The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The evolution of UN sanctions |b from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |c Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The evolution of United Nations sanctions |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham, Switzerland |b Springer |c [2017] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2017 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a International relations | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Criminology and Criminal Justice | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Criminology and Criminal Justice, general | |
| 650 | 4 | |a International Relations | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Internationale Politik | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Meister, Shawna R. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1160062315 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Part I Evolution of UN Sanctions System 1 An American Interlude: Sanctions Reinvented................................. 1.1 Early American Trade Embargo for Independence...................... 1.2 WW1 and the Trading with the Enemy Act................................... 1.3 Sanctions for Peace, or for America’s Strategic Advantage........ References................................................................................................. 3 3 6 8 15 2 Creating the Security Council and Its Sanctions System................. 2.1 Defining Global Principles.............................................................. 2.2 Seven Years That Changed the World........................................... 2.3 The Foundations of the United Nations......................................... 2.4 US State Department and the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)............................................................ References................................................................................................. 17 17 19 20 3 Designing and Applying Chapter VII.................................................. 3.1 The Formation of the UN Sanctions System................................ 3.2 Article 41 in Action........................................................................ 3.3 Uniting for Peace Resolution.......................................................... 3.4 The Collective Measures Committee.............................................. References................................................................................................. 29 29 31
32 34 36 4 NAM.......................................................................................................... 4.1 Establishing the NAM.................................................................... 4.2 Restructuring the Security Council................................................ 4.3 The Dissipating Third Power.......................................................... References................................................................................................. 37 37 39 41 50 5 From Comprehensive to Smart and Fairer Sanctions....................... 5.1 Interpretation of Article 39 in a Changing Political Environment.................................................................... 51 23 28 51 xxi
xxii Contents 5.2 Johan Galtung and the Unintended Consequences of Sanctions..................................................................................... 5.3 Concerns Over the Humanitarian Effects of Comprehensive Sanctions.......................................................... 5.3.1 Haiti..................................................................................... 5.3.2 Iraq....................................................................................... 5.4 Monitoring of Sanctions................................................................ 5.5 Evaluating the Sanctions Process................................................... 5.5.1 Somalia............................................................................... 5.5.2 Angola/UNITA.................................................................... 5.5.3 Al Qaida and the Taliban................................................... 5.6 Smart and Targeted Sanctions: Harbingers from WW2 and America’s Economic Warfare............................. 5.6.1 Interlaken Process, Bonn/Berlin Process, Stockholm Process............................................................. References................................................................................................. 64 65 6 Backlash Against the Backlash........................................................... 6.1 Paradigm Paralysis......................................................................... 6.2 Paralysis Leading to Flawed Sanctions Designations.................. 6.3 Onward to the Past: Sanctions as Economic
Warfare.................. 6.4 Clear and Fair Procedures............................................................. References................................................................................................. 67 67 69 70 74 80 7 UN Sanctions Measures........................................................................ 7.1 Overview of UN Sanctions Measures........................................... 7.2 Arms Embargo: Introduction.......................................................... 7.2.1 Definitions of Arms........................................................... 7.2.2 Embargo on Conventional Arms....................................... 7.2.3 Embargo on Unconventional Arms................................... 7.2.4 Exemptions to Arms Embargoes....................................... 7.2.5 Territory Covered by Arms Embargoes............................. 7.2.6 Strategies by Arms Embargo Violators............................. 7.2.7 The Role of Customs Services in the Interception of Embargoed Goods.......................................................... 7.2.8 Interception on the High Seas: The Proliferation Security Initiative................................................................ 7.2.9 Vulnerabilities of the Transportation Industry................... 7.2.10 Financial Aspects of an Arms Embargo............................. 7.3 Travel Ban/No-Fly Zones and Restricting Aviation and Maritime Transportation Systems........................................... 7.3.1 Travel Ban: Purpose of Travel Restrictions...................... 7.3.2 Effective UN
Travel Bans................................................. 7.3.3 No-Fly Zones...................................................................... 7.3.4 Aviation Sanctions.............................................................. 7.3.5 Exemptions to UN Travel Ban, Aviation Sanctions, and No-Fly Zones.................................................... 81 81 81 82 83 85 87 88 89 52 55 56 56 57 59 61 62 62 63 91 92 94 95 95 96 97 98 98 100
Contents χχ։։* 7.4 Financial and Economic Sanctions: General Considerations .... 7.4.1 Asset Freeze........................................................................ 7.4.2 Financial Sanctions: Activity-Based Sanctions................. 7.4.3 Exemptions to UN Asset Freezes or Other Financial and Economic Measures.................................................... 7.4.4 Economic Measures and Restrictions on Trade with Natural Resources...................................................... 7.5 Luxury Sanctions............................................................................ 7.6 Diplomatic Sanctions...................................................................... References................................................................................................. 101 102 104 Commodity Sanctions............................................................................ 8.1 The Dilemma with Extraneous Interests....................................... 8.2 Pericles’Hubris.............................................................................. 8.3 Evolving Dilemmas in an Evolving Commodity Trading World................................................................................ 8.4 Congo: Illegal Gold Mining as a Form of Revolt......................... 8.5 Angola: UN Sanctions Serving Marketing Purposes..................... 8.6 Timber Sanctions in Cambodia and Liberia................................. 8.7 Commodity Sanctions on Libya and North Korea......................... 8.8 Historic Excesses of Commodity Sanctions: American Civil
War........................................................................ 8.9 Medieval Sanctions........................................................................ 8.9.1 Embargoes Against Arab-Muslims and the Rise of Military Slaves......................................... 8.9.2 Church, Crusade, and Commodity Embargoes................. 8.10 Unintended Effects of Commodity Sanctions............................... References.................................................................................................... Ill Ill 112 8 9 Emerging Threats and Sanctions: Abuses of Digital and Information Technologies................................................................. 9.1 Cyberspace: An Opportunity for Sanctions Violators?................. 9.2 Sovereign Responsibilities for Countering Cyberthreats............... 9.3 Cyphers and Conflicts.................................................................... 9.4 Early Cyber Warriors of the Civil War in Angola......................... 9.5 Al Shabaab in Somalia.................................................................... 9.6 From Al Qaida to ISIL.................................................................... 9.7 Virtual Jihad on the Social Networks.............................................. 9.8 Digital Tutoring of Terrorists.......................................................... 9.9 Leveraging International Resources Against the Digital Jihad............................................................................... 9.10 Technologist and Internet Service
Providers................................. 9.11 Making the Internet Intrusion-Proof.............................................. 9.11.1 Encryption........................................................................... 9.11.2 Distributed Ledger Technologies........................................ 9.12 Institutional Responses.................................................................. References..................................................................................................... 105 106 107 107 108 113 114 117 121 124 125 127 128 129 130 131 133 133 134 137 138 141 143 147 149 150 151 153 154 156 157 161
Contents XXIV Part II 10 11 Narratives of UN Sanctions Cases Earliest Comprehensive Sanctions*. Southern Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa.................................................................. 10.1 Overview....................................................................................... 10.2 Apartheid South Africa................................................................ 10.2.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Apartheid South Africa..................................................................... 10.2.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 10.2.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 10.3 Southern Rhodesia......................................................................... 10.3.1 Political Context of the Southern Rhodesia Conflict........................................... 10.3.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 10.3.3 Conclusions.................................................................... References.................................................................................................. Humanitarian Collateral Costs: From Iraq to Yugoslavia to Haiti...................................................................................................... 11.1 Overview....................................................................................... 11.2 Iraq 1............................................................................................... 11.2.1 Political Context of Iraq 1
Sanctions.............................. 11.2.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 11.3 Iraq II............................................................................................. 11.3.1 Political Context of Iraq II Sanctions............................. 11.3.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 11.3.3 Collateral Humanitarian Costsand “Oil-for-Food”.... 11.3.4 The War on Iraq’s WMD................................................ 11.4 Iraq III........................................................................................... 11.4.1 Political Context of Iraq III Sanctions............................ 11.4.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 11.4.3 Conclusions..................................................................... 11.5 Yugoslavia..................................................................................... 11.5.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Former Yugoslavia................................................ 11.5.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 11.5.3 Sanctions Policies for Bosnia-Herzegovina................. 11.5.4 Kosovo............................................................................. 11.5.5 Conclusions..................................................................... 11.6 Haiti................................................................................................ 11.6.1 Political Context of Sanctionson Haiti..........................
11.6.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 11.6.3 Conclusions..................................................................... References.................................................................................................. 165 165 166 166 170 173 173 173 174 180 180 183 183 184 184 186 189 189 190 191 194 198 198 199 202 203 203 203 205 210 213 214 214 215 220 221
Contents 12 13 The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon......................... 12.1 Introduction: The UN’s Institutional Framework...................... 12.1.1 UN Sanctions Enforcement Standards Not Universally Agreed................................................. 12.1.2 Might Makes Right........................................................ 12.2 Libya I........................................................................................... 12.2.1 Political Context of LibyaI Sanctions .......................... 12.2.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 12.2.3 Conclusions................................................................... 12.3 Sudani........................................................................................... 12.3.1 Political Context of SudanI Sanctions.......................... 12.3.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 12.3.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 12.4 Taliban, Al Qaida, and ISIL.......................................................... 12.4.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Taliban and Al Qaida (and the Addition of ISIL)....................... 12.4.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 12.4.3 The Attacks on 9/11, Resolution 1373, and UN Sanction’s Integrity........................................... 12.4.4 US Leadership in the War on Terrorism....................... 12.4.5 Fair and Clear
Procedures.............................................. 12.4.6 Al Qaida Post-bin Laden................................................ 12.4.7 The Taliban 1988 Sanctions Regime............................. 12.4.8 The Al Qaida 1267/1989 Sanctions Regime................. 12.4.9 Al Qaida Affiliates and ISIL......................................... 12.4.10 Al Nusra Front, IS, and ISIL......................................... 12.4.11 Conclusions.................................................................... 12.5 Lebanon......................................................................................... 12.5.1 Political Context of Sanctions onLebanon.................... 12.5.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 12.5.3 Conclusions.................................................................... References................................................................................................. Asymmetric Enemies in Somalia, Cambodia, Angola, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Eritrea-Ethiopia, Liberia I-III, Congo (Zaire), Ivory Coast, Sudan II, Libya, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Yemen, South Sudan............................... 13.1 Introduction................................................................................... 13.2 Somalia and Eritrea....................................................................... 13.2.1 Political Context of Somalia and Eritrea Sanctions...................................................... 13.2.2 Sanctions Policies..........................................................
13.2.3 Targeted Sanctions.......................................................... 13.2.4 Secondary Sanctions on Eritrea...................................... 13.2.5 Conclusions..................................................................... xxv 225 225 228 230 231 231 234 240 241 241 244 247 248 248 251 254 257 259 261 263 266 267 268 272 274 274 276 279 279 283 283 285 285 287 290 292 292
xxvi Contents 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 Cambodia....................................................................................... 13.3.1 Political Context of Voluntary Cambodia Sanctions........................................................................ 13.3.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.3.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Angola/UNITA............................................................................... 13.4.1 Political Context of Angola/UNITA Sanctions............. 13.4.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.4.3 Introduction of Smart Sanctions................................... 13.4.4 Conclusions.................................................................... Rwanda......................................................................................... 13.5.1 Political Context of Rwanda Sanctions......................... 13.5.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.5.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Liberial......................................................................................... 13.6.1 Political Context of Liberia I Sanctions......................... 13.6.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.6.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Sierra
Leone.................................................................................. 13.7.1 Political Context of Sierra Leone Sanctions................. 13.7.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.7.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Eritrea-Ethiopia............................................................................ 13.8.1 Political Context of Eritrea-Ethiopia Sanctions.......... 13.8.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.8.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Libériái!....................................................................................... 13.9.1 Political Context of Liberia II Sanctions....................... 13.9.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.9.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Liberiani....................................................................................... 13.10.1 Political Context of Liberia III Sanctions.................... 13.10.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.10.3 Conclusions.................................................................... Democratic Republic of Congo................................................... 13.11.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Democratic Republic of Congo..................................... 13.11.2 Sanctions
Policies.......................................................... 13.11.3 Securing and Securitizing Commodities....................... 13.11.4 Sanctions for Peace........................................................ 13.11.5 Conclusions..................................................................... Ivory Coast..................................................................................... 13.12.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Côte d’Ivoire.......... 13.12.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.12.3 Natural Resources and Commodities............................. 294 294 296 298 300 300 301 302 306 307 307 311 315 316 316 319 320 321 321 323 326 327 327 328 329 330 330 331 334 334 334 336 337 338 338 340 344 346 348 350 350 352 354
Contents 13.12.4 Targeted Sanctions Measures......................................... 13.12.5 Targeted Sanctions on a Sitting Head of State.............. 13.12.6 Conclusions.................................................................... 13.13 Sudan II........................................................................................ 13.13.1 Political Context of Sudan II Sanctions......................... 13.13.2 Sanctions Policies on an Alleged Genocide................... 13.13.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 13.14 Guinea-Bissau.............................................................................. 13.14.1 Political Context of Guinea-Bissau Sanctions.............. 13.14.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.14.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 13.15 Central African Republic.............................................................. 13.15.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Central African Republic............................................................ 13.15.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.15.3 Smart Sanctions Prove Ineffective................................. 13.15.4 Conclusions.................................................................... 13.16 Yemen........................................................................................... 13.16.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Yemen....................... 13.16.2 Sanctions
Policies.......................................................... 13.16.3 UN Sanctions Held Hostage......................................... 13.16.4 Rigged UN Interventions................................................ 13.16.5 Conclusions.................................................................... 13.17 South Sudan................................................................................... 13.17.1 Political Context of South Sudan Sanctions................. 13.17.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 13.17.3 Conclusions.................................................................... References................................................................................................. 14 Back to the Future: The Non-Proliferation Cases of Iran, North Korea and R2P Sanctions on Libya......................................... 14.1 Introduction................................................................................... 14.2 DPRK............................................................................................. 14.2.1 Political Context of the Conflict................................... 14.2.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 14.2.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 14.3 Iran................................................................................................. 14.3.1 Political Context of Iran Non-proliferation Sanctions........................................................................ 14.3.2
Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 14.3.3 Conclusions.................................................................... 14.4 LibyalI........................................................................................... 14.4.1 Political Context of Libya II Sanctions......................... 14.4.2 Sanctions Policies.......................................................... 14.4.3 Fighting Violence with Violence................................... XXVII 354 357 359 360 360 364 370 371 371 372 375 375 375 377 380 381 382 382 384 386 387 388 389 389 392 395 397 409 409 412 412 414 420 421 421 423 431 432 432 434 436
xxviii Contents 14.4.4 From Civilian Protection to Regime-Change to Counterterrorism Sanctions....................................... 14.4.5 Conclusions.................................................................... References................................................................................................. 441 446 446 Part III Analysis, Conclusions and Recommendations 15 Analysis and Conclusions........................................................ 15.1 Analysis of Purposes, Inhibitors and Outcomes......................... 15.1.1 Distinguishing Between UN Sanctions and the Use of Armed Force......................................... 15.1.2 Recommendation: UN Sanctions for a Post-P5 World Order.................................................................... References................................................................................................. 453 453 Index.................................................................................................................. 483 476 481 482
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Contents Part I Evolution of UN Sanctions System 1 An American Interlude: Sanctions Reinvented. 1.1 Early American Trade Embargo for Independence. 1.2 WW1 and the Trading with the Enemy Act. 1.3 Sanctions for Peace, or for America’s Strategic Advantage. References. 3 3 6 8 15 2 Creating the Security Council and Its Sanctions System. 2.1 Defining Global Principles. 2.2 Seven Years That Changed the World. 2.3 The Foundations of the United Nations. 2.4 US State Department and the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). References. 17 17 19 20 3 Designing and Applying Chapter VII. 3.1 The Formation of the UN Sanctions System. 3.2 Article 41 in Action. 3.3 Uniting for Peace Resolution. 3.4 The Collective Measures Committee. References. 29 29 31
32 34 36 4 NAM. 4.1 Establishing the NAM. 4.2 Restructuring the Security Council. 4.3 The Dissipating Third Power. References. 37 37 39 41 50 5 From Comprehensive to Smart and Fairer Sanctions. 5.1 Interpretation of Article 39 in a Changing Political Environment. 51 23 28 51 xxi
xxii Contents 5.2 Johan Galtung and the Unintended Consequences of Sanctions. 5.3 Concerns Over the Humanitarian Effects of Comprehensive Sanctions. 5.3.1 Haiti. 5.3.2 Iraq. 5.4 Monitoring of Sanctions. 5.5 Evaluating the Sanctions Process. 5.5.1 Somalia. 5.5.2 Angola/UNITA. 5.5.3 Al Qaida and the Taliban. 5.6 Smart and Targeted Sanctions: Harbingers from WW2 and America’s Economic Warfare. 5.6.1 Interlaken Process, Bonn/Berlin Process, Stockholm Process. References. 64 65 6 Backlash Against the Backlash. 6.1 Paradigm Paralysis. 6.2 Paralysis Leading to Flawed Sanctions Designations. 6.3 Onward to the Past: Sanctions as Economic
Warfare. 6.4 Clear and Fair Procedures. References. 67 67 69 70 74 80 7 UN Sanctions Measures. 7.1 Overview of UN Sanctions Measures. 7.2 Arms Embargo: Introduction. 7.2.1 Definitions of Arms. 7.2.2 Embargo on Conventional Arms. 7.2.3 Embargo on Unconventional Arms. 7.2.4 Exemptions to Arms Embargoes. 7.2.5 Territory Covered by Arms Embargoes. 7.2.6 Strategies by Arms Embargo Violators. 7.2.7 The Role of Customs Services in the Interception of Embargoed Goods. 7.2.8 Interception on the High Seas: The Proliferation Security Initiative. 7.2.9 Vulnerabilities of the Transportation Industry. 7.2.10 Financial Aspects of an Arms Embargo. 7.3 Travel Ban/No-Fly Zones and Restricting Aviation and Maritime Transportation Systems. 7.3.1 Travel Ban: Purpose of Travel Restrictions. 7.3.2 Effective UN
Travel Bans. 7.3.3 No-Fly Zones. 7.3.4 Aviation Sanctions. 7.3.5 Exemptions to UN Travel Ban, Aviation Sanctions, and No-Fly Zones. 81 81 81 82 83 85 87 88 89 52 55 56 56 57 59 61 62 62 63 91 92 94 95 95 96 97 98 98 100
Contents χχ։։* 7.4 Financial and Economic Sanctions: General Considerations . 7.4.1 Asset Freeze. 7.4.2 Financial Sanctions: Activity-Based Sanctions. 7.4.3 Exemptions to UN Asset Freezes or Other Financial and Economic Measures. 7.4.4 Economic Measures and Restrictions on Trade with Natural Resources. 7.5 Luxury Sanctions. 7.6 Diplomatic Sanctions. References. 101 102 104 Commodity Sanctions. 8.1 The Dilemma with Extraneous Interests. 8.2 Pericles’Hubris. 8.3 Evolving Dilemmas in an Evolving Commodity Trading World. 8.4 Congo: Illegal Gold Mining as a Form of Revolt. 8.5 Angola: UN Sanctions Serving Marketing Purposes. 8.6 Timber Sanctions in Cambodia and Liberia. 8.7 Commodity Sanctions on Libya and North Korea. 8.8 Historic Excesses of Commodity Sanctions: American Civil
War. 8.9 Medieval Sanctions. 8.9.1 Embargoes Against Arab-Muslims and the Rise of Military Slaves. 8.9.2 Church, Crusade, and Commodity Embargoes. 8.10 Unintended Effects of Commodity Sanctions. References. Ill Ill 112 8 9 Emerging Threats and Sanctions: Abuses of Digital and Information Technologies. 9.1 Cyberspace: An Opportunity for Sanctions Violators?. 9.2 Sovereign Responsibilities for Countering Cyberthreats. 9.3 Cyphers and Conflicts. 9.4 Early Cyber Warriors of the Civil War in Angola. 9.5 Al Shabaab in Somalia. 9.6 From Al Qaida to ISIL. 9.7 Virtual Jihad on the Social Networks. 9.8 Digital Tutoring of Terrorists. 9.9 Leveraging International Resources Against the Digital Jihad. 9.10 Technologist and Internet Service
Providers. 9.11 Making the Internet Intrusion-Proof. 9.11.1 Encryption. 9.11.2 Distributed Ledger Technologies. 9.12 Institutional Responses. References. 105 106 107 107 108 113 114 117 121 124 125 127 128 129 130 131 133 133 134 137 138 141 143 147 149 150 151 153 154 156 157 161
Contents XXIV Part II 10 11 Narratives of UN Sanctions Cases Earliest Comprehensive Sanctions*. Southern Rhodesia and Apartheid South Africa. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 Apartheid South Africa. 10.2.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Apartheid South Africa. 10.2.2 Sanctions Policies. 10.2.3 Conclusions. 10.3 Southern Rhodesia. 10.3.1 Political Context of the Southern Rhodesia Conflict. 10.3.2 Sanctions Policies. 10.3.3 Conclusions. References. Humanitarian Collateral Costs: From Iraq to Yugoslavia to Haiti. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Iraq 1. 11.2.1 Political Context of Iraq 1
Sanctions. 11.2.2 Sanctions Policies. 11.3 Iraq II. 11.3.1 Political Context of Iraq II Sanctions. 11.3.2 Sanctions Policies. 11.3.3 Collateral Humanitarian Costsand “Oil-for-Food”. 11.3.4 The War on Iraq’s WMD. 11.4 Iraq III. 11.4.1 Political Context of Iraq III Sanctions. 11.4.2 Sanctions Policies. 11.4.3 Conclusions. 11.5 Yugoslavia. 11.5.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Former Yugoslavia. 11.5.2 Sanctions Policies. 11.5.3 Sanctions Policies for Bosnia-Herzegovina. 11.5.4 Kosovo. 11.5.5 Conclusions. 11.6 Haiti. 11.6.1 Political Context of Sanctionson Haiti.
11.6.2 Sanctions Policies. 11.6.3 Conclusions. References. 165 165 166 166 170 173 173 173 174 180 180 183 183 184 184 186 189 189 190 191 194 198 198 199 202 203 203 203 205 210 213 214 214 215 220 221
Contents 12 13 The Spread of Terrorism: Libya I, Sudan I, Afghanistan/Taliban, Al Qaeda and ISIL, Lebanon. 12.1 Introduction: The UN’s Institutional Framework. 12.1.1 UN Sanctions Enforcement Standards Not Universally Agreed. 12.1.2 Might Makes Right. 12.2 Libya I. 12.2.1 Political Context of LibyaI Sanctions . 12.2.2 Sanctions Policies. 12.2.3 Conclusions. 12.3 Sudani. 12.3.1 Political Context of SudanI Sanctions. 12.3.2 Sanctions Policies. 12.3.3 Conclusions. 12.4 Taliban, Al Qaida, and ISIL. 12.4.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Taliban and Al Qaida (and the Addition of ISIL). 12.4.2 Sanctions Policies. 12.4.3 The Attacks on 9/11, Resolution 1373, and UN Sanction’s Integrity. 12.4.4 US Leadership in the War on Terrorism. 12.4.5 Fair and Clear
Procedures. 12.4.6 Al Qaida Post-bin Laden. 12.4.7 The Taliban 1988 Sanctions Regime. 12.4.8 The Al Qaida 1267/1989 Sanctions Regime. 12.4.9 Al Qaida Affiliates and ISIL. 12.4.10 Al Nusra Front, IS, and ISIL. 12.4.11 Conclusions. 12.5 Lebanon. 12.5.1 Political Context of Sanctions onLebanon. 12.5.2 Sanctions Policies. 12.5.3 Conclusions. References. Asymmetric Enemies in Somalia, Cambodia, Angola, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Eritrea-Ethiopia, Liberia I-III, Congo (Zaire), Ivory Coast, Sudan II, Libya, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Yemen, South Sudan. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Somalia and Eritrea. 13.2.1 Political Context of Somalia and Eritrea Sanctions. 13.2.2 Sanctions Policies.
13.2.3 Targeted Sanctions. 13.2.4 Secondary Sanctions on Eritrea. 13.2.5 Conclusions. xxv 225 225 228 230 231 231 234 240 241 241 244 247 248 248 251 254 257 259 261 263 266 267 268 272 274 274 276 279 279 283 283 285 285 287 290 292 292
xxvi Contents 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 Cambodia. 13.3.1 Political Context of Voluntary Cambodia Sanctions. 13.3.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.3.3 Conclusions. Angola/UNITA. 13.4.1 Political Context of Angola/UNITA Sanctions. 13.4.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.4.3 Introduction of Smart Sanctions. 13.4.4 Conclusions. Rwanda. 13.5.1 Political Context of Rwanda Sanctions. 13.5.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.5.3 Conclusions. Liberial. 13.6.1 Political Context of Liberia I Sanctions. 13.6.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.6.3 Conclusions. Sierra
Leone. 13.7.1 Political Context of Sierra Leone Sanctions. 13.7.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.7.3 Conclusions. Eritrea-Ethiopia. 13.8.1 Political Context of Eritrea-Ethiopia Sanctions. 13.8.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.8.3 Conclusions. Libériái!. 13.9.1 Political Context of Liberia II Sanctions. 13.9.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.9.3 Conclusions. Liberiani. 13.10.1 Political Context of Liberia III Sanctions. 13.10.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.10.3 Conclusions. Democratic Republic of Congo. 13.11.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Democratic Republic of Congo. 13.11.2 Sanctions
Policies. 13.11.3 Securing and Securitizing Commodities. 13.11.4 Sanctions for Peace. 13.11.5 Conclusions. Ivory Coast. 13.12.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Côte d’Ivoire. 13.12.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.12.3 Natural Resources and Commodities. 294 294 296 298 300 300 301 302 306 307 307 311 315 316 316 319 320 321 321 323 326 327 327 328 329 330 330 331 334 334 334 336 337 338 338 340 344 346 348 350 350 352 354
Contents 13.12.4 Targeted Sanctions Measures. 13.12.5 Targeted Sanctions on a Sitting Head of State. 13.12.6 Conclusions. 13.13 Sudan II. 13.13.1 Political Context of Sudan II Sanctions. 13.13.2 Sanctions Policies on an Alleged Genocide. 13.13.3 Conclusions. 13.14 Guinea-Bissau. 13.14.1 Political Context of Guinea-Bissau Sanctions. 13.14.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.14.3 Conclusions. 13.15 Central African Republic. 13.15.1 Political Context of Sanctions on the Central African Republic. 13.15.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.15.3 Smart Sanctions Prove Ineffective. 13.15.4 Conclusions. 13.16 Yemen. 13.16.1 Political Context of Sanctions on Yemen. 13.16.2 Sanctions
Policies. 13.16.3 UN Sanctions Held Hostage. 13.16.4 Rigged UN Interventions. 13.16.5 Conclusions. 13.17 South Sudan. 13.17.1 Political Context of South Sudan Sanctions. 13.17.2 Sanctions Policies. 13.17.3 Conclusions. References. 14 Back to the Future: The Non-Proliferation Cases of Iran, North Korea and R2P Sanctions on Libya. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 DPRK. 14.2.1 Political Context of the Conflict. 14.2.2 Sanctions Policies. 14.2.3 Conclusions. 14.3 Iran. 14.3.1 Political Context of Iran Non-proliferation Sanctions. 14.3.2
Sanctions Policies. 14.3.3 Conclusions. 14.4 LibyalI. 14.4.1 Political Context of Libya II Sanctions. 14.4.2 Sanctions Policies. 14.4.3 Fighting Violence with Violence. XXVII 354 357 359 360 360 364 370 371 371 372 375 375 375 377 380 381 382 382 384 386 387 388 389 389 392 395 397 409 409 412 412 414 420 421 421 423 431 432 432 434 436
xxviii Contents 14.4.4 From Civilian Protection to Regime-Change to Counterterrorism Sanctions. 14.4.5 Conclusions. References. 441 446 446 Part III Analysis, Conclusions and Recommendations 15 Analysis and Conclusions. 15.1 Analysis of Purposes, Inhibitors and Outcomes. 15.1.1 Distinguishing Between UN Sanctions and the Use of Armed Force. 15.1.2 Recommendation: UN Sanctions for a Post-P5 World Order. References. 453 453 Index. 483 476 481 482 |
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| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Carisch, Enrico |
| author_variant | e c ec l r m lrm s r m sr srm |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| spelling | Carisch, Enrico Verfasser (DE-588)1099464161 aut The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister The evolution of United Nations sanctions Cham, Switzerland Springer [2017] © 2017 xxx, 501 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vereinte Nationen Sicherheitsrat (DE-588)1001797-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf International relations Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology and Criminal Justice, general International Relations Internationale Politik Sanktion (DE-588)4137830-1 gnd rswk-swf Vereinte Nationen Sicherheitsrat (DE-588)1001797-5 b Sanktion (DE-588)4137830-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Rickard-Martin, Loraine Verfasser (DE-588)1099464552 aut Meister, Shawna R. Verfasser (DE-588)1160062315 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-60005-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032056540&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Carisch, Enrico Rickard-Martin, Loraine Meister, Shawna R. The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights Vereinte Nationen Sicherheitsrat (DE-588)1001797-5 gnd International relations Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology and Criminal Justice, general International Relations Internationale Politik Sanktion (DE-588)4137830-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1001797-5 (DE-588)4137830-1 |
| title | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |
| title_alt | The evolution of United Nations sanctions |
| title_auth | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |
| title_exact_search | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |
| title_full | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister |
| title_fullStr | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister |
| title_full_unstemmed | The evolution of UN sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister |
| title_short | The evolution of UN sanctions |
| title_sort | the evolution of un sanctions from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace security and human rights |
| title_sub | from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights |
| topic | Vereinte Nationen Sicherheitsrat (DE-588)1001797-5 gnd International relations Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology and Criminal Justice, general International Relations Internationale Politik Sanktion (DE-588)4137830-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vereinte Nationen Sicherheitsrat International relations Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology and Criminal Justice, general International Relations Internationale Politik Sanktion |
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