Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution
"As Cold War battle lines are seemingly re-drawn, Russia's various 'frozen' war zones (ongoing separatist conflicts) are often cited as particularly volatile and assumed by some Western commentators and policymakers to be 'next' on Putin's 'wish list'. Bu...
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| 520 | 3 | |a "As Cold War battle lines are seemingly re-drawn, Russia's various 'frozen' war zones (ongoing separatist conflicts) are often cited as particularly volatile and assumed by some Western commentators and policymakers to be 'next' on Putin's 'wish list'. But, as Helena Rytövuori-Apunen demonstrates here, this is a gross (and dangerous) oversimplification that will only serve to fuel the vicious circle of reciprocal military escalation. Drawing on a range of empirical research and across separatist conflicts in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia), Moldova (Transnistria and Gagauzia) and Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, her timely book provides a balanced assessment and critique of the assumptions and misunderstandings that inform mainstream discussions, as well as placing the conflicts in their proper and complex historical contexts. At a time when there is an increasing tendency to view Russia as the source of all instability in Eastern Europe, Power and Conflict in Russia's Borderlands is essential reading for anyone interested in the geopolitics of post-Soviet Russia, as well as policymakers and practitioners of peace/conflict resolution studies."--Bloomsbury Publishing | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements x Note on the Transliteration xi Introduction: Russia’s Deep Borders in the Making Part One 1 Russia’s Encounters with Georgia and Its Faltering Ways in the International Community 1 Conventional Rules and the Habitual Experience in the 2 The ‘Last Resort’ Solution and the Experience of the Recurrent Justification of the War in August 2008 27 29 Violence 39 3 The Long and Winding Way to Decision 51 4 Russia in Georgia: Unhappy Policies and the Misfortunes of the Time Part Two Dealing with Divided Moldova: Failed Resolution and Russian Policies of Vertical Power 5 61 69 The Political Split: Towards a New Future with Old Lines of Division 71 6 Historical Background of the Political and Cultural Split 83 7 Russia’s Policies to Settle the Conflict over Transnistria 89 8 After the Kozak Plan 9 Prepared for Either Way: Strengthening Vertical Ties and Social Integration 10 Gagauzia and the Quest for Guarantees of Autonomy by Regional Powers 111 121 133
Contents viii Part Three Nagorno-Karabakh: Leverage for Controlling Russia’s Deep Border Arrangements with Armenia and Azerbaijan 137 11 The Failed Policies of the Past and the Complexity of the Contemporary Conflict 139 12 Russia’s Settlement Policies in Karabakh: The Centrality of Diplomatic Efforts 149 13 The Delicate Equation: Russia’s Policy Arrangements with Armenia and Azerbaijan 165 14 Nagorno-Karabakh and Its Precarious Relative Stability 189 15 Moscow’s Main Thrust and Its Alternative 199 Conclusion: Russia’s Deep Border Practices in Its Post-Soviet Borderlands 203 Notes 242 Bibliography 309 Index 321
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318 Bibliography societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process, Accord 17 (2005), pp. 12-17. de Waal, Thomas, ‘Sometimes Armenian Protests Are Just Armenian Protests: Not Every Post-Soviet Revolution is about the Geopolitics of Russia, Foreign Policy, 23 April 2018 (Op-Ed). Available at http://foreignpolicy. com/2018/04/23/sometimes-armenian-protests-are-just-armenian-protests/ (accessed 27 April 2018). Walker, Shaun, The Long Hangover: Putins New Russia and the Ghosts of the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018). Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory ofInternational Politics (Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, 1979). Wight, Martin, Power Politics. Edited by H. Bull and C. Holbraad (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1978). Yanov, Alexander, ‘The Birth of Pan-Slavism’, Part One and Part Two (Institute of Modern Russia, August 2013). Available at https://www.imrussia.org/en/ analysis (accessed 18 November 2017). 2. Internet websites used to access official policy documents, press releases, news material and blogs Full references of the sources cited in this category are given in the endnotes. The Acronym Institutefor Disarmament Diplomacy, http://www.acronym.org. uk/old/archive/index.htm; All Moldova, http://www.allmoldova.com/ra/; Apsnypress, http://apsnypress.info/en/; Arka, http://arka.am/en/; Armedia, https://armedia.am/eng/; Armenia News-News.am, https://news.am/eng/; Armenpress, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/; Azerbaijan International-Azer.com, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/ karabakh/karabakh_index.html; Azeri News Agency APA, www.en.apa.az; BBC News,
http://www.bbc.com/news/; Charlierose.com, https://charlierose.com/videos/(transcripts); Civil Georgia, civil.ge Daily News Online, http://www.civil.ge/eng/; Dniester, http://dniester.ru/; European Training Foundation (ETF), www.etf.europa.eu; European Union External Action, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/ headquarters֊homepage_en; Foreign Policy Association of the Republic of Moldova, http://www.ape.md/en/; Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/; Gagauzyeri.md, http://gagauzyeri.md;
Bibliography 319 Gosudarstvennoe informatsionnoe agenstvo ‘Res’, Respublika Iuzhnaia Osetiia, http://cominf.org/en; Government of the Russian Federation, http://government.ru/en/; la Rex, http://www.iarex.ru/news/; Infotag, http://www.infotag.md/politics-en/; International Affairs, http://en.interaiFairs.ru/; International Alert, http://www.international-alert.org/; International Organization for Migration, Mission to the Republic of Moldova, www.iom.md; The Irish Times, https://www.irishtimes.com/; Janes 360, http://www.janes.com/; Kavkazkii Uzel, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/; Lenta.ru, https://lenta.ru/news/; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, http://mfapmr.org/en/; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, http://www.mid.ru/en/ main_en [archiving code number mentioned when available]; Moldova. Org, http://www.moldova.org/; The Moscow Times, https://themoscowtimes.com/; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), http://www.nato.int/; The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/; News.Az-Latest News from Azerbaijan, https://news.az/; News from Abkhazia, http://www.kapba.de/NewsAb.html; Nezavisimaya Gazeta, http://www.ng.ru/; OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), https://www.osce. org/; OSW (Centre for Eastern Studies), https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/; PanArmenian Net, http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/; Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, http:// russiaun.ru/en; Ponars Eurasia, http://www.ponarseurasia.org/; President of Russia, http://en.kremlin.ru/; Publika,
https://en.publika.md/, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), http://www.rferl.org; RIA Novosti, https://ria.ru/world/; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, https://rg.ru/; RSO News, http://rsonews.org/ru/news/; The Russian Government, http://government.ru/en/; SBS News, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/; Spiegel Online International, http://www.spiegel.de/international/; Sputnik International, https://sputniknews.com/; State Duma of the Russian Federation, http://www.duma.gov.ru; TASS, http://tass.com/;
320 Bibliography Trend News Agency, https://en.trend.az; United Nations: General Assembly, http://www.un.org/en/ga/documents/index. shtml, https://www.un.org/press/en/content/general-assembly; Security Council, http://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/. Vestnik Kavkaza, http://vestnikkavkaza.net;
Index Abkhazia: border with Georgia (2009-) 58; ceasefire and peacekeeping in (1992-2008) 17-18; in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-21) 40; international relations of 36, 56-7,62, 183; political leaders of 54, 56 n.128, 59 n.133; in the Russian Empire 40-1; relations with Russia 16, 44, 56-9, 207-9, 221-3; Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) associated with the Georgian SSR and Autonomous Republic (ASSR) in the Georgian SSR 40-4; Soviet/Russian military base in Gudauta 44-9, 51-3, 59, 208, 229; separatist war (1991-2) 41-5, 51-3; as a political entity separate from Georgia 56-9, 2212; See also war, Russo-Georgian Adjara, Autonomous Republic of (in Georgia) 53; Adjarian groups 234 Adyghe (ethnic groups) 41,48 Akhalkalaki (in Georgia) 46-8 Alexander I, Tsar of Russia (180125) 40, 83 Aliyev, Heydar (President of Azerbaijan 1993-2003) 146-7, 154-5,159-61, 195-6 Aliyev, Ilham (President of Azerbaijan 2003-) 144,152,161, 181 analogy (historical), uses in political argument 6-7,19-21 Armenia, Republic of: diaspora relations 145, 172, 175; economy and society 172-7; ethnonationalism and statehood 144-7; in European integration and Transatlantic cooperation 172-3; relations with Iran 176; military alliance relationship with Russia and the CSTO 171-2, 183-4; participation in the OSCE Minsk Group 154,162-3,192, 199; treaties and cooperation with Russia 169-71,231; in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union 145; ‘Velvet Revolution (2018) 146, 192; war over Nagorno-Karabakh, see under war, Armenian-Azerbaijani Artsakh, see under NagornoKarabakh Republic Azerbaijan, Republic of:
Constitution 145-6,160, 163,178; economy and energy resources 184-6; in European and Transatlantic cooperation 179-80; relations with Iran 195; military capability 183-4; multinational statehood 144-7; participation in the OSCE Minsk Group 159-64,199; treaty relations with Russia and nonaligned security policy 177-83, 231; in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union 145; relations with Turkey 142-5, 183-4, 195; war over Nagorno-Karabakh, see under war, ArmenianAzerbaijani Barroso, José Manuel (President of the European Commission 2004-14) 73-5, 126 bashkan (Gagauz governor) 133-5, 200, 232 Bashkortostan 216; Bashkortostani 217 Batumi (in Georgia) 47-8, 53
322 Belavezhskaia Pushcha (in Belarus) 36; Belovezh Accords (December 1991) 36, 143-4,149, 165 Bender (in Moldova) 81, 83,89-92 Bessarabia (historical region) 83-7, 90, 127,224 Black Sea, the 2, 20, 45-6, 53, 66, 117-18,185, 208,210-11,239 Bolshevik groups: cooperation with against regional rulers (and Menshevik groups) in the South Caucasus region during 1917-21 39-40, 44, 195; power takeover during 1917-21 140, 214 border: Russia’s post-Soviet border security dilemma 10-12, 56,61, 67, 204-6, 226. See also deep borders, concept of borderlines, as boundaries of sovereignty (conceived as the legal sphere of competence with linearly defined territorial borders) 1, 3, 5,10,14. See also sovereignty Bordyuzha, Nikolai (Secretary General of the CSTO 2003-17) 193, 197 Budapest Memorandum (1994) 237, 240 Caspian Sea, the 196, 211; cooperation of the littoral states of 180-1; region 144,150, 172 Caucasus: mountains 4, 39, 174,221; wars of Tsarist Russia 40 ceasefire agreements: in Abkhazia 17-18; in Transnistria 18; in South Ossetia 17; in NagornoKarabakh 18,156 Chechen: ethnic groups 41, 48; wars (1994-6, 1999-2000) 2, 10,48, 52-3, 55, 186 Chernomyrdin, Viktor (Prime Minister of the Russian Federation 1992-98) 48, 105 Index Churkin, Vitaly (Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations 2006-17) 30-1, 31 n.62 Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation 62, 201 civil war: in the post-Soviet frozen conflicts 89,154, 236; in Tajikistan 2,11,17 Cold War, the: mode of thinking 2; years of 25,144, 149,181, 208, 228, 240; post-Cold War normative order 96,105,124
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 48, 53, 56, 150-2, 197, 201, 211; and Armenia 169-71; and Azerbaijan 179, 183, 193-4; Tashkent Treaty (1992) 47,170,183 colour revolutions 232; Orange Revolution (Ukraine 2004-5) 80, 99,112, 216; Rose Revolution (Georgia 2003) 46, 54,98, 107 common state, concept of (as used in conflict settlement) 106,114, 160,168. See also united’, unified’ state 106-7,107 n.260; ‘common house’, 161 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), cooperation: economic 185, 210; in the Inter parliamentary Assembly 36, 156; in peacekeeping 18,43, 53, 90, 156; in security issues 46, 229; and Azerbaijan 55; and Georgia 47-8, 52-5, 65, 226, 229; and Moldova 74-6, 90-1,101 Communist: ideology 4; party and rule in Moldova 71,74-82,106, 127,160; party in Russia 215; party and rule in the Soviet Union 85, 144-7 compellence, concept of, in Thomas C. Schelling’s The Strategy of Conflict 230
Index Comrat (in Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova) 133-4 Confederation of Mountain Peoples 41,48,61 Conference on Security and Co operation in Europe (CSCE, OSCE since 1995): Budapest summit (1994) 97, 154,165; Helsinki Final Act of (1975) 144; peacekeeping issues 154-8. See also Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; OSCE Minsk Group conflict settlement, Russian and Western approaches 96-105, 111-12,124-5 Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty 97-8,112 corridor (military): in the South Caucasus region 155, 159, 161-2, 167, 208; in the Transnistrian conflict 118,210 corruption (political and economic) 72,78,24! Council of Europe 100,107,153,163 Crimea 236, 238; annexation of to the Russian Federation (2014) 2, 6-7,19-20,23,71, 87,144, 206-7,238 Dagestan: in Azerbaijan-Russia relations 186 deep borders, concept of 1-6,15-16, 21; institutions and policies of 56, 67, 131, 147, 177,187, 200; pattern! ness) of Russia’s practices 204-7,211-12,231,235-6 de facto states in the frozen conflicts 54-5, 57-8, 62-5,73,119,139, 174, 203 derzhava (Russian ‘imperial state’) 14, 203, 214, 219; derzhavnosť (Russian great-power character’) 130. See also protection, Russia’s historical relationship of 323 diaspora: Abkhaz 33 n.74; Armenian 149-59; Azeri 149-59; Russian 45 Dniestr (the, river): as boundary 85-6; as frontier 83, 90; as military borderline 91; right’ and ‘left’ bank of 73,75, 86, 92,107, 127,131,210 Dodon, Igor (party leader in Moldova, President of Moldova 2016-) 72, 75, 114,118, 233; Dodon plan 114-16 domination: over territory and society 9, 34,218
Donbass (Donetsk and Luhansk regions in eastern Ukraine) 2,237-8 double standard, use in political argumentation 35, 219 Dubossary (in Transnistria) 89, 92 empire: Austrian 223; AustroHungarian 84; Ottoman 145, 164, 174, 223; Russian 13, 39-42, 83-6, 134, 140,145,215. See also imperial endemic Russian connection 214, 224-5, 236 energy companies: Gazprom 76,122, 184; Moldovagaz 76; Rosneft 218 n.495; SOCAR 184-5 energy pipelines: BakuNovorossiysk, Baku-TbilisiCeyhan, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, Trans-Adriatic, Trans-Anatolia 184-6; Iasi-Ungheni 76 n.172 Erebuni (in Armenia) 171,194 Eurasian integration: policies and processes 72-4, 122,128, 174, 176-7, 214,221,231, 238; Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan 74,122, 173; Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 56, 72-4,122,173, 177 Eurasian region 128 Eurasianism, neo-Eurasianism 214-15, 238
324 Index European Security Treaty (EST) initiative 123-4, 210 European Union (EU): European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 23, 73,173,180; Eastern Partnership policies 72-5, 96,173,180, 210, 226, 241; and relations with Russia 234, 241 European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) 80 Euroregion 128 Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Compatriots Living Abroad and International Humanitarian Cooperation of the Russian Federation (Rossotrudnichestvo) 213-14 federal structure of the state, proposals for (in conflict settlement) 51, 58-9,105-15,133-4,233,238. See aho common state’ Federation Council of the Russian Federation 29, 64 Filat, Vladimir (Moldovan politician, Prime Minister 2009-13) 75, 78, 82,116 ‘Five plus Two’ negotiations on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict (‘Permanent Conference for Political Questions in the Framework of the Negotiating Process on the Transdniestrian Settlement’) 93-6,124 frontier: European 14; Russian 83, 144,211,223 Gabala radar station (in Azerbaijan) 157,179 Gagauz, language and people 86-7, 114,133-5, 234 Gagauzia, Gagauz-Yeri (‘Autonomous Territorial Entity in the Republic of Moldova’): administrative status as outlined in the Kozak plan 108-9, 111; proclamation of independence (1990) 87; regional autonomy in the Republic of Moldova 114-15,133-5; in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union 86-7,133. See also bashkan Gamzakhurdia, Zviad (President of Georgia 1991-2) 30, 43,49, 65 Geneva talks (‘Geneva international discussions’) 61-2 genocide: in political argumentation in the frozen
conflicts 30-1, 37, 39-40,43-4,46, 65,164 Georgia: borders, control of 52; Democratic Republic of (1918-21) 40; nationalism and independence 30, 42-4, 49-50, 66; Transatlantic cooperation 54-5; relationship with Russia 1992-2008 45-55; Soviet/Russian military bases in 44-9, 51-3, 59, 208,229; in the Soviet Union 41֊ 2. See also war, Russo-Georgian Ghimpu, Mihai (Moldovan politician, Acting President 2009-10) 75-7,113,116 Gorbachev, Mikhail (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1985-91, Head of State of the Soviet Union 1988-91) 41-2, 44,98,105, 140-1,172 gosudar (Russian ‘sovereign, noun); gosudarstvo (Russian ‘state’) 217-18,219,225 Grachev, Pavel (Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation 1992-6) 46-8, 90,155-6,159,169,189 Gryzlov, Boris (Speaker of the State Duma of the Russian Federation 2003-11, Chairman of the political party United Russia 2004-8) 63,126
325 Index GUAM (organization formed by Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) 112,185 Gubarev, Sergei (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, special envoy for the negotiations on Transnistria) 122,126 guberniia (Russian ‘administrative district’) 20,83 horizontal international relations, concept of (states as formally equal units) 5-6, See also sovereignty, as the legal sphere of authority with linearly defined territorial borders humanitarian: assistance and relations 122,127, 172, 200-1, 213,225; semantic content in Russian 55,129,185 Husseinov, Suret (Azerbaijani military commander, Prime Minister 1993-4) 154-5 ideology: great power 219; Soviet 79, 103,2!6; universal political 14 imperial: neo-imperial (power, structures) 10, 219, See also empire Inguri (the, river) 51-2 internally displaced persons 39, 61, 162,165,167 Iran, Islamic Republic of: as Russia’s strategic border 52,144-5, 157,167, 170-1,176-7, 183; and stability around NagornoKarabakh 195-8,200,211; transboundary relations with Azerbaijan 176,195-6 Karabakh Committee 145,160 Karaganov, Sergey (Russian foreign and security policy expert) 238, 240 Kazan 217; Kazan formula (conflict settlement in the NagornoKarabakh conflict) Kazimirov, Vladimir (Russian diplomat, head of the Russian mediating mission for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1992-6) 154, 156 Kelbajar (disputed area in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict) 155-6, 159, 162, 169, 189 Key West, conflict resolution negotiations in (2001) 160-2 Kocharian, Robert (President of Nagorno-Karabakh 1994-7, Prime Minister of Armenia 1997-8, President
of Armenia 1998- 2008) 160-1,191 Kodori Valley (in Abkhazia) 48, 56 Kosachev, Konstantin (Russian parliamentarian and head of Rossotrudnichestvo 2012-, see Federal Agency) 34,126,238 Kosovo, independence of 29, 32, 35-7, 63, 66, 125-6, 149, 191 Kozak, Dmitry (Russian official in the presidential administration, Deputy Prime Minister 2008֊) 79; Kozak plan 98, 107-16, 121, 232-3 Kozyrev, Andrei (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 1990-6) 46,66,91,156 Krasnodar Territory (Krasnodarskii Krai) 48, 57,122, 208, 222 Kutchma, Leonid (President of Ukraine 1994-2005) 98,112 Lachin 159,161-2, 169, See also corridor language issues in the frozen conflicts 75, 85, 92,108-9,115, 140 Lavrov, Sergey (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2004֊) 35-6, 56, 64, 75, 104-5, 108, 124, 152, 192 Lebed, Aleksandr (Russian General and politician, Commander-in
326 Index Chief of Russia’s military units in Transnistria 1992-4) 90,209 legitimacy: as a problem of Russia’s interventions in the frozen conflicts 1, 5,14,16; as a problem of authoritarian rule 14-15, 129-35,219. See also protection Maidan (protest events in Kiev 2013-14)64,79 Medvedev, Dmitry (President 200812 and Prime Minister 2012- of the Russian Federation): and the war with Georgia (2008) 34-6, 57, 65-7; and relations with Moldova 76,81,101,113, 118,121-3; and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 152,197; and European Security Treaty (EST) initiative 210 Merkel, Angela (Chancellor of Germany 2005-) 66,114; ‘Merkel-Medvedev dialogue’ on the Transnistrian conflict (2010-12)94, 99,113-14 migration: and the dissolution of the Soviet Union 212-13; migrant workers 186, 213 Moldavism 85; ‘Moldavist’ culture 131 Moldova, Republic of: Constitution of 96,103,116,124,226-7; culture and linguistic issues 75, 85-6, 223-4; economy and energy issues 76-7,80-1; in European integration and Transatlantic cooperation 72-5, 116-18; Kozak plan, responses to 79-80,114-15; parliamentary elections in 71-2, 80,118,127; participation in the ‘Five plus Two’ negotiations 93-6, 124; reintegration policy of 73, 76, 93, 95,112; relations with Russia 75-82,105-7,112-15; in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union 83-7; in the war over Transnistria (1992) 89-93 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939) 77, 85 Moscow Patriarchate. See Orthodox Church, Russian Muslim: and connections within the ‘Russian world’ 214; population and the multinational Russian state 44, 215-16; population in the Soviet Union 144-5 Nagorno-
Karabakh, Republic of (NKR, Artsakh): Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) 140-3,145; borders and territorial areas under control 154-9; declaration of independence 142-3; economy and society 189-92, 225; Line of Contact 7,18, 147, 151, 154, 158,193; participation in the Minsk Group negotiations 191-2; relations with Russia 189-92, 199-201,211-12,224-5; in violent conflict and war (1991-) 146-7,154-64 Nakhchivan, Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan 147, 154,161,183, 196,199 Naryshkin, Sergei (Head of the Presidential Administration in Russia 2008-11, Speaker of the Russian State Duma 2011-16) 126,191 nationalism, nationalist movement: Armenian 145, Azerbaijani 1412, Georgian 30,42-4,49-50, 66, 221; Moldovan and MoldovanRomanian 85-7, Romanian 223; Russian 131 Nazarbayev, Nursultan (President of Kazakhstan 1991-2019) 142, 165 neutrality: concept and policy of 16, 25, 204-9,225-31, 238, 240-1; guarantees for 231-6; and
Index Abkhazia 67; and Azerbaijan 178, 192,200; and Georgia 176; and Moldova 96-7,103-11,113-16, 121,124,126,131,139, 209, 227 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia (1825-55) 214 non-alignment: military 25, 54,113, 178,191, 226,231; Non-Aligned Movement 144,163,180-1, 227; non-bloc’ (‘beyond the blocs’) policy 116 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): and Armenia 170,173; and Azerbaijan 150,163,180-3, 196, 200, 208; and Georgia 55, 61, 63, 67,171, 178,208; and Moldova 116,130,209, 227, 234; and Romania 116-19; and Russia 1,10-11,15, 23, 29, 35-6, 64-7, 97-8,113,122-5, 131, 209, 223, 226-7; and Ukraine 239-40 oblasť (Russian administrative region) ‘province’) 41-2,85, 140-1,145 Obnovlenie (political party in Transnistria) 119,128 Ochamchira (in Abkhazia) 59,208 Odessa: Agreement (1998) 114; region 83,85, 127 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe (OSCE): ceasefire monitoring activity 7,18,154,158; in ceasefire negotiations 56, 61; ‘Istanbul requirements’ 97-9,112; Istanbul summit (1999) 53, 125; policies and statements on the frozen conflicts 124, 164. See also Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE); ‘Five plus Two’ negotiations on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict; OSCE Minsk Group 327 Orthodox Church: in Abkhazia 222-3; Armenian Apostolic 214, 225; Moldovan 223-4; Romanian 224; Russian 55, 214,223-5; Ukrainian 224 OSCE Minsk Group 139, 152-4, 159-60, 164-5,167-9,182,191֊ 5, 232; Basic Principles, Madrid Principles 152-3,162-3,167-9 Ossetia-Alania, North 43-4, 57-9, 221; relations with Ingushetia 44 n.99 Ossetia, South: as an autonomous
oblasť (region) in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) 41 ֊2; border with Georgia (2009-) 58; ceasefire and peacekeeping in (1992-2008) 17-18; international relations of 36, 56; political leaders of 58, 59 n.133; in the Russian Empire and collaboration with the Bolsheviks 39-40; connection with North Ossetia in the Soviet Union/Russian Federation 33, 42-4; relations with Russia 56, 221; Russian military base in 58, 207-8; separatist conflict and war (1991-2) 41-4, 54; as a political entity separate from Georgia 569. See also war, Russo-Georgian Pan-Slavism: in political argument 22; historical movement 215 Pashinian, Nikol (Prime Minister of Armenia 2018-) 146,192 passports policies in the frozen conflicts: Armenian 149; Russian 33, 55, 92, 212; Romanian 92,127; Soviet practices, continuation of 212 Persia: Azeri ethnic groups in 145. See also Iran Persian, linguistic connection of ethnic groups 44,195
328 Index Plahotniuc, Vladimir (Moldovan politician and businessman) 72,75 political conditionality of policies, concept of 5, 101-5, 204, 227-9, 231-2,236. See also trusting relationship Poroshenko, Petro (President of Ukraine 2014-19) 239-40 power, concept of: traditional in international relations 206; vertical 5-6,13,15-16, 21, 203, 206, 213-14, 218, 229; power vertical’ 5,13, 94,122; vertical power and soft power 219-20; relations of vertical power in Georgia 34, 49, 56-9; relations of vertical power in Moldova 80, 94,103,116,121-3; relations of vertical power in Armenia and Azerbaijan 168,190, 201-2 pragma, concept of 16, 24, 204 pragmatism: 3, 8,15-16, 21-5, 68, 204; as developed by C. S. Peirce 15 n.34, 21 n.39, 24 n.48, 203 n.463; and primacy of practice 25; and theory-centred approaches 21,24-5 Pridnestrovian (Transnistrian) Moldavian Republic (PMR): Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) 83-5, proclamation of independence 71, 86-7; economy and society 73, 85-6,131, 223-4; international relations 71-3; political status as outlined in the Kozak plan 108; participation in the ‘Five plus Two’ negotiations 93-6; political leaders of 81-3,86,94,106-7,118-19, 121-2,126; in the Russian Empire 83-7; relations with Russia 81-2, 121-32, 223-4; Russian military base in 89-92, 209-11; separatist war (1992) 89-93; security zone 91-2,100,114 Primakov, Evgenii (Minister of Foreign Affairs 1996-8 and Prime Minister 1998-9 of the Russian Federation) 53, 66,91,106; Primakov Memorandum (1997) 95, 103,106,114,160 protection: Russia’s historical relationship of 34, 38,44, 54, 56,
129-32, 134 Prut (river), the 83, 85 Putin, Vladimir (President of the Russian Federation 2000-8, 2012-, Prime Minister 2008-12): and policies on the frozen conflicts 37, 52, 58,63-4,66,81, 107, 139,161; and policies to strengthen central control of the Russian state 13, 129, 214-17; and Russia’s relations with the Western states 66,105, 238 quasi-states: concept of 57; in Russia’s deep border practices 56-9,67, 204 realism, realist school of international relations 206; trivial interpretations of (quasi-realism) 22, 22 n.40, 208 referendum of March 1991 ( Unionwide referendum on the future of the Soviet Union) 42-3,87,134, 142 reintegration: in Ukraine 237; in Moldova, see under Moldova, Republic of. See ako reunification, unification responsibility to protect: as an international norm 31-2; in Russian political tradition 37-8. See also protection, Russia’s historical relationship of reunification 107, 122,131, 211, 229-30. See also reintegration, unification
Index Rogozin, Dmitry (Russian politician, Deputy Prime Minister 2011-18) 35 Romania: in energy networks 180, 185; expansion of the Russian Empire over the lands of 83; and the Gagauz people 86, 134; ‘Greater’, 84-5; Moldova’s integration with 75,108, 111, 123,127; passports policies of 92,127,212; as political memory about Moldova (Bessarabia) being part of the Kingdom of Romania (1920-1940) 84-5; and shared experience of the Soviet decades 77, 85; in the Soviet/Russian geopolitical contest over the control of the region 85, 90,127, 135, 223; US military systems in 92, 117-18,210 Romanian, culture and language of as political dividing line 75, 77, 85-6,133,209, 224 Romanticist interpretation of Russia 4,22,215 Russia, tsarist (until 1917) 25, 85, 134, 140,144-5 Russian World (Russkii Mir) foundation 213-15 Saakashvili, Mikhail (President of Georgia 2004-13) 30, 33, 54 Samachablo. See Ossetia, South Sargsyan, Serzh (President of the Republic of Armenia 2008-18) 146, 152, 156,173,175,193 self-determination (national, the right of peoples to), principle of: as defined for the Gagauz people in Moldovan law 134; in political argumentation in the frozen conflicts 20, 29, 33-6, 62-4, 71, 126,143-5,168 Sevastopol (Crimean Peninsula) 19, 144, 208 329 Shevardnadze, Eduard (President of Georgia 1995-2003) 30,43, 48-54 Shusha (Shushi by its Azerbaijani name, in Nagorno-Karabakh) 140-1 Slavic, ethnic population and culture 14, 22, 36,45, 83,126,131,214 Snegur, Mircea (President of the Republic of Moldova 1991-7) 86, 90-1,94, 96 Sochi 62, 209, 222 Socialist: political party in Moldova
72, 75, 114,233 sovereignty: as the legal sphere of authority with linearly defined territorial borders (boundaries of sovereignty) 3, 12, 203, 216; in political argumentation in the frozen conflicts 30, 101,124,158, 163, 165, 194 Soviet Constitution (Constitution of the Soviet Union): from the year 1925 51; from the year 1977 87, 140,143, 146 Soviet Union, the (USSR): dissolution 42,45-6, 145,216. See also Belovezh Accords speech acts (philosophy of language and society) 104-5, 129 Stalin, Joseph (1878-1953), rule of 41-2,218 State Duma of the Russian Federation 29, 35,45-7, 52,62-3, 72, 101-2,106, 125-6, 130,136, 150; Committee for CIS Affairs and Compatriot Relations 149,191 Stepanakert (Khankendi by its Azerbaijani name, in NagornoKarabakh) 141,155,165-6, 191-4,197, 202,225 Sukhumi (in Abkhazia) 43, 47, 53, 57; military district 40 Talysh ethnic group 195, 234 Tatar people 215-16 Tatarstan 13, 51, 216-17
Index 330 Ter-Petrosian, Levon (President of Armenia 1991-8) 146,159-60, 233 territorial integrity (principle of): as used in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan 144-5, 149,158,163,166,170-2, 178, 182,194; as used in Russia's relations with Georgia 33-4, 48-9, 52-3, 65; as used in Russia’s relations with Moldova 90,101-5, 113,124,130,139, 237 titular nation 133,140,143, 241 Transcaucasian Federation (1922-36) 41-2 trusting relationship (political): concept of 5,12; examples of 49-50, 58-9,65-6, 75-8, 105, 111, 119,181-2,204, 229. See also political conditionality of policies Tskhinvali (in South Ossetia) 19, 30-1, 42, 54, 57, 59, 63,66, 192, 208,239 Turkey: Armenia’s closed border with 159,176; close relations with Azerbaijan of 142-5, 183-4,195; as a regional actor in conflict settlement 135, 200, 234; in Russia’s regional economic cooperation 151,177,197-8; as Russia’s strategic border 52,117, 196-7, 200, 208,211 Ukraine: and war in eastern Ukraine. See Donbass unification 75, 94, 98,105,108, 141, 201,221. See also reintegration, reunification United Nations (UN): General Assembly 124-5, 144, 158, 181; observer mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) 18, 43; Security Council 30-2, 55, 91, 126,155, 158,164, 181 United Russia (political party) 63, 107 n.260; and power vertical 217-18,218 n.495 United States of America (US) 1, 7, 11,25,195-6, 208-10,220, 226, 239; and the conflict over Kosovo 29, 35,55; and frozen conflicts 61, 93,97-8,100,112,152-5, 161; and defence systems in Europe 92,116-18,123-4; and relations with Armenia 172-5,189; and relations with Azerbaijan 175, 183
Vaziani (in Georgia) 46-8 vertical international relations, concept of. See power, vertical Voronin, Vladimir (Moldovan politician, President 2001-9) 74, 77-82,100,106-7, 112,127, 130 war (between states): ArmenianAzerbaijani, active phase during 1991-4 142, 155,169-72,184; and recent phase in 2016 7,135, 147,151,164,167,183,195, 197, 199; Russo-Georgian (2008) 2934; First World War (1914-18) 84; Second World War (1939-45) 215,218, 235 Yanukovich, Viktor (President of Ukraine 2010-14) 81,100-1,113 Yeltsin, Boris (President of the Russian Federation 1991-99) 11, 13,214,216; and the NagornoKarabakh conflict 142-3,154, 160-1,165; and relations with Armenia and Azerbaijan 142; and relations with Georgia 30, 43-4, 46-7,50; and relations with Moldova 89-91, 94,106, 116, 119 Yushchenko, Victor (President of Ukraine 2005-10) 80,112, 238 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rytövuori-Apunen, Helena 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1201099455 |
| author_facet | Rytövuori-Apunen, Helena 1954- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rytövuori-Apunen, Helena 1954- |
| author_variant | h r a hra |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046259323 |
| classification_rvk | ML 6700 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1120776171 (DE-599)BVBBV046259323 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1992- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1992- |
| format | Book |
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Tauris</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">viii, 330 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"As Cold War battle lines are seemingly re-drawn, Russia's various 'frozen' war zones (ongoing separatist conflicts) are often cited as particularly volatile and assumed by some Western commentators and policymakers to be 'next' on Putin's 'wish list'. But, as Helena Rytövuori-Apunen demonstrates here, this is a gross (and dangerous) oversimplification that will only serve to fuel the vicious circle of reciprocal military escalation. Drawing on a range of empirical research and across separatist conflicts in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia), Moldova (Transnistria and Gagauzia) and Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, her timely book provides a balanced assessment and critique of the assumptions and misunderstandings that inform mainstream discussions, as well as placing the conflicts in their proper and complex historical contexts. At a time when there is an increasing tendency to view Russia as the source of all instability in Eastern Europe, Power and Conflict in Russia's Borderlands is essential reading for anyone interested in the geopolitics of post-Soviet Russia, as well as policymakers and practitioners of peace/conflict resolution studies."--Bloomsbury Publishing</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1992-</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Separatismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4054573-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" 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| geographic | Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 gnd Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Aserbaidschan Georgien Moldawien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046259323 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T14:00:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781788311434 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031637367 |
| oclc_num | 1120776171 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-824 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-824 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | viii, 330 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20191209 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | I.B. Tauris |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rytövuori-Apunen, Helena 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1201099455 aut Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution Helena Rytövuori-Apunen London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney I.B. Tauris 2020 viii, 330 Seiten Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "As Cold War battle lines are seemingly re-drawn, Russia's various 'frozen' war zones (ongoing separatist conflicts) are often cited as particularly volatile and assumed by some Western commentators and policymakers to be 'next' on Putin's 'wish list'. But, as Helena Rytövuori-Apunen demonstrates here, this is a gross (and dangerous) oversimplification that will only serve to fuel the vicious circle of reciprocal military escalation. Drawing on a range of empirical research and across separatist conflicts in Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia), Moldova (Transnistria and Gagauzia) and Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, her timely book provides a balanced assessment and critique of the assumptions and misunderstandings that inform mainstream discussions, as well as placing the conflicts in their proper and complex historical contexts. At a time when there is an increasing tendency to view Russia as the source of all instability in Eastern Europe, Power and Conflict in Russia's Borderlands is essential reading for anyone interested in the geopolitics of post-Soviet Russia, as well as policymakers and practitioners of peace/conflict resolution studies."--Bloomsbury Publishing Geschichte 1992- gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd rswk-swf Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd rswk-swf Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 gnd rswk-swf Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd rswk-swf Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Conflict management / Russia (Federation) Geopolitics Russia (Federation) / Boundaries Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations Russia (Federation) / Politics and government Boundaries Conflict management Diplomatic relations Politics and government Russia (Federation) Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 g Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 g Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 s Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 s Geschichte 1992- z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-7556-3599-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, eBook 978-1-7883-1692-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-7883-1693-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rytövuori-Apunen, Helena 1954- Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4054573-8 (DE-588)4032081-9 (DE-588)4068887-2 (DE-588)4022406-5 (DE-588)4039967-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution |
| title_auth | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution |
| title_exact_search | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution |
| title_full | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution Helena Rytövuori-Apunen |
| title_fullStr | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution Helena Rytövuori-Apunen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution Helena Rytövuori-Apunen |
| title_short | Power and conflict in Russia's borderlands |
| title_sort | power and conflict in russia s borderlands the post soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution |
| title_sub | the post-Soviet geopolitics of dispute resolution |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Separatismus (DE-588)4054573-8 gnd Konflikt (DE-588)4032081-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Separatismus Konflikt Aserbaidschan Georgien Moldawien Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031637367&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rytovuoriapunenhelena powerandconflictinrussiasborderlandsthepostsovietgeopoliticsofdisputeresolution |