Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CUPRINS Prefaţa (Dr. Andreea Atanasiu-Croitoru)............................................................................ 5 Introducere........................................................................................................................... 8 Vlahii în armata bizantină (secolele X - XII)................................................. 8 Vlahii şi mişcările antibizantine din Peninsula Balcanică............................ 13 Capitolul 1 Revolta vlaho-bulgară şi reacţia militară bizantină (toamna 1185 - vara 1188).....15 Debutul revoltei antibizantine a vlahilor (toamna 1185 - vara 1186). Reacţia militară bizantină...........................................................................................15 Reaprinderea şi intensificarea revoltei (toamna 1186 - toamna 1187). Riposta militară bizantină...........................................................................................30 Victoria revoltei vlaho-bulgare (iama 1187 - vara 1188). Eşuarea contraofensivei bizantine..............................................................................50 Capitolul 2 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgară şi contraofensiva bizantină în etapa consolidării Taratului Vlaho-Bulgar (1188 -1197)............................................................................. 59 Aspecte ale organizării militare vlaho-bulgare în etapa consolidării statului...........................................................................................................59 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgaro-cumană din 1189 ֊ 1190.........................................64 Contraofensiva bizantină şi
eşecul ei (vara 1190).........................................67 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgaro-cumană în Thracia orientală (1190 ֊ 1194).............75 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgaro-cumană în Macedonia (1195 - 1196)...................... 87 Confruntări vlaho-bulgaro-bizantine în 1196 -1197.....................................89 Capitolul 3 Ofensiva antibizantina vlaho-bulgaro-cumană în epoca primei perioade de expansiune a Taratului Vlaho-Bulgar (1197 -1204)................................................... 95 Aspecte ale organizării militare vlaho-bulgare în epoca primei perioade de expansiune a taratului............................................................................... 95 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgară în nord-vest (post 1198 - ante martie 1201)...........98 Incursiunile vlaho-bulgaro-cumane din 1199 - 1200................................. 100 Ofensiva vlaho-bulgară în Thracia răsăriteană (martie 1201)..................... 105 156
Capitolul 4 Mişcările autonomiste ale Vlahiilor din Thracia şi Macedonia şi riposta bizantină (1185 -1202)..................................................................................................................... 110 Aspecte ale organizării militare a Vlahiilor din Thracia şi Macedonia.......110 Vlahia din Thracia. Acţiune autonomistă şi reacţie bizantină.....................111 Vlahia din Macedonia. Acţiune autonomistă şi replică bizantină (1188 ֊ 1202)............................................................................................................ 119 în loc de concluzii........................................................................................................... 130 Abstract (Theodora Mărculeţ).......................................................................................... 132 Hărţi..................................................................................................................................137 » Lista ilustraţiilor............................................................................................................. 141 9 Bibliografie...................................................................................................................... 142 Index. Personalităţi istorice.......................................................................................... 154 Nota autorului................................................................................................................. 155 157
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ABSTRACT THE VLACH-BULGARIANS AND THE BYZANTINES (1185-1204) Military aspects of the battle for supremacy in the Balkan Peninsula Introduction. The last quarter of the 10th century consecrates the appearance of the Southern Danubian representatives of the Oriental Romance, the Balkan Vlachs, on the stage of history. Attested in the course of military events, the Balkan Vlachs will be mentioned repeatedly during the 10th-12th centuries, either in the Byzantine army or playing a military role in the Empire. Such attestations come from 976, 979/980, 1025, 1091, 1094, 1164, 1166, 1185-1202. The Balkan Vlachs were among the protagonists of strong risings against Byzantine rule, such as the revolt of Larissa (Thessalia) in 1066, and Paristrion (Paradounavon) in 1072. They will prove their military qualities at the end of the 12th century, and the beginning of the next one, in the context of the anti-Byzantine uprising and the struggle against Byzantium, after the establishment of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom. Chapter 1. The Vlach-Bulgarian rebellion and the Byzantine military reaction (autumn 1185 - spring 1188). Autumn 1185 recorded the outbreak of the anti-Byzantine revolt of the Vlachs in the Haemus (Balkans) region, under the leadership of Peter and Asan brothers. The anti-Byzantine revolt of the Vlachs, to which the Bulgarians soon joined, benefited from the massive military support of the North-Danubian Cuman, who became the tutelary force of the movement. The anti-Byzantine rebellion of the Vlachs and Bulgarians, prolonged until the summer of 1188, has three stages in its
deployment. The first stage (autumn 1185-summer 1186) was to end with the success of Byzantium. The second stage (autumn 1186autumn 1187), that of the rebirth of the anti-Byzantine uprising, was completed, on a military plane, in spite ofa Byzantine success, indecisive, which remained without any political or territorial consequences. The third stage (winter 1187-summer 1188) consecrated, on a military plane, the final failure of the Byzantine offensive, triggered for the suppression of the revolt. In this context, the anti-Byzantine movement of the Vlachs and Bulgarians, supported by the Cumans, ended with the establishment of a new political-state entity, the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom (1188), situated in the regions between the Haemus and the Danube. 132
During the anti-Byzantine revolt, Emperor Isaak II Angelos organized three major military campaigns against the Vlach-Bulgarians revolutions. Each campaign records a great confrontation between the Vlach-Bulgarians, supported by the Cumans, and the Byzantines: the battle of the passes (April 1186), the battle of Lardeas (11th October 1187) and the siege of Lovitzon (spring-summer 1188). At the end of these confrontations, the Byzantine Empire, although initially successful, had to recognize the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom. Chapter 2. The Vlach-Bulgarian offensive and the Byzantine counter defensive in the stage of consolidation of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom (1188 1197). The period of about a decade (1188-1197), which corresponds to the reigns of Asan and Peter, coincided with the consolidation process of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom, the constitution of its main state institutions and the continuation of its territorial expansion at the expense of the Byzantine possessions in the Balkan Peninsula. Given the fact that, at the beginning of its existence, the new Balkan state was uninterrupted in conflicting relations with the Byzantine Empire, the army became one of its main institutions. The tense relations between the two sides have led to new military confrontations between the Vlach-Bulgarians, Cumans and the Byzantine allies. Vlach-Bulgarian-Byzantine clashes were resumed, either at the end of 1189 or in the early 1190 s. In the summer of 1190, in response to the Vlach-Bulgarian-Cuman attacks south of the Haemus Mountains Emperor Isaak II Angelos organized and carried out
the fourth campaign against the Vlach-Bulgarians. The campaign ended with a severe defeat of Byzantine forces during their retreat, in the trek of Tryavna (September 1190). In the late 1190s, the Vlach-Bulgarians and their allies, the Cumans, carried out massive military operations against Byzantine possessions throughout Thrace. Strongly affected was Thema Philippopolis. Two Cuman incursions, rejected by Emperor Isaak II, hit the Byzantine possessions of Thrace in April 1191. A campaign organized by Isaak II in the spring-summer of 1191 against the Vlach-Bulgarians returned under the control of the empire the Thracian Plain. By appointing General Constantinos Doukas Angelos as the ruler of Theme Philippopolis, a limitation of the Vlach-Bulgarian-Byzantine attacks south of the Haemus Mountains was achieved. After its removal in 1193, Vlach-BulgarianCumans resumed attacks throughout Thrace. In the second half of 1194, VlachBulgarian-Cumans caused a serious defeat to the Byzantine forces at Arkadiopolis. 133
On April 8, 1195, while preparing a new campaign against the Vlach-Bulgarians, Isaak II was dethroned by his brother, Alexios. The new emperor, Alexios III Angelos, put an end to the campaign. In 1195 and 1196, the Vlach-BulgarianCuman armies crush the Byzantine forces, in two battles, near Serrai. During Peter s brief reign (1196-1197), relations with the Byzantine Empire remained tense. They resulted in new devastating incursions by the Vlach-Bulgarian-Cuman forces against Byzantine possessions. With the disappearance of Peter, the stage of the consolidation of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom ended. After this date, the Asenides state will enter a new stage in its evolution, that of its first expansion period, which will be extended until the end of 1207 or early 1208. Chapter 3. The Vlach-Bulgarian anti-Byzantine offensive during the first period of expansion of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom (1197 - 1204). Peter s disappearance in 1197 propelled the younger brother of the founders of the state, Johannitsa Asan (1197-1207), to the throne of Tâmovo. With his reign, the VlachBulgarian Kingdom was passing its first period of expansion, becoming the main power of the Balkan Peninsula and in Southeast Europe. Until the middle of the reign of the new sovereign in Târnovo, the relations between the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire remain conflicting. Under the reign of Johannitsa Asan, the Vlach-Bulgarian army continues the process of organization and consolidation. Information on a number of military issues continues to be contradictory. On the military level, under
the reign of the new Tsar, the Wallachian state took over the initiative in relations with Byzantium. The Tâmovo sovereign now moves on an uninterrupted offensive against the Byzantine positions on the Balkan Peninsula, forcing the empire to a total defensive. On the military actions undertaken by Johannitsa Asan during the first years of his reign, until 1201, the sources keep a total silence. Some historians argue that in this period, the Tsar of Tâmovo extended his authority over the Belgrade-Braničevo region, which was under the mie of the Byzantine Empire until 1198. Others reject the thesis of a Byzantine rule over the area, arguing that between 1185 and 1203, it was under the mie of the Kingdom of Hungary. The spring of 1199 marked the resumption of the Vlach-Bulgarian-Cuman offensive against Byzantine possessions from Thrace. In April 1199, the Cumans, accompanied by north-Danubian Vlachs, penetrate to the capital s region. In the autumn of 1199 a new incursion of the Cuman in the empire 134
takes place, affecting Thema Macedonia. Finally, a third incursion of the Vlachs and Cumans into the Byzantine Empire occurred at a time between 1 September 1200 and 31 August 1201, most probably in the autumn of 1200. The attacks of the Cuman against the Byzantine Empire were stopped by the intervention, against them, of the Prince of Halici-Volhynia, Roman Mstislavich. In 1201-1202 and 12031204, he organized a series of campaigns against the Cumans which devastated their territories. In March 1201, Johannitsa Asan launched a great campaign against the Byzantine possessions in Thrace. The fortresses Kontantia, situated in the Rhodopi Mountains, Mesembria and Varna, are conquered. In the spring of 1202, Emperor Alexios III Angelos made peace with Johannitsa Asan. The VlachBulgarian Tsar continued to remain hostile to Byzantium. In 1204 he was willing to help the Western Crusaders that were preparing to conquer Constantinople. Chapter 4. The autonomous movements of the Vlach entities from Thrace and Macedonia and the Byzantine riposte (1185 - 1202). The last years of the 12th century and the first years of the 13th century recorded the formation and evolution, together with the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom, of two Vlach autonomies. One functioned in Thrace, in the Rhodopi Mountains region, being founded by the Vlach aristocrat, Ivanko. The other one was established in Macedonia, with founder Dobromir Chrysos, leader of the Vlach. For several years, Dobromir Chrysos faithfully served Byzantium. By 1188 he tried to cast on the side of the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom, but he was
arrested and imprisoned. Released in 1196, Dobromir Chrysos was appointed commander of the Strumitza fortress. He also occupied Prosakos, where he settled his residence. Very likely in 1197, Dobromir Chrysos abandons his alliance and collaboration with Byzantium and opens hostility against the empire. His forces undertook a series of attacks against Byzantine possessions situated in Serrai region. In the summer of 1199, Emperor Alexios III organized a military campaign against Dobromir Chrysos. Imperial forces are besieging Prosakos fortress, but they cannot conquer it. The failure forces Emperor Alexios III to come to an agreement with Dobromir Chrysos. By 1201, Dobromir Chrysos, together with his father-in-law, Manuel Kamytzes, reopened the hostilities against the empire. Their forces carry out military action in Theme Macedonia and Hellada. Pelagonia and Prilapos fortresses are captured and under the control of Dobromyr Chrysos. Thessaly is conquered and comes into possession of Manuel Kamytzes. The allies extend military 135
operations to Peloponnese. In the spring of 1202, Emperor Alexios III turned again against the two. Byzantine diplomacy managed to divide the two allies. Manuel Kamytzes was defeated and banished from Thessaly. Dobromir Chrysos underwent the empire. His political formation ceased to exist. A second Balkan Vlach was formed in Thrace in the last year of the 12th century. Its founder was the aristocrat Ivanko, Asan s assassin, in 1196. A refugee in the courtyard of Emperor Alexios III Angelos, Ivanko was named the ruler of Theme Philippopolis. In the spring of 1199, Ivanko rebelled against the empire and reconciled with Tsar JohannitsaAsan. Against him, Byzantium organized a military campaign under the command of the emperor s two sons-in-law, Alexios Palaiologos and Theodoras Laskaris, and the protostrator Manuel Kamytzes. Ivanko avoided engaging in a direct and decisive confrontation with the imperial forces, and adopted the tactics of perpetual withdrawing from the Byzantine troops, exhausting them. Kritzimos fortress was besieged and conquered by the imperial army with great efforts. In turn, Ivanko crushed the body of army commanded by Manuel Kamytzes and captured him. Moving to the counter offensive, Ivanko attacked Byzantine possessions situated in the southern regions of Thrace, especially those in the Rhodopi Mountains. His forces advanced to the seaside of the Aegean Sea (1200). At the end of the spring of 1200, most likely in May, Emperor Alexios III Angelos organizes a new campaign against Ivanko. Stenimachos fortress was conquered, a situation where the Vlach
chief submits the empire. Captured by a stratagem, Ivanko was imprisoned and the territories of his political formation were re-enriched to the empire (summer 1200). Instead of Conclusions. The political and military events in 1204 brought radical changes, both to the political map of the Balkan Peninsula and to the relations and balance of power in the region. On April 12, after a three-day siege (912 April), Constantinople was conquered by participants in the Fourth Crusade. The Latin conquest marked the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire, divided between the Crusaders and the Venetians. In the new political context, in a first phase between 1204 and 1213/1214, the struggle for supremacy in the Balkan Peninsula will oppose the Vlach-Bulgarian Kingdom to the Latin Empire of Constantinople, backed by the other political formations of crucified origin in the Balkans. [Translated by Theodora Mărculeţ] 136
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1046536249 |
| author_facet | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_variant | v m vm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046136875 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1118999837 (DE-599)BVBBV046136875 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Byzanz |
| id | DE-604.BV046136875 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T07:47:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068305226 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031517178 |
| oclc_num | 1118999837 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
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| physical | 157 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | gbd_4_1910 BSB_NED_20191028 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Editura M.N.M.R. (Muzeului Marinei Române) |
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| spellingShingle | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4118957-7 (DE-588)4088623-2 (DE-588)4049716-1 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4088772-8 |
| title | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică |
| title_auth | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică |
| title_exact_search | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică |
| title_full | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_fullStr | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_short | Vlaho-bulgari şi bizantini (1185-1204) |
| title_sort | vlaho bulgari si bizantini 1185 1204 aspecte militare ale luptei pentru suprematie in peninsula balcanica |
| title_sub | aspecte militare ale luptei pentru supremaţie în Peninsula Balcanică |
| topic | Walachen (DE-588)4118957-7 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Rezeption (DE-588)4049716-1 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Walachen Bulgaren Rezeption Militär Geschichtsschreibung Byzanz |
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