Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wars and betweenness |b Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |c edited by Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov |
| 264 | 1 | |a Budapest ; New York |b Central European University Press |c 2020 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Piahanau, Aliaksandr |0 (DE-588)116060424X |4 edt | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
VU
INTRODUCTION *
ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU AND BOJAN ALEKSOV
CLUSTER ONE: BALANCING (OUT) OF POWER 25
1. THE ANATOMY OF AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A SPHERE OF INFLUENCE:
FRENCH POLICY TOWARDS CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE 1920S 27
GUSZTAV KECSKES D.
2. DEALING WITH A 17 STONE GERMANY : BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY TO-
WARDS DANUBIAN EUROPE, 1936-1939 41
DRAGON BAKIC
CLUSTER TWO: BORDERING
3. FRANCE AND THE PROBLEM OF THE BORDERS OF POLAND 1919-1923:
THE PROVINCE OF POSEN, DANZIG, UPPER SILESIA, AND VILNIUS 63
FREDERIC DESSBERG
4. TRANSYLVANIA AND THE SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS ROMANIA
AND HUNGARY, 1941-1945
ISKANDER E. MAGADEEV
CLUSTER THREE: PUTTING OUT FIRE WITH GASOLINE 101
5. ESTABLISHING FRENCH CONTROL OVER THE OIL FIELDS OF EASTERN
GALICIA, 1918-1923
SERGEY LEDENEV
VI CONTENTS
6. DIPLOMACY AND PETROLEUM: ITALY S FIGHT FOR ALBANIAN OILFIELDS
5
1920-1925 121
ALESSANDRO SETTE
CLUSTER FOUR: SELF-DETERMINATION? 139
7. BREAKING UP THE FORTRESS ON THE DANUBE? GERMAN POLICY
TOWARDS SLOVAKIA AND RUTHENIA, 1919-1933 141
DAVID X. NOACK
8. ITALY S DEFENSE OF AUSTRIAN INDEPENDENCE, 1918-1932 161
ANNE-SOPHIE NARDELLI-MALGRAND
CLUSTER FIVE: CULTURING AND PERCEIVING 179
9. ITALIAN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALKANS IN
1918-1945 181
STEFANO SANTORO
10. JAPANESE PERCEPTIONS OF GERMANY DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD 199
IAN NISH
BIBLIOGRAPHY 211
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 219
INDEX 221
Contents List of Acronyms vii Introduction Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov 1 Cluster One: Balancing (out) of Power 25 1. The Anatomy of an Attempt to Create a Sphere of Influence: French Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe in the 1920s Gusztáv Kecskés D. 2. Dealing with a “17 Stone Germany”: British Foreign Policy to wards Danubian Europe, 1936-1939 Dragan Bakié 27 41 Cluster Two: Bordering 61 3. France and the Problem of the Borders of Poland, 1919-1923: The Province of Posen, Danzig, Upper Silesia, and Vilnius Frédéric Dessberg 63 4. Transylvania and the Soviet Foreign Policy towards Romania and Hungary, 1941-1945 Iskander E. Magadeev 81 Cluster Three: Putting Out Fire with Gasoline 5. Establishing French Control over the Oil Fields of Eastern Galicia, 1918-1923 Sergey Ledenev 101 103
vi Contents 6. Diplomacy and Petroleum: Italy’s Fight for Albanian Oilfields, 1920-1925 Alessandro Sette 121 Cluster Four: Self-Determination? 7. Breaking Up the Fortress on the Danube? German Policy towards Slovakia and Ruthenia, 1919-1933 David X. Noack 139 141 8. Italy’s Defense of Austrian Independence, 1918-1932 Anne-Sophie Nardelli-Malgrand Cluster Five: Culturing and Perceiving 161 179 9. Italian Cultural Diplomacy in Central Europe and the Balkans in 1918-1945 181 Stefano Santoro 10. Japanese Perceptions of Germany during the Interwar Period Ian Nish 199 Bibliography 211 Notes on Contributors 219 Index 221
Index Addison, Joseph, 46, 49 Adriatic, 15, 21, 42, 162, 164 Africa, 15, 43, 142, 176 Aizawa, Kiyoshi, 206 Akiyama, captain, 201 Albania (Tirana), 9-10, 14-16, 20-21, 58, 121-38 Allied Ambassadors Conference in the 1920s, 18, 64, 78-79, 105-6, 114, 127 Allizé, Henri, 164-65 Alsace-Lorraine, 68, 70-72 Alto Adige. See Tyrol, South Amery, Leo S., 3 Anschluss, 14, 16, 22, 43, 50, 54-56, 161-65, 168-78 Antonescu, Ion, 91, 197 Antonescu, Mihai, 197 Archinard, Louis, 65 Asia, 142, 199, 205-6, 208 Auriti, Giacinto, 175 Australia, 4, Austria (Vienna), 2, 8, 12-16, 18, 2124, 28, 35, 42-44, 46, 49-55, 89, 106, 112-13, 116, 142, 153-54, 161-78, 209 Austro-German customs union agreement of 1931, 174 Axis of Berlin-Rome (-Tokyo), 17, 50, 57, 83, 86, 91, 93, 197, 199, 205-7 Bačka, 93 Baldwin, Stanley, 42, 53, 59 Balfour, Arthur, 66, 75 Balkans, 3, 13-15, 21, 33, 41, 57, 85, 89, 97, 122-24, 130, 138, 143, 162, 172, 174, 176, 181-98 Baltic, 14-15, 66, 68, 76-77 Bastianini, Giuseppe, 189 Bavaria, 89 Belarus, 15, 111 Belgium (Brussels), 45, 70n, 97, 167n Beneš, Edvard, 32, 47-49, 89-90, 116, 143, 153, 157, 166n Bentinck, Charles, 49 Bérenger, Henry, 119 Berlin Treaty of 1940 (Tripartite Pact), 11, 206, 208 Berthelot, Philippe, 117 Bessarabia, 15, 20, 32, 82, 84, 88, 9092 Bethlen, István, 172 Beuthen (Bytom), 74 Black Sea, 85, 190 Bonomi, Ivanoe, 126 Bordonaro, Antonio, 186 Borghese, Livio, 164-65 Boris III of Bulgaria, 197 Borysław, 103, 106, 112-13 Bosnia (and Herzegovina), 16 Bourgeois, Léon, 7 5 Bramwell, Christopher, 48, Brenner, 49, 164, 170 Briand, Aristide, 64, 69, 73-75, 78 Brocchi,
Igino, 163, 167, 173-75, 177 Bukovina, 82, 84, 90, 92, 109 Bulgaria, 2, 11, 14-15, 41, 57, 182, 197 Burgenland (Ödenburg, Sopron), 166
222 Cadman, John, 117, 135-36 Cadogan, Alexander, 51, 54 Cambon, Jules, 65-66 Campbell, Gregory, 141, Canada, 110, 114 Carr, Edward, 43-44, 48 Chamberlain, Joseph Austin, 134-36 Chamberlain, Neville, 14, 18, 42, 5359 Chautemps, Camille, 54 Churchill, Winston, 10, 15, 83, 89, 91, 93, 97, 11 In Ciano, Galeazzo, 190-91, 197 Clemenceau, Georges, 3, 64-66, 6869, 71, 80 Cluj, 30, 37 Colby, Bainbridge, 114 Cold War, 8 Collier, Lawrence, 44, 48 Contarini, Salvatore, 132, 134-37 Croatia (Zagreb), 16, 30, 182, 196 Curzon, George, 73, 76, 125-26 Czechoslovakia (Prague), 12-14, 18, 22, 27-34, 38, 41, 44, 46-55, 57֊ 58, 73, 76, 82, 84-85, 88-90, 94, 97-98, 104, 106-9, 113, 116, 141֊ 60, 166-70, 174, 181, 183, 186, 191, 194-95, 209 Czechoslovak-Soviet Mutual Assistance Pact of 1935, 48 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 181 Dalmatia, 16, 32, 181 Danube River (Valley), 7, 24, 16, 18, 23, 31, 57, 84, 87-88, 149, 159-60, 173, 184 Danzig, 14, 19, 51, 53, 63, 66, 68-69, 80 Davies, Norman, 111, 119n De Gaulle, Charles, 10 Debrecen, 94 Delbos, Yvon, 54 Delbrück, Hans, 202 Delvina, Sulejman bey, 122-25 Denis, Ernest, 65n, 68 Dimitrov, Georgi, 86, 94 Dirksen, Herbert von, 205 Index Dmowski, Roman, 63, 67-68, 78-79 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 42, 49, 176 Drohobych, 103, 106, 118 Duggan, Stephen, 11-12 Dupont, Charles, 69 Durazzo, Carlo, 126, 132-33 Eden, Anthony, 46, 50-51, 53-54, 84, 94, 98 Egypt (Cairo), 57, 91, 115 Estonia, 76 Ethiopia (Abyssinia), 43, 49, 192 Eupen and Malmedy, 70 European Union (EU), 8 Eyres, Harry, 130, 134-36 Facta, Luigi, 126 Finland, 83-85, 97 Fletcher, Henry, 137-38 Foch, Ferdinand, 31,
66-68, 76, 110, 112 Fouchet, Maurice, 166n Four Power Pact of 1933, 14, Fournier, colonel, 33 France (Paris), 2-3, 7, 11-14, 17, 19, 21-22, 27-40, 41-51, 54-55, 57-59, 63-80, 97, 103-20, 121, 123-29, 143, 161-62, 164-65, 167, 170, 17378, 181, 186, 191, 195, 200, 204-6 Franco, Francisco, 56 Franco-Czechoslovak Mutual Assistance Treaty of 1924, 32-33 Franco-Polish Military Agreement of 1921, 32, 34 Franco-Prussian war of 1870, 7, 28 Franco-Romanian Treaty of 1926, 32 Franco-Yugoslav Treaty of 1927, 32 Frank, Alison, 103-4, 108, 111, 115 Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871, 27 Friedeburg, Friedrich von, 71 Friihwirth, Samuel, 148 Galicia (in Central Europe), 20-21, 80, 82, 103-20 Geiger, Béla, 85 Geneva. See League of Nations Geneva Protocols of 1922, 167-68, 170
Index Genoa Conference of 1922, 39 Gentile, Giovanni, 194 Germany (Berlin), 2-3, 5, 7-19, 22-24, 27-28, 32-34, 37, 39-40, 41-59, 63-80, 81-83, 85, 88, 92-94, 98-99, 110, 112, 115-16, 119-20, 122, 141-60, 161-62, 167-68, 170-78, 181, 183, 190-93, 197-98, 199-209 Gerő, Ernő, 94 Gerwarth, Robert, 5, 10 Giannini, Amadeo, 184, 186 Gildea, Robert, 10 Giolitti, Giovanni, 122-23, 186 Gleiwitz (Gliwice), 74 Graham, Ronald, 135-36 Grandi, Dino, 162, 173-74, 177, 189 Grant-Smith, Ulysses, 129 Gratier, Jules, 72 Gravelli, Asvero, 171 Great Britain (United Kingdom, Lon don), 3-4, 7, 11-22, 28, 32, 36-37, 41-60, 63, 65-68, 70-80, 83-88, 91-93, 95-97, 99, 103, 105, 107-8, 110, 114-15, 117, 119, 121-38, 142, 143, 158-59, 161, 181, 204-6, 208 Great Depression, 14, 22, 40, 143, 163, 173, 192-93 Greece (Athens), 57-58, 92, 97, 124, 127, 130 Green, Connor, 49 Groza, Petru, 98 Guinea, New, 202 Gutschmid, Felix von, 200 Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary), 2, 5, 21, 23, 28, 31, 41, 70, 82, 103֊ 9, 122, 142, 161, 165-67, 173, 175, 183-84, 186 Hadow, Robert, 48-49 Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood), 53-58 Haller, Józef, 110-11 Hauerland, 145 Henlein, Konrad, 47 Henrys, Paul Prosper, 112 Herriot, Édouard, 170 Hesse, Max von, 144, 148 223 Hiranuma, Kiichiro, 205 Hitler, Adolf, 7, 13-14, 16, 18, 42, 44֊ 45, 48, 53-54, 59, 86-87, 92-93, 98, 160, 163, 183, 192, 197, 203, 208-9 Hlinka, Andrej, 38, 150-51, 153-55 Hohenzollern Reich, 12, Holocaust, 4 Horthy, Miklós, 83, 86, 93-94, 192 Höfer, Karl, 71 Hungary (Budapest), 2, 11, 13-16, 1920, 22-23, 32, 35, 39, 41, 49, 57, 81-99, 109, 112-13, 116, 142, 146, 148-49,
152, 155, 157, 159-60, 166-67, 169, 172-75, 182, 184, 186, 191-95, 197, 198 Huta Bankowa, 35 IMRO (Macedonia), 16, 182 Ingram, Maurice, 56 Iorga, Nicolae, 187 Iraq, 138 Iron Curtain, 8, 15, Ishii, Kikujirõ, 75 Ishiwara, Kanji, 201 Istria, 164 Italy (Rome), 3, 5, 7, 11-17, 19, 21-24, 32-33, 40, 41-44, 49-50, 54, 58, 72, 75, 82, 85-86, 119, 121-38, 161-78, 181-98, 205-8 Japan (Tokyo), 3, 4, 11, 17, 22-24, 43, 75, 199-209 Jehlička, František, 150-51 Jews, 8, 24, 38, 93, 156, 193-94, 209 Kállay, Miklós, 197 Kato, Kanji, 201 Kattowitz (Katowice), 35, 74 Khalkhyn Gol. See Nomonhan Kiaochow, 201 Kiev, 111 Koch, Walter, 144, 147, 149-51, 156, 158 Köleci, Gjergi, 133 Konoe, Fumimaro, 206 Korfanty, Wojciech, 71-74
224 Košice, 16, 22, 143-44, 147, 149, 156, 158 Kraków, 106, 150 Kristóffy, József, 83 Latvia, 76 Lavrent’ev, Anatolii, 96 Le Rond, Henri, 71-74 League of Nations (Geneva), 3^1, 3839, 44-45, 69, 75, 80, 121, 124-25, 159, 167-68, 170, 173, 175, 192, 202-3, 205 Lebanon, 121 Leeper, Reginald, 43 Leith-Ross, Frederick, 56 Lenin, Vladimir, 21 Leygues, Georges, 77 Libohova, Ekrem bey, 134 Libohova, Myfid bey, 133 Limanowa, 107 Lithuania (Vilnius), 19, 35, 38, 63-65, 75-80, 85, 145 Little Entente, 11, 13-14, 36-37, 39, 41, 116, 143, 166, 173, 175, 18182, 186 Litvinov, Maxim, 87, 89-90, 93, 96-97 Lloyd George, David, 3, 65, 68-69, 71, 74-75, 121 Lo Gatto, Ettore, 184, 194-96 Locarno Treaties of 1925, 13, 17, 40, 44-46, 143, 170, 178 Lodomeria, 106 London Treaty of 1915, 122, 181 Lwów, 105, 109-11 Maisky, Ivan, 90 Makarov, Fedor, 93 Malinovsky, Rodion, 92 Malta (La Valletta), 124, 127 Manchuria (Manchukuo), 199, 202-6 Maniu, Iuliu, 38, 86, 88, 90-91, 95 Manzone, Bruno, 191-92, 197 Marienwerder and Allenstein, 69, 73 Marinis, Andreo de, 72 Masaryk, Tomáš, 8, 144, 151 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 206-8 Index Maver, Giovanni, 196 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 23, 184, 186, 188 Meckel, Klemens Jacob, 200, 203 Mediterranean, 13, 15, 50, 57-58, 127, 190 Memel (Klaipeda), 51, 79 Mesopotamia, 121 Mexico, 138 Michael I of Romania, 91 Middle (Central and/or Eastern) Europe, 1-20, 23, 27-29, 32, 34, 39, 45-46, 49-52, 54-58, 63-64, 68, 70, 74, 78, 80, 81, 84-85, 87-88, 90, 93, 96-99, 103-4, 109, 111, 115, 120, 142-45, 160, 162-67, 173-75, 178, 181-86, 188, 192, 195, 197-98 Miklós, Béla, 94 Millerand, Alexandre, 64,
73, 75, 109, 112, 121 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 83, 85-94, 97, 207 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, 15, 24, 82-83 Mongolia, 24, 205 Montenegro, 16, 196 Mosca, Rudolfo, 193, 198 Mosconi, Antonio, 174 Moscow Conference of 1943, 87-89 Mougeot, Léon, 115, 119 Munich Conference of 1938, 14, 18, 57, 89, 148, 194 Mussolini, Benito, 12, 15-16, 22, 42, 44, 49-50, 126-28, 130, 132-38, 162, 168-78, 181-82, 184-85, 188֊ 94, 197-98 Nanking, 24, 204-5 Naumann, Friedrich, 7n, 8 New Zealand, 4, Nicolson, Harold, 51 Nitti, Francesco Saverio, 121, 162, 164-65 Noli, Fan, 122, 128, 131-32 Nomonhan (Khalkhyn Gol), 205, 207 Novikov, Kirill, 87 Novikov, Nikolai, 91
Index O’Malley, Owen, 43, 48, 50, 56, 59 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 3, 183 Ortiz, Ramiro, 187 Oshima, Hiroshi, 203, 205, 209 Pacific, 24, 142, 199 Paderewski, Ignacy, 67 Palestine, 121 Paris Peace Conference (Treaties) of 1919, 2-6, 9, 11, 20, 28, 38, 41-42, 63-65, 76, 82, 103, 142, 161-70, 172, 178, 192, 199 Paris Peace Conference (Treaties) of 1946, 20 Párvan, Vasile, 187 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu, 91-92 Pauker, Ana, 92 Pearl Harbor, 199, 207 Pelle, Maurice, 31 Percival, Henry, 72 Perkins, Charles, 114-15 Perricone, Ugo, 127 Persia, 138 Petrushevych, Yevhen, 110 Pfrimer, Walter, 175-76 Phipps, Eric, 45 Pichon, Stephen, 65-66, 116 Piłsudski, Józef, 63, 67, 76-78 Pilz, Erasme, 67 Pineau, Louis, 107 Pinon, René, 64 Pirelli, Alberto, 173n, 174 Poincaré, Raymond, 35-36, 64 Poland (Warsaw), 11-15, 18-19, 21, 24, 27-28, 30-39, 58, 63-80, 82, 85, 89, 97, 103-20, 142, 145, 15051, 159, 183, 209 Pomerania, 67 Porto Rose Conference of 1921, 167 Posen, Province of, 19, 63, 66-68, 7980 Potsdam Conference of 1945, 18 Prussia, 7, 28, 66-67, 69-70, 79, 200, 203 Przemyśl, ПО Quaroni, Pietro, 137 225 Rădescu, Nicolae, 95-96, 98 Rákosi, Mátyás, 86 Ránki, György, 9 Reinebeck, Otto, 144—45, 147, 152-53, 155 Renner, Karl, 116 Rhine River (Rhineland), 16-17, 4445, 80, 170 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 15, 24, 8283, 203-4, 207 Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, 76, 78, 105, 109 Romania (Bucharest), 2, 11, 13-15, 19-21, 27-39, 41, 57-58, 81-99, 109, 138, 142-43, 155, 159, 18187, 191-92, 194-95, 197 Rome Protocols of 1934, 13, 49 Rome Treaty of 1924, 132 Roosevelt, Franklin, 97 Rothermere, Lord (Harold Harmsworth),
23 Russia (imperial and Soviet, USSR, Moscow), 3, 5, 7-8, 11-15, 19, 22֊ 24, 27-28, 31-32, 35-36, 41, 46, 48, 64, 66, 76-80, 81-99, 103, 105, 108-14, 120, 155, 158-59, 192, 199-200, 203-7 Ruthenia, (Sub-) Carpathian, 22, 82, 89, 98, 106, 109-10, 114, 141-42, 114-45, 148, 152, 154-60 Saenger, Samuel, 144, 156-58 Saint-Germain Peace Treaty of 1919, 4, 103, 105, 109, 116, 156, 159, 162, 169, 176 Samoa, 201-2 San Remo Conference of 1920, 105, 117, 121-22 San River, 106 Sargent, Orme, 43, 45, 51-52, 54, 58 Schellert, Gerhard, 148 Schmidt, Ernst, 141, 147, 152 Schnee, Heinrich, 202-3 Scialoja, Vittorio, 129, 164-65 Scoppa, Renato, 197 Semmering agreements of 1932, 17374
226 Sforza, Carlo, 75, 123-25, 164, 167, 175, 184 Shanghai, 204 Sheffield, Edward, 129 Shiratori, Toshio, 205, 209 Shkodër, 127 Silesia, 19, 35, 64, 66-67, 70-80 Simon, John, 48 Slovakia (Bratislava), 16, 22, 37-38, 89, 93, 141-56, 159-60, 197 Slovenia, 16, 196 Smirnov, Andrei, 88 Snyder, Timothy, 6-7, 78 Sola, Ugo, 133, 136, 191-92 Solf, Wilhelm, 201-2 Sonnino, Sidney, 163 Spiš/Zips, 145-46 Špíšek, Ferdinand, 29 Stalin, Joseph, 7, 15, 84-85, 87, 89-90, 93-94, 96-99, 207 Stalin-Churchill “percentages” agree ment in 1944, 15 Stalingrad, 86 Ştirbey, Barbu, 91 Stirling, Walter, 127, 133 Strang, William, 44, 50-51, 54 Stresa Conference of 1932, 162, 175֊ 77 Stresa Conference (Front) of 1935, 42, 44, 49 Stuart, Romeo, 183 Sudetenland (Germans of), 14, 18, 22, 44, 46-48, 54-55, 144-45, 150, 194 Suvich, Fulvio, 173n, 176 Suwałki, 76, 77 Syria, 121 Szálasi, Ferenc, 194 Tamaro, Attilio, 167-68 Tanaka, Giichi, 202 Tanganyika, 202 Tardieu, André, 175 Tarnopol, 106 Tehran Conference of 1943, 89 Tellini, Enrico, 130 Teschen (Těšín, Cieszyn), 73η, 150η Index Thirty Years War (Second), 10-11, 20 Timișoara, 37 Tittoni, Tomaso, 124 Togo, Shigenori, 201 Tolkien, John, 9 Tománek, Florián, 153 Torretta, Delta, 166, 175 Transylvania, 19-20, 38-39, 81-99 Trautmann, Oskar, 204-5 Traverso, Enzo, 10 Trianon Treaty of 1920, 5, 39n Trieste, 163-64, 171, 173 Třinec, 35 Tripartite Pact. See Berlin Treaty of 1940 Trotter, Ann, 200 Tuka, Vojtech, 150, 152 Turkey (Ottoman empire), 2, 5, 57, 97, 121-22 Tyrol, South, 42, 162, 164, 170 Ukraine (Ukrainians), 15, 21, 80, 82, 89, 103, 105, 109-16, 120, 155,
158-59 United States of America (US, Wa shington), 3, 11, 14, 21, 24, 36, 65, 84, 87-88, 97, 99, 110, 114, 12021, 123-25, 128-29, 137, 203-4, 206-7 Urbanek, Kurt, 7 2 Ustaše (Croatia), 15, 182 Vansittart, Robert, 43-49, 51-52, 54, 56, 58-59 Vatican, 89 Venezuela, 138 Venice, 171 Veriaci, Shefqet bey, 131 Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, 3-7, 16-18, 27-28, 34, 37, 39, 44, 6870, 103, 142, 159-60 Versailles, Treaties of. See Paris Peace Conference Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, 197 Vienna Awards of 1938 and of 1940, 18-20, 57, 82-83, 93
Index Vistula River, 66, 68-69, 73, 77 Vlorë, 122-24 Voroshilov, Kliment, 87-88, 92, 94 Vrioni, Ilias bey, 125, 130-31 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 92, 94-97 Wakamatsu, colonel, 204 Wandycz, Piotr S., 104, 107 Wigram, Ralph, 43, 45, 54 Wilson, Woodrow, 3-4, 21, 63-64, 6869, 71, 114, 181 Winkler, Heinrich, 10 World War I (Great War, First World War), 1-2, 4-5, 7, 15-17, 28-29, 33, 36-37, 39, 42, 103, 105, 107, 113, 115, 120-21, 132, 138, 142, 144, 148, 155, 181, 183 227 World War II (Second World War), 10, 14, 18, 20, 23-24, 42, 59, 79, 81, 83-84, 98, 111, 195, 199 Yalta Conference of 1945, 97 Yugoslavia (Belgrade), 2, 5, 13, 5, 27-28, 32-33, 35-36, 41, 57-58, 93-94, 124, 126, 131-33, 142-43, 164, 166, 181-82, 190, 196 Zanotti Bianco, Umberto, 184 Žatkovič, Gregory, 157 Żeligowski, Lucjan, 77 Zogolli, Ahmet bey (Zog I of Albania), 122, 126-36, 138 Zorin, Valerian, 88, 91
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
VU
INTRODUCTION *
ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU AND BOJAN ALEKSOV
CLUSTER ONE: BALANCING (OUT) OF POWER 25
1. THE ANATOMY OF AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A SPHERE OF INFLUENCE:
FRENCH POLICY TOWARDS CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE 1920S 27
GUSZTAV KECSKES D.
2. DEALING WITH A "17 STONE GERMANY": BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY TO-
WARDS DANUBIAN EUROPE, 1936-1939 41
DRAGON BAKIC
CLUSTER TWO: BORDERING
3. FRANCE AND THE PROBLEM OF THE BORDERS OF POLAND 1919-1923:
THE PROVINCE OF POSEN, DANZIG, UPPER SILESIA, AND VILNIUS 63
FREDERIC DESSBERG
4. TRANSYLVANIA AND THE SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS ROMANIA
AND HUNGARY, 1941-1945
ISKANDER E. MAGADEEV
CLUSTER THREE: PUTTING OUT FIRE WITH GASOLINE 101
5. ESTABLISHING FRENCH CONTROL OVER THE OIL FIELDS OF EASTERN
GALICIA, 1918-1923
SERGEY LEDENEV
VI CONTENTS
6. DIPLOMACY AND PETROLEUM: ITALY'S FIGHT FOR ALBANIAN OILFIELDS
5
1920-1925 121
ALESSANDRO SETTE
CLUSTER FOUR: SELF-DETERMINATION? 139
7. BREAKING UP THE FORTRESS ON THE DANUBE? GERMAN POLICY
TOWARDS SLOVAKIA AND RUTHENIA, 1919-1933 141
DAVID X. NOACK
8. ITALY'S DEFENSE OF AUSTRIAN INDEPENDENCE, 1918-1932 161
ANNE-SOPHIE NARDELLI-MALGRAND
CLUSTER FIVE: CULTURING AND PERCEIVING 179
9. ITALIAN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALKANS IN
1918-1945 181
STEFANO SANTORO
10. JAPANESE PERCEPTIONS OF GERMANY DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD 199
IAN NISH
BIBLIOGRAPHY 211
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 219
INDEX 221
Contents List of Acronyms vii Introduction Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov 1 Cluster One: Balancing (out) of Power 25 1. The Anatomy of an Attempt to Create a Sphere of Influence: French Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe in the 1920s Gusztáv Kecskés D. 2. Dealing with a “17 Stone Germany”: British Foreign Policy to wards Danubian Europe, 1936-1939 Dragan Bakié 27 41 Cluster Two: Bordering 61 3. France and the Problem of the Borders of Poland, 1919-1923: The Province of Posen, Danzig, Upper Silesia, and Vilnius Frédéric Dessberg 63 4. Transylvania and the Soviet Foreign Policy towards Romania and Hungary, 1941-1945 Iskander E. Magadeev 81 Cluster Three: Putting Out Fire with Gasoline 5. Establishing French Control over the Oil Fields of Eastern Galicia, 1918-1923 Sergey Ledenev 101 103
vi Contents 6. Diplomacy and Petroleum: Italy’s Fight for Albanian Oilfields, 1920-1925 Alessandro Sette 121 Cluster Four: Self-Determination? 7. Breaking Up the Fortress on the Danube? German Policy towards Slovakia and Ruthenia, 1919-1933 David X. Noack 139 141 8. Italy’s Defense of Austrian Independence, 1918-1932 Anne-Sophie Nardelli-Malgrand Cluster Five: Culturing and Perceiving 161 179 9. Italian Cultural Diplomacy in Central Europe and the Balkans in 1918-1945 181 Stefano Santoro 10. Japanese Perceptions of Germany during the Interwar Period Ian Nish 199 Bibliography 211 Notes on Contributors 219 Index 221
Index Addison, Joseph, 46, 49 Adriatic, 15, 21, 42, 162, 164 Africa, 15, 43, 142, 176 Aizawa, Kiyoshi, 206 Akiyama, captain, 201 Albania (Tirana), 9-10, 14-16, 20-21, 58, 121-38 Allied Ambassadors Conference in the 1920s, 18, 64, 78-79, 105-6, 114, 127 Allizé, Henri, 164-65 Alsace-Lorraine, 68, 70-72 Alto Adige. See Tyrol, South Amery, Leo S., 3 Anschluss, 14, 16, 22, 43, 50, 54-56, 161-65, 168-78 Antonescu, Ion, 91, 197 Antonescu, Mihai, 197 Archinard, Louis, 65 Asia, 142, 199, 205-6, 208 Auriti, Giacinto, 175 Australia, 4, Austria (Vienna), 2, 8, 12-16, 18, 2124, 28, 35, 42-44, 46, 49-55, 89, 106, 112-13, 116, 142, 153-54, 161-78, 209 Austro-German customs union agreement of 1931, 174 Axis of Berlin-Rome (-Tokyo), 17, 50, 57, 83, 86, 91, 93, 197, 199, 205-7 Bačka, 93 Baldwin, Stanley, 42, 53, 59 Balfour, Arthur, 66, 75 Balkans, 3, 13-15, 21, 33, 41, 57, 85, 89, 97, 122-24, 130, 138, 143, 162, 172, 174, 176, 181-98 Baltic, 14-15, 66, 68, 76-77 Bastianini, Giuseppe, 189 Bavaria, 89 Belarus, 15, 111 Belgium (Brussels), 45, 70n, 97, 167n Beneš, Edvard, 32, 47-49, 89-90, 116, 143, 153, 157, 166n Bentinck, Charles, 49 Bérenger, Henry, 119 Berlin Treaty of 1940 (Tripartite Pact), 11, 206, 208 Berthelot, Philippe, 117 Bessarabia, 15, 20, 32, 82, 84, 88, 9092 Bethlen, István, 172 Beuthen (Bytom), 74 Black Sea, 85, 190 Bonomi, Ivanoe, 126 Bordonaro, Antonio, 186 Borghese, Livio, 164-65 Boris III of Bulgaria, 197 Borysław, 103, 106, 112-13 Bosnia (and Herzegovina), 16 Bourgeois, Léon, 7 5 Bramwell, Christopher, 48, Brenner, 49, 164, 170 Briand, Aristide, 64, 69, 73-75, 78 Brocchi,
Igino, 163, 167, 173-75, 177 Bukovina, 82, 84, 90, 92, 109 Bulgaria, 2, 11, 14-15, 41, 57, 182, 197 Burgenland (Ödenburg, Sopron), 166
222 Cadman, John, 117, 135-36 Cadogan, Alexander, 51, 54 Cambon, Jules, 65-66 Campbell, Gregory, 141, Canada, 110, 114 Carr, Edward, 43-44, 48 Chamberlain, Joseph Austin, 134-36 Chamberlain, Neville, 14, 18, 42, 5359 Chautemps, Camille, 54 Churchill, Winston, 10, 15, 83, 89, 91, 93, 97, 11 In Ciano, Galeazzo, 190-91, 197 Clemenceau, Georges, 3, 64-66, 6869, 71, 80 Cluj, 30, 37 Colby, Bainbridge, 114 Cold War, 8 Collier, Lawrence, 44, 48 Contarini, Salvatore, 132, 134-37 Croatia (Zagreb), 16, 30, 182, 196 Curzon, George, 73, 76, 125-26 Czechoslovakia (Prague), 12-14, 18, 22, 27-34, 38, 41, 44, 46-55, 57֊ 58, 73, 76, 82, 84-85, 88-90, 94, 97-98, 104, 106-9, 113, 116, 141֊ 60, 166-70, 174, 181, 183, 186, 191, 194-95, 209 Czechoslovak-Soviet Mutual Assistance Pact of 1935, 48 D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 181 Dalmatia, 16, 32, 181 Danube River (Valley), 7, 24, 16, 18, 23, 31, 57, 84, 87-88, 149, 159-60, 173, 184 Danzig, 14, 19, 51, 53, 63, 66, 68-69, 80 Davies, Norman, 111, 119n De Gaulle, Charles, 10 Debrecen, 94 Delbos, Yvon, 54 Delbrück, Hans, 202 Delvina, Sulejman bey, 122-25 Denis, Ernest, 65n, 68 Dimitrov, Georgi, 86, 94 Dirksen, Herbert von, 205 Index Dmowski, Roman, 63, 67-68, 78-79 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 42, 49, 176 Drohobych, 103, 106, 118 Duggan, Stephen, 11-12 Dupont, Charles, 69 Durazzo, Carlo, 126, 132-33 Eden, Anthony, 46, 50-51, 53-54, 84, 94, 98 Egypt (Cairo), 57, 91, 115 Estonia, 76 Ethiopia (Abyssinia), 43, 49, 192 Eupen and Malmedy, 70 European Union (EU), 8 Eyres, Harry, 130, 134-36 Facta, Luigi, 126 Finland, 83-85, 97 Fletcher, Henry, 137-38 Foch, Ferdinand, 31,
66-68, 76, 110, 112 Fouchet, Maurice, 166n Four Power Pact of 1933, 14, Fournier, colonel, 33 France (Paris), 2-3, 7, 11-14, 17, 19, 21-22, 27-40, 41-51, 54-55, 57-59, 63-80, 97, 103-20, 121, 123-29, 143, 161-62, 164-65, 167, 170, 17378, 181, 186, 191, 195, 200, 204-6 Franco, Francisco, 56 Franco-Czechoslovak Mutual Assistance Treaty of 1924, 32-33 Franco-Polish Military Agreement of 1921, 32, 34 Franco-Prussian war of 1870, 7, 28 Franco-Romanian Treaty of 1926, 32 Franco-Yugoslav Treaty of 1927, 32 Frank, Alison, 103-4, 108, 111, 115 Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871, 27 Friedeburg, Friedrich von, 71 Friihwirth, Samuel, 148 Galicia (in Central Europe), 20-21, 80, 82, 103-20 Geiger, Béla, 85 Geneva. See League of Nations Geneva Protocols of 1922, 167-68, 170
Index Genoa Conference of 1922, 39 Gentile, Giovanni, 194 Germany (Berlin), 2-3, 5, 7-19, 22-24, 27-28, 32-34, 37, 39-40, 41-59, 63-80, 81-83, 85, 88, 92-94, 98-99, 110, 112, 115-16, 119-20, 122, 141-60, 161-62, 167-68, 170-78, 181, 183, 190-93, 197-98, 199-209 Gerő, Ernő, 94 Gerwarth, Robert, 5, 10 Giannini, Amadeo, 184, 186 Gildea, Robert, 10 Giolitti, Giovanni, 122-23, 186 Gleiwitz (Gliwice), 74 Graham, Ronald, 135-36 Grandi, Dino, 162, 173-74, 177, 189 Grant-Smith, Ulysses, 129 Gratier, Jules, 72 Gravelli, Asvero, 171 Great Britain (United Kingdom, Lon don), 3-4, 7, 11-22, 28, 32, 36-37, 41-60, 63, 65-68, 70-80, 83-88, 91-93, 95-97, 99, 103, 105, 107-8, 110, 114-15, 117, 119, 121-38, 142, 143, 158-59, 161, 181, 204-6, 208 Great Depression, 14, 22, 40, 143, 163, 173, 192-93 Greece (Athens), 57-58, 92, 97, 124, 127, 130 Green, Connor, 49 Groza, Petru, 98 Guinea, New, 202 Gutschmid, Felix von, 200 Habsburg Empire (Austria-Hungary), 2, 5, 21, 23, 28, 31, 41, 70, 82, 103֊ 9, 122, 142, 161, 165-67, 173, 175, 183-84, 186 Hadow, Robert, 48-49 Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood), 53-58 Haller, Józef, 110-11 Hauerland, 145 Henlein, Konrad, 47 Henrys, Paul Prosper, 112 Herriot, Édouard, 170 Hesse, Max von, 144, 148 223 Hiranuma, Kiichiro, 205 Hitler, Adolf, 7, 13-14, 16, 18, 42, 44֊ 45, 48, 53-54, 59, 86-87, 92-93, 98, 160, 163, 183, 192, 197, 203, 208-9 Hlinka, Andrej, 38, 150-51, 153-55 Hohenzollern Reich, 12, Holocaust, 4 Horthy, Miklós, 83, 86, 93-94, 192 Höfer, Karl, 71 Hungary (Budapest), 2, 11, 13-16, 1920, 22-23, 32, 35, 39, 41, 49, 57, 81-99, 109, 112-13, 116, 142, 146, 148-49,
152, 155, 157, 159-60, 166-67, 169, 172-75, 182, 184, 186, 191-95, 197, 198 Huta Bankowa, 35 IMRO (Macedonia), 16, 182 Ingram, Maurice, 56 Iorga, Nicolae, 187 Iraq, 138 Iron Curtain, 8, 15, Ishii, Kikujirõ, 75 Ishiwara, Kanji, 201 Istria, 164 Italy (Rome), 3, 5, 7, 11-17, 19, 21-24, 32-33, 40, 41-44, 49-50, 54, 58, 72, 75, 82, 85-86, 119, 121-38, 161-78, 181-98, 205-8 Japan (Tokyo), 3, 4, 11, 17, 22-24, 43, 75, 199-209 Jehlička, František, 150-51 Jews, 8, 24, 38, 93, 156, 193-94, 209 Kállay, Miklós, 197 Kato, Kanji, 201 Kattowitz (Katowice), 35, 74 Khalkhyn Gol. See Nomonhan Kiaochow, 201 Kiev, 111 Koch, Walter, 144, 147, 149-51, 156, 158 Köleci, Gjergi, 133 Konoe, Fumimaro, 206 Korfanty, Wojciech, 71-74
224 Košice, 16, 22, 143-44, 147, 149, 156, 158 Kraków, 106, 150 Kristóffy, József, 83 Latvia, 76 Lavrent’ev, Anatolii, 96 Le Rond, Henri, 71-74 League of Nations (Geneva), 3^1, 3839, 44-45, 69, 75, 80, 121, 124-25, 159, 167-68, 170, 173, 175, 192, 202-3, 205 Lebanon, 121 Leeper, Reginald, 43 Leith-Ross, Frederick, 56 Lenin, Vladimir, 21 Leygues, Georges, 77 Libohova, Ekrem bey, 134 Libohova, Myfid bey, 133 Limanowa, 107 Lithuania (Vilnius), 19, 35, 38, 63-65, 75-80, 85, 145 Little Entente, 11, 13-14, 36-37, 39, 41, 116, 143, 166, 173, 175, 18182, 186 Litvinov, Maxim, 87, 89-90, 93, 96-97 Lloyd George, David, 3, 65, 68-69, 71, 74-75, 121 Lo Gatto, Ettore, 184, 194-96 Locarno Treaties of 1925, 13, 17, 40, 44-46, 143, 170, 178 Lodomeria, 106 London Treaty of 1915, 122, 181 Lwów, 105, 109-11 Maisky, Ivan, 90 Makarov, Fedor, 93 Malinovsky, Rodion, 92 Malta (La Valletta), 124, 127 Manchuria (Manchukuo), 199, 202-6 Maniu, Iuliu, 38, 86, 88, 90-91, 95 Manzone, Bruno, 191-92, 197 Marienwerder and Allenstein, 69, 73 Marinis, Andreo de, 72 Masaryk, Tomáš, 8, 144, 151 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 206-8 Index Maver, Giovanni, 196 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 23, 184, 186, 188 Meckel, Klemens Jacob, 200, 203 Mediterranean, 13, 15, 50, 57-58, 127, 190 Memel (Klaipeda), 51, 79 Mesopotamia, 121 Mexico, 138 Michael I of Romania, 91 Middle (Central and/or Eastern) Europe, 1-20, 23, 27-29, 32, 34, 39, 45-46, 49-52, 54-58, 63-64, 68, 70, 74, 78, 80, 81, 84-85, 87-88, 90, 93, 96-99, 103-4, 109, 111, 115, 120, 142-45, 160, 162-67, 173-75, 178, 181-86, 188, 192, 195, 197-98 Miklós, Béla, 94 Millerand, Alexandre, 64,
73, 75, 109, 112, 121 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 83, 85-94, 97, 207 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, 15, 24, 82-83 Mongolia, 24, 205 Montenegro, 16, 196 Mosca, Rudolfo, 193, 198 Mosconi, Antonio, 174 Moscow Conference of 1943, 87-89 Mougeot, Léon, 115, 119 Munich Conference of 1938, 14, 18, 57, 89, 148, 194 Mussolini, Benito, 12, 15-16, 22, 42, 44, 49-50, 126-28, 130, 132-38, 162, 168-78, 181-82, 184-85, 188֊ 94, 197-98 Nanking, 24, 204-5 Naumann, Friedrich, 7n, 8 New Zealand, 4, Nicolson, Harold, 51 Nitti, Francesco Saverio, 121, 162, 164-65 Noli, Fan, 122, 128, 131-32 Nomonhan (Khalkhyn Gol), 205, 207 Novikov, Kirill, 87 Novikov, Nikolai, 91
Index O’Malley, Owen, 43, 48, 50, 56, 59 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 3, 183 Ortiz, Ramiro, 187 Oshima, Hiroshi, 203, 205, 209 Pacific, 24, 142, 199 Paderewski, Ignacy, 67 Palestine, 121 Paris Peace Conference (Treaties) of 1919, 2-6, 9, 11, 20, 28, 38, 41-42, 63-65, 76, 82, 103, 142, 161-70, 172, 178, 192, 199 Paris Peace Conference (Treaties) of 1946, 20 Párvan, Vasile, 187 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu, 91-92 Pauker, Ana, 92 Pearl Harbor, 199, 207 Pelle, Maurice, 31 Percival, Henry, 72 Perkins, Charles, 114-15 Perricone, Ugo, 127 Persia, 138 Petrushevych, Yevhen, 110 Pfrimer, Walter, 175-76 Phipps, Eric, 45 Pichon, Stephen, 65-66, 116 Piłsudski, Józef, 63, 67, 76-78 Pilz, Erasme, 67 Pineau, Louis, 107 Pinon, René, 64 Pirelli, Alberto, 173n, 174 Poincaré, Raymond, 35-36, 64 Poland (Warsaw), 11-15, 18-19, 21, 24, 27-28, 30-39, 58, 63-80, 82, 85, 89, 97, 103-20, 142, 145, 15051, 159, 183, 209 Pomerania, 67 Porto Rose Conference of 1921, 167 Posen, Province of, 19, 63, 66-68, 7980 Potsdam Conference of 1945, 18 Prussia, 7, 28, 66-67, 69-70, 79, 200, 203 Przemyśl, ПО Quaroni, Pietro, 137 225 Rădescu, Nicolae, 95-96, 98 Rákosi, Mátyás, 86 Ránki, György, 9 Reinebeck, Otto, 144—45, 147, 152-53, 155 Renner, Karl, 116 Rhine River (Rhineland), 16-17, 4445, 80, 170 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 15, 24, 8283, 203-4, 207 Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, 76, 78, 105, 109 Romania (Bucharest), 2, 11, 13-15, 19-21, 27-39, 41, 57-58, 81-99, 109, 138, 142-43, 155, 159, 18187, 191-92, 194-95, 197 Rome Protocols of 1934, 13, 49 Rome Treaty of 1924, 132 Roosevelt, Franklin, 97 Rothermere, Lord (Harold Harmsworth),
23 Russia (imperial and Soviet, USSR, Moscow), 3, 5, 7-8, 11-15, 19, 22֊ 24, 27-28, 31-32, 35-36, 41, 46, 48, 64, 66, 76-80, 81-99, 103, 105, 108-14, 120, 155, 158-59, 192, 199-200, 203-7 Ruthenia, (Sub-) Carpathian, 22, 82, 89, 98, 106, 109-10, 114, 141-42, 114-45, 148, 152, 154-60 Saenger, Samuel, 144, 156-58 Saint-Germain Peace Treaty of 1919, 4, 103, 105, 109, 116, 156, 159, 162, 169, 176 Samoa, 201-2 San Remo Conference of 1920, 105, 117, 121-22 San River, 106 Sargent, Orme, 43, 45, 51-52, 54, 58 Schellert, Gerhard, 148 Schmidt, Ernst, 141, 147, 152 Schnee, Heinrich, 202-3 Scialoja, Vittorio, 129, 164-65 Scoppa, Renato, 197 Semmering agreements of 1932, 17374
226 Sforza, Carlo, 75, 123-25, 164, 167, 175, 184 Shanghai, 204 Sheffield, Edward, 129 Shiratori, Toshio, 205, 209 Shkodër, 127 Silesia, 19, 35, 64, 66-67, 70-80 Simon, John, 48 Slovakia (Bratislava), 16, 22, 37-38, 89, 93, 141-56, 159-60, 197 Slovenia, 16, 196 Smirnov, Andrei, 88 Snyder, Timothy, 6-7, 78 Sola, Ugo, 133, 136, 191-92 Solf, Wilhelm, 201-2 Sonnino, Sidney, 163 Spiš/Zips, 145-46 Špíšek, Ferdinand, 29 Stalin, Joseph, 7, 15, 84-85, 87, 89-90, 93-94, 96-99, 207 Stalin-Churchill “percentages” agree ment in 1944, 15 Stalingrad, 86 Ştirbey, Barbu, 91 Stirling, Walter, 127, 133 Strang, William, 44, 50-51, 54 Stresa Conference of 1932, 162, 175֊ 77 Stresa Conference (Front) of 1935, 42, 44, 49 Stuart, Romeo, 183 Sudetenland (Germans of), 14, 18, 22, 44, 46-48, 54-55, 144-45, 150, 194 Suvich, Fulvio, 173n, 176 Suwałki, 76, 77 Syria, 121 Szálasi, Ferenc, 194 Tamaro, Attilio, 167-68 Tanaka, Giichi, 202 Tanganyika, 202 Tardieu, André, 175 Tarnopol, 106 Tehran Conference of 1943, 89 Tellini, Enrico, 130 Teschen (Těšín, Cieszyn), 73η, 150η Index Thirty Years War (Second), 10-11, 20 Timișoara, 37 Tittoni, Tomaso, 124 Togo, Shigenori, 201 Tolkien, John, 9 Tománek, Florián, 153 Torretta, Delta, 166, 175 Transylvania, 19-20, 38-39, 81-99 Trautmann, Oskar, 204-5 Traverso, Enzo, 10 Trianon Treaty of 1920, 5, 39n Trieste, 163-64, 171, 173 Třinec, 35 Tripartite Pact. See Berlin Treaty of 1940 Trotter, Ann, 200 Tuka, Vojtech, 150, 152 Turkey (Ottoman empire), 2, 5, 57, 97, 121-22 Tyrol, South, 42, 162, 164, 170 Ukraine (Ukrainians), 15, 21, 80, 82, 89, 103, 105, 109-16, 120, 155,
158-59 United States of America (US, Wa shington), 3, 11, 14, 21, 24, 36, 65, 84, 87-88, 97, 99, 110, 114, 12021, 123-25, 128-29, 137, 203-4, 206-7 Urbanek, Kurt, 7 2 Ustaše (Croatia), 15, 182 Vansittart, Robert, 43-49, 51-52, 54, 56, 58-59 Vatican, 89 Venezuela, 138 Venice, 171 Veriaci, Shefqet bey, 131 Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, 3-7, 16-18, 27-28, 34, 37, 39, 44, 6870, 103, 142, 159-60 Versailles, Treaties of. See Paris Peace Conference Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, 197 Vienna Awards of 1938 and of 1940, 18-20, 57, 82-83, 93
Index Vistula River, 66, 68-69, 73, 77 Vlorë, 122-24 Voroshilov, Kliment, 87-88, 92, 94 Vrioni, Ilias bey, 125, 130-31 Vyshinsky, Andrey, 92, 94-97 Wakamatsu, colonel, 204 Wandycz, Piotr S., 104, 107 Wigram, Ralph, 43, 45, 54 Wilson, Woodrow, 3-4, 21, 63-64, 6869, 71, 114, 181 Winkler, Heinrich, 10 World War I (Great War, First World War), 1-2, 4-5, 7, 15-17, 28-29, 33, 36-37, 39, 42, 103, 105, 107, 113, 115, 120-21, 132, 138, 142, 144, 148, 155, 181, 183 227 World War II (Second World War), 10, 14, 18, 20, 23-24, 42, 59, 79, 81, 83-84, 98, 111, 195, 199 Yalta Conference of 1945, 97 Yugoslavia (Belgrade), 2, 5, 13, 5, 27-28, 32-33, 35-36, 41, 57-58, 93-94, 124, 126, 131-33, 142-43, 164, 166, 181-82, 190, 196 Zanotti Bianco, Umberto, 184 Žatkovič, Gregory, 157 Żeligowski, Lucjan, 77 Zogolli, Ahmet bey (Zog I of Albania), 122, 126-36, 138 Zorin, Valerian, 88, 91 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV046632456 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:11:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:49:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789633863350 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032043973 |
| oclc_num | 1199063784 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M457 DE-M496 DE-12 |
| physical | VIII, 227 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20201013 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Central European University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 edited by Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov Budapest ; New York Central European University Press 2020 VIII, 227 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1918-1945 gnd rswk-swf Großmachtpolitik (DE-588)4158292-5 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Großmachtpolitik (DE-588)4158292-5 s Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1918-1945 z DE-604 Piahanau, Aliaksandr (DE-588)116060424X edt Aleksov, Bojan edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-963-386-336-7 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 Großmachtpolitik (DE-588)4158292-5 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4158292-5 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |
| title_auth | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |
| title_exact_search | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |
| title_full | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 edited by Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov |
| title_fullStr | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 edited by Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wars and betweenness Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 edited by Aliaksandr Piahanau and Bojan Aleksov |
| title_short | Wars and betweenness |
| title_sort | wars and betweenness big powers in middle europe 1918 1945 |
| title_sub | Big Powers in Middle Europe 1918-1945 |
| topic | Großmachtpolitik (DE-588)4158292-5 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Großmachtpolitik Außenpolitik Ostmitteleuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032043973&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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