The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services
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| adam_text | Contents List ofPlates................................................................................................... xix Introduction................................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1: П Army Corps .................................................................... 1 Lieutenant General Reille .............................................. 2 During the Waterloo campaign Reille commanded the II Army Corps. Reille’s account, like that of d’Erlon, is ffustratingly short on detail on Waterloo. It was included in a book published by Marshal Ney’s son who was writing to defend the honour of his father whose handling of aspects of the battle had been criticised by Napoleon in his various accounts of the campaign. It was published in 1840, but we cannot be sure exactly when it was written. Reille criticises the repeated attacks on Hougoumont, but seems to have done nothing concrete to stop them. He also tells us that by the time the battle started, his corps was only half the strength of which it started the campaign due to the loss of Girard’s division and the casualties suffered at Quatre Bras. Adjutant Commandant Trefcon .................................... 5 In 1815 Trefcon served as adjutant-commandant (senior staff officer with the rank of colonel), chief-of-staff to General Bachelu, commander of the 5th Infantry Division, part of II Army Corps (Reille). The main value of Trefcon’s account is his description of the infantry attack of Bachelu’s division and one of Foy’s brigades onto the Allied ridge after the
cavalry charges, which is rarely mentioned by histories of the battle. This also confirms that
vi The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts these formations took no part in the attack on Hougoumont as claimed by almost all British accounts of the battle. Prince Jéròme Bonaparte.............................................. 10 During the Waterloo campaign Jéròme commanded the 6th Infantry Division in Reille’s II Army Corps. Jéròme claims that once his division was reduced to the strength of just two battalions in the attacks on Hougoumont that he left command of it (presumably to General Guilleminot) and joined Napoleon. He roundly blames Ney for the premature com mitment of the cavalry and first mentions the Prussians at six o’clock, describing that at first they were mistaken for Grouchy’s arrival. This seems to undermine Napoleon’s own account that he was aware of the Prussians before the battle started. Chefde Bataillon Jolyet.................................................. 13 In the Waterloo campaign, Jolyet commanded the 1st Battal ion, 1st légere (Colonel Cubières) in the 1st Brigade (Bauduin) of Prince Jerome’s 6th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Jolyet gives so little detail on the attacks on Hougoumont that one would be forgiven for thinking that his battalion was not involved and he was just a spectator, but we know this isn’t true. However, he does give a few personal vignettes which make his account interesting and he seemingly restricts himself to those things that he saw for himself. Major Lebeau ................................................................ 15 In the 1815 campaign, Lebeau commanded the 1st de ligne, which was
part of the 2nd Brigade (Soye) of Prince Jerome’s 6th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. This account is extracted from a letter addressed to Marshal Soult, then Minister of War, dated Périgueux, 16 April 1833. The letter addressed the issue of the utility of rifled carbines, recommending their introduction into the French army. To strengthen his case, Colonel Lebeau, as he was then, drew on his experience in command of the 1st de ligne at Waterloo.
Contents vii Lebeau rather obtusely claims to have captured Hougoumont and although not the only Frenchman present to do so, it is generally accepted that the French did not come close to occupying it. He makes an interesting reference to using units that had suffered heavy casualties and were unable to fonction as a formed body, as skirmishers. Allied accounts of the fighting around La Haye Sainte towards the end of the battle suggest this tactic was also used there. Captain Robinaux ............................................................ 17 Pierre Robinaux served as the company commander of the 4th Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd de ligne (Tripe [or Trippe]), in the 2nd Brigade (Soye), 6th Infantry Division (Jérôme), part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Robinaux gives us little detail on the attacks on Hougoumont, but a rather more interesting account of the break-up of II Corps during their retreat. Lieutenant General Foy................................................... 20 At Waterloo, Foy commanded the 9th Infantry Division of Reille’s II Army Corps. Foy gives a detailed and interesting account of the actions of his division around Hougoumont and particularly the attack on the ridge conducted by Bachelu’s division and a brigade of his own division. Chefd’Escadron Lemonnier-Delafosse ........................ 24 At Waterloo Lemonnier-Delafosse served as chief-of-staff to General Foy in the 9th Infantry Division of Reille’s II Army Corps. Here we see the account of an unapologetic admirer of Napoleon who having blamed Wellington’s luck for the loss of the battle,
proceeds to stress the defeat of the British army and even names one of Wellington’s aides-de-camp as providing evidence! He makes a number of dubious claims, not least of which was the capture of Hougoumont. Interestingly, he challenges Napoleon’s assertion that a Prussian despatch was captured that betrayed the Prussian presence. He finishes his
viii The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts account of the battle by claiming that both the British and French were defeated and the Prussians alone were the victors! Despite all these and other rather dubious claims, it is still an account worth reading, including a number of interesting vignettes. Lieutenant Puvis............................................................... 36 In 1815 Puvis served as a lieutenant in the 93rd de ligne which was commanded by Chef de Bataillon Massot, part of the 1st Brigade (Tissot) of the 9th Infantry Division (Foy), of Reille’s II Army Corps. Puvis only speaks of his own personal experiences and although there is rather thin detail on his regiment’s attacks around Hougoumont, it gives a good feel for how the actions of II Corps seemed isolated from the rest of the battle until the retreat. He gives a good account of how quickly French morale collapsed at the end of the battle. Sergeant-Major Larreguy de Civrieux ........................ 38 During the Waterloo campaign, Larreguy de Civrieux served as sergeant-major in the 93 rd de ligne; the same regiment as Lieutenant Puvis. The regiment belonged to the 1st Brigade (Tissot) of Foy’s 9th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Larreguy de Civrieux’s account was written long after the events and he has thus included much detail that he would not have known at the time. Like the II Corps eyewitnesses we have already heard from, there is litde real detail on the fighting around the château; but on the ground it must have been impossible to have an overall feel for the
fighting much beyond their own location, and in the Hougoumont wood where many of them found themselves, they could probably see little more than just a few yards. Lieutenant Henckens....................................................... 42 During the Waterloo campaign, Henckens served as adjutantmajor in the élite company of the 6th Chasseurs à Cheval of Piré’s division, under command of Colonel Faudouas.
Contents ix This regiment belonged to the 1st Brigade (Huber) of the 2nd Cavalry Division (Piré), part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Henckens’ regiment had fought hard at Quatte Bras and had suffered heavy casualties. At Waterloo, they fulfilled the classic light cavalry task of flank protection. After their experiences at Quatre Bras I suspect the regiment was grateful not to have been involved in heavy fighting during the battle and he describes only skirmishing. Chapter 2: VI Army Corps.................................................................... 45 Adjutant-Commandant Janin......................................... 45 During the Waterloo campaign, Janin served as colonel (adjutant-commandant), deputy chief-of-staff of VI Army Corps which was commanded by Lieutenant General Count Lobau. He claims to have been the chief-of-staff of VI Corps, but this was only after the true chief-of-staff, General Durieux [or Durrieu], was wounded quite early in the battle, as he describes himself. This account was written in response to Gourgaud’s history of the campaign which was published on his return from St Helena where he had shared Napoleon’s exile. One of the key issues in French accounts of the battle is the extent to which Napoleon was surprised by the arrival of the Prussians, which Janin addresses. He clearly describes VI Corps being taken unawares by their arrival and the changing of the VI Corps’ mission from supporting the attack of I Corps to countering the Prussian advance. Napoleon claims he was well aware of their impending arrival, as described elsewhere in volume
one of this work, and had taken appropriate measures to counter them; including the early deployment of VI Corps. Janin’s account also offers a new and credible reason why the Hougoumont wood needed to be secured; not purely as a diversionary attack as it is so often described. Adjutant-Commandant Combes-Brassard................... 49 Like Janin, Combes-Brassard served as a sous-chef d état-major (deputy chief-of-staff) of VI Army Corps commanded by Lieu tenant General Count Lobau.
x The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts This account was apparently penned on 22 June 1815 at the chateau of L’Échelle, or Léchelle, near Guise (this is where Combes-Brassard took reftige after the battle), thus giving it some credibility for having been written soon after the battle. However, he is clearly in error on the sequence of the batde in the centre, which he could not have observed for himself or had the time to learn after the battle; he has the French cavalry attacking before d’Erlon’s I Corps. He speaks with more authority and interest on the actions of his own corps. His account is also noteworthy as it finishes with a damning indict ment of Grouchy’s performance which is reminiscent of much later criticism, suggesting that this may have been added after the original account. Maréchal de Camp Tromelin........................................... 53 During the Waterloo campaign, Tromelin commanded the 2nd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division (Jeanin), part of Lobau’s VI Army Corps. Tomelin does not reflect on whether the Prussian appearance was a surprise, but restricts himself to describing the deploy ment of VI Corps and the fighting against the gradually over whelming numbers of Billow’s corps. Sergeant-Major Marq ..................................................... 57 During the Waterloo campaign Marq served as sergeant-major of voltigeurs in the 107th de ligne (Colonel Druot) which was part of the 2nd Brigade (Tromelin) of the 20th Division (Jeanin), part of Lobau’s VI Army Corps. Marq states that his account was written in 1817. He restricts
himself to describing his own personal experiences during the battle fighting against the Prussians. Chapter 3: The Heavy Cavalry Reserve ................. ........................ 61 Lieutenant General Kellerman...................................... 62 During the Waterloo campaign, Kellerman was commander of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps. Kellerman was a reluctant Bonapartist and his writing is more a critique of the battle and Napoleon than a true account of his
Contents xi experiences. However, it concentrates on the cavalry action that Kellerman witnessed for himself and this adds real value and interest. Unlike many other French writers, he does not claim that Wellington was saved from defeat by the appearance of the Prussians. He does, however, speak of the reluctance of the cavalry to retire from the Allied ridge in order to avoid dragging the rest of the army back. He laments the useless destruction of the carabinier brigade and praises the action of Lobau’s corps and the Young Guard. Chefd’Escadron Rigau ..................................................... 68 During the Waterloo campaign, Dieudonné Rigau served as chef ďescadron in the 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Colonel Planzeaux). This regiment was part of the 1st Brigade (Picquet) of the 11th Cavalry Division (l’Héritier), part of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps (Kellerman). Rigau suggests that the great cavalry charges were the result of other units following a charge made by his regiment against British cavalry charging some guns that were deployed just in front of them. He makes no mention of infantry action which for much of the battle he would not have been able to see. Chefd’Escadron Létang..................................................... 72 During the Waterloo campaign, Létang served as a squadron commander in the 7th Dragoons (Colonel Léopold). This regi ment was part of the 1st Brigade (Picquet) of the 11th Cavalry Division (l’Héritier), part of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps (Kellerman). Writing in the third person, Létang’s account is clearly very self-serving.
However, his description of the feelings of his men as they charged the British line is of particular interest. Lieutenant General Delort............................................. 74 During the Waterloo campaign, Delort commanded the 14th Cavalry Division of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). Unlike like Kellerman, Delort was an admirer of Napoleon and his account seems to follow those of his emperor, including Napoleon’s excuses for the loss of the battle. Although written
xii The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts quite soon after the battle, it is riddled with facts that he could only have learnt from other histories and not direcdy from his own experiences. He suggests that the great cavalry charges were launched to support the counter-attack against the British Household and Union brigades by a brigade of cuirassiers. He also claims that squares made up of the British Guards were broken. Colonel Ordener........................................................... 82 During the Waterloo campaign Michel Ordener commanded the 1st Cuirassier Regiment. This regiment was part of the 1st Brigade (Dubois) of the 13 th Cavalry Division (Wathier St-Alphonse), part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). With Dubois wounded early in the battle, Ordener took command of the brigade, which consisted of the 1st and 7th Cuirassiers, and led it in the great cavalry charges. Ordener gives us an interesting and detailed account of the counter-attack against Ponsonby’s brigade and the great cavalry charges. Cuirassier Pilloy ........................................................... 86 In the Waterloo campaign, Pilloy served as a cuirassier in the 9th Cuirassiers (Colonel Bigame). The regiment was part of the 2nd Brigade (Vial) of the 14th Cavalry Division (Delort), part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). One of the few French accounts from the lower ranks, Pilloy gives us a little detail on his experiences in the great cavalry charges. Chapter 4: The Artillery .................................................................. 89 Colonel de
Salle............................................................. 90 During the Waterloo campaign, de Salle served as the com mander of the artillery of the I Army Corps (d’Erlon). Napoleon appointed de Salle as the commander of the grand battery, although he does not use this title to describe it until the end of his narrative. In fact, de Salle’s rather muddled account, however interesting, gives little clarification on the
Contents xiii points in dispute. Firstly, his maths in calculating the number of guns in his battery appears to be awry and while he describes a move forwards it appears never to have been completed and he is rather quick to condemn it (perhaps with the benefit of hindsight). He suggests the Imperial Guard artillery were only used to replace the losses caused by the British cavalry charge; many historians have Guard artillery in the initial battery. He seems to have made little effort to co-ordinate the withdrawal of his guns at the end of the battle. He clearly feels the advance of the battery was a mistake and worries that many have blamed him for ordering it. ChapterS: The Imperial Guard.......................................................... Marechal de Camp Petit .................................................. 97 100 During the Waterloo campaign Petit commanded the 1st Regi ment of the Grenadiers à Pied of the Old Guard; the senior regiment of the Guard. As Petit’s account is such an interesting insight to the Foot Guard of 1815,1 felt that it would be of interest to include the whole account, rather than restrict it to Waterloo. Most French histories of the battle base their account of the attack of the Guard on that of Petit, but the truth is, as Petit commanded the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied, he did not actually take part in the attack he describes, although he may have put himself in a position to observe it and would certainly have spoken to officers who did take part. Maréchal de Camp Christiani ......................................... 108 During
the Waterloo campaign, Christiani commanded the 2nd Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied of the Imperial Guard. Christiani’s regiment sent one battalion to the fighting in Planchenoit, and the other to support the assault on the Allied ridge. As the regimental commander, he led the battalion forward to support the assault on the ridge. His order of events is a little mixed up; he describes the attack of the Guard taking place before he sent a battalion into Planchenoit. In fact, these actions took place the other way around as Napoleon attempted to secure his right flank before launching part of his Guard
xiv The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts against the Allied ridge. For a comparatively senior regiment of the Guard, his battalion seems to have broken up rather easily at the end of the battle. Marechal de Camp Pelet-Clozeau.................................. 110 During the Waterloo campaign Pelet was Major of the 2nd Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied of the Imperial Guard. Pelet’s account of Waterloo is by far the longest and most detailed of the accounts written by officers of the Imperial Guard and therefore holds the most interest. Unfortunately, he did not take part in the attack on the Allied ridge, but fought in Planchenoit, of which he gives some fascinating detail of the fighting. However, whilst he also describes the attack on the ridge, it must be remembered that this is based on the accounts of others and is therefore not so trustworthy. He actually wrote two accounts of the Waterloo campaign; the first was his journal which he wrote during the campaign, and the second formed a part of his memoirs written later in life, but based on his journal. Chefde Bataillon Duuring................................................ 125 During the Waterloo campaign Duuring commanded the 1st Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied (Cambronne) of the Imperial Guard. As Duuring makes clear, his battalion remained at le Caillou to protect the headquarters established there and Napoleon’s baggage and treasury. He therefore saw nothing of the battle or the final attack of the Guard, but does describe the Prussian encroachment into the rear of the French army and his
attempts to halt the increasing flood of men to the rear. Captain Prax ...................................................................... 128 During the Waterloo campaign Prax was adjutant-major of the 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied (Poret de Morvan) of the Imperial Guard. This regiment took the heaviest casualties of all the Guard regiments having almost certainly faced the British Guards on the ridge. He writes that the attack was made in closed column.
Contents Lieutenant General Guyot.............................................. XV 131 During the Waterloo campaign, Guyot served as the com mander of the Imperial Guard Heavy Cavalry Division, which consisted of the regiments of grenadiers and dragoons, and two batteries of Guard horse artillery (twelve guns). Napoleon accused Guyot of engaging his division in the great cavalry charges without orders and that because of this, he was left without a capable reserve once the attack of the foot Guard had been repulsed. In his account, Napoleon ascribes the attack by British cavalry as responsible for the rout of the French in front of the Anglo-Dutch army and that he could have repulsed this if Guyot’s division had been available. Guyot spent many years writing to deny the charge and trying to expose the truth. His accounts describe his contribution to the battle. Captain de Brack............................................................... 136 During the Waterloo campaign, de Brack served as a captain in the chevaux-légers-lanciers of the Imperial Guard who were commanded by General Edouard Colbert. The regiment was part of the Imperial Guard Light Cavalry Division (com manded by General Lefebvre-Desnouëttes) along with the Guard chasseurs à cheval and two batteries of Guard horse artillery (twelve guns). De Brack gives an unusual description of how the cavalry of the Guard were committed and an interesting, if relatively short, description of the charges. He reserves most space for a com mentary on his division’s retreat from the battlefield, including an interesting
vignette when they met Napoleon at Quatre Bras. Maréchal des Logis-ChefChevalier ............................... 143 During the Waterloo campaign Chevalier served as maréchal des logis-chef (the senior sergeant or First Sergeant in American parlance) of the 4th Company of the regiment of chasseurs à cheval (General Lallemand) of the Light Cavalry Division of the Imperial Guard (Lefebvre-Desnouëttes). Chevalier’s manuscript appears to have been written in 1835. His souvenirs give a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the light cavalry and particularly in the campaigns in which he took
XVI The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts part. Unfortunately, the detail he gives becomes increasingly thin as his career progresses and his personal anecdotes reduce as he spends more time on a general history of the campaigns in which he took part. Therefore, much of his account of Waterloo is general history clearly based on what he has read rather than experienced. However, there is enough of his personal experiences for it to warrant inclusion, but it will be noted that much of it closely follows Napoleon’s account whose ‘themes’ are repeated. Lieutenant de Pontécoulant......................................... 149 During the Waterloo campaign, Pontécoulant served as a sous-lieutenant in the horse artillery of the Imperial Guard (Duchand); he commanded the 3rd Section of the 3rd Com pany which was attached to the grenadiers à cheval. Pontécoulant is an unrepentant admirer of Napoleon and his account closely follows Napoleon’s memoirs, suggesting that he did not witness much of what he describes. However, in the book he tells a couple of anecdotes of his own personal experiences and it is these that we are most interested in. Chapter 6: The Medical Services.................................................... 153 Pharmacien Fée............................................................. 153 During the Waterloo campaign Fée served as Pharmacien aidemajor to Marcognet’s 3rd Infantry Division, which was part of d’Erlon’s I Army Corps. His account of Waterloo is interesting in so much as he seems to have generally neglected his medical responsibilities during the
batde; his account centres on his observations of Napoleon and ignores any attempts he might have been expected to make to find his ambulance from which he was separated at the very beginning of the batde! It was only towards the end of the day that he joined Larrey’s hospital and carried out his duties as a doctor. Chirurgien Lagneau....................................................... 158 During the Waterloo campaign Lagneau served as surgeonmajor to the 3rd Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied of the Old
Contents xvii Guard. This regiment was commanded by General Poret de Morvan and with the other regiments of foot grenadiers of the Guard were under the orders of General Friant. Lagneau kept a record of his day-to-day movements and some impressions of his campaigns throughout his career starting in 1804. He re-copied them and completed them in 1847 although they were not published until 1913. He speaks little of the battle, which he was unlikely have been a witness to, but concentrates on building a case against Grouchy for the loss of the batde, including conversations he had much later with Generals Gérard and Pajol. Appendix: Order ofBattle - The French Army at Waterloo......................... 161 Notes ....................................................................................................... 165
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Contents List ofPlates. xix Introduction. xxi Chapter 1: П Army Corps . 1 Lieutenant General Reille . 2 During the Waterloo campaign Reille commanded the II Army Corps. Reille’s account, like that of d’Erlon, is ffustratingly short on detail on Waterloo. It was included in a book published by Marshal Ney’s son who was writing to defend the honour of his father whose handling of aspects of the battle had been criticised by Napoleon in his various accounts of the campaign. It was published in 1840, but we cannot be sure exactly when it was written. Reille criticises the repeated attacks on Hougoumont, but seems to have done nothing concrete to stop them. He also tells us that by the time the battle started, his corps was only half the strength of which it started the campaign due to the loss of Girard’s division and the casualties suffered at Quatre Bras. Adjutant Commandant Trefcon . 5 In 1815 Trefcon served as adjutant-commandant (senior staff officer with the rank of colonel), chief-of-staff to General Bachelu, commander of the 5th Infantry Division, part of II Army Corps (Reille). The main value of Trefcon’s account is his description of the infantry attack of Bachelu’s division and one of Foy’s brigades onto the Allied ridge after the
cavalry charges, which is rarely mentioned by histories of the battle. This also confirms that
vi The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts these formations took no part in the attack on Hougoumont as claimed by almost all British accounts of the battle. Prince Jéròme Bonaparte. 10 During the Waterloo campaign Jéròme commanded the 6th Infantry Division in Reille’s II Army Corps. Jéròme claims that once his division was reduced to the strength of just two battalions in the attacks on Hougoumont that he left command of it (presumably to General Guilleminot) and joined Napoleon. He roundly blames Ney for the premature com mitment of the cavalry and first mentions the Prussians at six o’clock, describing that at first they were mistaken for Grouchy’s arrival. This seems to undermine Napoleon’s own account that he was aware of the Prussians before the battle started. Chefde Bataillon Jolyet. 13 In the Waterloo campaign, Jolyet commanded the 1st Battal ion, 1st légere (Colonel Cubières) in the 1st Brigade (Bauduin) of Prince Jerome’s 6th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Jolyet gives so little detail on the attacks on Hougoumont that one would be forgiven for thinking that his battalion was not involved and he was just a spectator, but we know this isn’t true. However, he does give a few personal vignettes which make his account interesting and he seemingly restricts himself to those things that he saw for himself. Major Lebeau . 15 In the 1815 campaign, Lebeau commanded the 1st de ligne, which was
part of the 2nd Brigade (Soye) of Prince Jerome’s 6th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. This account is extracted from a letter addressed to Marshal Soult, then Minister of War, dated Périgueux, 16 April 1833. The letter addressed the issue of the utility of rifled carbines, recommending their introduction into the French army. To strengthen his case, Colonel Lebeau, as he was then, drew on his experience in command of the 1st de ligne at Waterloo.
Contents vii Lebeau rather obtusely claims to have captured Hougoumont and although not the only Frenchman present to do so, it is generally accepted that the French did not come close to occupying it. He makes an interesting reference to using units that had suffered heavy casualties and were unable to fonction as a formed body, as skirmishers. Allied accounts of the fighting around La Haye Sainte towards the end of the battle suggest this tactic was also used there. Captain Robinaux . 17 Pierre Robinaux served as the company commander of the 4th Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd de ligne (Tripe [or Trippe]), in the 2nd Brigade (Soye), 6th Infantry Division (Jérôme), part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Robinaux gives us little detail on the attacks on Hougoumont, but a rather more interesting account of the break-up of II Corps during their retreat. Lieutenant General Foy. 20 At Waterloo, Foy commanded the 9th Infantry Division of Reille’s II Army Corps. Foy gives a detailed and interesting account of the actions of his division around Hougoumont and particularly the attack on the ridge conducted by Bachelu’s division and a brigade of his own division. Chefd’Escadron Lemonnier-Delafosse . 24 At Waterloo Lemonnier-Delafosse served as chief-of-staff to General Foy in the 9th Infantry Division of Reille’s II Army Corps. Here we see the account of an unapologetic admirer of Napoleon who having blamed Wellington’s luck for the loss of the battle,
proceeds to stress the defeat of the British army and even names one of Wellington’s aides-de-camp as providing evidence! He makes a number of dubious claims, not least of which was the capture of Hougoumont. Interestingly, he challenges Napoleon’s assertion that a Prussian despatch was captured that betrayed the Prussian presence. He finishes his
viii The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts account of the battle by claiming that both the British and French were defeated and the Prussians alone were the victors! Despite all these and other rather dubious claims, it is still an account worth reading, including a number of interesting vignettes. Lieutenant Puvis. 36 In 1815 Puvis served as a lieutenant in the 93rd de ligne which was commanded by Chef de Bataillon Massot, part of the 1st Brigade (Tissot) of the 9th Infantry Division (Foy), of Reille’s II Army Corps. Puvis only speaks of his own personal experiences and although there is rather thin detail on his regiment’s attacks around Hougoumont, it gives a good feel for how the actions of II Corps seemed isolated from the rest of the battle until the retreat. He gives a good account of how quickly French morale collapsed at the end of the battle. Sergeant-Major Larreguy de Civrieux . 38 During the Waterloo campaign, Larreguy de Civrieux served as sergeant-major in the 93 rd de ligne; the same regiment as Lieutenant Puvis. The regiment belonged to the 1st Brigade (Tissot) of Foy’s 9th Infantry Division, part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Larreguy de Civrieux’s account was written long after the events and he has thus included much detail that he would not have known at the time. Like the II Corps eyewitnesses we have already heard from, there is litde real detail on the fighting around the château; but on the ground it must have been impossible to have an overall feel for the
fighting much beyond their own location, and in the Hougoumont wood where many of them found themselves, they could probably see little more than just a few yards. Lieutenant Henckens. 42 During the Waterloo campaign, Henckens served as adjutantmajor in the élite company of the 6th Chasseurs à Cheval of Piré’s division, under command of Colonel Faudouas.
Contents ix This regiment belonged to the 1st Brigade (Huber) of the 2nd Cavalry Division (Piré), part of Reille’s II Army Corps. Henckens’ regiment had fought hard at Quatte Bras and had suffered heavy casualties. At Waterloo, they fulfilled the classic light cavalry task of flank protection. After their experiences at Quatre Bras I suspect the regiment was grateful not to have been involved in heavy fighting during the battle and he describes only skirmishing. Chapter 2: VI Army Corps. 45 Adjutant-Commandant Janin. 45 During the Waterloo campaign, Janin served as colonel (adjutant-commandant), deputy chief-of-staff of VI Army Corps which was commanded by Lieutenant General Count Lobau. He claims to have been the chief-of-staff of VI Corps, but this was only after the true chief-of-staff, General Durieux [or Durrieu], was wounded quite early in the battle, as he describes himself. This account was written in response to Gourgaud’s history of the campaign which was published on his return from St Helena where he had shared Napoleon’s exile. One of the key issues in French accounts of the battle is the extent to which Napoleon was surprised by the arrival of the Prussians, which Janin addresses. He clearly describes VI Corps being taken unawares by their arrival and the changing of the VI Corps’ mission from supporting the attack of I Corps to countering the Prussian advance. Napoleon claims he was well aware of their impending arrival, as described elsewhere in volume
one of this work, and had taken appropriate measures to counter them; including the early deployment of VI Corps. Janin’s account also offers a new and credible reason why the Hougoumont wood needed to be secured; not purely as a diversionary attack as it is so often described. Adjutant-Commandant Combes-Brassard. 49 Like Janin, Combes-Brassard served as a sous-chef d'état-major (deputy chief-of-staff) of VI Army Corps commanded by Lieu tenant General Count Lobau.
x The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts This account was apparently penned on 22 June 1815 at the chateau of L’Échelle, or Léchelle, near Guise (this is where Combes-Brassard took reftige after the battle), thus giving it some credibility for having been written soon after the battle. However, he is clearly in error on the sequence of the batde in the centre, which he could not have observed for himself or had the time to learn after the battle; he has the French cavalry attacking before d’Erlon’s I Corps. He speaks with more authority and interest on the actions of his own corps. His account is also noteworthy as it finishes with a damning indict ment of Grouchy’s performance which is reminiscent of much later criticism, suggesting that this may have been added after the original account. Maréchal de Camp Tromelin. 53 During the Waterloo campaign, Tromelin commanded the 2nd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division (Jeanin), part of Lobau’s VI Army Corps. Tomelin does not reflect on whether the Prussian appearance was a surprise, but restricts himself to describing the deploy ment of VI Corps and the fighting against the gradually over whelming numbers of Billow’s corps. Sergeant-Major Marq . 57 During the Waterloo campaign Marq served as sergeant-major of voltigeurs in the 107th de ligne (Colonel Druot) which was part of the 2nd Brigade (Tromelin) of the 20th Division (Jeanin), part of Lobau’s VI Army Corps. Marq states that his account was written in 1817. He restricts
himself to describing his own personal experiences during the battle fighting against the Prussians. Chapter 3: The Heavy Cavalry Reserve . . 61 Lieutenant General Kellerman. 62 During the Waterloo campaign, Kellerman was commander of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps. Kellerman was a reluctant Bonapartist and his writing is more a critique of the battle and Napoleon than a true account of his
Contents xi experiences. However, it concentrates on the cavalry action that Kellerman witnessed for himself and this adds real value and interest. Unlike many other French writers, he does not claim that Wellington was saved from defeat by the appearance of the Prussians. He does, however, speak of the reluctance of the cavalry to retire from the Allied ridge in order to avoid dragging the rest of the army back. He laments the useless destruction of the carabinier brigade and praises the action of Lobau’s corps and the Young Guard. Chefd’Escadron Rigau . 68 During the Waterloo campaign, Dieudonné Rigau served as chef ďescadron in the 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Colonel Planzeaux). This regiment was part of the 1st Brigade (Picquet) of the 11th Cavalry Division (l’Héritier), part of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps (Kellerman). Rigau suggests that the great cavalry charges were the result of other units following a charge made by his regiment against British cavalry charging some guns that were deployed just in front of them. He makes no mention of infantry action which for much of the battle he would not have been able to see. Chefd’Escadron Létang. 72 During the Waterloo campaign, Létang served as a squadron commander in the 7th Dragoons (Colonel Léopold). This regi ment was part of the 1st Brigade (Picquet) of the 11th Cavalry Division (l’Héritier), part of the 3rd Reserve Cavalry Corps (Kellerman). Writing in the third person, Létang’s account is clearly very self-serving.
However, his description of the feelings of his men as they charged the British line is of particular interest. Lieutenant General Delort. 74 During the Waterloo campaign, Delort commanded the 14th Cavalry Division of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). Unlike like Kellerman, Delort was an admirer of Napoleon and his account seems to follow those of his emperor, including Napoleon’s excuses for the loss of the battle. Although written
xii The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts quite soon after the battle, it is riddled with facts that he could only have learnt from other histories and not direcdy from his own experiences. He suggests that the great cavalry charges were launched to support the counter-attack against the British Household and Union brigades by a brigade of cuirassiers. He also claims that squares made up of the British Guards were broken. Colonel Ordener. 82 During the Waterloo campaign Michel Ordener commanded the 1st Cuirassier Regiment. This regiment was part of the 1st Brigade (Dubois) of the 13 th Cavalry Division (Wathier St-Alphonse), part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). With Dubois wounded early in the battle, Ordener took command of the brigade, which consisted of the 1st and 7th Cuirassiers, and led it in the great cavalry charges. Ordener gives us an interesting and detailed account of the counter-attack against Ponsonby’s brigade and the great cavalry charges. Cuirassier Pilloy . 86 In the Waterloo campaign, Pilloy served as a cuirassier in the 9th Cuirassiers (Colonel Bigame). The regiment was part of the 2nd Brigade (Vial) of the 14th Cavalry Division (Delort), part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Corps (Milhaud). One of the few French accounts from the lower ranks, Pilloy gives us a little detail on his experiences in the great cavalry charges. Chapter 4: The Artillery . 89 Colonel de
Salle. 90 During the Waterloo campaign, de Salle served as the com mander of the artillery of the I Army Corps (d’Erlon). Napoleon appointed de Salle as the commander of the grand battery, although he does not use this title to describe it until the end of his narrative. In fact, de Salle’s rather muddled account, however interesting, gives little clarification on the
Contents xiii points in dispute. Firstly, his maths in calculating the number of guns in his battery appears to be awry and while he describes a move forwards it appears never to have been completed and he is rather quick to condemn it (perhaps with the benefit of hindsight). He suggests the Imperial Guard artillery were only used to replace the losses caused by the British cavalry charge; many historians have Guard artillery in the initial battery. He seems to have made little effort to co-ordinate the withdrawal of his guns at the end of the battle. He clearly feels the advance of the battery was a mistake and worries that many have blamed him for ordering it. ChapterS: The Imperial Guard. Marechal de Camp Petit . 97 100 During the Waterloo campaign Petit commanded the 1st Regi ment of the Grenadiers à Pied of the Old Guard; the senior regiment of the Guard. As Petit’s account is such an interesting insight to the Foot Guard of 1815,1 felt that it would be of interest to include the whole account, rather than restrict it to Waterloo. Most French histories of the battle base their account of the attack of the Guard on that of Petit, but the truth is, as Petit commanded the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied, he did not actually take part in the attack he describes, although he may have put himself in a position to observe it and would certainly have spoken to officers who did take part. Maréchal de Camp Christiani . 108 During
the Waterloo campaign, Christiani commanded the 2nd Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied of the Imperial Guard. Christiani’s regiment sent one battalion to the fighting in Planchenoit, and the other to support the assault on the Allied ridge. As the regimental commander, he led the battalion forward to support the assault on the ridge. His order of events is a little mixed up; he describes the attack of the Guard taking place before he sent a battalion into Planchenoit. In fact, these actions took place the other way around as Napoleon attempted to secure his right flank before launching part of his Guard
xiv The French at Waterloo: Eyewitness Accounts against the Allied ridge. For a comparatively senior regiment of the Guard, his battalion seems to have broken up rather easily at the end of the battle. Marechal de Camp Pelet-Clozeau. 110 During the Waterloo campaign Pelet was Major of the 2nd Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied of the Imperial Guard. Pelet’s account of Waterloo is by far the longest and most detailed of the accounts written by officers of the Imperial Guard and therefore holds the most interest. Unfortunately, he did not take part in the attack on the Allied ridge, but fought in Planchenoit, of which he gives some fascinating detail of the fighting. However, whilst he also describes the attack on the ridge, it must be remembered that this is based on the accounts of others and is therefore not so trustworthy. He actually wrote two accounts of the Waterloo campaign; the first was his journal which he wrote during the campaign, and the second formed a part of his memoirs written later in life, but based on his journal. Chefde Bataillon Duuring. 125 During the Waterloo campaign Duuring commanded the 1st Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied (Cambronne) of the Imperial Guard. As Duuring makes clear, his battalion remained at le Caillou to protect the headquarters established there and Napoleon’s baggage and treasury. He therefore saw nothing of the battle or the final attack of the Guard, but does describe the Prussian encroachment into the rear of the French army and his
attempts to halt the increasing flood of men to the rear. Captain Prax . 128 During the Waterloo campaign Prax was adjutant-major of the 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs à Pied (Poret de Morvan) of the Imperial Guard. This regiment took the heaviest casualties of all the Guard regiments having almost certainly faced the British Guards on the ridge. He writes that the attack was made in closed column.
Contents Lieutenant General Guyot. XV 131 During the Waterloo campaign, Guyot served as the com mander of the Imperial Guard Heavy Cavalry Division, which consisted of the regiments of grenadiers and dragoons, and two batteries of Guard horse artillery (twelve guns). Napoleon accused Guyot of engaging his division in the great cavalry charges without orders and that because of this, he was left without a capable reserve once the attack of the foot Guard had been repulsed. In his account, Napoleon ascribes the attack by British cavalry as responsible for the rout of the French in front of the Anglo-Dutch army and that he could have repulsed this if Guyot’s division had been available. Guyot spent many years writing to deny the charge and trying to expose the truth. His accounts describe his contribution to the battle. Captain de Brack. 136 During the Waterloo campaign, de Brack served as a captain in the chevaux-légers-lanciers of the Imperial Guard who were commanded by General Edouard Colbert. The regiment was part of the Imperial Guard Light Cavalry Division (com manded by General Lefebvre-Desnouëttes) along with the Guard chasseurs à cheval and two batteries of Guard horse artillery (twelve guns). De Brack gives an unusual description of how the cavalry of the Guard were committed and an interesting, if relatively short, description of the charges. He reserves most space for a com mentary on his division’s retreat from the battlefield, including an interesting
vignette when they met Napoleon at Quatre Bras. Maréchal des Logis-ChefChevalier . 143 During the Waterloo campaign Chevalier served as maréchal des logis-chef (the senior sergeant or First Sergeant in American parlance) of the 4th Company of the regiment of chasseurs à cheval (General Lallemand) of the Light Cavalry Division of the Imperial Guard (Lefebvre-Desnouëttes). Chevalier’s manuscript appears to have been written in 1835. His souvenirs give a fascinating glimpse into the lives of the light cavalry and particularly in the campaigns in which he took
XVI The French at Waterho: Eyewitness Accounts part. Unfortunately, the detail he gives becomes increasingly thin as his career progresses and his personal anecdotes reduce as he spends more time on a general history of the campaigns in which he took part. Therefore, much of his account of Waterloo is general history clearly based on what he has read rather than experienced. However, there is enough of his personal experiences for it to warrant inclusion, but it will be noted that much of it closely follows Napoleon’s account whose ‘themes’ are repeated. Lieutenant de Pontécoulant. 149 During the Waterloo campaign, Pontécoulant served as a sous-lieutenant in the horse artillery of the Imperial Guard (Duchand); he commanded the 3rd Section of the 3rd Com pany which was attached to the grenadiers à cheval. Pontécoulant is an unrepentant admirer of Napoleon and his account closely follows Napoleon’s memoirs, suggesting that he did not witness much of what he describes. However, in the book he tells a couple of anecdotes of his own personal experiences and it is these that we are most interested in. Chapter 6: The Medical Services. 153 Pharmacien Fée. 153 During the Waterloo campaign Fée served as Pharmacien aidemajor to Marcognet’s 3rd Infantry Division, which was part of d’Erlon’s I Army Corps. His account of Waterloo is interesting in so much as he seems to have generally neglected his medical responsibilities during the
batde; his account centres on his observations of Napoleon and ignores any attempts he might have been expected to make to find his ambulance from which he was separated at the very beginning of the batde! It was only towards the end of the day that he joined Larrey’s hospital and carried out his duties as a doctor. Chirurgien Lagneau. 158 During the Waterloo campaign Lagneau served as surgeonmajor to the 3rd Regiment of Grenadiers à Pied of the Old
Contents xvii Guard. This regiment was commanded by General Poret de Morvan and with the other regiments of foot grenadiers of the Guard were under the orders of General Friant. Lagneau kept a record of his day-to-day movements and some impressions of his campaigns throughout his career starting in 1804. He re-copied them and completed them in 1847 although they were not published until 1913. He speaks little of the battle, which he was unlikely have been a witness to, but concentrates on building a case against Grouchy for the loss of the batde, including conversations he had much later with Generals Gérard and Pajol. Appendix: Order ofBattle - The French Army at Waterloo. 161 Notes . 165 |
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| spelling | Field, Andrew Verfasser (DE-588)1056028939 aut The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services Andrew W Field Barnsley, South Yorkshire Pen & Sword Military 2020 xxiii, 166 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits txt rdacontent sti rdacontent cri rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Frankreich Armée (DE-588)1007384-X gnd rswk-swf Schlacht bei Waterloo (DE-588)4189312-8 gnd rswk-swf Waterloo, Battle of, Waterloo, Belgium, 1815 / Personal narratives, French Belgium / Waterloo 1815 Personal narratives / French (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Frankreich Armée (DE-588)1007384-X b Schlacht bei Waterloo (DE-588)4189312-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032559329&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Field, Andrew The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services Frankreich Armée (DE-588)1007384-X gnd Schlacht bei Waterloo (DE-588)4189312-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1007384-X (DE-588)4189312-8 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services |
| title_auth | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services |
| title_exact_search | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services |
| title_full | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services Andrew W Field |
| title_fullStr | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services Andrew W Field |
| title_full_unstemmed | The French at Waterloo eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services Andrew W Field |
| title_short | The French at Waterloo |
| title_sort | the french at waterloo eyewitness accounts ii and vi corps cavalry artillery imperial guard and medical services |
| title_sub | eyewitness accounts : II and VI Corps, Cavalry, Artillery, Imperial Guard and Medical Services |
| topic | Frankreich Armée (DE-588)1007384-X gnd Schlacht bei Waterloo (DE-588)4189312-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Frankreich Armée Schlacht bei Waterloo Quelle |
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