 8.1.1 SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CLARITY OF PROTEIN-RELATED CLAIMS ............................................................................................... 439 8.1.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON THE CLARITY OF PROTEIN CLAIMS .......................................... 439 8.2 ENABLEMENT .................................................................................................................. 441 8.2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ENABLEMENT OF PROTEIN-RELATED CLAIMS ............................................................................................... 441 8.2.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON THE ENABLEMENT OF PROTEIN INVENTIONS ......................... 442 8.3 NOVELTY ........................................................................................................................... 480 8.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NOVELTY OF PROTEIN-RELATED CLAIMS .. . 480 8.3.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON THE NOVELTY OF PROTEIN INVENTIONS ................................. 483 8.4 INVENTIVE STEP ................................................................................................................ 513 8.4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF INVENTIVE STEP OF PROTEIN-RELATED CLAIMS ............................................................................................... 513 8.4.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF PROTEIN INVENTIONS ........................... 515 9. PATENTING ANTIBODY INVENTIONS DR. JURGEN MEIER ........................................................................................................ 582 9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ANTIBODY PATENTING IN THE EPO ........................................ 582 9.1.1 ALLOWABLE CLAIMS AND FORMATS ........................................................................ 583 9.1.2 ANTIBODY DEFINITIONS BY STRUCTURAL FEATURES ................................................... 583 9.1.3 ANTIBODIES DEFINITIONS BY FUNCTIONAL FEATURES ............................................... 584 9.1.4 ANTIBODY DEFINITIONS BY COMBINED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES ........ 586 9.2 CLARITY ........................................................................................................................... 589 9.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON CLARITY OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS ................................... 589 9.2.2 CLARITY OF ANTIBODY SPECIFICITIES AND/OR AFFINITIES ........................................... 589 9.2.3 CLARITY OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS ........................................... 591 9.2.4 CLARITY OF FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS ........................................... 592 9.2.5 CLARITY OF THE TERM ANTIBODY OF ANTIBODY FORMATS AND OF ANTIBODY DESIGNATIONS .................................................................................... 593 9.2.6 CLARITY OF EPITOPES AND/OR ANTIBODY TARGET STRUCTURES .................................. 595 9.2.7 CLARITY OF PRODUCT-BY-PROCESS ANTIBODY CLAIMS, ANTIBODY-RELATED DIAGNOSTIC METHODS AND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS .................................. 596 9.3 ENABLEMENT ................................................................................................................. 598 9.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ENABLEMENT OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS ......................... 598 9.3.2 ENABLEMENT OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS .................................. 605 9.3.3 ENABLEMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR COMBINATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES .......................................................................... 607 9.3.4 ENABLEMENT OF EPITOPES, ANTIGENS AND/OR ANTIBODY TARGET STRUCTURES ........... 612 9.3.5 ENABLEMENT OF METHOD/PRODUCTION CLAIMS ................................................... 613 9.3.6 ENABLEMENT OF MEDICAL/DIAGNOSTIC USE CLAIMS CONCERNING ANTIBODIES ......... 617 9.4 NOVELTY ........................................................................................................................... 625 9.4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON NOVELTY OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS POLYCLONAL VERSUS MONOCLONAL .................................................................................. 625 9.4.2 NOVELTY OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES ........................................................................ 625 9.4.3 NOVELTY OF FUNCTIONAL FEATURES ........................................................................ 628 9.4.4 NOVELTY BY EPITOPE, ANTIGEN AND/OR TARGET AND/OR STRUCTURES AND FORMS . . . 630 9.4.5 NOVELTY OF PRODUCT-BY-PROCESS CLAIMS AND OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES PER SE. . 631 9.4.6 NOVELTY OF MEDICAL/DIAGNOSTIC USE OF ANTIBODIES ........................................... 634 9.5 INVENTIVE STEP ................................................................................................................ 636 9.5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF ANTIBODY CLAIMS POLYCLONAL VERSUS MONOCLONAL AND THE PROVISION OF ALTERNATIVE (MONOCLONAL) ANTIBODIES VERSUS (MONOCLONAL) ANTIBODIES WITH SPECIFIC UNEXPECTED PROPERTIES ............................................................... 636 9.5.2 INVENTIVE STEP OF STRUCTURAL ANTIBODY FEATURES .............................................. 643 9.5.3 INVENTIVE STEP OF FUNCTIONAL FEATURES ALONE OR IN COMBINATIONS WITH STRUCTURAL FEATURES - THE REQUIREMENT OR THE NON-REQUIREMENT OF FRAMEWORKS ...................................................................................... 647 9-5.4 INVENTIVE STEP OF EPITOPES AND/OR TARGET STRUCTURES ...................................... 654 9.5.5 INVENTIVE STEP OF METHODS FOR MAKING, MODIFYING AND/OR PURIFYING ANTIBODIES/ANTIBODY CONSTRUCTS ....................................................... 656 9.5.6 INVENTIVE STEP OF ANTIBODIES IN MEDICAL USES ................................................ 661 10. PATENTING MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES DR. STEFAN MULLER ........................................................................................................ 672 10.1 CLARITY ............................................................. 672 10.1.1 PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED IN BIOTECH CASES ........................................................... 672 10.1.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON THE CLARITY OF MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY INVENTIONS ...................................................................... 672 10.2 ENABLEMENT ................................................................................................................. 690 10.2.1 PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED IN BIOTECH CASES ........................................................... 690 10.2.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON ENABLEMENT OF MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY INVENTIONS ...................................................................... 691 10.3 NOVELTY .......................................................................................................................... 719 10.3.1 PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED IN BIOTECH CASES ........................................................... 719 10.3.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON THE NOVELTY OF MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY INVENTIONS ...................................................................... 719 10.4 INVENTIVE STEP ............................................................................................................... 747 10.4.2 BIOTECH DECISIONS ON INVENTIVE STEP OF MICROORGANISMS AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES ....................... 747 11. PATENTING VIRUSES DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE ................................................................................................... 802 11.1 CLARITY ........................................................................................................................... 802 11.2 ENABLEMENT .................................................................................................................. 809 11.3 NOVELTY ........................................................................................................................... 837 11.4 INVENTIVE STEP ................................................................................................................ 854 12. PATENTING STEM CELLS AND CELL-BASED THERAPEUTICS DR. JIIRGEN MEIER ........................................................................................................ 914 12.1 TO WHAT EXTENT ARE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS PATENTABLE? ............................................ 915 12.1.1 ARE HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS PATENTABLE? .............................................. 917 12.2 PATENTING STEM CELLS: FACTS AND SUMMARY ON MOST RELEVANT DECISIONS IN THE EPO. . . 934 12.2.1 PATENTING STEM CELLS: T 522/04, MAMMALIAN MULTIPOTENT NEURONAL STEM CELLS/CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , EP-AL 658 194 ................................................................................. 935 12.2.2 PATENTING STEM CELLS: T 1199/08, SELECTED SPERM/XY ................................ 935 12.2.3 PATENTING STEM CELLS: T 2221/10, CULTURING STEM CELLS/TECHNION . . . 937 12.2.4 PATENTING STEM CELLS: T 1836/10, ISOLATION OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/WURFEL ............................................................................... 940 13. PATENTING NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES RICHARD ENMON, PH.D., J.D .......................................................................................... 942 13.1 CLARITY (ARTICLE 84 EPC) ............................................................................................... 942 13.1.1 THE SKILLED PERSON KNOWS THE LIMITS OF RELATIVE TERMS SUCH AS SUITABLE AND SUFFICIENT IN THE PRACTICE OF NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION .......... 942 13.1.2 FEATURES TAUGHT IN THE DISCLOSURE NECESSARY FOR THE PRACTICE OF THE INVENTION ARE ESSENTIAL FEATURES THAT MUST BE REFLECTED IN THE CLAIMS .............. 948 13.2 SUFFICIENCY OF DISCLOSURE (ARTICLE 83 EPC) .................................................................. 951 13.2.1 T 289/96, DETECTING SEQUENCES/ZENECA , EPB1 332 435 ..................... 951 13.2.2 T 965/98, DNA AMPLIFICATION/HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE , EPA1 509 612 ................................................................................ 952 13.2.3 T 216/96, PROCESS FOR AMPLIFYING, DETECTING AND/OR CLONING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES/F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB1 200 362 ... 952 13.2.4 T 364/06, MULTIPLEX DNA AMPLIFICATION/BAYLOR , EPB1 363 255 ... 955 13.2.5 T 415/07, RIBOSOMAL DISPLAY/DISCERNA LTD. , EPB1 985 032 ......... 956 13.2.6 T 2533/10, AMPLIFICATION QUENCHED FLUOROPHOBES PRIMER PROBES RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE RECOGNITION SITE/BECTON DICKENSON , EPB1 878 554 ................................................................................. 957 13.2.7 T 842/14, PCR ANTI-FOAM REAGENTS/QIAGEN , EPB1 1 540 009 ........... 958 13.2.8 T 2255/18, DETECTION OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS/ GENEOHM SCIENCES CANADA , EPB1 2 781 604 .............. 959 13.2.9 T 29/19, CELL FREE NUCLEIC ACIDS/CNRS , EPA1 2 611 935 ....................... 960 13.3 NOVELTY (ARTICLE 54 EPC) ............................................................................................ 960 13.3.1 T 902/94, DNA AMPLIFICATION/BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE , EPA1 364 255 ................................................................................ 960 13.3.2 T 78/96, PROCESS FOR AMPLIFYING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES/ F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG ............................................................. 961 13.3.3 T 216/96, PROCESS FOR AMPLIFYING, DETECTING AND/OR CLONING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES/F.HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB1 200 362 . 964 13.3.4 T 445/04, HOMOGENEOUS ASSAY SYSTEM/F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB1 543 942 ........................................................................ 965 13.3.5 T 707/03, MISMATCH PRIMER/ZLB BEHRING , EPA1 930 3702 ........... 966 13.3.6 T 1091/02, METHODS FOR DETECTION II/EHOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB1 520 794 ........................................................................ 967 13.3.7 T 313/05, APPARATUS FOR MONITORING A POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION/ APPLERA , EPB1 872 562 ............................................................ 968 13.3.8 T 2050/07, DNA-MIXTURE ANALYSIS/PERLIN , EPA1 1 229 135 ............. 969 13.3.9 T 72/10, PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS/BJORN , EPB1 1 254 258 ..................... 970 13.3.10 T 2111/09, FLUOROMETRIC METHOD/THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEFENCE , EPB1 1 044 283 ............................................. 971 13.3.11 T 2533/10, AMPLIFICATION QUENCHED FLUOROPHOBES PRIMER PROBES RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE RECOGNITION SITE/BECTON DICKENSON , EPB1 878 554 ................................................................................. 971 13.3.12 T 2012/10, NUCLEIC ACID PURIFICATION/ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH , EPB1 1466 018 .............................................................. 972 13.3.13 T 1634/15, CODIS CORE STR LOCI FORENSIC HUMAN IDENTIFICATION/ PROMEGA , EPB1 1 135 530 ..................................................... 973 13.3.14 T 842/14, PCR ANTI-FOAM REAGENTS/QIAGEN , EPB1 1 540 009 ........... 974 13.3.15 T 2042/19, DNA DETECTION METHOD/DOW AGROSCIENCES , EPA1 2 931 950 .............................................................................. 975 13.3.16 T 1608/16, DETECTION OF MRSA STRAINS/BIOMERIEUX , EPB1 2 231 869 .............................................................................. 976 13.4 INVENTIVE STEP (ARTICLE 56 EPC) ................................................................................. 976 13.4.1 T 289/96, DETECTING SEQUENCES/ZENECA , EPB 1 332 435 ................... 976 13.4.2 T 965/98, DNA AMPLIFICATION/HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPA1 509 612; T 966/98, DNA DETECTION/HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE , EPA1 502 589 ............................................................ 977 13.4.3 T 1118/98, NUCLEIC ACIDS/DU PONT DE NEMOURS , EPB1 520 039 ........ 978 13.4.4 T 78/96, PROCESS FOR AMPLIFYING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES/ F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB 1 201 184 ............................... 978 13.4.5 T 216/96, PROCESS FOR AMPLIFYING, DETECTING AND/OR CLONING NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES/F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB1 200 362 ............ 979 13.4.6 T 302/02. AUTOMATED AMPLIFICATION/APPLERA , EPB1 236 069 ........... 980 13.4.7 T 239/01, COUPLED TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION/PROMEGA , EPB1 566 714 ............................................................................... 980 13.4.8 T 707/03, MISMATCH PRIMER/ZLB BEHRING , EPA1 930 370 ............. 981 13.4.9 T 445/04, HOMOGENEOUS ASSAY SYSTEM/F.HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB 1 543 942 ..................................................................... 982 13.4.10 T 1091/02, METHODS FOR DETECTION II/EHOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG , EPB 1 520 794 ..................................................................... 983 13.4.11 T 781/06, AMPLIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS/SANOFI-AVENTIS , EPA1 829 542 ............................................................................... 983 13.4.12 T 531/05, EXTRACELLULAR TUMOR-ASSOCIATED NUCLEIC ACID/PENN STATE RESEARCH FOUNDATION , EPA1 929 694 ....................... 983 13.4.13 T 768/06, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION/MAXYGEN , EPB1 876 509 ............... 984 13.4.14 T 415/07, RIBOSOMAL DISPLAY/DISCERNA LTD. , EPB1 985 032 ........ 985 13.4.15 T 1739/07, ADDRESSABLE ARRAY/CORNELL RESEARCH FOUNDA TION , EPA1 920 440 ................................................................ 985 13.4.16 T 1958/09, ELONAS/GILEAD , EP A1 832 291 ........................................ 986 13.4.17 T 1588/10, DETECTION JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES/ROCHE , EPA1 1 611 254 ........................................................................... 987 13.4.18 T 2264/09, MULTIPLEX AMPLIFICATION OF STRS/PROMEGA , EP BL 960 207 ............................................................................. 988 13.4.19 T 2012/10, NUCLEIC ACID PURIFICATION/ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS GMBH , EPB 1 1 466 018 .......................................................... 989 13.4.20 T 1631/10, MAGNETISCHE PARTIKEL/ROCHE , EPB 1 1 577 349 ............... 989 13.4.21 T 14/12, EMULSION ASYMMETRIC PCR-PRE-HYBRIDISATION SINGLE STRAN DED TEMPLATE IMMOBILIZED PRIMER BEAD/454 LIFE SCIENCES , EPB 1 1 594 980 ........................................................................... 990 13.4.22 T 300/13 NORO VIRUS/BML INC , EPB 1 1 329 522 ............................. 991 13.4.23 T 1119/12, ORTHOGONAL OLIGONUCLEOTIDES/SIEMENS HEALTHCARE DIAGNOSTICS , EPA1 1 844 163 ............................................ 992 13.4.24 T 1904/16, ASSAY FOR TOXINOGENIC C. DIFFICILE STRAINS/KONINKLIJKE PHILLIPS , EPB1 2 419 527 ...................................................... 993 13.4.25 T 2042/19, DNA DETECTION METHOD/DOW AGROSCIENCES , EPA1 2 931 950 ........................................................................... 995 13.4.26 T 2255/18, DETECTION OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS/ GENEOHM SCIENCES CANADA , EPB 1 2 781 604 .......... 996 14. PATENTING GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES: CRISPR ET AL. DR. ANDREAS HEISEKE ................................................................................................... 997 14.1 HISTORY OF GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 997 14.2 GENOME EDITING WITH MEGANUCLEASES ......................................................................... 998 14.3 GENOME EDITING WITH ZINC FINGER NUCLEASES (ZFNS) ................................................. 998 14.4 GENOME EDITING WITH TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTOR NUCLEASES (TALENS) . . . 999 14.5 GENOME EDITING WITH CRISPR-CAS9 ............................................................................... 1000 14.6 PATENTING THE GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGIES MEGANUCLEASES, ZFNS AND TALENS IN THE EPO ..................................................................................................... 1002 14.7 PATENTING THE GENOME EDITING TECHNOLOGY CRISPR-CAS9 IN THE EPO ................... 1008 15. PATENTING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES DR. FLORIAN GRASSER ............................................................................... 1023 15.1 HISTORYOFNGS ............................................................................................................ 1023 15.2 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART OF NGS .................................................................................. 1023 15.3 MARKET POTENTIAL AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF NGS .......................................................... 1025 15.4 DECISIONS OF THE TECHNICAL BOARDS OF APPEAL RELATING TO NGS ..................................... 1025 16. PATENTING PERSONALIZED MEDICINES AND COMPANION DIAGNOSTICS DR. CHRISTIAN SCHLDRB..................................................................................... 1055 16.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1055 16.2 EXCLUSION FROM PATENTABILITY ......................................................................................... 1055 16.2.1 T 1038/00, APOPTOTIC CELLS/NEXINS RESEARCH , EP-B1 755 516 ... 1055 16.2.2 T 310/99, DOWN SYNDROME/MACRI , EP-B1 409 956 ............................ 1055 16.2.3 T 2050/07, DNA MIXTURE ANALYSIS/PERLIN , EP-A1 1 229 135 ........... 1056 16.2.4 T 606/96, RADIOLABELLED ANTIBODIES/RHOMED INC. , EP-B1 234 612.. . 1056 16.3 NOVELTY ........................................................................................................................... 1057 16.3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1057 16.3.2 T 734/12 , ARTHRITIS PATIENTS WITH AN INADEQUATE RESPONSE TO A TNF-ALPHA INHIBITOR/GENENTECH, INC. , EP-B1 1 613 350 . 1057 16.3.3 T 1399/04, COMBINATION THERAPY HCV/SCHERING , EP-B1 956 861 . . 1058 16.3.4 T 694/16, FOOD COMPOSITION FOR PRODROMAL DEMENTIA PATIENTS/ NUTRICIA , EP-B1 2 170 104 ................................................... 1058 16.3.5 T 108/09, FULVESTRANT FOR TREATING RESISTANT BREAST CANCER/ASTRA ZENECA AB , EP-B1 1 272 195 ................................................. 1059 16.4 INVENTIVE STEP ............................................................................................................... 1059 16.4.1 T 777/17, DEGARELIX IN METASTATIC STAGE PROSTATE CANCER/FERRING , EPA2 2 249 859 .............................................................................. 1059 16.4.2 T 967/16, OXCARBAZEPINE STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME/ACADEMIA SINICA PHARMIGENE , EPB 1 2 016 198 .............................. 1060 16.4.3 T 2197/10, APRIL RECEPTOR/BIOGEN , EPB 1 1 223 964 ..................... 1060 16.5 CLARITY ......................................................................................................................... 1061 16.5.1 T 241/95, SEROTONIN RECEPTOR/ELI LILLY , EP-A2 0 449 562 ................. 1061 16.5.2 DECISION OF THE OPPOSITION DIVISION ON EP-B1 785 216 (SEPTEMBER 12, 2005) ANDT 156/08, BRCA2/UNIVERSITY OF UTAH , EP-A1 1 260 520 1061 16.5.3 T 1845/11, ASIAN RACE/MERCK SERONO , EP-A1 1 509 242 ............... 1062 16.6 SUFFICIENCY OF DISCLOSURE .............................................................................................. 1062 16.6.1 T 1031/09, GST-PI GENE/COMMONWEALTH , EP-A1 1 071 815 ... 1062 16.6.2 T 734/12 , ARTHRITIS PATIENTS WITH AN INADEQUATE RESPONSE TO A TNF-ALPHA INHIBITOR/GENENTECH, INC. , EP-B1 1 613 350 . 1063 16.6.3 T 1474/12, DIAGNOSTIC MARKER/ANTIBODYSHOP , EP-B1 1 831 699. . . 1065 16.6.4 T 50/10, BCRP/UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND , EP-B1 1 054 894 ................... 1065 17. PATENTING PLANTS AND ANIMALS DR. OLAF MALEK ............................................................................................................ 1067 17.1 EXCEPTIONS TO PATENTABILITY (ARTICLE 53(A) AND (B) EPC) ........................................... 1067 17.1.1 ORDRE PUBLIC AND MORALITY (ARTICLE 53(A) EPC) ......................................... 1067 17.1.2 EXCLUSIONS WITH RESPECT TO PLANTS (ARTICLE 53(B) EPC) ................................. 1070 17.1.3 EXCLUSIONS WITH RESPECT TO ANIMALS (ARTICLE 53(B) EPC) ............................... 1087 17.2 CLARITY AND SUPPORT IN THE DESCRIPTION (ARTICLE 84 EPC) ........................................... 1090 17.2.1 DEFINITION BY REFERENCE TO SPECIES ................................................................... 1090 17.2.2 DEFINITION BY REFERENCE TO GENETIC MARKERS .................................................... 1090 17.2.3 PRODUCT-BY PROCESS DEFINITION ......................................................................... 1091 17.2.4 CLARITY AND SUPPORT ........................................................................................ 1094 17.3 SUFFICIENCY (ARTICLE 83 EPC) ........................................................................................ 1098 17.3.1 FAIR BALANCE BETWEEN CLAIMED SCOPE AND THE INVENTION S CONTRIBUTION ........ 1098 17.3.2 FUNCTIONAL FEATURES .......................................................................................... 1102 17.3.3 EVIDENCE REQUIRED FOR DENYING ENABLEMENT ................................................. 1103 17.3.4 UNDUE BURDEN/RESEARCH PROJECT .................................................................... 1106 17.3.5 EFFECT PLAUSIBLY DISCLOSED IN APPLICATION/EXAMPLE SUFFICIENT ....................... 1109 17.3.6 ELITE EVENT ...................................................................................................... 1111 17.3.7 STARTING MATERIAL ........................................................................................... 1112 17.3.8 SCREENING REQUIRED FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION ....................................... 1114 17.4 NOVELTY (ARTICLE 54 EPC) ............................................................................................ 1115 17.4.1 PUBLIC AVAILABILITY (INCLUDING DATABASE ENTRIES AND INTERNET DISCLOSURE) .... 1115 17.4.2 MEANING OF TERMS ......................................................................................... 1116 17.4.3 IS THE PRIOR ART ENABLING? .............................................................................. 1118 17.4.4 FEATURE COMBINATION DIRECTLY AND UNAMBIGUOUSLY DERIVABLE ...................... 1121 17.4.5 WHOLE CONTENTS APPROACH ............................................................................. 1123 17.4.6 ANTICIPATION OF COMPOUND CLAIMS................................................................ 1125 17.4.7 COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS MADE AVAILABLE ............................... 1125 17.4.8 INHERENCY ...................................................................................................... 1126 17.4.9 INEVITABLE RESULT OF CARRYING OUT A PROCESS ................................................... 1127 17.4.10 DENIAL OF NOVELTY REQUIRES CERTAINTY ............................................................ 1132 17.5 INVENTIVE STEP (ARTICLE 56 EPC) ................................................................................. 1133 17.5.1 SELECTION OF THE CLOSEST PRIOR ART .................................................................. 1133 17.5.2 TECHNICAL PROBLEM TO REFLECT ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION ......................................... 1135 17.5.3 SURPRISING ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECT .................................................................... 1138 17.5.4 NO INCENTIVE ................................................................................................. 1139 17.5.5 OBVIOUSNESS WHEN THE PRIOR ART GUIDES TO EXACTLY THE CLAIMED FEATURE COMBINATION ..................................................................................... 1143 17.5.6 FOR OBVIOUSNESS, THE PRIOR ART DOES NOT ALWAYS HAVE TO GUIDE TO EXACTLY THE CLAIMED FEATURE COMBINATION .......................................................... 1154 17.5.7 TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND OTHER KINGDOMS OF LIFE ............... 1158 17.5.8 REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF SUCCESS................................................................ 1158 17.5.9 CLAIMS TO ELITE EVENTS .................................................................................. 1163 17.5.10. ...................................................................................................................... 1166 17.5.11 AVOID EX POST FACTO ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 1167 17.5.12 NON-OBVIOUS ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................ 1168 17.5.13 TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES OVERCOME IN NON-OBVIOUS WAY .................................... 1171 18. PRIORITY - HURDLES OF SAME SUBJECT MATTER AND LEGAL ENTITLEMENT DR. OLAF MALEK ............................................................................................................. 1174 18.1 THE SAME INVENTION HURDLE ........................................................................................ 1174 18.1.1 DIRECT AND UNAMBIGUOUS DISCLOSURE ............................................................. 1174 18.1.2 ENABLEMENT .................................................................................................. 1202 18.1.3 PLAUSIBILITY ..................................................................................................... 1212 18.1.4 THE FIRST APPLICATION (ARTICLE 87(1) AND (4) EPC) ........................................ 1215 18.2 THE LEGAL ENTITLEMENT HURDLE .................................................................................... 1216 18.2.1 THE ORIGINAL PRIORITY RIGHT ............................................................................. 1217 18.2.2 THE PRIORITY RIGHT OBTAINED AS SUCCESSOR IN TITLE ............................................ 1219 18.3 OTHER PRIORITY MATTERS ................................................................................................. 1222 18.3.1 EXHAUSTION OF PRIORITY RIGHT ......................................................................... 1222 18.3.2 DEVIATING PRIORITY DOCUMENTS IN OFFICIAL FILE ................................................ 1223 18.3.3 EXHIBITION PRIORITY ........................................................................................ 1223 19. DEPOSIT DR. STEFAN MULLER ........................................................................................................ 1225 19.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BIOTECH CASES AND THE LEGAL BASIS ............................. 1225 19.2 PROCEDURAL LAW QUESTIONS ............................................................................................... 1227 19.2.1 INFORMATION WITH REGARD TO THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND THE DEPOSIT TO BE GIVEN IN THE APPLICATION .................................................................. 1227 19.2.2 INFORMATION WITH REGARD TO THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN CASE OF A DEPOSIT BY A PERSON OTHER THAN THE APPLICANT ............................................. 1229 19.2.3 CHOICE OF THE EXPERT SOLUTION UNDER RULE 32 EPC ...................................... 1230 19.3 SUBSTANTIAL LAW QUESTIONS/DECISION DEALING WITH THE TIME LIMIT IN CONTEXT WITH A DEPOSITION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL ................................................................... 1231 19.4 SUBSTANTIAL LAW QUESTIONS/CASE LAW DEALING WITH THE QUESTION WHETHER THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL WAS ASSURED BY THE WRITTEN DESCRIPTION IN THE ABSENCE OF A DEPOSIT ........................................................................... 1234 20. HOW TO DRAFT A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION AND CLAIMS DR. PHILIPP MARCHAND ................................................................................... 1243 20.1 THE EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION ................................................................................ 1243 20.2 HOW TO FILE A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (ARTICLE 75 EPC) ....................................... 1243 20.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION ....................................................... 1245 20.3.1 REQUEST FOR GRANT ......................................................................................... 1245 20.3.2 DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................... 1246 20.3.3 DRAWINGS AND LEGENDS TO FIGURES ................................................................ 1248 20.3.4 EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION ........................................................................... 1249 20.3.5 THE CLAIMS .................................................................................................... 1250 20.3.6 THE ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. 1251 20.4 MINIMAL REQUIREMENTS TO OBTAIN A FILING DATE .......................................................... 1251 20.5 CONTENT OF A EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION ................................................................. 1253 20.5.1 SUFFICIENCY OF DISCLOSURE ............................................................................... 1253 20.5.2 CLARITY AND SUPPORT ...................................................................................... 1254 20.5.3 SEQUENCE LISTINGS .......................................................................................... 1255 20.5.4 DEPOSITS ........................................................................................................ 1257 21. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION CERTIFICATES OSWIN RIDDERBUSCH ................................................................................................... 1259 21.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1259 21.2 TERRITORIAL AVAILABILITY OF SPCS IN EUROPE ................................................................... 1259 21.3 SUBJECT-MATTER OF AN SPC ............................................................................................. 1260 21.4 CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING AN SPC .............................................................................. 1260 21.4.1 BASIC PATENT .................................................................................................. 1260 21.4.2 MARKETING AUTHORIZATION ............................................................................. 1261 21.4.3 ONLY THE FIRST MARKETING AUTHORIZATION ALLOWS THE FILING OF AN SPC ......... 1262 21.4.4 MULTIPLE SPCS FOR DIFFERENT PRODUCTS BASED ON A SINGLE PATENT .................. 1262 21.4.5 MULTIPLE SPCS FOR THE SAME PRODUCT .......................................................... 1262 21.4.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SPC APPLICANT AND THE HOLDER OF THE MARKETING AUTHORIZATION ............................................................... 1262 21.5 SCOPE OF PROTECTION ........................................................................................................ 1263 21.6 TIME LIMIT FOR FILING AN SPC ...................................................................................... 1264 21.7 SPC TERM ...................................................................................................................... 1264 21.8 PAEDIATRIC EXTENSIONS OF SPCS ....................................................................................... 1265 22. BIOTECH LITIGATION IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS, PERSPECTIVES ARISING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UPC DAAN DE LANGE, DR. KAI RUTING 1267 22.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1267 22.2 OVERVIEW ON PATENT LITIGATION IN GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE UPC ............ 1269 22.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF PATENT LITIGATION IN GERMANY .......................................... 1269 22.2.2 PATENT LITIGATION IN THE NETHERLANDS ............................................................. 1270 22.2.3 PATENT LITIGATION BEFORE THE UPC ................................................................. 1271 22.3 SCOPE OF PROTECTION ....................................................................................................... 1272 22.3.1 DETERMINATION OF THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION IN GERMANY ............................... 1273 22.3.2 DETERMINATION OF THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION IN THE NETHERLANDS .................. 1277 22.3.3 DETERMINATION OF THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION BEFORE THE UPC ......................... 1280 22.4 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 1281 22.4.1 PRODUCT CLAIMS .............................................................................................. 1282 22.4.2 PROCESS CLAIMS .............................................................................................. 1288 22.4.3 PRODUCTS MADE BY AN INFRINGING PROCESS...................................................... 1290 22.4.4 INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT .................................................................................... 1293 22.5 SECOND MEDICAL USE PATENTS ........................................................................................ 1296 22.5.1 ENFORCEMENT OF SECOND MEDICAL USE PATENTS IN GERMANY ......................... 1297 22.5.2 ENFORCEMENT OF SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS IN THE NETHERLANDS .............. 1300 22.5.3 ENFORCEMENT OF SECOND MEDICAL USE CLAIMS AT THE UPC ........................... 1300 22.6 LIMITATIONS TO THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF THE PATENTEE .................................................... 1300 22.6.1 EXPERIMENTAL USE EXEMPTION ....................................................................... 1301 22.6.2 BOLAR EXEMPTION .......................................................................................... 1302 22.7 PHARMACIST EXEMPTION ................................................................................................. 1305 22.8 PROVING OF THE CASE AND EVIDENCE COLLECTION ............................................................ 1305 22.8.1 BURDEN OF PROOF ............................................................................................ 1305 22.8.2 PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE/REQUEST FOR DISCLOSURE ......................................... 1308 22.9 REMEDIES ...................................................................................................................... 1310 22.9.1 OVERVIEW ON REMEDIES ................................................................................. 1310 22.9.2 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS ............................................................................... 1310 22.9.3 PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS AND PROPORTIONALITY DEFENSE .................................. 1316 22.9.4 RECALL AND DESTRUCTION ................................................................................. 1320 22.9.5 RENDERING OF ACCOUNT ................................................................................... 1321 22.9.6 DAMAGES ........................................................................................................ 1321 22.9.7 COST OF THE PROCEEDINGS ............................................................................... 1322 DECISIONS OF THE EPO .................................................................................................. 1325 INDEX ......................................................................................................................... 1403
any_adam_object 1
author Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer
Enmon, Richard
Grasser, Florian
Heiseke, Andreas
author_GND (DE-588)1030592500
(DE-588)1308882912
author_facet Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer
Enmon, Richard
Grasser, Florian
Heiseke, Andreas
author_role aut
aut
aut
aut
author_sort Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer
author_variant h r j hrj
r e re
f g fg
a h ah
building Verbundindex
bvnumber BV047854857
classification_rvk PS 3800
PU 1547
ctrlnum (OCoLC)1409126761
(DE-599)DNB1250264901
discipline Rechtswissenschaft
edition 7th edition
format Book
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series2 Heymanns intellectual property
spellingShingle Jaenichen, Hans-Rainer
Enmon, Richard
Grasser, Florian
Heiseke, Andreas
From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents
Europäisches Patentamt (DE-588)1052705-9 gnd
Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)1052705-9
(DE-588)4069491-4
(DE-588)4152408-1
title From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents
title_auth From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents
title_exact_search From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents
title_full From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents by Dr. Hans-Rainer Jaenichen (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Richard Enmon, Ph.D., J.D. (US Patent Attorney, European Patent Attorney), Dr. Florian Grasser (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Dr. Andreas Heiseke (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative) [und 8 weitere]
title_fullStr From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents by Dr. Hans-Rainer Jaenichen (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Richard Enmon, Ph.D., J.D. (US Patent Attorney, European Patent Attorney), Dr. Florian Grasser (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Dr. Andreas Heiseke (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative) [und 8 weitere]
title_full_unstemmed From Clones to Claims A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents by Dr. Hans-Rainer Jaenichen (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Richard Enmon, Ph.D., J.D. (US Patent Attorney, European Patent Attorney), Dr. Florian Grasser (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative), Dr. Andreas Heiseke (Patentanwalt, European Patent Attorney, UPC Representative) [und 8 weitere]
title_short From Clones to Claims
title_sort from clones to claims a handbook on patenting biotech and biopharmaceutical inventions in the european patent office and on enforcing such patents
title_sub A Handbook on Patenting Biotech and Biopharmaceutical Inventions in the European Patent Office and on Enforcing such Patents
topic Europäisches Patentamt (DE-588)1052705-9 gnd
Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd
topic_facet Europäisches Patentamt
Biotechnologie
Entscheidungssammlung
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