Freedom of Expression and the Internet Updated and Revised 2nd Edition

Freedom of Expression and the Internet Updated and Revised 2nd Edition

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser: Benedek, Wolfgang (VerfasserIn)
Format: Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Namur Council of Europe 2020
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Inhaltsangabe:
  • Intro
  • List of abbreviations
  • Table of cases
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1. Introduction: the challenges of ensuring freedom of expression on the internet
  • Chapter 2. The content of freedom of expression online
  • 2.1. Main elements of the right
  • 2.1.1. Freedom of opinion
  • 2.1.2. Freedom of information
  • 2.1.3. Freedom of the press and media
  • 2.1.4. Freedom of international communication
  • 2.1.5. Freedom of artistic expression
  • 2.1.6. Freedom of cultural expression
  • 2.1.7. Freedom of science
  • 2.1.8. A new freedom? Internet freedom and openness
  • 2.1.9. Right to anonymity
  • 2.1.10. Right to whistle-blowing
  • 2.2. Corollary rights: freedom of assembly and association, and the rights to education and access to knowledge
  • 2.3. Right to access to the internet
  • Chapter 3. Restrictions on freedom of expression online
  • 3.1. Principles and problems
  • 3.2. Criteria for restrictions and the practice of the Court in internet cases
  • 3.2.1. Criteria for restrictions
  • 3.2.2. The practice of the Court
  • The margin of appreciation
  • The role of context
  • Protection of the rights of others
  • Information already available on the internet
  • Specific responsibilities of the media
  • Responsibilities of politicians
  • 3.3. Conclusion
  • Chapter 4. Standard setting by the Council of Europe and non-state actors
  • 4.1. The context: the role of human rights in internet governance
  • 4.2. Activities of the Council of Europe: awareness-raising and standard setting
  • 4.2.1. Recommendations and declarations
  • 4.2.2. Guidelines and recommendations for business
  • 4.3. Activities of non-state actors
  • 4.3.1. The Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet
  • 4.3.2. Standard setting in the private sector
  • 4.3.3. Transparency to protect freedom of expression
  • Chapter 5. Specific issues
  • 5.1. Internet content regulation and freedom of expression
  • 5.2. Information and disinformation
  • 5.2.1. The consequences of misinformation
  • 5.3. Technological neutrality and freedom of expression
  • 5.4. Network neutrality and freedom of expression
  • 5.5. Characteristics of protected and unprotected speech online
  • 5.6. Fighting online hate speech
  • 5.7. Defamation, reputation and freedom of expression online
  • 5.8. Protection of children in light of freedom of expression
  • 5.9. Freedom of expression and internet domain names
  • 5.10. The role of internet intermediaries: reconfiguring their rights and duties
  • 5.11. Regulatory approaches to freedom of expression in social networks
  • 5.12. Private and public spaces on the internet
  • 5.13. Freedom of expression and algorithms
  • 5.13.1. Training data
  • 5.13.2. Overblocking
  • 5.13.3. Lack of explainability
  • 5.14. Whistle-blowing as a human right
  • 5.15. Transcending the national level
  • Chapter 6. Relevant practice on the national level
  • 6.1. Jurisdiction and freedom of expression online
  • 6.1.1. France v. US and Yahoo v. LICRA: a tale of two countries and two courts
  • 6.1.2. UK: the internet comes under national jurisdiction
  • 6.1.3. European Union: the right to be forgotten and its limits
  • 6.1.4. Austria: worldwide obligation to search for unlawful content?
  • 6.2. Access and freedom of expression online
  • 6.2.1. Europe: restrictions placed on prisoners' access to certain sites
  • 6.2.2. China and Turkey: blocking access to Wikipedia
  • 6.2.3. India: shutdown of internet access and cell phone services in Kashmir
  • 6.2.4. Internet access as a protected right in 20 Council of Europe member states
  • Germany: the internet as an essential part of life
  • Finland: a right to broadband?
  • 6.2.5. Cloudflare terminates service for 8chan in response to US shootings
  • 6.3. Copyright and freedom of expression online
  • 6.3.1. France: the limits to enforcing copyright
  • 6.3.2. European Parliament: EU Copyright Directive
  • 6.3.3. Italy: Court holds video-sharing platform liable for content uploaded by users
  • 6.4. Public and private violations of freedom of expression online
  • 6.4.1. Hate speech disrupts freedom of expression online
  • 6.4.2. Germany's Network Enforcement Act
  • 6.4.3. Singapore: bill to fight misinformation
  • 6.4.4. Russia: criminalisation of online content that 'disrespects' the government
  • 6.5. Powerful internet companies and national laws: who wins the battle for freedom of expression?
  • 6.5.1. Google Italy: personalising (criminal) liability for online content
  • 6.5.2. UK: publisher's liability for Google confirmed
  • 6.5.3. Social media platforms remove Chinese state-sponsored disinformation campaign targeting Hong Kong
  • 6.6. Business and freedom of expression online
  • 6.6.1. Tajikistan: no complicity of companies in censorship
  • 6.6.2. EU: does the export of censorship and surveillance technology violate human rights?
  • Chapter 7. European monitoring mechanisms
  • 7.1. Council of Europe Internet Governance Strategy
  • 7.2. Monitoring by Council of Europe bodies
  • 7.2.1. The Committee of Ministers
  • 7.2.2. The Parliamentary Assembly
  • 7.2.3. The Secretary General
  • 7.2.4. The Commissioner for Human Rights
  • 7.2.5. The European Court of Human Rights
  • 7.2.6. The Council of Europe's other monitoring bodies
  • The European Committee on Social Rights
  • The Advisory Committee for the Protection of National Minorities
  • The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
  • 7.2.7. Capacity-building
  • 7.3. Monitoring by the OSCE and the EU
  • 7.3.1. The OSCE
  • 7.3.2. The EU
  • 7.4. European hotlines
  • 7.5. Civil society watchdogs
  • Chapter 8. Promotion of freedom of expression online
  • 8.1. The Council of Europe
  • 8.2. The European Union
  • 8.3. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
  • 8.4. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
  • 8.5. The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression
  • 8.6. Initiatives by individual states
  • Chapter 9. Conclusions
  • 9.1. Freedom of expression as the key right of the internet age
  • 9.2. Setting standards for free speech online: the impact of the Council of Europe
  • 9.3. Protecting internet-based freedom of expression: new challenges
  • 9.4. The role of national courts and of the European Court of Human Rights
  • 9.5. Judges outside the courtroom: monitoring freedom of expression
  • 9.6. Taking things one step further: promoting freedom of expression
  • 9.7. Freedom of expression on the internet: a catalyst and an enabler of human rights
  • Summary
  • Bibliography
  • About the authors

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