A grammatical overview of Lingála
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Lingala |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
LINCOM GmbH
2020
|
| Ausgabe: | Revised and extended edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | LINCOM studies in African linguistics
81 |
| Schlagworte: | |
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| 020 | |a 9783969390047 |c Festeinband : EUR 148.00 (DE), EUR 152.20 (AT) |9 978-3-96939-004-7 | ||
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| 084 | |a 490 |2 sdnb | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Meeuwis, Michael |d 1968- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120421992 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammatical overview of Lingála |c Michael Meeuwis |
| 250 | |a Revised and extended edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a München |b LINCOM GmbH |c 2020 | |
| 300 | |a 324 Seiten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a LINCOM studies in African linguistics |v 81 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Lingala |0 (DE-588)4035834-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Afrikanistik | ||
| 653 | |a Grammatik | ||
| 653 | |a Linguistik | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Lingala |0 (DE-588)4035834-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 710 | 2 | |a LINCOM Europa (München) |0 (DE-588)5300573-9 |4 pbl | |
| 830 | 0 | |a LINCOM studies in African linguistics |v 81 |w (DE-604)BV010325612 |9 81 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032347509&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032347509 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819735065829048320 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | L
INGALA
|
5
C
ONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SYMBOLS
USED
3
1.
THE
LANGUAGE,
ITS
SPEAKERS,
ITS
HISTORY
15
1.1.
GEOGRAPHICAL
AND
DEMOGRAPHICAL
SITUATION
15
1.2.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
AND
ENSUING
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
VARIATION
18
1.2.1.
1881
-1900
18
1.2.2.
1900
-1960
24
1.2.2.1.
BANGALA
SPLITTING
INTO
LINGALA
AND
BANGALA
24
1.2.2.2.
LINGALA
DURING
THE
REST
OF
BELGIAN
COLONIZATION
29
1.2.3.
1960
-
TODAY
30
2.
PHONOLOGY
AND
TONOLOGY
35
2.1.
VOWELS
35
2.1.1.
FIVE
VOWEL
PHONEMES
35
2.1.2.
U
FOR
O
36
2.1.3.
LENGTH,
ORALITY
38
2.1.4.
REMNANTS
OF
VOWEL
HARMONY
38
2.1.5.
SEQUENCES
OF
VOWELS:
DIPHTHONGS,
HIATUS,
AND
HIATUS
RESOLUTION
39
2.2.
CONSONANTS
AND
SEMI-CONSONANTS
45
2.3.
PHONOTACTIC
CONSTRAINTS
47
2.4.
TONES
48
2.4.1.
H
AND
L
48
2.4.2.
ANTICIPATORY
(
*
LEFTWARD
*
)
TONE
SPREADING
49
2.4.3.
TONE
STABILITY
50
2.4.4.
DOWNSTEP
51
2.4.5.
TONAL
PROCESSES
IN
REDUPLICATED
STEMS
51
6
|
L
INGALA
2.5.
ISSUES
OF
LINGALA
ORTHOGRAPHY
52
3.
NOUN
55
3.1.
NOUN
CLASS
SYSTEM
55
3.2.
SOME
NOUN
CLASSES
AND
THEIR
PREFIXES
IN
DETAIL
58
3.2.1.
VARIATIONS
IN
PREFIX
FORM
58
3.2.2.
CLASSES
1
AND
LA:
ABOUT
ANIMACY,
HUMANS,
ANIMALS
58
3.2.3.
CLASS
3:
HOMOPHONY
WITH
CLASS
1
60
3.2.4.
CLASS
6:
NON-COUNT
MASS
NOUNS
60
3.2.5.
CLASS
7A:
LOANWORDS,
GLOSSONYMS,
MANNERS
60
3.2.6.
CLASS
8:
FREQUENTATIVES
62
3.2.7.
CLASSES
9
AND
10:
0-
AND
BA-
63
3.2.8.
CLASS
11:
COUNT
NOUNS
AND
NON-COUNT
ABSTRACT
NOUNS
64
3.2.9.
CLASS
14:
NON-COUNT
ABSTRACT
NOUNS,
NON-COUNT
EVENT
NOUNS,
GERUNDS
65
3.2.10.
CLASS
15:
INFINITIVES
AND
VERB
NOMINALIZATION
66
3.3.
PLURAL
FORMATION
68
3.3.1.
PLURAL
FORMATION
BY
CLASS
TRANSFER
68
3.3.2.
PLURAL
FORMATION
WITH
BA-
IN
PREFIX
STACKING
68
3.3.2.1.
MANIFESTATION
68
3.3.2.2.
BA-
WITH
COUNT
NOUNS
69
3.3.2.3.
BA-
WITH
NON-COUNT
MASS
NOUNS
70
3.3.2.4.
BA-
WITH
NON-COUNT
ABSTRACT
NOUNS
72
3.3.2.5.
A
FUTURE
FOR
BA-
AS
GENERALIZED
PLURAL
MARKER?
72
3.3.3.
ASSOCIATIVE
PLURAL
AND
SIMULATIVE
PLURAL
73
3.3.4.
PLURALIZATION
AVOIDANCE
FOR
MEASUREMENT
NOUNS
74
3.4.
NOUN
DERIVATION
77
3.4.1.
DEVERBAL
DERIVATION
77
3.4.1.1.
FORMAL
CHARACTERISTICS
77
3.4.1.2.
DEVERBATIVE
NOUNS
FOLLOWED
BY
OBJECTS
79
3.4.2.
DENOMINAL
DERIVATION
80
3.4.2.1.
CLASS
TRANSFER
THROUGH
PREFIX
SUBSTITUTION
80
3.4.2.2.
PREFIX
STACKING
WITH
KI-
80
L
INGALA
|
7
3.4.2.S.
PREFIX
STACKING
WITH
BO-
81
3.4.2.4.
REDUPLICATION
82
3.4.2.5.
COMPOUND
NOUNS
AND
THE
RELATIONAL
NOUN
MOYI-
82
3.5.
TONAL
PROFILES
OF
NOUNS
86
4.
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
89
4.1.
NOUN
PHRASE
NEGATION:
TE
89
4.2.
AGREEMENT
OF
MODIFIERS
90
4.3.
CONSTITUENT
ORDER
IN
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
92
4.3.1.
HEAD-INITIAL
CONSTITUENT
ORDER
92
4.3.2.
ORDER
OF
MODIFIERS
93
5.
OTHER
PARTS
OF
SPEECH
THAN
NOUNS
AND
VERBS
97
5.1.
THE
CONNECTIVE
97
5.1.1.
POSSESSIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
97
5.1.2.
NOUN
QUALIFICATION
101
5.1.2.1.
ADNOMINAL
101
5.1.2.2.
PREDICATIVE
104
5.1.2.3.
SUMMARY
OF
NOUN
QUALIFICATION
AND
USE
OF
THE
CONNECTIVE
106
5.1.3.
HYPONYMIC
CONSTRUCTIONS
108
5.1.4.
INVERSE
QUALIFICATION
CONSTRUCTIONS
108
5.1.5.
ORDINAL
QUANTIFICATION
109
5.2.
ADJECTIVES
110
5.2.1.
THE
REALITY
OF
A
CATEGORY
OF
ADJECTIVES
IN
LINGALA
110
5.2.2.
NUMBER-INFLECTED
ADJECTIVES
111
5.3.
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
113
5.3.1.
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS,
SUBSTITUTIVES
113
5.3.2.
SIMULATIVE
PLURAL
116
5.3.3.
ANTICIPATORY
(OR
*
INCLUSORY
*
)
PLURAL
116
8
|
L
INGALA
5.3.4.
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
AS
IDENTICAL
CONJUNCTS
117
5.3.5.
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
AS
SUBJECT-BOUND
INTENSIFIERS
118
5.4.
DEMONSTRATIVES
120
5.4.1.
ADNOMINAL
120
5.4.1.1.
FOUR
ADNOMINAL
DEMONSTRATIVES
120
5.4.1.2.
SITUATIONAL
AND
DISCOURSE-REFERENTIAL
USAGE
TYPES
121
5.4.1.3.
DEMONSTRATIVES
DETERMINING
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
124
5.4.2.
PRONOMINAL
125
5.4.2.1.
CONTRASTIVE
125
5.4.2.2.
NON-CONTRASTIVE
127
5.4.3.
ADVERBIAL
128
5.5.
RELATIVIZERS
129
5.5.1.
ZERO,
OYO,
AND
OYO
WANA
129
5.5.2.
OYO
AND
OYO
WANA
AS
NOMINAL-RELATIVES
(
*
DEMONSTRATIVE-RELATIVES
*
)
IN
HEADLESS
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
130
5.6.
MOSUSU
*
OTHER
*
132
5.6.1.
RATIONALE
FOR
SEPARATE
DISCUSSION
132
5.6.2.
ADNOMINAL
132
5.6.3.
PRONOMINAL
133
5.7.
NUMERALS
134
5.7.1.
CARDINALS
134
5.7.2.
ORDINALS
136
5.8.
QUANTIFIERS
138
5.8.1.
INDEFINITE
QUANTIFIERS
138
5.8.2.
INDEFINITE-SPECIFIC
QUANTIFIERS
140
5.8.3.
UNIVERSAL
QUANTIFIERS
141
5.8.3.1.
THE
POSITIVE
UNIVERSAL
141
5.5.3.2.
THE
NEGATIVE
UNIVERSAL
142
5.9.
INTERROGATIVES
144
L
INGALA
|
9
6.
VERB
147
6.1.
THE
FORMATION
OF
VERB
FORMS
147
6.2.
VERB
ROOTS
149
6.3.
THE
SUBJECT
MARKER
150
6.3.1.
THE
MARKERS
150
6.3.2.
SEMANTIC
(
*
NOTIONAL
*
)
VS
MECHANICAL
(
*
FORMAL
*
)
AGREEMENT
152
6.3.3.
COMPLEX
SUBJECTS
153
6.3.4.
ANTICIPATORY
PLURAL
IN
COMITATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
153
6.4.
THE
REFLEXIVE
ANAPHOR
-MI-/-MI-
AS
ONLY
OBJECT
MARKER
155
6.5.
THE
FINAL
VOWEL
-A
156
6.6.
NON-FINITE
VERB
FORMS
157
6.6.1.
INFINITIVE
(INF):
KO-R/VB-A
157
6.6.2.
GERUND
(GER)
IN
PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES:
NA
BO-R/VB-AKA
159
6.7.
MOODS
161
6.7.1.
INDICATIVE:
SM-R/VB-TA
OR
SM-TA-R/VB-A
161
6.7.2.
IMPERATIVE
(IMP):
R/VB-A
161
6.7.3.
SUBJUNCTIVE
(SBJV):
SM(HIGH)-R/VB-A
163
6.8.
TENSE-ASPECT-MODALITY
169
6.8.1.
FUTURE
(FUT):
SM-KO-R/VB-A
169
6.8.2.
ALETHIC:
SM-R/VB-A
171
6.8.3.
PRESENT
1
(PRS1):
SM-R/VB-I
174
6.8.4.
PRESENT
2
(PRS2):
SM-R/VB-A
178
6.8.5.
PAST
1
(PST1):
SM-R/VB-AKI
180
6.8.6.
PAST
2
(PST2):
SM-R/VB-AKA
182
6.8.7.
HABITUAL
INDICATIVE
(HAB):
SM-R/VB-AKA
184
6.8.8.
HABITUAL
IMPERATIVE,
SUBJUNCTIVE,
INFINITIVE
187
6.8.8.1.
HABITUAL
IMPERATIVE:
R/VB-AKA
187
6.8.5.2.
HABITUAL
INFINITIVE:
KO-R/VB-AKA/AKA
188
6.8.5.3.
HABITUAL
SUBJUNCTIVE:
SM(HIGH)-R/VB-AKA
189
10
|
L
INGALA
6.8.9.
PROGRESSIVE
(PROGR):
AUXILIARY
CONSTRUCTION
WITH
-ZAL-
( BE
*
)
AND
CONTRACTION
TO
SM-ZO-R/VB-A
190
6.8.10.
OTHER
AUXILIARY
VERB
CONSTRUCTIONS
193
6.8.10.1.
-SENGEL-:
DYNAMIC
PARTICIPANT-IMPOSED
AND
DEONTIC
NECESSITY
195
6.8.10.2.
IFO:
DYNAMIC
PARTICIPANT-IMPOSED,
DEONTIC,
AND
EPISTEMIC
NECESSITY
196
6.8.10.3.
-YEB-
(
*
KNOW
*
):
DYNAMIC
PARTICIPANT-INHERENT
POSSIBILITY
196
6.8.10.4.
-KOK-
(
*
BE
ABLE
*
):
DYNAMIC
PARTICIPANT-IMPOSED,
DEONTIC,
AND
EPISTEMIC
POSSIBILITY
197
6.8.10.5.
-UT-
( COME
FROM
*
):
IMMEDIATE
ANTERIORITY
198
6.8.10.6.
-YA-
( COME
*
):
NEW
EVENT
OR
STATE
199
6.8.10.7.
-KOM-
(
*
ARRIVE
*
):
NEW
HABIT
199
6.8.10.8.
-LING-
(
*
WANT
*
):
PROXIMATIVE
200
6.8.10.9.
-TFK-
(
*
LEAVE
BEHIND
*
)
:
EGRESSIVE
201
6.8.10.10.
-SIL-
(
*
END
*
):
LAMITIVE
202
6.8.11.
AUXILIARY
VERB
CONSTRUCTIONS
WITH
MORE
THAN
TWO
VERBS
203
6.9.
VERB
DERIVATION
204
6.9.1.
STEM
REDUPLICATION
204
6.9.2.
ROOT
EXTENSIONS
208
6.9.2.1.
GENERAL
OBSERVATIONS
208
6.9.2.2.
-EL-
:
APPLICATIVE
210
6.9.2.3.
-IS-
:
CAUSATIVE
216
6.9.2.4.
-AN-
:
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
222
6.9.2.5.
-AM-
:
PASSIVE
224
6.9.2.6.
-W-
:
SEPARATIVE/REVERSIVE
227
6.9.2.7.
-OL-
:
SEPARATIVE/REVERSIVE/CAUSATIVE
227
6.9.2.S.
-UK-
AND
-US-
:
NEUTER
AND
CAUSATIVE
229
6.9.2.9.
-IK-
:
IMPOSITIVE-INTENSIVE
231
6.9.2.10.
-AL-
:
EXTENSIVE
231
6.9.2.11.
-AT-
-OT-
-UT-
:
CONTACTIVE
232
6.9.2.12.
-ANG-AN-,
-ENG-AN-,
-ING-AN-,
-UNG-AN-
:
REPETITIVE
PLUS
RECIPROCAL
232
6.9.2.13.
SEQUENCES
OF
ROOT
EXTENSIONS
233
1.
DOUBLE
APPLICATIVE
(-ELEL-)
233
L
INGALA
I
11
2.
DOUBLE
CAUSATIVES
(-ISIS-)
234
3.
DOUBLE
NEUTERS/RECIPROCALS
(-ANAN-)
237
4.
DOUBLE
PASSIVES
(UNATTESTED)
238
5.
APPLICATIVE
+
CAUSATIVE
(-ELIS-)
238
6.
CAUSATIVE
+
APPLICATIVE
(-ISEL-)
239
7.
APPLICATIVE
+
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
(-ELAN-)
240
8.
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
+
APPLICATIVE
(-ANEL-)
241
9.
APPLICATIVE
+
PASSIVE
(-ELAM-)
242
10.
PASSIVE
+
APPLICATIVE
(-AMEL-)
242
11.
CAUSATIVE
+
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
(-ISAN-)
243
12.
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
+
CAUSATIVE
(-ANIS-)
244
13.
CAUSATIVE
+
PASSIVE
(-ISAM-)
245
14.
PASSIVE
+
CAUSATIVE
(-AMIS-)
246
15.
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
+
PASSIVE
(-ANAM-)
246
16.
PASSIVE
+
NEUTER/RECIPROCAL
(UNATTESTED)
247
17.
MORE
THAN
TWO
247
7.
THE
VERB
PHRASE
AND
THE
SINGLE
CLAUSE
249
7.1.
VERB
PHRASE
NEGATION:
TE
249
7.2.
CONSTITUENT
ORDER
251
7.2.1.
DECLARATIVE
CLAUSES
251
7.2.2.
INTERROGATIVE
CLAUSES
254
7.2.3.
SUBJECT
INVERSION
CONSTRUCTIONS
256
7.2.3.1.
SUBJECT-PATIENT
INVERSION
256
7.2.3.2.
SEMANTIC
LOCATIVE
INVERSION
257
7.3.
COMPARATIVE
AND
SUPERLATIVE
CLAUSES
259
8.
CLAUSE
COMBINATIONS
263
8.1.
COMPLEMENT
CLAUSES
263
8.1.1.
NON-INTERROGATIVE
263
8.1.2.
POLAR
INTERROGATIVE
264
12
|
L
ING
A
LA
8.1.3.
CONTENT
INTERROGATIVE
264
8.2.
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
265
8.3.
EMBEDDED
TA
CATEGORIES
IN
NON-CONDITIONAL
CLAUSE
COMBINATIONS
268
8.4.
TA
CATEGORIES
IN
CONDITIONAL
CLAUSE
COMBINATIONS
270
8.4.1.
TABLE
270
8.4.2.
FACTUAL
CONDITIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
271
8.4.2.1.
ZERO
FACTUAL
CONDITIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
271
5.4.2.2.
NON-ZERO
FACTUAL
CONDITIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
272
8.4.3.
COUNTERFACTUAL
CONDITIONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
274
9.
SOME
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
277
9.1.
VERB
FOCUS:
DOUBLING
THE
VERB
OUTSIDE
THE
VERB
PHRASE
277
9.2.
SUBJECT
FOCUS
WITH
NDE
AS
FOCALIZER
278
9.2.1.
NDE
AS
ADVERB
278
9.2.2.
NDE
AS
SUBJECT-FOCALIZING
COPULA
278
9.3.
SUBJECT
AND
OBJECT
FOCUS
BY
MEANS
OF
OTHER
FOCALIZERS
279
9.3.1.
NON-INTERROGATIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
280
9.3.2.
INTERROGATIVE
FOCUS
CONSTRUCTIONS
281
10.
LINGA
L
A-FRENCH
CODESWITCHING:
SOME
GRAMMATICAL
REGULARITIES
283
10.1.
THE
NOUN
284
10.2.
THE
NOUN
PHRASE
286
10.3.
THE
VERB
287
10.3.1.
INFINITIVE
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.6)
287
10.3.2.
FUTURE
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8)
288
10.3.3.
PRESENT
1
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.3)
288
L
INGALA
|
13
10.3.4.
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.9)
289
10.3.5.
SUBJUNCTIVE
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.7.3)
289
10.3.6.
HABITUAL
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.7)
290
10.3.7.
PRESENT
2
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.4)
291
10.3.8.
PAST
1
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.5)
291
10.3.9.
PAST
2
(GRAMMATICAL
MEANINGS
AND
FUNCTIONS
AS
IN
6.8.6)
292
10.3.10.
REFLEXIVE
292
11.
SAMPLE
TEXT
295
REFERENCES
297
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Meeuwis, Michael 1968- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120421992 |
| author_facet | Meeuwis, Michael 1968- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Meeuwis, Michael 1968- |
| author_variant | m m mm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046938747 |
| classification_rvk | EP 13210 EP 16871 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1220912072 (DE-599)DNB1213375541 |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | Revised and extended edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046938747 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T08:21:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5300573-9 |
| isbn | 9783969390047 |
| language | English Lingala |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032347509 |
| oclc_num | 1220912072 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 |
| physical | 324 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | LINCOM GmbH |
| record_format | marc |
| series | LINCOM studies in African linguistics |
| series2 | LINCOM studies in African linguistics |
| spellingShingle | Meeuwis, Michael 1968- A grammatical overview of Lingála LINCOM studies in African linguistics Lingala (DE-588)4035834-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035834-3 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | A grammatical overview of Lingála |
| title_auth | A grammatical overview of Lingála |
| title_exact_search | A grammatical overview of Lingála |
| title_full | A grammatical overview of Lingála Michael Meeuwis |
| title_fullStr | A grammatical overview of Lingála Michael Meeuwis |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammatical overview of Lingála Michael Meeuwis |
| title_short | A grammatical overview of Lingála |
| title_sort | a grammatical overview of lingala |
| topic | Lingala (DE-588)4035834-3 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lingala Grammatik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032347509&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010325612 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meeuwismichael agrammaticaloverviewoflingala AT lincomeuropamunchen agrammaticaloverviewoflingala |