Marathi
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| 005 | 20210908 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 210712s1997 xx |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9780415003193 |c hb |9 978-0-415-00319-3 | ||
| 020 | |z 9780415591485 |c pb |9 978-0415-59148-5 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)883473188 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV047366774 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-355 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Pandharipande, Rajeshwari |d 1942- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)118170414 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Marathi |c Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Routledge |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a xlviii, 630 Seiten |c 24 x 16 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Marathi |0 (DE-588)4037440-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Marathi |0 (DE-588)4037440-3 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgements......................................................................... xxviii Key to abbreviations..........................................................................xxx Maps.................................................................................................xxxiii Introduction...................................................................................... xxxv SYNTAX.................................................................................................1 1.1 GENERAL QUESTIONS..............................................................1 1.1.1 SENTENCE TYPES..............................................................1 1.1.1.1 Direct speech and indirect speech.....................................1 1.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences......................................................7 1.1.1.2.1 Yes-no questions............................................................ 7 1.1.1.2.1.1 Neutral yes-no questions............................................7 1.1.1.2.1.2 Leading questions.......................................................8 1.1.1.2.1.2.1-2 Degree of certainty of answers to leading questions...................................................10 1.1.1.2.1.3 Alternative questions.................................................10 1.1.1.2.2 Question-word questions............................................. 11 1.1.1.2.2.1 Constituents of the sentence that can be questioned.................................................16 1.1.1.2.2.1.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be
questioned.................................................16 1.1.1.2.2.1.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be questioned.................................... 20 1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1 Non-finite clauses.............................................. 21 1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.1 Infinitival clauses............................................21 1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.2 Participial clauses............................................22 1.1.1.2.2.1.2.1.3 Nominalized clauses....................................... 22 1.1.1.2.2.1.3 Constituents of noun phrases that can be questioned................................................ 23 1.1.1.2.2.1.4 Constituents of postpositional phrases that can be questioned.................................... 28 ix
Contents 1.1.1.2.2.1.5 Constituents of coordinate structures that can be questioned.....................................29 1.1.1.2.2.1.6 Number of sentence constituents that can be questioned..................................... 31 1.1.1.2.2.2 - 1.1.1.2.2.2.1 Status of the questioned element ....32 1.1.1.2.3 Echo questions...............................................................32 1.1.1.2.3.1 Yes-no echo questions............................................. 32 1.1.1.2.3.2 Question-word echo questions.................................35 1.1.1.2.3.3 Yes-no question echo questions..............................36 1.1.1.2.3.4-7 Elements of the sentence that can be questioned in echoquestions................... 36 1.1.1.2.4 Answers.......................................................................... 37 1.1.1.2.4.1 - 1.1.1.2.4.1.3 Answers not marked as distinct speech acts....................................37 1.1.1.2.4.2 Answers in the form of incomplete sentences........37 1.1.1.2.4.2.1 Minimum answers to yes-no questions............... 38 1.1.1.2.4.2.1.1 Response particles yes and no ........................ 39 1.1.1.2.4.2.1.2 Answers to leading questions............................40 1.1.1.2.4.2.2 Answers to question-word questions................... 41 1.1.1.3 Imperatives................................................................... 42 1.1.1.3.1 Positive imperative....................................................... 42 1.1.1.3.1.1 Possible person-number combinations................... 42 1.1.1.3.1.1.1 The direct
imperative.......................................... 42 1.1.1.3.1.1.2 The optative.......................................................... 44 1.1.1.3.1.1.3 The suggestive..................................................... 47 1.1.1.3.1.1.4 The obligative.......................................................48 1.1.1.3.1.1.5 The future obligative........................................... 51 1.1.1.3.1.1.6 The future..............................................................52 1.1.1.3.1.1.7 Prohibitive............................................................. 53 1.1.1.3.1.2 Degrees of imperative..............................................53 1.1.1.3.1.2.1 Use of paha and bara in imperative sentences.... 54 1.1.1.3.2 - 1.1.1.3.2.2 The negative imperative...................... 55 1.1.1.3.3 Other devices of expressing imperatives....................57 1.1.1.3.3.1 Yes-no questions as imperatives..............................57 1.1.1.3.3.2 Question-word questions as imperatives................ 58 1.1.1.3.3.3 Statements as generic imperatives........................... 58 1.1.1.3.3.4 Parallel statements as negative imperatives............ 58 1.1.1.3.3.5 Performatives as imperatives................................... 59 1.1.1.3.3.6 Contingent forms as negative imperatives.............. 59 1.1.1.3.3.7 Imprecation (cursing).............................................. 59 1.1.1.3.3.8 Statements (implying advice) as imperatives..........60 1.1.1.3.3.9 Questions as imperatives..........................................61 x
Contents 1.1.2 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES............................................61 1.1.2.1 General markers of subordination.................................61 1.1.2.2 Noun clauses................................................................... 62 1.1.2.2.1 Marking of noun clauses.............................................62 1.1.2.2.2 Types of noun clauses.................................................63 1.1.2.2.2.1 Finite noun phrase complements.............................63 1.1.2.2.2.2 Non-finite noun phrase complements..................... 64 1.1.2.2.2.3 Finite verbal complements...................................... 65 1.1.2.2.2.3.1 Complementizer kl construction.......................... 65 1.1.2.2.2.4 Non-finite verbal complements...............................66 1.1.2.2.3 Indirect statements.............................................. 67 1.1.2.2.4 Indirect questions............................................... 69 1.1.2.2.5 Indirect commands.............................................. 71 1.1.2.2.6 - 1.1.2.2.6.7 Non-finite noun clauses......................... 72 1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses)............................... 76 1.1.2.3.1 Markingthe sentential relative clause....................... 76 1.1.2.3.2 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses..........80 1.1.2.3.3 - 1.1.2.3.3.3 Position of the head noun...................... 84 1.1.2.3.4 - 1.1.2.3.4.4 Form of the relativized element.............84 1.1.2.3.5 - 1.1.2.3.5.3 Position of relativized element.............. 85 1.1.2.3.6 Headless relative
clauses.............................................. 86 1.1.2.3.7 Elements of the sentence that can be relativized....... 88 1.1.2.3.7.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized.................................................8 8 1.1.2.3.7.1.1 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized by finite/sentential relative clauses...................................................... 88 1.1.2.3.7.1.2 Constituents of the main clause that can be relativized by participial clauses.............89 1.1.2.3.7.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be relativized............................................92 1.1.2.3.7.2.1 Constituents of the subordinate clause that can be relativized by the sentential relative clause...........................................92 1.1.2.3.7.2.2 Constituents of subordinate clauses that can be relativized by the participial relative..................................................... 94 1.1.2.3.7.3 Elements of noun phrases that can be relativized.................................................97 1.1.2.3.7.4 Elements of postpositional phrases that can be relativized............................................... 100 xi
Contents 1.1.2.3.7.5 Elements of coordinate structures that can be relativized............................................... 100 1.1.2.4 Adverb clauses............................................................... 103 1.1.2.4.1 Marking and position.................................................103 1.1.2.4.2 Different types of adverb clauses............................ 103 1.1.2.4.2.1 Adverb clauses of time........................................... 103 1.1.2.4.2.1.1 Finite clauses with relativeclause-like time markers...................................................103 1.1.2.4.2.1.2 Participial non-finite constructions.................... 105 1.1.2.4.2.2 Manner.................................................................... 109 1.1.2.4.2.2.1 Relative clause-like manner adverbial clauses..................................................... 109 1.1.2.4.2.2.2 Participial constructions as manner adverbials............................................... 110 1.1.2.4.2.3 Purpose.................................................................... Ill 1.1.2.4.2.4 Cause........................................................................112 1.1.2.4.2.4.1 Finite clause marked with kāraņ because .........112 1.1.2.4.2.4.2 Gerund..................................................................113 1.1.2.4.2.4.3 Infinitive...............................................................114 1.1.2.4.2.4.4 Participles............................................................ 114 1.1.2.4.2.4.5 Conjunctive particle āņi and ............................. 115 1.1.2.4.2.5
Conditional and concessiveclauses....................... 115 1.1.2.4.2.5.1 Conditional clauses............................................. 115 1.1.2.4.2.5.2 Concessive clauses............................................. 119 1.1.2.4.2.6 Results..................................................................... 120 1.1.2.4.2.7 Degree......................................................................121 1.1.2.4.2.7.1 Clauses of comparative degree...........................121 1.1.2.4.2.7.2 Equative............................................................... 122 1.1.2.4.3 Non-finite comparative clauses................................ 124 1.1.2.5 - 1.1.2.5.1 Sequence of tenses..................................... 124 1.2 STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS.................................................... 125 1.2.1 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE..........125 1.2.1.1 Copular sentences......................................................... 125 1.2.1.1.1-3 Copular sentences withnominal,adjectival, andadverbial complements.................... 125 1.2.1.1.4-5 Retention and deletion of copula..........................126 1.2.1.1.6 Different types of copula......................................... 127 1.2.1.2 Verbal sentences........................................................... 129 1.2.1.2.1 Subject........................................................................129 1.2.1.2.2 Direct object.............................................................. 133 1.2.1.2.3 Indirect object............................................................136 xii
Contents 1.2.1.2.4 Other types of verbal arguments/oblique objects....137 1.2.1.2.5 Combination of arguments........................................137 1.2.1.2.6 Order of arguments...................................................138 1.2.1.3 Adverbials..................................................................... 138 1.2.1.3.1 - 1.2.1.3.1.1-2 Types of adverbials......................... 138 1.2.1.3.1.3 Cases of noun phrases............................................ 140 1.2.1.3.1.4.1-2 Adverbial clauses............................................. 140 1.2.1.3.2 Position of adverbials................................................ 140 1.2.1.3.3 Optionality of adverbs............................................. 141 1.2.2 ADJECTIVE PHRASES.................................................. 141 1.2.2.1 Definition......................................................................141 1.2.2.1.1 Operational definition of adjective phrases............. 142 1.2.2.2 Adjectivals with arguments..........................................143 1.2.2.3 Adverbial modification of adjectives...........................144 1.2.3 ADVERBIAL PHRASES.................................................144 1.2.3.1 Definition...................................................................... 144 1.2.3.2 Adverbial modifiers of adverbials............................... 146 1.2.4- 1.2.4.3.5 POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASES.................... 147 1.2.4.4 Cases governed by postpositions................................. 148 1.2.5 NOUN PHRASE (NOMINAL CONSTITUENT)...........149 1.2.5.1
Definition...................................................................... 149 1.2.5.2 Modifiers in noun phrases............................................ 150 1.2.5.2.1 Attributive adjectives............................................... 150 1.2.5.2.2 Relative clauses..........................................................150 1.2.5.2.3 Possessive adjectives.................................................150 1.2.5.2.4-5 Articles and demonstrative objects........................151 1.2.5.2.6 Quantifiers and numerals..........................................151 1.2.5.2.7 Adverbials..................................................................153 1.2.5.2.8 Emphatic markers and limiters................................. 154 1.2.5.2.9 Comparative/superlative/equative structures............154 1.2.5.2.10 Other elements.........................................................155 1.2.5.3-4 Co-occurrence and combination of modifiers.......156 1.2.5.5 Order of constituents in the noun phrase....................157 1.3 COORDINATION....................................................................... 158 1.3.1.1 Sentence coordination.................................................. 158 1.3.1.1.1 and coordination..................................................... 159 1.3.1.1.2 but coordination......................................................160 1.3.1.1.3 or coordination........................................................162 1.3.1.2 - 1.3.1.2.3 Number of coordinators............................ 163 1.3.1.3 Coordination of major
categories................................ 163 1.3.1.3.1 and coordination..................................................... 163 xiii
Contents 1.3.1.3.2 but coordination....................................................... 164 1.3.1.3.3 or coordination..........................................................165 1.3.1.4 Coordination and accompaniment................................168 1.3.1.5 Structural parallelism and coordination.......................169 1.3.1.5.1 Adjectives and participial constructions...................170 1.3.1.5.2 Nouns and nominalized constructions..................... 171 1.3.1.5.3 Different types of adverbials.....................................172 1.3.1.5.4 Active and passive verbs........................................... 174 1.3.1.5.5 Coordination of different categories of verbs........ 175 1.3.2.1 - 1.3.3.3 Elements of the sentence that can be omitted under identity in coordination..............175 1.3.3.4 Verb agreement in coordination...................................176 1.4 NEGATION.................................................................................. 182 1.4.1 SENTENCE NEGATION................................................182 1.4.1.1 Negation as a finite/auxiliary verb............................... 186 1.4.1.2 Negation in modals....................................................... 188 1.4.1.3 Negation and tense.........................................................188 1.4.2 CONSTITUENT NEGATION......................................... 189 1.4.3 MULTIPLE NEGATIVES.............................................. 190 1.4.4 NEGATION AND COORDINATION............................191 1.4.5 NEGATION AND SUBORDINATION (NEG
RAISING)....................................192 1.4.6 UNIVERSAL NEGATION.............................................. 193 1.5 ANAPHORA................................................................................ 195 1.5.1 - 1.5.1.2 MEANS OF EXPRESSINGANAPHORA....... 195 1.5.1.3 Personal pronouns........................................................ 197 1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronouns....................................................... 197 1.5.1.5-6 Other means of expressing anaphora.......................198 1.5.2 ANAPHORA IN DIFFERENT SYNTACTIC CONTEXTS........................................... 198 1.5.2.1 Anaphora within the clause.......................................... 198 1.5.2.2 Anaphora in coordinate structures............................... 199 1.5.2.3 Anaphora between superordinate and subordinate clauses.................................................... 201 1.5.2.3.1 Anaphora between a superordinate and a following subordinate clause................201 1.5.2.3.2 Anaphora between a superordinate and a preceding subordinate clause................202 1.5.2.3.3 Anaphora between a non-finite subordinate clause and a superordinate clause........ 204 xiv
Contents 1.5.2.4 Anaphora between different subordinate clauses....... 206 1.5.2.5 Anaphora between different sentences........................ 207 1.6 REFLEXIVES................................................................................ 207 1.6.1 MEANS OF EXPRESSING REFLEXIVITY...................207 1.6.2 SCOPE OF REFLEXIVITY...............................................207 1.6.3 POSITION OF THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.............. 211 1.6.4-5 POSSIBLE RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTECEDENT AND REFLEXIVE.....212 1.6.6 REFLEXIVE RELATIONS WITHIN NOMINALIZED CLAUSES................................................216 1.6.7 REFLEXIVE RELATIONS WITHIN ORDINARY NOUN PHRASES................................... 217 1.6.8 REFLEXIVES WITHOUT OVERT ANTECEDENTS.................................... 217 1.6.9 OTHER USES OF REFLEXIVE FORMS.......................218 1.6.9.1 Reflexive pronouns as emphatic pronoun...................218 1.6.9.2 Reflexive as an adverb................................................... 219 1.6.9.3 Codependency of the coreferential referents.............. 219 1.7 RECIPROCALS..............................................................................219 1.8 COMPARISON............................................................................ 222 1.8.1-3 MEANS OF EXPRESSING COMPARISON............... 222 1.8.4 ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE OMITTED UNDER IDENTITY...............................................225 1.8.5 TWO TYPES OF COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE........ 225 1.8.6 CORRELATIVE COMPARISON....................................226 1.8.7
SUPERLATIVE..................................................................226 1.9 EQUATIVES................................................................................ 227 1.10 POSSESSION.............................................................................. 229 1.10.1 SENTENCE TYPES EXPRESSING POSSESSION.....229 1.10.2 ALIENABLE AND INALIENABLE POSSESSION....231 1.10.3 TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT POSSESSION ....231 1.10.4-5 POSSESSION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENTITIES................................................231 1.10.6 OTHER.............................................................................. 233 1.11 EMPHASIS..................................................................................234 1.11.1 SENTENCE EMPHASIS.................................................234 XV
Contents 1.11.1.1 Non-contradictory emphasis...................................... 234 1.11.1.2 Contradictory emphasis...............................................237 1.11.2.1 Constituent emphasis................................................. 238 1.11.2.1.1 Emphatic stress........................................................238 1.11.2.1.2 Emphatic particles................................................... 239 1.11.2.1.3 Movement of emphasized element........................243 1.11.2.1.4-5 Clefting and pseudoclefting................................244 1.11.2.1.6 Emphasis by dislocation......................................... 245 1.11.2.1.7 Repetition................................................................ 247 1.11.2.1.8 Inversion.................................................................. 248 1.11.2.1.9 Combinations of devices to express emphasis.......249 1.11.2.2.1 - 1.11.2.2.2.4 Elements that may be emphasized............................................ 249 1.11.2.2.2.5 Emphasis of more than one constituent simultaneously...................................... 250 1.11.3 FOCUS OF YES-NO QUESTIONS......................... 250 1.12 TOPIC........................................................................................ 252 1.12.1 MEANS OF INDICATING THE TOPIC OF A SENTENCE.......................................... 252 1.12.2 ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE TOPICALIZED........... 254 1.12.3 OBLIGATORY / OPTIONAL STATUS OF TOPICALIZATION............................. 254 1.13 HEAVY SHIFT........................................................................
254 1.13.1 HEAVY SHIFT PROCESSES...................................... 254 1.13.2 STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO HEAVY SHIFT.......... 255 1.13.2.1 Adjective phrases...................................................... 255 1.13.2.2 Noun phrases............................................................. 255 1.13.2.3 Adverb phrases..........................................................258 1.13.3-4 LANDING SITES OF HEAVY STRUCTURES.......258 1.13.5 HEAVY SHIFT WITH ELEMENTS ADJACENT TO COMPLEMENTIZERS.................260 1.14 OTHER MOVEMENT PROCESSES................................... 260 1.15 MINOR SENTENCE TYPES..................................................260 1.15.1 VOCATIVES................................................................261 1.15.2 EXCLAMATIONS....................................................... 263 1.15.3 GREETINGS................................................................265 1.15.4 TOPIC QUESTIONS....................................................265 1.15.5 SHORT ANSWERS...................................................... 266 xvi
Contents 1.15.6 INFINITIVE SENTENCES...........................................267 1.15.7 NONCHALANT EXPRESSIONS.................................267 1.16 OPERATONAL DEFINITIONS OF WORD CLASSES....... 268 1.16.1 NOUN............................................................................268 1.16.2 PRONOUN.................................................................... 268 1.16.3 VERB.............................................................................269 1.16.4 ADJECTIVE.................................................................. 269 1.16.5 POSTPOSITION............................................................270 1.16.6 NUMERAL AND QUANTIFIER.................................270 1.16.7 PARTICLE.................................................................... 272 MORPHOLOGY..............................................................................273 2.1 INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY........................................ 273 2.1.1 NOUN INFLECTION.....................................................273 2.1.1.1 Means used to express syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases.................... 273 2.1.1.2 Expression of syntactic functions................................ 283 2.1.1.2.1 Subject of intransitive verbs..................................... 283 2.1.1.2.2 Subject of transitive verbs........................................ 284 2.1.1.2.3 Subject of copular constructions.............................285 2.1.1.2.3.1 Subject of dative subjectconstructions ................ 285 2.1.1.2.4 Direct
object.............................................................286 2.1.1.2.5 Indirect object.......................................................... 292 2.1.1.2.6 Object of comparisons.............................................293 2.1.1.2.7 Object of equation................................................... 293 2.1.1.2.8 Other objects governed by verbs............................ 295 2.1.1.2.9 Complement of copula constructions..................... 297 2.1.1.2.10 Subject complement................................................298 2.1.1.2.11 Object complement.................................................299 2.1.1.2.12 Objects governed by adjectives............................ 300 2.1.1.2.13 Agent in passive/pseudopassive/impersonal constructions......................................... 301 2.1.1.2.14 Topic........................................................................303 2.1.1.2.15 Emphasized elements..............................................304 2.1.1.3 - 2.1.1.3.4 Syntactic functions in non-finite or nominalized constructions....................304 2.1.1.4 Means of expressing non-local semantic functions ....305 2.1.1.4.1 Benefactive...............................................................305 2.1.1.4.2 Source....................................................................... 306 2.1.1.4.3 Instrumental..............................................................308 2.1.1.4.4 Comitative.................................................................310 xvii
Contents 2.1.1.4.5 Circumstance.............................................................. 311 2.1.1.4.6 - 2.1.1.4.6.3 Possessive..............................................312 2.1.1.4.7 Possessed.....................................................................312 2.1.1.4.8 Quality......................................................................... 312 2.1.1.4.9 Quantity....................................................................... 315 2.1.1.4.10 Material.....................................................................316 2.1.1.4.11 Manner...................................................................... 317 2.1.1.4.12 Cause......................................................................... 319 2.1.1.4.13 Purpose......................................................................320 2.1.1.4.14 Function....................................................................321 2.1.1.4.15 Reference...................................................................321 2.1.1.4.16-17 Essi ve and translative......................................... 322 2.1.1.4.18 Part-whole................................................................ 323 2.1.1.4.19 Partitive.....................................................................324 2.1.1.4.19.2 2.1.1.4.19.4 Non-partitive numerals and quantifiers.............................. 325 2.1.1.4.19.5 Partitive negative quantifiers............................... 326 2.1.1.4.19.6 Non-partitive negative quantifier........................326 2.1.1.4.20
Price.......................................................................... 326 2.1.1.4.21 Value.........................................................................327 2.1.1.4.22 Distance....................................................................327 2.1.1.4.23 Extent........................................................................328 2.1.1.4.24 Concessive................................................................329 2.1.1.4.25 Inclusion................................................................... 330 2.1.1.4.26 Exclusion..................................................................330 2.1.1.4.27 Addition................................................................... 331 2.1.1.4.28 Vocative................................................................... 331 2.1.1.4.29 Citation form........................................................... 334 2.1.1.4.30 Label form................................................................334 2.1.1.5 Local Semantic functions............................................. 335 2.1.1.5.1 General location......................................................... 335 2.1.1.5.2 Proximate location.....................................................337 2.1.1.5.3 Interior....................................................................... 339 2.1.1.5.4 Exterior......................................................................341 2.1.1.5.5 Anterior..................................................................... 342 2.1.1.5.6
Posterior.....................................................................344 2.1.1.5.7-8 Superior and superior-contact location................ 345 2.1.1.5.9-10 Inferior and inferior-contact location.................347 2.1.1.5.11-12 Lateral and lateral-contact location.................. 348 2.1.1.5.13-14 Citerior and citerior-contact location...............350 2.1.1.5.15-16 Ulterior and ulterior-contact location...............351 2.1.1.5.17-18 Medial location.................................................. 351 xviii
Contents 2.1.1.5.19 Circumferential location..........................................352 2.1.1.5.20 Citerior-anterior location........................................ 352 2.1.1.5.21 -29 Motion past long objects................................... 352 2.1.1.5.30 Other directional locations..................................... 353 2.1.1.5.31 Locational precision................................................ 353 2.1.1.6 Location in time........................................................... 355 2.1.1.6.1 General time expression............................................355 2.1.1.6.1.1 Time of day............................................................355 2.1.1.6.1.2 Period of day..........................................................357 2.1.1.6.1.3 Day of the week..................................................... 358 2.1.1.6.1.4 Month of the year.................................................. 358 2.1.1.6.1.5 Year.........................................................................359 2.1.1.6.1.6 Festivals.................................................................. 359 2.1.1.6.1.7 Seasons................................................................... 359 2.1.1.6.2 Fréquentatives............................................................360 2.1.1.6.3 Punctual future......................................................... 361 2.1.1.6.4 Punctual past..............................................................361 2.1.1.6.5 Duration.....................................................................362 2.1.1.6.6-7 Anterior duration-past and
future....................... 362 2.1.1.6.8 Posterior duration-past..............................................363 2.1.1.6.9 Posterior duration-future...........................................364 2.1.1.6.10 Anterior-general......................................................364 2.1.1.6.11 Posterior-general..................................................... 365 2.1.1.6.12 Point in period-past................................................. 365 2.1.1.6.13 Point in period-future.............................................365 2.1.1.7 Double case-marking................................................ 366 2.1.1.8.1 The number-marking system in nouns.....................366 2.1.1.8.2- 3 The extent to which the system of number marking is obligatory........................... 366 2.1.1.8.4 Collective and distributive plural..............................367 2.1.1.8.5 Collective nouns....................................................... 367 2.1.1.8.6 Manner of realization of the number distinction.... 368 2.1.1.8.7 Number-marking of foreign words......................... 368 2.1.1.9 Noun classes.................................................................368 2.1.1.9.1 Gender........................................................................368 2.1.1.9.2 Meaning of noun classes...........................................369 2.1.1.9.3- 4 Classifiers............................................................ 369 2.1.1.9.5 Assignments of loan words tonoun classes.............. 370 2.1.1.10 - 2.1.1.10.6 Definiteness marking in noun
phrases.............................................370 2.1.1.11 - 2.1.1.11.6 Indefiniteness marking on noun phrases.............................................373 xix
Contents 2.1.1.12 - 2.1.1.12.4 Referential and non-referential indefmiteness................................... 374 2.1.1.13 - 2.1.1.13.2 Genericness............................................374 2.1.1.14 - 2.1.1.14.4 Degree of importance of actors.......... ..375 2.1.2 PRONOUNS......................................................................375 2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns........................................................ 375 2.1.2.1.1 Free pronouns.............................................................376 2.1.2.1.1.1 - 2.1.2.1.1.5 Obligatory/optional status of pronouns.............. .................... 378 2.1.2.1.2 - 2.1.2.1.3.7 Person distinctions in pronouns........... 381 2.1.2.1.4 - 2.1.2.1.5.2 Number marking in pronouns..............381 2.1.2.1.6 - 2.1.2.1.6.1 Proximity marking in pronouns...........382 2.1.2.1.7 Special anaphoric pronouns......................................382 2.1.2.1.8 Gender distinctions in pronouns...............................382 2.1.2.1.9 - 2.1.2.1.9.1 Other relationships..............................382 2.1.2.1.10 Lists of pronominal forms.......................................382 2.1.2.1.11 Tense marking in pronouns..................................... 382 2.1.2.1.12 Status distinctions in pronouns................................383 2.1.2.1.13-14 Special non-specific indefinite pronouns........ 384 2.1.2.1.15 - 2.1.2.1.15.3 Special emphatic pronouns............385 2.1.2.1.16 Complex pronouns................................................. 385 2.1.2.1.17 Pronoun-noun constructions................................. 386
2.1.2.1.18 Pairs of pronouns....................................................386 2.1.2.1.19 Secondary pronoun system....................................386 2.1.2.1.20 - 2.1.2.1.20.1.5 Case system in pronouns............. 387 2.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2.7 Reflexive pronouns.................................. 389 2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronouns....................................................391 2.1.2.4 - 2.1.2.4.11.1 Possessive pronouns............................391 2.1.2.5 - 2.1.2.5.8.1 Demonstrative pronouns....................... 391 2.1.2.6 - 2.1.2.6.1 Interrogative pronouns.............................391 2.1.2.6.2 Other question words...............................................393 2.1.2.7 - 2.1.2.7.3 Relative pronouns..................................... 394 2.1.3 VERB MORPHOLOGY................................................ 394 2.1.3.1 Voice............................................................................ 394 2.1.3.1.1 - 2.1.Յ.1.1.1.3 Passive..............................................394 2.1.3.1.1.2 - 2.1.3.1.2.3 Impersonal passive......................... 399 2.1.3.1.2 - 2.1.3.1.2.2 Means of decreasing the valency of a verb..................................... 400 2.1.3.1.3 Means of increasing the valency of a verb.............401 2.1.3.1.3.1.1 Verbal causativization....................................... 401 2.1.3.1.3.2 Agentivity of the causee.......................................405 2.1.3.1.3.3 Omission of causee.............................................. 407 xx
Contents 2.1.3.2 Tense......................................................................... 407 2.1.3.2.1 Tenses distinguished formally.................................. 408 2.1.3.2.1.1 Universal time reference....................................... 408 2.1.3.2.1.2 Present.................................................................... 409 2.1.3.2.1.3 - 2.1.3.2.1.3.2 Past.................................................410 2.1.3.2.1.4 Future..................................................................... 413 2.1.3.2.3 Absolute/relative tense............................................ 414 2.1.3.3 Aspect............................................................................414 2.1.3.3.1 Perfective aspect....................................................... 414 2.1.3.3.1.1-2 Form of perfective aspect..................................415 2.1.3.3.1.3 - 2.1.3.3.1.3.4 Situations indicated by the perfect aspect............................416 2.1.3.3.1.4 Similarity between expression of perfect aspect and recent past tense..................418 2.1.3.3.2 Aspect and duration..................................................418 2.1.3.3.2.1 Nature of marking.................................................418 2.1.3.3.2.1.1 Perfective.............................................................418 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.1 dzã to go .......................................................419 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.2 pāh/bagh to see .............................................. 420 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.3 de to give ....................................................... 420 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.4
ţăk ՚էօ drop ...................................................... 420 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.5 ghe to take ...................................................... 421 2.1.3.3.2.1.1.6 tsuk to make a mistake ...................................421 2.1.3.3.2.1.2 Imperfective aspect.............................................421 2.1.3.3.2.1.3 Habitual aspect.................................................... 422 2.1.3.3.2.1.4-5 Continuous and progressive aspects.............. 423 2.1.3.3.2.1.6 Ingressive aspect.................................................425 2.1.3.3.2.1.7 Terminative aspect..............................................425 2.1.3.3.2.1.7.1 Prior completion..............................................426 2.1.3.3.2.1.8 Iterative aspect.................................................... 426 2.1.3.3.2.1.9-10 Semelfactive and punctual aspects...............427 2.1.3.3.2.1.11 Durative aspect.................................................428 2.1.3.3.2.1.12 Simultaneous aspect......................................... 429 2.1.3.3.2.1.13 Other aspects..................................................... 430 2.1.3.3.2.2.2 Restriction on the combination of different aspectual values..................................... 431 2.1.3.4 Mood............................................................................. 431 2.1.3.4.1 Indicative..................................................................432 2.1.3.4.2 Conditional...............................................................432 2.1.3.4.3
Imperative.................................................................433 2.1.3.4.4 Subjunctive/optative.................................................434 2.1.3.4.5 Intentive.................................................................... 434 xxi
Contents 2.1.3.4.6 Debitive................................................................ 435 2.1.3.4.7 Potential...................................................................... 436 2.1.3.4.7 - 2.1.3.4.7.1 Potential and permission........... ......... 438 2.1.3.4.8 Degree ofcertainty.....................................................439 2.1.3.4.9 Authorityforassertion.................................................440 2.1.3.4.10 Hortatory...................................................................441 2.1.3.4.11 Monitory...................................................................441 2.1.3.4.12-13 Narrative and consecutive................................. 442 2.1.3.4.14 Contingent................................................................ 442 2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms............................................ 443 2.1.3.5.1 Infinitive......................................................................443 2.1.3.5.2 Gerund.........................................................................444 2.1.3.5.2.1 Relative participles..................................................445 2.1.3.5.2.2 Adverbial participles.............................................. 445 2.1.3.5.2.3 Conjunctive/absolutive participles.........................445 2.1.3.5.2.4 Agentive participle............................................ 446 2.1.3.6 Agreement..................................................................... 446 2.1.3.6.1-2 Categories which must / may be coded in6 the verb...................................................446 2.1.3.6.3
Conditioning factors................................................. 446 2.1.3.6.4 Features of subject coded in verb.............................447 2.1.3.6.5 Effect on coding of incompatible features............... 447 2.1.3.6.5.1 Discrepancies between syntacticand semantic features................................................... 448 2.1.3.6.6 Environment in which there is no verb agreement............................................... 449 2.1.3.6.7 Identity between subjects ofdifferent verbs............. 449 2.1.3.6.8-9 Reflexive form of the verb................................... 450 2.1.3.6.10 Orientation of actions and incorporation...............450 2.1.3.7 Change or loss of features in a string of verbs...........450 2.1.4 ADJECTIVES...................................................................450 2.1.5 -2.1.5.4 POSTPOSITIONS.............................................. 452 2.1.6 NUMERALS/QUANTIFIERS........................................ 452 2.1.6.1 Forms of numerals.....................................................452 2.1.6.2 Cardinal numerals as attributes.................................... 455 2.1.6.3 Counting different kinds of objects.............................455 2.1.6.4-5 Ordinal numerals.......................................................455 2.1.6.6 Quantifiers.....................................................................456 2.1.6.6.1-2 Quantifier compounds and other means of quantification........................................ 458 2.1.7 - 2.1.7.2.4 ADVERBS..................................................... 459 2.1.8 CLITICS
AND PARTICLES.......................................... 459 XXII
Contents 2.2 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY.......................................459 2.2.1 DERIVATION OF NOUNS.............................................460 2.2.1.1 Nouns from nouns....................................................... 460 2.2.1.2 Nouns from verbs........................................................ 468 2.2.1.2.1 Syntax of deverbal nouns and non-derived nouns..................................................... 479 2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives.................................................480 2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs.................................................... 483 2.2.1.5 Nouns from other categories.......................................484 2.2.1.5.1 Postpositions.............................................................484 2.2.1.5.2 Reflexive pronoun...................................................484 2.2.2 DERIVATION OF VERBS..........................................484 2.2.2.1 Verbs from nouns........................................................ 484 2.2.2.2 Verbs from verbs......................................................... 486 2.2.2.3-5 Verbs from other categories..................................... 486 2.2.3 DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES................................. 487 2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns................................................ 487 2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs..................................................494 2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives.......................................... 496 2.2.3.4 Adjectives from adverbs..............................................501 2.2.3.5 Adjectives from other
categories................................ 503 2.2.4 DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.......................................504 2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns....................................................504 2.2.4.2 Adverbs from verbs..................................................... 509 2.2.4.3 Adverbs from adjectives..............................................511 2.2.4.4 Adverbs from adverbs.................................................512 2.2.4.5 Adverbs from other categories.................................... 514 2.2.5 POSTPOSITIONS........................................................... 514 2.2.5.1 Order of suffixes.......................................................... 515 2.2.6 DERIVATION OF POSTPOSITIONS........................... 515 2.2.6.1 Complex postpositions................................................ 515 22.6.2 Simple derived postpositions.......................................516 2.2.6.2.1 De-nominal............................................................... 516 2.2.6.22 De-verbal.................................................................. 517 2.2.6.2.3 De-adjectival.............................................................517 2.2.6.2.4 De-adverbial..............................................................517 2.2.6.3 Compound morphology............................................. 517 2.2.6.3.1 Nouns........................................................................518 2.2.6.3.1.1 Noun-noun compounds........................................ 518 2.2.6.3.1.2 Superordinate compounds.....................................519
2.2.6.3.1.3 Complex compounds.............................................520 2.2.6.3.1.4 Hyponymous compounds..................................... 520 xxiii
Contents 2.2.6.3.1.5 Attributed compounds.......................................... 521 2.2.6.3.1.6 Emphatic compounds...........................................521 2.2.6.3.1.7 Reduplicative compounds................................... 522 2.2.6.3.1.8 Echo-words/Partially reduplicative compounds............................................. 523 2.2.6.3.1.9 Adjective-noun compounds..................................524 2.2.6.3.1.10 Noun + gaņīk........................................................ 525 2.2.6.3.2.1 Noun-verb compounds......................................... 526 2.2.6.3.2.2 Participle-noun compounds.................................. 526 2.2.6.3.3.1 Adjective-numeral compounds............................ 527 2.2.6.3.3.2 Reduplicated and echo-compounds.....................527 2.2.6.3.4 Verbs.......................................................................... 529 2.2.6.3.4.1 Conjunct verbs....................................................... 529 2.2.6.3.4.2 Verb-verb compounds/serial verbs...................... 531 2.2.6.3.4.3 Reduplicative verb compounds............................533 2.2.6.3.5 Hybrid compounds...................................................535 PHONOLOGY................................................................................... 537 3.1 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS (SEGMENTAL)............................537 3.1.1 DISTINCTIVE SEGMENTS...........................................537 3.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF DISTINCTIVESEGMENTS...........538 3.1.2.1 Non-syllabics (consonants)........................................ 538 3.1.2.1.1 Plosives and
africates..............................................538 3.1.2.1.2 Fricatives...................................................................541 3.1.2.1.3 Nasals.........................................................................541 3.1.2.1.4 Liquids...................................................................... 542 3.1.2.1.5 Semi vowels...............................................................542 3.1.2.2 Syllables...................................................................... 542 3.1.2.2.1 Vowels...................................................................... 542 3.1.2.2.1.2 Diphthongs........................................................... 544 3.1.2.2.1.3 Nasal vowels......................................................... 544 3.1.2.2.2 Nasal diphthongs.................................................... 545 3.1.2.2.3 Nasalization of glides..............................................546 3.1.2.2.4 Vowel assimilation.................................................. 546 3.1.2.3 Consonants and vowels occurring in loan words.......546 3.1.2.4 Restrictions on phonological segments by grammatical categories........................547 3.2 PHONOTACTICS.....................................................................547 3.2.1 DISTRIBUTION OF SEGMENTS............................... 547 3.2.1.1 Word-final consonants.............................................. 547 3.2.1.2 Word-initial consonants............................................547 xxiv
Contents 3.2.2 CONSONANT CLUSTERS.............................................547 3.2.2.1 Distribution of consonant clusters...............................547 3.2.2.2 Possible consonant clusters...........................................548 3.2.2.2.1 Possible word-initial consonant clusters...................548 3.2.2.2.2 Possible word-medial consonant clusters.................549 3.2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF VOWELS...................................... 552 3.2.3.1 Word-final vowels....................................................... 552 3.2.3.2 Word-initial vowels.......................................................552 3.2.3.3 Sequences of (syllabic) vowels.................................... 552 3.2.4 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF LEXICAL MORPHEMES AND WORD STRUCTURE............................552 3.2.5 SYLLABLES................................................................... 553 3.2.5.1 Assignment of medial clusters to syllables..................553 3.2.5.2 Canonical Syllable....................................................... 553 3.2.6 RESTRICTIONS BETWEEN CONSONANTS AND VOWELS...............................................553 3.2.6.1 Restrictions between syllable-initial units and following vowels................................... 553 3.2.6.2 Restrictions between word/syllable-final units and preceding vowels.................................. 553 3.2.6.3-5 Restrictions between syllable-initial and syllablefinal units...............................................554 3.2.6.6 Phonotactic patterns in different word classes............ 554 3.3
SUPRASEGMENTALS..............................................................554 3.3.1 DISTINCTIVE DEGREES OF LENGTH...................... 554 3.3.1.1-2 Vowels...................................................................... 554 3.3.1.3 Semivowels................................................................... 554 3.3.1.4 Stops.............................................................................. 555 3.3.1.5 Liquids..........................................................................555 3.3.1.6 Nasals............................................................................555 3.3.1.7 Affricates...................................................................... 555 3.3.1.8 Fricates..........................................................................555 3.3.2 STRESS............................................................................555 3.3.3 TONES/PITCH................................................................559 3.3.4 INTONATION................................................................. 559 3.3.4.1 Major intonation patterns.............................................559 3.4 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (SEGMENTAL)............................ 562 3.4.1 ALTERNATIONS............................................................562 3.4.1.1 Assimilatory processes.................................................562 xxv
Contents 3.4.1.1.1 Consonant assimilation.............................................. 563 3.4.1.1.1.1 Nasal assimilation....................................................563 3.4.1.1.1.2 Retroflexion.............................................................563 3.4.1.1.1.3 Palatalization........................................................... 563 3.4.1.2 Dissimilatory processes................................................564 3.4.1.3 Other alternations between segments..........................564 3.4.1.3.1 Vowel shortening.......................................................564 3.4.1.3.1.1 High vowel shortening.......................................... 564 3.4.1.3.1.2 Low vowel shortening.......................................... 566 3.4.1.3.2 Glide formation.........................................................566 3.4.1.3.3 Vowel raising............................................................567 3.4.1.3.4 Vowel lowering........................................................ 567 3.4.1.3.5 Vowel lengthening....................................................569 3.4.2 METATHESIS................................................................. 569 3.4.3 COALESCENCE AND SPLIT........................................570 3.4.4 DELETION AND INSERTION..................................... 570 3.4.4.1 Deletion processes........................................................ 570 3.4.4.1.1 Degemination.............................................................570 3.4.4.1.2 Word-final schwa deletion...................................... 570 3.4.4.1.3 Stem-final
/ā/ deletion..............................................571 3.4.4.1.4 Stem-final /е/ deletion..............................................571 3.4.4.1.5 Deletion of long high vowels in non-final position..................................................571 3.4.4.1.6 Deletion of short vowels.........................................572 3.4.4.2 Insertion processes....................................................... 572 3.4.4.2.1 The increment vowel.............................................. 572 3.4.4.2.2 Glide insertions........................................................ 573 3.4.4.2.3 Vowel insertion for cluster simplification............ 573 3.4.4.2.4 Apparent schwa insertion........................................575 3.4.4.2.5 Gemination................................................................575 3.4.5 REDUPLICATION......................................................575 3.5 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (SUPRASEGMENTAL)................ 576 IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS......................................... 577 4.1 IDEOPHONES...........................................................................577 4.2 INTERJECTIONS....................................................................582 LEXICON..........................................................................................583 5.1 STRUCTURED SEMANTIC FIELDS......................................583 5.1.1 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY..........................................583 xxvi
Contents 5.1.1.1 Kin related by blood.................................................... 583 5.1.1.1.1 Own generation.........................................................583 5.1.1.1.2 First ascending generation.........................................584 5.1.1.1.3 Second ascending generation................................... 584 5.1.1.1.4 First descending generation...................................... 584 5.1.1.1.5 Second descending generation................................. 584 5.1.1.1.6 Other relatives............................................................585 5.1.1.2 Kin by partial blood.................................................... 585 5.1.1.3 Kin by marriage...........................................................586 5.1.1.4 Kin by adoption........................................................... 587 5.1.1.5 Kin by fostering...........................................................587 5.1.2 COLOR TERMINOLOGY............................................. 588 5.1.3 BODY PARTS................................................................ 589 5.1.4 COOKING TERMINOLOGY..........................................592 5.1.4.1 Methods of cooking.................................................... 592 5.1.4.2 Cooking implements................................................... 593 5.1.4.3 Typical dishes..............................................................594 5.1.5 AGRICULTURE.............................................................. 595 5.1.5.1 Crops grown in the area..............................................595 5.1.5.2 Agricultural
implements..............................................595 5.1.5.3 Agricultural activities.................................................. 596 5.2 BASIC VOCABULARY......................................................... 596 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................... 602 INDEX.................................................................................................614 xxvii
|
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| author | Pandharipande, Rajeshwari 1942- |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T08:51:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780415003193 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xlviii, 630 Seiten 24 x 16 cm |
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| publishDate | 1997 |
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| spellingShingle | Pandharipande, Rajeshwari 1942- Marathi Marathi (DE-588)4037440-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037440-3 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | Marathi |
| title_auth | Marathi |
| title_exact_search | Marathi |
| title_full | Marathi Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande |
| title_fullStr | Marathi Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande |
| title_full_unstemmed | Marathi Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande |
| title_short | Marathi |
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| topic | Marathi (DE-588)4037440-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Marathi Grammatik |
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