Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945
"Sovereignty Experiments places Korean migrants and multiple efforts to govern them at the center of a transnational history about the building of modern sovereign states in Northeast Asia at the turn of the twentieth century"--
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Cornell University Press
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sovereignty experiments |b Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 |c Alyssa M. Park |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ithaca [New York] |b Cornell University Press |c [2019] | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Borderland and "prohibited zone" -- People and place : jurisdiction and borders, 1860-1888 -- Contested border : multiple sovereignties, multiple citizenships in Manchuria -- Civilizational border : subjects, aliens, and illegality in the Russian Far East -- Transforming Ussuri : migration and settlement -- Transnational world of the Korean settlement -- Making them one of us -- Epilogue : denouement of borders | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Sovereignty Experiments places Korean migrants and multiple efforts to govern them at the center of a transnational history about the building of modern sovereign states in Northeast Asia at the turn of the twentieth century"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Koreans / East Asia / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Koreans / Russia (Federation) / Russian Far East / History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Korea / Emigration and immigration / History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a East Asia / Emigration and immigration / History | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russian Far East (Russia) / Emigration and immigration / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Borderlands / East Asia / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Borderlands / Korea / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Borderlands / Russia (Federation) / Russian Far East / History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Note on Places and Terms Introduction Part I ix xi xiii xv 1 ACROSS THE TUMIEN VALLEY 1. Borderland and Prohibited Zone 23 2. People and Place: Jurisdiction and Borders, 1860-1888 42 3. Contested Border: Multiple Sovereignties, Multiple Citizenships in Manchuria 4. Civilizational Border: Subjects, Aliens, and Illegality in the Russian Far East Part II 74 110 ACROSS THE TUMIEN NORTH BANK: IN RUSSIA 5. Transforming Ussuri: Migration and Settlement 153 6. Transnational World of the Korean Settlement 183 7. Making Them One of Us 208 Epilogue: Denouement of Borders 237 Glossary Note on Sources Selected Bibliography Index 249 251 253 271
Selected Bibliography Archival Sources Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi imperii, Moscow Fond 148: Tikhookeanskii stol Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow Fond 102: Departament Politsii Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del Fond R-944: Upravlenie vnutrennimi delami Priamurskogo zemskogo kraia Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Primorskogo Kraia, Vladivostok Fond 48: Khasanskii raiispolkom Fond 1125: Ussuriiskaia oblastnaia pianovaia komissiia Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Dal’nego Vostoka, Vladivostok Fond 1: Primorskoe oblastnoe pravlenie Fond 28: Vladivostokskaia gorodskaia uprava Fond 87: Kantseliariia voennogo gubernatora Primorskoi oblasti Fond 702: Kantseliariia Priamurskogo general-gubernatora Fond R-2422: Dal’nevostochnyi revoliutsionnyi komitet Newspapers and Periodicals Russian Dalekaia okraina Nikol sk- Ussurüskii listok Vladivostokskie eparkhiaľnye vedomosti Vladivostok Korean Haejo sinmun Hanin sinbo Kwõnöp sinmun Taedong kongbo 253
254 SELECTED BIBUOGRAPHY Contemporary Sources Anosov, S. D. Koreitsy v Ussuriiskom krae [Koreans in Ussuri krai], Khabarovsk: Khnizhnoe Delo, 1928. Arsen’ev, V. K. Kitaitsy v Ussuriiskom krae. Zapiski Priamurskogo otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva 10, no. 1. Khabarovsk: Tip. Kantseliarii Priamurskago general-gubernatora, 1914. Bishop, Isabella Bird. Korea and Her Neighbors: A Narrative of Travel with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country. Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 1970. First published 1905 by John Murray (London). Ch’oe Chongböm. Kando kaech’ök pisa: Kangbuk ilgi [Undisclosed history of the development of Kando: Diary of the north]. Edited by Ch’oe Kanghyõn. Seoul: Sinsõng Ch’ulp’ansa, 2004. Delotkevich, P. M. “Dnevnik Pavla Mikhailovicha Delotkevicha na puti peshkom iz Seula v Pos’et cherez severnuiu Koreiu (s 6 dekabria 1885 g. po 29 fevralia 1886 g.)” [Journal of Pavel Mikhailovich Delotkevich on his travels from Seoul to Pos’et through northern Korea]. Sborníkgeograficheskikh, topograficheskikh і statisticheskikh materialov po Ázii 38 (1887): 128-97. Eliseev, A. V. “Iuzhno-Ussuriiskii krai i ego Russkaia kolonizatsiia, I-III” [South Ussuri krai and its Russian colonization]. Russkii vestnik 214, no. 6 (1891): 199-231. ------ . “Iuzhno-Ussuriiskii krai i ego Russkaia kolonizatsiia, ГѴ-ѴІ” [South Ussuri krai and its Russian colonization], Russkii vestnik 215, no. 8 (1891): 118-58. ------ . “Iuzhno-Ussuriiskii krai i ego Russkaia kolonizatsiia, VII-IX” [South Ussuri krai and its Russian colonization],
Russkii vestnik 216, no. 10 (1891): 78-113. ------ . Po belu-svetu (Ocherki і kartiny izputeshestvii po trem chastiam starogo sveta) [Across the world (Essays and drawings from travels across three parts of the old world)]. Voi. 4. St. Petersburg: Izdaniie P. P. Soikina, 1898. Garin, N. G. Iz dnevnikov krugosvetnogo puteshestviia (po Koree, Man’chzhurii і Liaodunskomu poluostrovu) [From the journals of my travels around the world (through Korea, Manchuria, and Liaodong peninsula)]. Moscow: Gos. Izd-vo Geog. Lit-ry, 1950. Gozhenskii, Iv. “Uchastie koreiskoi emigratsii v revoliutsionnom dvizhenii na Dal’nem Vostoke” [Participation of Korean emigration in the revolutionary movement in the Far East]. In Revoliutsiia na Dal’nem Vostoke, 357-74. Moscow: Gos. Izd-vo, 1923. Grave, V. V. Kitaitsy, Koreitsy i Iapontsy v Priamure [Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese in the Priamur]. Trudy Amurskoi ekspeditsii. St. Petersburg: V. F. Kirshbaum, 1912. Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division. A Handbook ofSiberia and Arctic Russia. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1920. Hallim Taehakkyo Asea Munhwa Yon’guso, ed. Kwönõp sinmun. Taehanin Chõnggyobo. Ch’őnggu sinbo. Hanin sinbo. 2 vols. Ch’unch’ön: Hallim Taehakkyo Asea Munhwa Yon’guso, 1995. ------ , ed. Yõnhae-jи õbu. Kwangbu. Tangkyoyuk. Tongbang kkommuna. Konggyök taewõn. Ssöttallinnyech’ű. Lenin kwangsõn. Nodongja. 3 vols. Ch’unch’ön: Hallim Taehakkyo Ch’ulp’anbu, 1997. Iaremenko, A. N. “Dnevnik kommunista” [Diary of a communist]. In Revoliutsiia na Dal’nem Vostoke, 131-279. Moscow: Gos. Izd-vo, 1923. Iarmosh, A. M. “Dvizhenie naseleniia
Dal’nevostochnogo kraia na desiatiletie 1926-1936” [Population movement in the Far Eastern krai during the decade 1926-1936]. Ekonomicheskaia zhizn Dal’nego Vostoka (Khabarovsk), no. 1-2 (1927): 83-101.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 Iuvachev, I. P. “Bor’ba s khunkhuzami na Manchzhurskoi granitse” [Struggle with khunkhuzy on the Manchurian border]. Istoricheskii vestnik 82 (October 1900): 177-206. James, H. Evan M. The Long White Mountain, or, A Journey in Manchuria: With Some Account of the History, People, Administration and Religion ofthat Country. London: Longmans Green Co., 1888. Kaufman, A. A. Pereselenie і kolonizatsiia [Resettlement and colonization]. St. Petersburg: Biblioteka “Obshchestvennoi Poľzy,” 1905. Koryö Taehakkyo Asea Munje Yön’guso, ed. Ku Han’guk oegyo munsů [Diplomatic documents of Old Korea]. 22 vols. Seoul: Koryö Taehakkyo Ch’ulp’anbu, 1965-73. Ku Sőnhüi and Cho Myõnghüi, eds. Chungguk tongbuk chiyök Hanin kwallyõn charyo [Documents on Koreans in China’s northeastern region]. Haeoe şaryo ch’ongso. Kwach’ön, Kyõnggi-do: Kuksa P’yönch’an Wiwönhoe, 2008. Kukhak Chinhüng Yön’gu Saöp Unyöng Wiwönhoe, ed. Kangbuk ilgi; Kangjwa yöjigi; Agukyöjido [Journal about the north; Diary on the left bank of the river; Map of Russia]. Söngnam, Kyönggi-do: Han’guk Chöngsin Munhwa Yön’guwön, 1994. Kukhoe Tosõgwan Ippõp Chosaguk, ed. Ku Hanmal т choyak [Treaties of Old Korea]. 3 vols. Seoul: Sinsõwön, 1989. Kuksa P’yönch’an Wiwönhoe, ed. Chuhan Ilbon kongsagwan kirok [Records of the Japanese legation in Korea], http://db.history.go.kr. ------, ed. Kaksa tungnõk kündaep’yön [Records of administrative bureaus], ------, ed. Kojong sillok [Veritable annals of Kojong]. ----- , ed. Pibyõnsa tüngnok [Records of the Border Defense Command]. ------, ed. T’onggambu munsö [Documents of
the resident-general], Matiunin, N. G. “Nashi sosedi na krainem vostoke” [Our neighbors in the far east]. Vestnik Evropy 126, no. 22 (July 1887): 64—88. Ministerstvo Torgovli і Promyshlennosti. Sbomik torgovykh dogovorov i drugikh vytekaiushchikh iz nikh soglashenii, zakliuchennykh mezhdu Rossiei і inostrannymi gosudarstvami [Collection of commercial treaties and subsequent agreements concluded between Russia and foreign governments]. Petrograd, 1915. Mysh, M. I. Ob inostrantsakh v Rossii: sbomik uzakonenii, traktatov i konventsii s otnosiashchimisia k nim praviteľstvennymi i sudebnymi raz”iasneniiami [On foreigners in Russia: Collection of decrees, treaties, and conventions with administrative and legal explanations], 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1911. Nadarov, I. P. “Iuzhno-Ussuriiskii krai v sovremennom ego sostoianii” [South Ussuri krai in its present situation]. Izvestiia Imperatorskago Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva 25 (1889): 197-227. ------. “Materiały к izucheniiu Ussuriiskogo kraia” [Materials for the investigation of Ussuri krai]. Sbornik geograficheskikh, topograficheskikh і statisticheskikh materialov po Ázii 26 (1887): 91-150. Nansen, Fridtjof. Through Siberia, the Land of the Future. Translated by Arthur G. Cháter. London: W. Heinemann, 1914. Nasekin, N. “Koreiskii vopros v Priamur’e” [Korean question in the Priamur]. Russkii vestnik 269 (1900): 296-303. ------. “Koreitsy Priamurskago kraia” [Koreans of Priamur krai]. Zhurnal Ministerstva obshchestvennogo obrazovaniia 352 (March 1904): 1-61. Obzor Primorskoi oblasti za 1901-2 g. [Survey of the Maritime
oblasť in 1901-2]. Vladivostok: Tip. Primorskago oblastnogo pravleniia, 1902. Obzor Primorskoi oblasti za 1906. Vladivostok: Tip. Primorskago oblastnogo pravleniia, 1907. Obzor Primorskoi oblasti za 1910. Vladivostok: Tip. Primorskago oblastnogo pravleniia, 1911.
256 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Obzor Primorskoi oblasti za 1913. Vladivostok: Tip. Primorskago oblastnogo pravleniia, 1915. Pae Usöng and Ku Pömjin, eds. Kugyõk ‘Tongmun hwigo’pőmwöl şaryo [Compendium of diplomatic documents on border crossings in Korean]. ѴЫ. 4, Tongbuga yõksa charyo ch’ongso; 20. Seoul: Tongbuga Yöksa Chaedan, 2012. Pak Unsik. “Aryõng silgi.” In Han’guk kündae saryoron, edited by Yun Pyõngsök, 152-200. Seoul: Ilchogak, 1979. Pesotskii, V. D. Koreiskii vopros v Priamur’e [Korean question in the Priamur]. Trudy Amurskoi ekspeditsii 11. Khabarovsk, 1913. Podzhio, M. A. “Koreitsy” [Koreans]. In Po Daľnemu Vostoku: Sakhalin, Ussuriiskaia oblast’, Man’chzhuriia, Koreia і Iaponiia. Sborník pisateľnykh statei dita domashniago i shkoľnago chteniia, edited by V. Lvovich, 74-78. Moscow: M. V. Kliukin, 1905. Poltavskaia gubernskaia zemskaia uprava. Pereseleniia iz Poltavskoi gubernii s 1861 po 1900g. [Resetüement from Poltavka guberniia from 1861 to 1900]. Voi. 2. Poltava, 1900. Przheval’skii, N. Puteshestviie v Ussuriiskom krae, 1867-1869gg. [Journey in Ussuri krai]. Moscow: OGIZ Gos. Izd-vo Geog. Lit-ry, 1947. ------ . “Ussuriiskii krai. Novaia territoriia Rossii” [Ussuri krai. New territory of Russia], Vestnik Evropy 5 (1870): 236-67. Ragoza, A. “Pos’etskii uchastok” [Pos’et uchastok]. Sborník geograficheskikh, topograficheskikh і statisticheskikh materialov po Ázii 45 (1891): 47-135. ------ . “Koreitsy Priamurskago kraia. I. Kratki і istoricheskii ocherk pereseleniia Koreitsev v Iuzhno-Ussuriiskii krai” [Koreans of Priamur krai. I. A short historical survey of the
migration of Koreans to South Ussuri]. Trudy Priamurskago otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva (1895): 1-36. Sen’ko-Bulanyi, N. “Severnye porty Korei. Koreiskiie rabochiie v Rossii” [Northern ports of Korea. Korean workers in Russia]. In Sborník konsul’skikh donesenii, edited by Ministerstvo Inostrannykh Del, 23-29. St. Petersburg, 1909. Shlikevich, S. P. Kolonizatsionnoe znachenie. Zemledeliia v Priamur’e [Significance of colonization. Agriculture in the Priamur]. Trudy Amurskoi ekspeditsii 5. St. Petersburg: V. R Kirshbaum, 1911. Shreider, D. I. Nash Dal’nii Vostok (tri goda v Ussuriiskom krae) [Our Far East (Three years in Ussuri krai)]. St. Petersburg: Izdanie A. F. Devriena, 1897. Toropov, A. A., et al., eds. Koreitsy na Rossiiskom Daľnem Vostoke: Dokumenty i materiały (vt. pol. XIX֊nach. XX w.) [Koreans in the Russian Far East (late nineteenth century to early twentieth century): Documents and materials]. Vladivostok: Izd-vo DVU, 2001. ------ , ed. Koreitsy na Rossiiskom Dal’nem Vostoke (1917-1923 gg.): Dokumenty i materiały [Koreans in the Russian Far East (1917-1923): Documents and materials], Vladivostok: Izd-vo DVU, 2004. Unterberger, P. F. Priamurskii krai, 1906-1910 [Priamur krai, 1906-1910]. St. Petersburg: V. F. Kirshbaum, 1912. ------ . Primorskaia oblasť, 1856-1898gg. [Maritime oblasť, 1856-1898]. St. Petersburg: V. F. Kirshbaum, 1900. Vagin, V. I. “Koreitsy na Amure” [Koreans in the Amur]. Sborník istoriko-statísticheskikh svedenii o Sibiři i sopredeľnykh et stranakh 1 (1875): 1-29. Vladivostokskii okruzhnoi statisticheskii otdel.
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China 31, no. 2 (December 2010): 1-33. Benton, Lauren. A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Benton, Lauren, and Adam Clulow. “Legal Encounters and the Origins of Global Law.” In The Cambridge World History, voi. 6, The Construction of a Global World, 1400-1800 CE, Part 2: Patterns of Change, edited by Jerry H. Bendey, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, 80-100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Bohnet, Adam. “Migrant and Border Subjects in Late Choson Korea.” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 2008. Bone, Jonathan. “Asia Stops Here: Border-Zone Slavicization and the Fate of the Far Eastern Koreans, 1925-1937.” Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, November 1999. ------. “Socialism in a Far Country: Stalinist Population Politics and the Making of the Soviet Far East, 1929-1939.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2003. Booth, Martin. Opium: A History. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Breyfogle, Nicholas, Abby Schrader, and Willard Sunderland, eds. Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History. London: Routledge, 2007. Brooks, Barbara. Japan’s Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China, 1895-1938. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2000. ------. “Peopling the Japanese Empire: The Koreans in Manchuria and the Rhetoric of Inclusion.” In Japan’s Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930, edited by Sharon Minichiello.
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Index Page numbers followed by letters ƒ m, and t refer to figures, maps, and tables, respectively. agriculture: Chinese migrants and, 170-71; in Confucian world, 57; “groove method” of (gryadokovaya kultura), 170,177; Korean migrants and, 110,138,139,174,177-78, 240; in Russian Far East, harsh environment and, 164-65; Soviet collectivization campaigns and, 241-42 Aigun, Treaty of (1858),44n2,45,52,119n24, 158 Alekseev, Evgenii, 90 aliens (foreigners; inorodtsy): category of, policy of exclusion and, 4,9,11,111, 118-19, 127, 178; changes in meaning of term, 112n3; concealment by landlords and entrepreneurs, 132; passport system and, 131; Russian anxieties regarding, 137; vs. subjects, in Russian Far East, 11,111, 121-22,124,127,178 Amur Province, Russia, xvi, xixm; migration in and out of, 162,166,175 Amur Railroad, 161n26 artel, 132,168,178 Asian migrants: discriminatory laws targeting, 118,119—20,139—43; racialized stereotypes of, 137-39,171,201-2. See ako Chinese migrants; Korean migrants banditry: in borderlands, 54-55,65,78-79, 78nl 1,95; Korean migrants as perpetrators of, 48,66,78-79,98; Korean migrants as victims of, 192-93; in Russian Far East, 192-96 baptism, of Korean migrants, 221-22; and name changes, 125; and subjecthood, 121, 221-22; traditional customs and, 220 Baranov, I. G„ 53,218 Beijing, Treaty of (1860), 8,44—45,52,53,54 Benton, Lauren, 6nl0 Bezobrazov, Alexander, 90 bilet: anti-Asian discriminatory laws and, 140-41; challenges of obtaining, 128, 132; Chinese migrants and, 120; Korean migrants and, 122,128,178; Russian and Japanese, alternative use of,
148,149; Russian landlords and entrepreneurs circumventing, 132 Bishop, Isabella Bird, 137, 197,222 Blagoslovennoe, Korean settlers in, 175 Bolshevik Revolution, 11,237; Korean nationalists’ response to, 224,226-27 border(s)/borderland(s): ambiguity regarding, Chosön preference for, 39,41; ChosönRussian, 44,45; convergence in governance of, 9; extraterritoriality treaties and, 4, 43,51-53; natural resources in, mutual poaching of, 35-38,41; prohibited zone in, 7,24,26,30, 32-33; and state authority/ sovereignty, 1,3,6; state’s attempts to make society legible in, 9-10; in today’s Turnen valley, 247; Turnen valley as unique case of, 5,6—7. See also Chosõn-Qing border border crossing: ban on, 37,43,66; cooperation in, 38; as creative act, 130; difficulty policing, 127-29,130; lifting of ban on, 70, 71,73; punishment for, 37,41, 43, 59 borderland studies, 5 Boxer Rebellion, 89,95-96 Briner, Iulii (Julius Bryner), 89,198 Buddhism, Korean migrants and, 219,221 burial rites, Korean, 58,202,220-21 Buryat, 110,114 Cassel, Par, 51n30,52n33 Catherine the Great, 118 Central Asia: relocation of Korean migrants to, 13, 243-44; Russia and, scholarship on, 17 Chernyshev, V. V., 243 China: civil wars in, 101; Manchu conquest of, 30,31; Ming, Chosön Korea and, 30, 41n68; today, Korean population in, xv-xvi; today, northern borders of, 247. See also Qing China; Sino-Japanese relations; SinoRussian relations Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), 89,161,167, 169 271
272 INDEX Chinese migrants, in Russian Far East, 2,154, 160f, 166-72; anti-Asian discriminatory laws and, 140; attitudes toward, 111, 210; ban on Korean workers and, 143; circular movement of, 167,168,171; in cities, 154,167,168,169-70,169t, 198-207; collectivization campaigns and, 242; in countryside vs. cities, 169í; jurisdiction over, 52-54; labor niches for, 143,155, 168-69,171 f, 181,198-99; Manza bandits and, 194—95, 196; removal of, 54,244n30; restrictions on (1886), 119,120; samosud practiced by, 190 Chinese migrants, in United States, 2,2n3, 118,167 Chinese societies, in Russian Far East, 184,196; in Vladivostok, 196,199-201,207 Ch’oe Chongböm, 79,79nl5, 93n53 Cho Pyõngjik, 72,133-34 Chosõn Korea: anxieties regarding Korean migration, 8,60-61; border control by, 37-39,43,66; claims on Korean migrants, 2,9-Ю, 12,16,44,48,73,75, 81,108,121, 133-36; crisis in late 19th century, 56-57, 87; dynasty founder, 26; grain-loan system in, 60-61; “high imperial” politics in, 61,88; household registers in, 44,63-64; Japan’s colonization of, 76,91,108,146—47,224, 245; Japan’s protectorate over, 12, 76,98, 104,136,143-46,209; Jurchens in, 30-31; Kabo reforms in, 87,92,223n56; Kwangmu reforms in, 93; military bureaucracy in, 29; and Ming China, 30,41n68; northern region as military frontier of, 26-30; opening to global influences, 56,86—87; and prohibited zone, 7,24,26,33,39; resettlement policies of, 27-28,32,33; Russia as new neighbor of, 43,44-45; and secret missions to Korean settlements in China, 79-80; and secret missions to Korean settlements in Russia,
44,61-64,61n69,67-69; Tonghak rebellions and, 86,87; treaty with Japan (1876), 67, 67n84. See also Chosõn-Qing border; Chosõn-Qing relations; Chosön-Russian relations; Korean migrants Chosõn-Qing border, 1,7,23—26,25m; ambiguity regarding, 39,41, 75, 85-86,92, 108; expeditions to determine, 39,40-41, 84-86; joint administration of justice in, 47; natural resources along, mutual poaching of, 35—38,41; as prohibited zone, 7,24,26, 41,43,71,74,108,153; Russian acquisition of Qing lands and, 42—47,49-50; surveys of, Chosõn resistance to, 39—40 Chosõn-Qing relations: crisis in late 19th century and, 61; initial hostility in, 30, 31-32, 33; Korean migrants in Russia and, 42; Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade (1882), 70; Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1899), 88,91-92,97. See also tributary system Chosön-Russian relations: absence of history of, 43,45,65; Chosõn resistance to establishing, 45-46; concessions diplomacy, 89; formal, establishment of, 55,62n69, 65-67,121; Japanese intervention in Korea and, 88-89; and jurisdiction over Korean migrants, 71-72,133-36; new border and, 44,45; Qing China as mediator in, 65,68; Regulations for Land Trade on the Turnen River (1888) and, 69,70,71-73,121, 127,133; Temporary Rules for Crossing the Turnen River (1891), 72; Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (1884), 62n69, 69-70,133,134 cities, in Russian Far East: Chinese migrants in, 154,167,168,169-70,169í, 198-207; Korean migrants in, 169f, 196,198-207, 228-29 citizenship: jus sanguinis as basis for, 103; renouncement of, League of Nations on, 106n97; as tool for political control,
100-106,108-9. See ako naturalization; subject(s)/subjecthood civilization(s): chasm between, in Russian Far East, 111, 112; Chosõn as seat of, 29, 30,32,112; concept of, ideology of nation and, 210; Korea in new hierarchy of, 211 ; Korean nationalist movement and, 210, 225,226,230; Russian, anxieties about, 202; similarities in views of, 225,236 civilized/uncivilized migrants, discourse of: Chosõn, 79-80,187-88; Korean nationalist emigré, 228,234; Russian, 114, 118,140,147,192,197,201,204.See also civilization(s) climate: of Russian Far East, 155,164; of Turnen valley, 28 clothing, of Korean migrants: change in subjecthood and, 134,135; as marker of identity, 135; mixture of traditions in, 42, 48,223; preservation of traditional, 59; Qing requirements for, 81; Russian rules regarding, 135 communes, Russian settlers and, 164,189 concessions diplomacy, 88-89 Confucian world/worldview: agriculture in, 57; Korean migrants in Russia and, 187-88;
INDEX on Korean migration, 58; and new vision of statehood, 44; and petitions by Korean migrants, 82,83,84; rise of Qing China and, 32; vs. Russian culture and civilization, 112; stable land border in, 7 congress (skhod), in Korean villages, 187 Congress on the Korean Question (1907), 127, 128,129,131 Cossacks: border protection by, 55, 158; Manza attacks and, 195; reliance on foreign laborers, 177,181; removal of migrants by, 54; resettlement in Russian Far East, 158-59, 163m courts: Korean, in Russian Far East, 184, 189-92; of Russian peasants (samosud), 189-90 diaspora: definition of, 13nl7; Korean, scholarship on, 13,14-15. See also Korean migrants Dmitrievskü, P. A., 133,134-35 East Asia: changing concepts of, 16-17, 17n29; extraterritoriality treaties in, 4, 43, 50-54,69,91; Russia and, gaps in scholarship on, 16-17; Russian aspirations in, 44; Western “high diplomacy” and, 3, 56, 88 education, among Korean migrants, 228; Confucian, 62,228,232; in Korean nationalist schools, 231-32; in Orthodox church-schools, 212-18,213/, in Protestant (“Jesus”) schools, 234 elders: of Korean villages, in Russian Far East, 128,184,185,186,187,188; of Russian communes, 164 Eliseev, A. V., 54 Emancipation Act of 1861,157 environmental factors, and Korean migration, 2,34,35,48-50,57,153,172-73 exclusion, policies of, 4, 9; Russian empire and, 4,11, 111, 122; U.S. and, 10,10nl5. See also aliens extraterritoriality treaties, in East Asia, 50-51,69, 91; and border relations, 4,43, 51-54, 56; and policies regarding Korean migrants, 121 Ezhov, Nikolai, 243 flooding: and Korean migration,
2,48-50, 57,153,172,174; from Turnen River, 28; in Ussuri, 156 Flug, Vasilii E., 125,196 foreigners. See aliens 273 gambling, Asian migrants and, 203-4,229 Germans, in Russian borderlands, 111,118-19; resettlement of, 242 ginseng: Chosön ban on gathering of, 37-38; indigenous tribes and, 7; and Korean migration, 35-36; poaching of, 35,37; trade in, 35-36; as tribute offering, 35,54; in Turnen valley, 34 gold mines: Chinese migrants working in, 143, 170,171 ђ Korean migrants working in, 141, 171í, 178-79,179/ 235 Gondatti, Nikolai L., 206-7 Gorchakov, A. M., 49 governance organizations: of Chinese migrants in Russian Far East, 196, 199-201, 207; of Korean migrants in Qing China, 78; of Korean migrants in Russian Far East, 184-89, 207,227; of Russian peasants, 164 grain-loan system, 60-61,187 Great Terror, 11,243^4 “groove method” of agriculture (gryadokovaya kul’tura), 170,177 hairstyle(s), of Korean migrants: and claims of subjecthood, 136; as marker of identity, 135; mixture of traditions in, 223; Qing requirements for, 81,82-83,97; Russian requirements for, 122 Hämäläinen, Pekka, 15ո26 Hamgyöng Province, Korea, xv, xixm, xxm, 25m; cattle traders in, 180; emigration from, 1,153,175; exile to, 27; as military frontier, 26,29; natural disasters in, 48, 57; northernmost part of, 30; population growth in, 34; timber cutting in, 35 Han Ch’ijun, 133—36 Han Chinese: in foreign states, naturalization of, 103; ginseng-gathering expeditions by, 38; in Kando, 77; resettlement in Manchuria, 33n37,80; in Turnen valley, 8,24, 74, 76. See also Chinese migrants Hawaii, Korean migrants in,
105n93 Hayashi Kyūjiro, 107 Heje, 7,34,76; incorporation in Qing military system, 45, 80 Hiilis, Faith, 112n2 Hobsbawm, Eric, 78nl 1 honghuzi (bandits), 54-55, 78—79,194-96 Hong Taiji, 23nl, 32,40 household registration system (hojök), Chosön, 63-64; Korean migrants and, 44, 63-64,93,108; Kwangmu reforms and, 93 Hwang, Kyung Moon, 64n77
274 INDEX Ianchihe, Korean migrants in, 48,49,173,174, 185 identity: markers of, 135; national, selective adoption of, 209-10 Imjin War, 23n2,29 inclusion, policies of, 4,9,11,111 indigenous tribes, in Turnen valley, 2,7-8,24, 34,54,76; Korean migrants compared to, 211; Qing recruitment into military units, 45,80 international law: border relations and, 4; global rise in migration and, 117-18; invocation of, 65,96,97,108,134. See also extraterritoriality treaties international relations, field of, 5-6 Ito Hirobumi, 89 James, H. Evan, 78 Japan: claims on Korean migrants, 2-3,4, 76,101-2,104,105-6,143-44,238,244; colonization of Korea, 76,91,108,146-47, 224,245; defeat in World War II, 12,246; extraterritorial leaseholds in Kando, 12,76; and ginseng trade, 36; imperialist expansion of, 237,238; imperialist intentions of, Russian fears regarding, 144-45; interventions in Chosön Korea, 61,87,88-89; invasion of Chosön Korea, 29; invasion of Manchuria, 107,108,237,242,245; Kantő field office of, 75n2,99,108; Korean population in, 13,14, 106,246; protectorate over Korea, 12,76,98, 104,136,143^46,209; Soviet Union and, 238-39,242-43; Tonghak rebellions and, 87; treaty regime after Opium Wars (1856-60), 50-51; treaty with Chosön Korea (1876), 67, 67n84; Twenty-One Demands of 1915,101; withdrawal from League of Nations, 100n76. See aho Russo-Japanese War; Sino-Japanese relations Jilin Province, China, xv, xixm. See aho Kando; Korean migrants, in Qing China Jurchens, 23nl; attacks on Korean villages, 23,24, 26,27,30; as buffer to “barbarian” neighbors, 30-31; departure from Turnen,
31,32; trade with Koreans, 24,27. See ako Manchus jurisdiction: Chosön-Russian discussions of, 66-67; plural, 4,9,51-52,116,119n24, 124; shared (overlapping), in Sino-Russian borderland, 51-54 jurisdiction, over Koreans migrants: multiple states’ claims of, 2,55-56,73; in Qing China, 99,100; in Russia, 71-72,121,183 Kabo reforms, 87,92,223n56 Kando, xv-xvi, xxm, 75; ambiguous status of, 100; banditry in, 78-79, 95,98; Boxer Rebellion and, 95-96; Chosön claims regarding, 12; governmental organizations in, 78; Han Chinese settlers in, 77; incomplete sovereignty in, 76, 99—100; Japanese claims over, 12, 76, 98-99,108, 143-44; Japanese “search and destroy” campaign in, 238; Korean overseers sent to, 93-98,108; Korean population in, economic role of, 77,107; Korean population in, growth of, 2n2,107,240, 246; names for, xv, 75n2,107; naturalization of Korean migrants in, 80-82,97,103-4; Qing acquisition of, 99; Russo-Japanese War and, 98,108. See also Korean migrants, in Qing China Kando Treaty (1909), 99-100; disputes over, 101-2 Kanghwa, Treaty of (1876), 67n84 Kangxi emperor (Qing dynasty), 39,40,46 Kaufman, A. A., 165 Kazakhstan, relocation of Korean migrants to, 243-44 Khabarovsk, xixm; Chinese migrants in, 170; Korean nationalist schools in, 231; resettlement of Korean migrants near, 127, 240 Khabarovsk Congress of 1886, 115,137 Khanka, Lake, xvi, xxm, 162; resettlement of Korean migrants near, 175 Khasan district, 247. See also Poset Khomiakov, P. P., 125 Kiakhta, Supplementary Treaty of (1768), 52 Kim Kwanghun, 61n69,62-63 Kim Kwangu, 50 Kim Yunsik, 72 Kim Yuyón, 60
Koiander, A., 53 Kojong (Chosön king): anxieties related to Russian arrival, 46,47,48; claims over Korean migrants, 73; declaration of empire by, 88; efforts to stem migration, 60-61; Japanese intervention and, 87,88-89; and Kwangmu reforms, 92-93; on migration as crime, 58; and new vision of statehood, 44; repatriation efforts by, 58-59,81,93; and secret missions to Russia, 44,61 Korea. See Chosön Korea; North Korea; South Korea Korean Autonomous Prefecture, People’s Republic of China, xv-xvi Korean émigrés: on compatriots in Russian Far East, 225-30; Japanese attacks on, 238; migrants distinguished from, xvii; nationalist activities of, 224-25,231-36; scholarship focusing on, 14
INDEX Korean Independence Movement (1919), 106, 235 Korean language, in Russian Far East: preservation of, 228; schools for, 231,232; Soviet regime and, 241 Korean migrants/migration: anxieties regarding, 8,16; Chosõn claims on, 2, 9-10,12,16,44,48,73,75,81,108,110, 121, 133-36; Chosõn response to, 57-64; conflicting agendas embodied by, 246; Confucian worldview on, 58; convergence in states’ responses to, 8-11; divergence in states’ responses to, 11-12; at end of Pacific War, 13; in Japan, 13,14,106,246; Japanese claims on, 2-3,4, 76,101-2,104, 105-6,143—44,238,244; Korean nationalist movement and, 209; laws adapted by, 12-13,111-12,128,129,130,148,149; local governments and, 59-60; malleable status of, 16; multiple states’ claims on, 2-3,4,9-10,16,100, 110; natural disasters and, 2, 34,35,48-50, 57,153,172-73; pull factors for, 2, 8,35-36,55,60,173,174; push factors for, 2,8, 35,48-50,76, 80,153, 172-73; Qing claims on, 2-3, 55,68-69, 73,75, 76,80,119,119n24; as “refugees” (nanmin), 50; routes utilized by, 175-76; Russian claims on, 2,16,42,43,48,49-50, 55,66-67; seasonal, 1, 7,8,54,77,110,172, 174,176,178,240; transnational lives of, 148—49; use of term, xvii; as “wanderers” (yumin), 34 Korean migrants, in Qing China, 1-2, 76-78; Chosõn government’s outreach to, 79-80, 93-95,108; Chosõn claims on, 12, 73,75, 81, 108; economic roles of, 77,107; factors for migration of, 48, 50, 76, 80; flight to Russia, 82, 83; governance organizations of, 78; Japanese claims on, 76,101—2, 104, 105-6,143-44; Japanese invasion of Manchuria and, 107; jurisdictional ambiguity regarding,
76,80, 99,100; naturalization of, 80-82, 97,103—4; petitions by, 82-84; population growth of, 2,2n2, 74,107; Sino-Japanese competition and, 12, 99-100; state policies regarding, 12, 75, 80-84; taxation of, 81,95; violence against, 78-79, 82,95 Korean migrants, in Russian Far East, 1-2, 153-54,172-81; anti-Asian discriminatory laws and, 139-43; anxieties regarding, 65-69, 110-16,136-39,238-39,242-43; assimilation of, 114, 208-9, 210—19, 221-23; banditry by, 48,66; bandits targeting, 192—93,194,195; bonds to 275 country of origin, 127, 245; census of, 124; Chosõn claims on, 16,44, 48,73, 110,121,133-36; Chosõn government’s outreach to, 44, 61-64,61n69,67-69; in cities, 169t, 196-207,228-29; civil war and, 237n2; collectivization campaigns and, 241-42; continuous arrival of, 112, 114,154,176—77,246; contributions to agriculture, 110,138,139, 174, 177-78, 240; courts of, 184,189-92; cyclical migration and settlement by, 176; division into “subjects” and “aliens,” 11, 111, 121-22,124,127,178; exploitation by Russian peasants, 192-93; first record of, 48,173-74; flight from Qing China, 82,83; governance organizations of, 184-89,207, 227; hamlets of, 163m, 177-78,181t, 186, 189; homes of, 222-23; illegal, 112,128-29, 130—32; Japanese imperial ambitions and anxieties regarding, 144,238-39; Japan’s interventions in Korea and, 144, 146—47; jurisdictional disputes over, 55-56,71-72; Korean émigrés on, 225-30; labor ban on, 141-43; law adapted by, 12-13; mass exodus in 1869,48-50; names of, confusion regarding, 125-26; national identity of, selective adoption of, 209-10; nationalist
agendas and, 208,231-36; as natural colonists, 154; naturalization of, 121-22, 124-25,239—40; newspapers published by, 225,232,235, 241,24ІПІ8; occupations of, 153-54,155, 177-80, 198-99; passport laws and, 119, 121,127-28; permanent settlements of, 48,110; population growth of, 2,2nl, 154,160t, 176,180,239; preservation of traditions by, 59,62-63, 218-21, 227-28; Qing claims on, 42, 48, 119,119n24; Qing efforts to attract, 68-69; reasons for migration of, 48-50, 55, 60, 153,172-73,174; relocation of, proposals/ experimentation with, 113-14,116,127, 142,174-75, 245; relocation of, Soviet regime and, 4,11, 18—19,240,243—44; routes for migration of, 175-76; RussoJapanese War and, 136-39; as second-tier population, 132, 140; settlement ban against (1886), 119,120; socioeconomic gap with Russians, 239; under Soviet rule, 4,11,18-19, 238-44; state policies regarding, 11,115-16,139—43; subjecthood of, 55, 56, 111, 119-22,123m, 124-25,127, 133-36, 239-40,244n34; taxation of, 121, 122; tendency to settle, 182; xenophobic attitudes toward, 111, 112-13 Korean nationalist movement, 208,209
276 INDEX Korean societies, in Russian Far East, 184, 187,196, 218; in Vladivostok, 199-201, 207 Korf, A. N„ 120,121 Korsakov, M. S., 175 Krasnoe Selo,xxm, 72nl00,133,163m, 186, 222 Kunst, Gustav, 198 Kuropatkin, Aleksei N., 89n41,137 Kwangmu reforms, 93 Kyõnghüng: Chosön-Russian meeting in, 65-67; migration issues and, 49; Russian arrival at, 46,47,48; Russian consulate in, 70,128 Kyõngsöng, Fort, 23,24,27 Kyõngwön, Fort, 24,26,26n6,27 land: collectivization campaigns and, 241; Cossacks in Russian Far East and, 158; disputes over, in Russian Far East, 193,239; Korean migrants in Qing China and, 75,81; Korean migrants in Russia and, 55,122,127, 131-32,174 laws: anti-Asian, 118,119-20,139—43; citizenship, in China, 104; forbidding border-crossing and ginseng collection, 37-38; Korean migrants’ adaptation of, 12-13,111-12,128,129,130,148,149; national, migration control subsumed under, 118; Russian, anxieties about migration and, 119-20,147-48. See also international law League of Nations, 100,100n76,106n97 legibility, state and, 9-10,92,93 Lenin, Vladimir, 226 Liaodong peninsula, 7,70,77,89 Li Hongzhang, 70n92 Lohr, Eric, 116nl5,120n29 Lvov, G. E., 138 Manchukuo, establishment of, 12, 75n2, 76, 107 Manchuria, xixm; ban on settlement in, 7, 32—33,33n37,37; border crossing to Russia from, 130,167; competition for concession rights in, 89; governance organizations in, 78; Japanese invasion of, 107,108, 237,242,245; Korean population in, 13, 246; Koreans’ legal status in, question of, 12; League of Nations on, 100; natural resources of, 24,32,34; opening to settlement, 75,80;
Russian occupation of, 90,96; Russo-Japanese War and, 98,136; Soviet collectivization campaigns and flight to, 242; use of term, xv Manchus, 7, 23nl; bannermen, 24,34,45; conquest of China, 30, 31; and ginseng gathering, 38; and Qing dynasty, 23nl, 30,31 Manzas, 54-55,194-96. See aho honghuzi Maritime Province, Russia, xv, xixm; annexation by Japan, fears of, 144—45; in broader regional context, 154; Chinese migrants in, 166; Korean villages in, 186; as strategic outpost in East Asia, 110; Ussuri added to, 119. See aho Russian Far East; Ussuri maritime transportation, and settlement of Russian Far East, 159,167,176 marriage traditions, Korean migrants and, 62, 219-20,228 Matiunin, Nikolai Gavrilovich, 56,65-69,131, 211 McKeown, Adam, 118 Mel’nikov, A. A., 54 merchants (sangmin), travel privileges of, 71, 91,157 migrant(s)/migration: convergence in states’ response to, 8-11; as crime, 58; divergence in states’ response to, 11-12; global, in mid-19th century, 117; and ideal of modern state, challenges to, 16; international law on, 117-18; reasons for, 2, 8,16,34,42; scholarship on, 10; and state sovereignty, 3—4; and trade, 117; into Turnen valley, 8; use of term, xvii; voluntary vs. involuntary, moving beyond, 10nl4. See also Korean migrants Min (Chosön queen), 61,88,224 Min Chongmuk, 81 Ming’an, 80,81nl9 Ming dynasty, 30,41n68 Min Yongho, 93-95,93n53 Min Yõnghwan, 233 Molotov, Viacheslav, 243 Mukedeng (Manchu envoy), 40,41,85 Muraviev, Nikolai, 110 Nabokov, D. N., 53 Nam Kuman, 32,33 national identity: and classification of people, 136; of Korean migrants, selective
adoption of, 209-10 nationalism, Korean: emergence of, 64,208, 209,224; in Russian Far East, 224—25; Soviet Union and, 224,226
INDEX nationalism, Russian, 112,208 “nationality” policies, Soviet, 15,15n24,241 National People’s Association (Kungminhoe), 225,231,235 natural disasters, and Korean migration, 2,34, 35,48-50,57,153,172-73 naturalization, of Koreans: and clothing, 134, 135; and hairstyles, 136; petitions for, 146-47,149; in Qing China, 80-82,97, 103-4; in Russian Far East, 121-22,124-25, 239—40 natural resources: depletion of, 54; and Korean migration, 35-36,76; in Manchuria, 24, 32,34; mutual poaching of, 35-38,41; in Russian Far East, 153,155 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 39,51-52 new settlers (novosely), in Russian Far East, 165 newspapers, Korean, in Russia Far East, 225, 232,235,241,24ІПІ8 New World: anti-Asian discriminatory laws in, 118,139,141; Chinese migrants in, 118; immigration and border policies in, 11. See also United States Ngai, Mae, 10nl5 Nicholas (Tsar of Russia), 90 North Korea: borders with China and Russia, 247; formation of, 246 Nurhaci, 23nl, 31,31n27 Obata Yūkichi, 101 old settlers (starozhily), in Russian Far East, 162 opium, Asian migrants and, 203,204,229 Opium Wars (1856-60), treaty regime following, 50-51 Oroqen, 7,34, 76; incorporation in Qing military system, 45,80 Orthodox Christianity, and Korean migrants, 208—9; education of, 212—18,213/; name changes of, 125; Russification of, 210, 211-19; subjecthood of, 121,221-22 Ö Yunjung, 85 Paektu, Mount, xixm, xxm; expeditions to, 39,40-41, 84-86; stone stele on, 41; view from, 74 Pak Chisu, 47 Pak Kyusu, 60 Pak Ünsik, 184,187,227-28 Pan-Slavs, 112 pass/passport(s): Chosön government and, 47,66,70,71,72,73;
counterfeit, 130-31, 277 145; Japan’s colonization of Korea and, 145; mutual extraterritoriality principle and, 91; policies of inclusion and, 111; Russian requirements regarding, 119, 121, 127-28, 157, 178; Russian vs. Korean perspectives on, 131. See aho bilet passport fees, anti-Asian laws and, 140-41 peasants: pivotal role of, Confiician views on, 57. See also Russian peasants people: binding to territory, states’ efforts toward, 2; making legible, 92,93; and state authority, 1,44,64 People’s Republic of China: Korean population in, xv-xvi, 14,246; northern borders of, 247 Pesotskii, V. D., 210 Peter the Great, 157 plural jurisdiction: in border areas, 4,9,51-52, 119n24; elimination of, 9,53, 111, 116,147, 183; in Qing China, 9; in Russian empire, 9, 51,116,124 Podstavin, G. V., 215 Poles, in Russian borderlands, 111,118,119; resettlement of, 242 Poset, xxm; as base for fhrther migration, 182; census in, 124; collectivization campaign in, 241; geography of, 155, 156; Korean as official language of, 241; Korean migrants in, 115-16,154,156,162, 173,175,176; population of, 180,181t; Russification efforts in, 142, 212; schools in, 212,213, 217-18, 231; as strategically sensitive region, 115-16; ties to Chosön Korea, 127 Primorskaia oblasť. See Maritime Province prohibited zone (ponggűm chidae), 7,30, 32—33; Chosön-Qing border as, 7,24,26, 41,43, 71, 74,108,153; dismantlement of, 70,71,73,74-75,76,153; enforcement problems in, 7; poaching in, 35,37; Russian encroachment on, 43,46—47 Protestant missionaries, 234 Przheval’skii, Nikolai M., 113,203,210 pull factors, for Korean
migration, 2,8,35-36, 55,60,173,174 punishment: for illegal border-crossing, 37, 41,43,59; in Korean courts (samosud), 190-91 push factors: for Korean migration, 2,8,35, 48-50,76, 80,153,172-73. See abo natural disasters Putsillo, M. P., 175 Pyöngan Province, Korea, 26,27
278 INDEX Qing China: border policies after Russian territorial gains, 45, 80-81; citizenship rules in, 103; claims on Korean migrants, 2-3,55,68-69,73,75,76,80; as mediator in Chosön-Russian relations, 65,68; and plural jurisdiction, 51; policies on Korean migrants, 4,8,12; and prohibited zone, 7, 24,26,32-33; territories ceded to Russia, 2,8,43,44-45,44n2,110,119; Tonghak rebellions and, 87; treaty regime after Opium Wars (1856-60), 50-51. See ako ChosõnQing border; Chosõn-Qing relations; Korean migrants, in Qing China; Sino-Japanese relations; Sino-Russian relations Qing dynasty: collapse of, 101; origins of, 23nl, 30,31 railroads: Chinese migrants working on, 169; Japan and construction of, 99; Korean migrants working on, ban on, 141; Russia and construction of, 89,160-61; and settlement of Russian Far East, 160-61 Regulations for Land Trade on the Turnen River (1888), 69, 70, 71-73,121,127,133 Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade (1882), 70 repatriation of Korean migrants: King Kojong’s efforts and, 58-59,81,93; Qing officials and, 50; Russian resistance to, 49 resettlement: Chosõn court and, 27-28,32, 33; of diasporic groups, Soviet regime and, 242; of Korean migrants in Russian Far East, proposals/experimentation with, 113-14, 116,127,142,174-75,245; of Korean migrants in Russian Far East, Soviet regime and,4,11,18-19,240,243^4; ofRussian peasants, in Russian Far East, 159-60 residence permits (vid na zhiteľstvo), 119,145, 199 Righteous Armies (üibyõng), 29,93,98,224 Russia: border with North Korea, 247; and East Asia, gaps in scholarship on, 16-17; excluded
from histories of migration, 10. See ako Russian empire; Soviet Union Russian empire: annexation of Qing lands by, 2,8,43,44-45,44n2,110,119; anti-Asian discriminatory laws in, 119-20,139-43; centrist histories of, 15; claims on Korean migrants, 2,16,42,43,48,49—50,55,66-67; Emancipation Act of 1861,157; occupation of Manchuria by, 90,96; passport laws in, 119,121,127-28,157; plural jurisdiction in, 51,116;“subjects” vs.“aliens”in,4,11, 111, 118-19; war with Japan (1904-5), 90-91,98, 108,136,171,223; western borderlands in, 111, 118-19,120. See ako Chosön-Russian relations; Sino-Russian relations Russian Far East (Dal’nyi Vostok), xvi-xvii, 110; agricultural population needed to develop, 110; agriculture in, harsh climate and, 164-65; banditry in, 192-93,194-96; border-building project in, 147-48; border crossings into, difficulty policing, 127-29, 130; chasm between civilizations in, 111; civil war in, 237-38; climate of, 155,164; Cossacks in, 158-59; illegal population in, 112,130-32; interethnic conflict in, 192-94,239; Japanese takeover of, fears of, 144-45; Korean nationalism in, 224—25; labor niches for ethnic groups in, 154-55, 181; laws regarding settlement in, 119; and maritime East Asia, scholarship on, 17; naturalization and migration policy of 1891,121-24; natural resources in, 153, 155; plural jurisdiction in, 116,124; population of, 154—55,160í; schools in, 212-13,213f, transportation development and settlement of, 159,160-61,167; Unterberger’s impact on politics of, 137. See also Chinese migrants, in Russian Far East; Korean migrants, in Russian Far East;
Russian peasants, in Russian Far East Russian language, Korean migrants and, 208, 209,214,218,230 Russian nationalism, 112,208 Russian peasants: courts of (samosud), 189-90; and Russian culture and civilization, dissemination of, 112 Russian peasants, in Russian Far East, 154, 156-66; exploitation of Korean migrants by, 192-93; flight by, 165,166; new settlers (novosely), 165; occupations of, 155,181; old settlers (starozhily), 162; population of, 160t, 176; reliance on foreign laborers, 138, 139,166,177,181,193-94; self-governance by (communes), 164; settlements of, 163m, 164-65,177-78,186; state-sponsored programs for resettlement of, 159-60 Russo-Japanese Treaty of Extradition (1911), 225 Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 90-91; and Chinese migrants, 171; impact on Kando, 98,108; and Korean migrants, 223; Russia’s defeat in, 136 saekchungch’őng (governing body), 184-85, 187 Sahlins, Peter, 6nl0
INDEX Sakhalin Island, xvi, xixm, 136 samosud: Korean migrants and, 190-92; Russian peasants and, 189-90 Savelovka (Hükjõngja), xxm, 163m; border crossing via, 129,130; Sino-Russian dispute over, 55-56, 85 Schmid, Andre, 40 schools, in Russian Far East: Korean nationalist, 231-32; Protestant (“Jesus”), 234; Russian Orthodox, 212-18,213f, 232. See also education Scott, James, 9,19n32 shamans, Korean migrants and, 209,219,221 Shan, Patrick, 78nl 1 Shandong, Chinese migration from, 35n50,77, 154,167,168 Shilo, A. I., 139 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 75,87 Shiteuiin affair of 1879,55 Shreider, D. I., 203 Sibe, 7,34 Sikhote-Alin mountain range, xixm, 155-56 Sino-Japanese relations: descent to Pacific War, 107,246; Kando claims and, 101-3; Kando Treaty (1909) and, 99-100; Twenty-One Demands of 1915,101; war of 1894415,86, 87,89,246 Sino-Russian relations: border delineation, 39, 44; border surveillance, 129; Boxer Rebellion and, 89-90; concessions diplomacy, 89; Savelovka dispute, 55—56, 85; shared jurisdiction in borderland, 51-54; Shiteuiin affair of 1879,55; suspicions in, 43; territorial annexations by Russia and, 2,8, 43,44-45,44n2; tourism and trade, 247 Sin Sönük, 61n69,62-63 Sin Yõnghan, 66-67 Six Forts (yukchin), 26; defense force in, 29; Jurchen tribes and, 30,32; and Kando, origins of, 75n2; natural resources in, 35; population drain from, 57,60 Smirnov, E„ 129,219 Song Heng, 47-48 Song Siyõl, 32 So Sangmu, 93,97 South Korea, formation of, 246 South Manchuria Railroad, 99,107,169 South Ussuri, xvi, xxm; Korean migrants in, 2nl, 123m; population of, 159,160f, 169F,
settlements in, by ethnic designation, 163m. See also Ussuri South Ussuri Resettlement Law (1882), 159 sovereignty: existing scholarship on, 5-6; experiments in, 8,17,183,245; 279 extraterritoriality treaties and, 51; ideal of, 19n32; incomplete, in Kando, 76,99-100; migrants and production of, 3-4; people and, 1; Soviet measures to achieve, 4,11, 18-19,244-45; territorial boundaries and, 1,3 Soviet Union: collectivization campaigns in, 241-42; dissolution of, scholarship on, 15; Great Terror in, 11,243-44; and Japan, 238-39,242—43; and Korean nationalists, 224,226; Korean population in, 14,238^14; “nationality” policies in, 15,15n24,241; relocation of Korean population, 4,11, 18-19,240,243-44; sovereignty of, drastic measures to achieve, 4,11,18-19,244^45 Stalin, Joseph, 241,243 state: in Chosõn, 58,64n77; ideal of, migrants challenging, 16; and legibility, 9-10,92,93 state authority: people and, 1,4,44,64; territorial borders and, 1,3,4,6. See also sovereignty Stolypin, P. A., 137,161 subject(s)/subjecthood: vs. aliens, policies distinguishing between, 4,11,111,118-19, 127,178; vs. aliens, in Russian Far East, 11, 111, 121-22,124,127, 178; and Chosõn Korea’s claims on Korean migrants, 9-10; and clothing, changes in, 134,135; Japan’s colonization of Korea and issues of, 143—47, 149; jus sanguinis and, 103,126; jus soli and, 126; for Korean migrants in Qing China, 75, 80-82,97, 99,103-6,108; for Korean migrants in Russia, 55, 56, 111, 119-22, 123m, 124-25, 127,133-36,239-40, 244n34; Korean migrants’ understanding of, 149; question of, and Chosön-Russian relations, 133-36;
in Russia’s new territories, 116,119; standardization of definitions of, 9,11,12 Suifun: collectivization campaign in, 241; Korean migrants in, 124,174, 175,180, 185 Sukhanov, Aleksandr Vasilevich, 124 Suny, Ronald Grigor, 15n24 Taewöngun (Chosön regent), 56,61,87 taxes: in Chosõn northern frontier, 28; exemptions from, as incentive for resettlement, 158,174; on Korean migrants in Qing China, 81,95,98; on Korean migrants in Russian Far East, 121,122,187, 201; passport laws and, 157; as push factor for migration, 42; tribute offerings perceived as, 54
280 INDEX Temporary Rules for Crossing the Turnen River (1891), 72 tenant farmers, in Russian Far East: Chinese migrants as, 167,170-71; Korean migrants as, 171,177,193-94 Terauchi Masatake, 105 Thomson, Janice, 6 Tianjin, Treaty of (1858), 44n2,52,167 Tizinhe, Korean migrants in, 42,48,49,173, 174,185 Tonghak rebellions, 86, 87 trade: as border defense, 24,26-27; Chinese migrants and, 169; Chosön-Qing, 70, 71; Chosön regulation of, 33; Chosön-Russian, 70; ginseng, 35-36,38; illegal, in border area, 79; migration and, 117; today, in northern borderlands, 247; in Turnen valley, 24,27 transportation, developments in: and rising mobility, 117; and settlement of Russian Far East, 159,160-61,167 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 160-61,161n25; Chinese workers on, 169 travel: Chosön-Qing agreements on, 71,91; Chosön restrictions on, 66; Chosön-Russian agreements on, 70, 71,73; privileged estates and, 157 Treaty of Amity and Commerce (ChosönQing, 1899), 88,91-92,97 Treaty of Friendship and Commerce (ChosönRussia, 1884), 62n69,69-70,133,134 tribal peoples. See indigenous tribes tributary system, 4,45-46; end to, 67n84, 75,87; in late 19th century, 70-71; obligations in, and migration, 76; offerings in, 32,34,35,54; Russian challenges to, 49, 55,65 Truett, Samuel, 15n26 Tsoi, Petr Semenovich (Ch’oi Chaehyöng), 212 Tümen River, xv; area along, 23; as ChosönQing boundary, 25,25m, 39,40; flooding from, 28; source of, missions to find, 39, 40—41,84-86; timber concession on, 89 Turnen valley, xv, xxm, 1,4—8; as borderland, 5,6-7; climate of, 28; indigenous tribes in, 2, 7-8,24, 34, 54, 76;
migration into, 2,8; as military frontier, 26-30; natural resources in, 34,41; opening of, 76; population groups in, 2, 24, 76; prehistory of, 23-25; remote geography of, 24; scholarship on, 5; surveying efforts in, 2, 25; today, 246-47 Twenty-One Demands of 1915,101 United Korean Association (Kongnip Hyöphoe), 225,231,233 United States: anti-Asian discriminatory laws in, 118,141; Chinese immigrants to, 2,2n3,118,167; immigration history of, 10,10nl5; Korean émigrés in, 224, 225; Korean migrants in Hawaii, 105n93; and treaty regime in East Asia, 50-51; westward expansion of, as model for settlement of Russian Far East, 166 Unterberger, Pavel E, 115-16,121n30,132; opposition to Korean migrants, 137-38, 141,145 Ussuri, xv, xvi, xixm, xxm, 119,154; cattle imports in, 180; Chinese migrants in, 167—68,169f, 172; commune in, 164-65; geography of, 155-57; Korean migrants in, 42,123m; natural resources in, 153, 155; population of, 154-55,159, 163m; Russian annexation of, 44,110,112,119; Russian exploration of, 113-14. See also Russian Far East Uzbekistan, relocation of Korean migrants to, 244 Vagin, V. I., 113-14,139 Vaskevich, Pavel I., 144 village elders. See elders visa stamp: Russian requirements for, 70, 127—28. See abo bilet Vladivostok, xixm, xxm, 155; Asian migrants in, removal to city outskirts, 184,204-7; Chinese migrants in, 154,167,168,169, 170,198-207; Chinese societies in, 196, 199-201,207; as “closed city” after World War II, 247n37; gambling houses in, 203-4; international character of, 197-98; Japanese “search and destroy” campaign in, 238; Korean migrants in,
196,198-207, 228-29; Korean nationalist activities in, 231,235-36; Korean newspapers published in, 225,232; Korean societies in, 199-201, 207; meaning of name, 44; opium parlors in, 203; Orthodox church-schools in, 214; population of, 162; railroad journey from Russia to, 161; scenes from, 200/ 205/; seasonal laborers in, 176; settlers arriving in, support for, 159,164; views from water, 197,199/ Wada Haruki, 240nl2 Weber, Karl I., 71-72,89,202 wedding ceremonies, Korean migrants and, 62, 219-20,228
INDEX western borderlands, in Russian empire, 111, 118-19,120 West/Western powers: Chosõn Korea’s opening to, 56,86-87; and extraterritoriality treaties in East Asia, 50-51,69; and “high diplomacy” in East Asia, 3,56,88; Korean migrants’ knowledge of, as asset, 63 Wilson, Woodrow, 226 Witte, Sergei, 89n41,90 Workers’ Promotion Association (Kwõnöphoe), 225,233,235 World War II: Japan’s defeat in, 12,246; Korean diaspora at end of, 13; repatriation program following, 246; and resettlement programs, interruption in, 161; Vladivostok as “closed city” after, 247n37 Wu Dacheng, 80 281 Xu Taishen, 97 Yalu River: area along, 23; as Chosön-Qing boundary, 25,25m, 39,40; source of, missions to find, 39,40-41,84-86; timber concession on, 89 yellow race, categorization of Asians as, 137-39, 171 Yi Chungha, 75n2,85,86 Yi Kwangha, 93 Yi Põmyun, 93,95, 96-98,104,224 Yi Sönggye, 26,30 Yi T’aejin, 64n77 Yi Tonghwi, 235 Yuan Shikai, 81,84 Yun Hyõp, 45,46 Yu Üiyang, 23-24, 29-30,35
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Park, Alyssa M. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1194589405 |
| author_facet | Park, Alyssa M. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Park, Alyssa M. |
| author_variant | a m p am amp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046054527 |
| classification_rvk | NP 6670 |
| contents | Borderland and "prohibited zone" -- People and place : jurisdiction and borders, 1860-1888 -- Contested border : multiple sovereignties, multiple citizenships in Manchuria -- Civilizational border : subjects, aliens, and illegality in the Russian Far East -- Transforming Ussuri : migration and settlement -- Transnational world of the Korean settlement -- Making them one of us -- Epilogue : denouement of borders |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1110056580 (DE-599)BVBBV046054527 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1860-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1860-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046054527 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T07:45:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501738364 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031435984 |
| oclc_num | 1110056580 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | XVIII, 284 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190920 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University |
| spellingShingle | Park, Alyssa M. Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 Borderland and "prohibited zone" -- People and place : jurisdiction and borders, 1860-1888 -- Contested border : multiple sovereignties, multiple citizenships in Manchuria -- Civilizational border : subjects, aliens, and illegality in the Russian Far East -- Transforming Ussuri : migration and settlement -- Transnational world of the Korean settlement -- Making them one of us -- Epilogue : denouement of borders Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd Souveränität (DE-588)4132367-1 gnd Koreaner (DE-588)4032470-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120730-0 (DE-588)4130793-8 (DE-588)4132367-1 (DE-588)4032470-9 (DE-588)4389238-3 |
| title | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 |
| title_auth | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 |
| title_exact_search | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 |
| title_full | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 Alyssa M. Park |
| title_fullStr | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 Alyssa M. Park |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sovereignty experiments Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 Alyssa M. Park |
| title_short | Sovereignty experiments |
| title_sort | sovereignty experiments korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast asia 1860 1945 |
| title_sub | Korean migrants and the building of borders in northeast Asia, 1860-1945 |
| topic | Migration (DE-588)4120730-0 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd Souveränität (DE-588)4132367-1 gnd Koreaner (DE-588)4032470-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Migration Grenze Souveränität Koreaner Tumen-Gebiet |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031435984&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031435984&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031435984&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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