Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds
"This book is a study of the three contiguous and overlapping revolutions, Russian (1905), Ottoman (1908), and Iranian (1905-1911), through the lens of Armenian revolutionaries whose movements within and across these frontiers contributed to connecting the struggles as well as illuminating thei...
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| 520 | |a "This book is a study of the three contiguous and overlapping revolutions, Russian (1905), Ottoman (1908), and Iranian (1905-1911), through the lens of Armenian revolutionaries whose movements within and across these frontiers contributed to connecting the struggles as well as illuminating their study. It seeks to explore the interconnectivity of the Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian revolutions in several ways that interweave global and local. First, the study advocates a novel approach to the three revolutions, previously studied in isolation and, to a lesser degree, in comparison, that draws on a "connected histories" approach through an archivally grounded analysis of the circulation of revolutionaries, ideas, and print. The protagonists of this analysis are the roving Armenian revolutionaries and intellectuals who, because of their participation in all three revolutions, their border-crossings within the region and beyond, their adoption and interpretation of and adaptation to such influential and global ideologies as constitutionalism, federalism, and socialism become ideal subjects for a retelling of the complex story of the revolutions...a story of revolutionary linkages, of local and regional actors with global ties to big ideas. The book also aims to view the revolutions not only within their local and regional milieus but to view them as part of the global context. This approach takes into consideration the interplay of "facts on the ground," that is, phenomena particular to the region, with larger historical processes, such as revolutions in communication, transportation, and ideology that had deep and wide-ranging ramifications across the world"...Provided by publisher | ||
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| adam_text | Bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES Archives Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Watertown, Massachusetts Bibliothèque Nubar, Paris British Library, London Mkhitarist Monastery Archives, Vienna Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts (Matenadaran), Archives of the Catholicosate, Yerevan National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom National Archives of Armenia, Yerevan National Library of Armenia, Yerevan Newspapers Alik‘ [Wave], Tiflis, 1906 Aniv [Wheel], Baku, 1908 Ankakh Mamul [Independent press], Tiflis, 1906 Apagay [Future], Tiflis, 1907 Apagay [Future], Istanbul, 1910 Arawõt [Morning], Baku, 1909 Arawõt [Morning], Tabriz, 1909-12 Arõr [Plough], Tiflis, 1907 Azatamart [Battle for freedom], Istanbul, 1909-1 x Drõshak [Banner], Geneva, 1905-12 Dzayn [Voice], Tiflis, 1906-7 Gorts [Work], Tiflis, 1908-9 Haraj [Forward], Tiflis, 1906
2.66 I Bibliography Haraj [Forward], Erzurum, 1909-11 Hnch‘ak [Bell], Paris, 1888,1905-12 Hosank [Current], Tiflis, 1906 Khaťabala [Trouble], Tiflis, 1906-11 Kovkasi Arawõt [Caucasus’s morning], Tiflis, 1907 Murcb [Hammer], Tiflis, 1905-7 Nor Alik [New wave], Tiflis, 1907 Nor Hosank [New current], Tiflis, 1909 Nor Örer [New days], Baku, 1908 Surhandak [Messenger], Istanbul, 1908 Vtak [Brook/Stream], Tiflis, 1907 Yerkir [Country], Tiflis, 1906 Yerkri Dzayně [The voice of country], Tiflis, 1906-8 Zhamanak [Time], Tiflis, 1906-7 Zhamanak [Time], Istanbul, 1908-9 Zang [Bell], Tiflis, 1906 Zang [Bell], Tabriz, 1910-12 Collected Published Documents Afshar, Iraj, ed. Owraq-e tazehyab-e mashrutiyat va naqsh-e Taqizadeh [Newly found constitutional papers and the role of Taqizadeh], Tehran: Bahman, 1980. Amurian, A[ndre] [Andre Ter Ohanian], comp, and ed. Dashnakts ut iwn, Yep rem, parskakan sahmanadrut iwn, H.H.D. kendronakan arkhiv [A. R. Federation, Yep rem, Persian constitution, A.R.F. central archive]. Voi. r. Tehran: Alik‘, Г976. Dasnabedian, Hrach, comp, and ed. Niwťer H.H. Dashnakts uťean patmut ean hamar [Materials for the history of the A.R. Federation]. Vols. r-4. Beirut: Hamazgayin Vahě Sěťean Tparan, 1972-2007. -------- , comp, and ed. K ristap or Mik ayeleani namaknerě [K‘ristap‘or Mik ayelean’s letters]. Beirut: Hamazgayin Vahě Sěťean Tparan, 1993. -------- , comp, and ed. Rostom namakani: Mahuan uťsunameakin arťiw [Rostom Letters: On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of his death]. Beirut: Hamazgayin Vahě Sěťean Press, T999. -------- , comp, and ed. Simon
Zavarean. 2 vols. Anťilias: Hrát. H.H. Dashnakts uťean, 1997. Hushamatean Hay Heghap okhakan Dashnakts uťean albom-atlas, vol. r, Diwts aznamart [Commemorative album-atlas of the Armenian Revolution ary Federation, voi. 1, Heroic combat]. Glendale, CA: ARF Central Com mittee, 1992. Pambukian, Yervant, comp, and ed. Niwťer H. H. Dashnakts uťean patmut ean hamar [Materials for the history of the A.R. Federation]. Vols. 5-12. Beirut: Hamazgayin Vahě Sěťean Tparan, 2007-17. Rostom: Mahuan vaťsunameakin arťiw [Rostom: On the sixtieth anniversary of his death]. Beirut: Hamazgayin Vahě Sěťean Tparan, 1979. Yeghiayan, Vartkes, ed. The Armenians and the Okhrana, 1907-1975: Docu ments from the Russian Department of Police Archives. Los Angeles: Center for Armenian Remembrance, 2016.
Bibliography I Z67 Other Primary Sources Aknouni [Khachatur Malumian]. Political Persecution: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus (A Page of the Tzar’s Persecution), trans. A.M. and H. W. New York: 1911, n.p. Aknuni, E. [Khachatur Malumian]. Boghoki dzayn: kovkasahay k‘aghak‘akan bantarkialnerě (ts‘arakan halatsank i mi ēj) [The voice of protest: Caucasian Armenian political prisoners (A page from tsarist persecution)]. Beirut: Ghukas Karapetean, 1978. Astghuni, G. [Grigor Yeghikian], “Chshmartut‘iwnnerParskastaniheghap‘okhakan sharzhumneri masin (akanatesi hishoghuťiwnnerits1)” [Truths about the Per sian revolutionary movements (from the memoirs of an eyewitness)]. Yeritasard Hayastan [Young Armenia] 9, no. 46 (12 August 1913). Chaqueri, Cosroe, ed. La social-démocratie en Iran: Articles et documents annotés et presentes. Florence: Mazdak, 1979. Giwlkhandanian, A[braham], Bagui dere mer azatagrakan sharzhman mēj [Baku’s role in our liberation movement]. Tehran: Alik‘, 1981. Heghap‘okhakan dashn: Mijkusakts’akan khorhrdazhoghovneri voroshumnerě [Revolutionary pact: Decisions of the interparty conferences]. Geneva: Drõshak Tparan, 1905. Khazhak, Garegin. Dēpi fēdērats‘ia [Toward federation], Tiflis: Aghanean, 1907. Nezam Mafi, Mansoureh Ettehadieh, ed. Majmu‘eh-ye motun va asnad-e tarikhi [Collection of historical texts and documents]. Voi. 4. Tehran: Naqshejahan, 1982. “The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December 1876).” American Journal of International Law 2, no. 4, Supple ment: Official Documents [October 1908): 367-87. Papazian, Vahan.
Im Husherë [My memoirs]. Vol. ì. Boston: Hayrenik“, 1950. Papazian, Vahan. Im Husherë [My memoirs]. Vol. 2. Beirut: Hamazgayín, 1952. “Resolution adopted at the Seventh International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart.” International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart, August 18-24, 1907. Berlin: Vorwärts Publishers, 1907. https://www.marxists.org/history/intemational /social-democracy/1907/militarism.htm. Sapah-Giwlian, S[tepan]. Pataskhanatunerě [The responsibles]. Providence, RI: Yeritasard Hayastan, 1916. Shahrigian, H[arutiwn]. Adom. Mer havatamkě [Our credo], Beirut: Hamazgayin, 1981. Shakeri, Khosrow [Cosroe Chaqueri], Asnad-ye tarikhi-e jonbesh-e kargari, sosyal-demokrasi va komunisti-уе Iran. 1903-Г963. [Documents of the his tory of the labor/social democratic and communist movement in Iran, 19031963]. Voi. 6. Florence: Mazdak, n.d. Shakhatunian, A. Federalizm ew demõkratizm [Federalism and democratism], Tiflis: Ėlektropech. A. M. Tarumova, 1907. Teodik. Amênun tarets‘oyts‘ě [Everyone’s yearbook]. 3rd year. Istanbul, 1909. Varandian, Mikayel. Hosank‘ner [Currents]. Geneva: Hratarakuťiwh H.H.D., 1910.
г6 8 I Bibliography Zavarian, S[imon], Apakedronatsumě. Istanbul: Azatuťean Matenadaran, 1908. Zaven, T[igran], comp. T‘iwrk‘ sahmanadruťiwm ew Yeritasard T‘iwrk‘ kusakts‘uťiwnnerě [The Turkish constitution and the Young Turk parties], Tiflis: Tparan Epokha, 1908. SECONDARY SOURCES Abdulifard, Firaydun. Tarikh-e post dar Iran az sadarat-e Amir Kabir ta vizarate Amin al-Dowlah. 1267-1297 h.q. [A history of postal service in Iran: From the premiership of Amir-Kabir to the ministry of Amin al-Dowlah, 1888-1918]. Tehran: Hirmand, 1996. Abrahamian, Ervand. History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge Univer sity Press, 2008. Adanalyan, M.L. “Azganuer Hayuhyats“ Ěnkeruťiwně” [Patriotic Armenian women’s society]. Patma-banasirakan bandes [Historical-Philological Review] 4, no. 87 (1979): 255-59· Adanır, Fikret. “The National Question and the Genesis and Development of Socialism in the Ottoman Empire: The Case of Macedonia.” In Socialism and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1921, edited by Mete Tunçay and Erik J. Zürcher, 27-48. London: I.B. Tauris, 1994. Afary, Janet. “Armenian Social Democrats and Iran-i Naw: A Secret Camarade rie.” In Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left, edited by Stephanie Cronin, 67-84. London: Routledge/ Curzon, 2004. ---------. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, and the Origins of Feminism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. ---------. “Social Democracy and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 19061911.” In A Century of Revolution: Social
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Z7 о I Bibliography Bast, Oliver. “‘Sheer Madness’ or ‘Railway Politics’ Iranian Style? The Contro versy over Railway Development Priorities within the Persian Government in 1919-1920 and British Railway Imperialism, Iran.” Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 55, no. 1 (2017): 62-7Z. Bayat, Mangol. Iran’s First Revolution: Shi ism and the Constitutional Revolu tion of 1901-1909. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Modern World, 2780-19x4. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. Bayraktaroğlu, Sena. “Development of Railways in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey.” MA thesis, Boğaziçi University, 1995. Bazilevich, К. V. The Russian Posts in the XIX Century. Translated by David M. Skipton. Millersville, MD: Rossica Society of Russian Philately, 1987. Bektas, Yakup. “The Sultan’s Messenger: Cultural Constructions of Ottoman Telegraphy, 1847-1880.” Technology and Culture 41, no. 4 (October 2000): 669—96. Benner, Erica. Really Existing Nationalisms: A Post-Communist View of Marx and Engels. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Bentley, Jerry H. “Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World His tory.” American Historical Review 101 (1996): 749-70. ---------. “The Task of World History.” In The Oxford Handbook of World His tory, edited by Jerry H. Bentley, 2-10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. -------- . “The New World History.” In A Companion to Western Historical Thought, edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza, 393-416. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002. -------- . “Why Study World History.” World History Connected 5, no. 1 (2013).
http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edU/5.1/bentley.html. Berberian, Houri. “Armenian and Iranian Collaboration in the Constitutional Revolution: The Agreement between Dashnakists and Majles Delegates, 1908.” Annotated translation with introduction. In The Modern Middle East: A Sour cebook for History, edited by Camron Michael Amin, Benjamin C. Fortna, and Elizabeth B. Frierson, 339-43. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ---------. Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911: “The Love for Freedom Has No Fatherland.” Boulder: Westview Press, 2001. -------- . “Armenian Women and Women in Armenian Religion.” In Encyclope dia of Women and Islamic Cultures, edited by Suad Joseph and Afsaneh Najmabadi, 10-14. Voi. 2. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2005. -------- . “Armenian Women in Turn-of-the-Century Iran: Education and Activ ism.” In Iran and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Nikki R. Keddie, edited by Rudi Matthee and Beth Baron, 70-98. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2000. ---------. “Connected Revolutions: Armenians and the Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian Revolutions in the Early Twentieth Century.” In “Ľivresse de la liberté”: La révolution de 1908 dans l’Empire [“The intoxication of free dom”: The 1908 revolution in the Ottoman Empire], edited by François Georgeon, 487-510. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters, 2012. Russian translation: http://hamatext.com/articles/item/7x-vzaimosvyazannye-revolyutsii; http:// hamatext.com/articles/item/72-vzaimosvyazannye-revolyutsii-2.
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Index Abdülaziz, Sultan, 6 Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 6, 29-30, 192mi Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 29-32, 68, 70, 77, 113, 120,260Ո151 Abdullah, Mirza, 104 Adana massacres, 32, 120, 184 Adanır, Fikret, 150 Adler, Victor, 138, 141, 170, 179, 257Ш18 Afary, Janet, 167 Afghanistan, 38 Africa, 48, 73, 142 agrarianism, 163,170, 174, 176-77 Agulis, 77 Aharonian, Avetis, 119, 179, 261П168 Akhalkalakí, 85 Akhlat, 72 Akhundzadeh, Mirza Fath-Ali, 36 Aknuni. See Khachatur Malumian Albania/Albanians, 106, 130, 152, 238Ո96; Caucasian, 217Ш77 Albert Silver Mine, 3 5 Aleksandrovich, Sergei, 259Ո151 Alexander II, Tsar, 245Ո13 Alexander III, Tsar, 7 Alexandria, 19, 55, 71, 146 Alexandropol, 51, 72, 85, 88,126, 213Ո138 Ali, Imam, 38 Alik’ (newspaper), 123, 147, 203Ո160 Althusius, Johannes, 125, 235Ո70 America. See United States American Revolution, 186 American University of Armenia, 45 Amin al-Soltan, 36 ammunition, 54, 98, 101 Amsterdam, 8,168 anarchists, 2, 18, 54, 77, 94, 107, 126, 145-46, 175, 181, 222Ո257; French, 134, 169; Russian, 94, 125-27, 137; Varandian on, 168-69, 257Ш12 Anatolia, 29, 33, 43, 49, 54, 106, 120, 164, 176, 212Ш27; Armenians in, 4, 8, 9, 45, 142, 184, 187; circulation to and from, 48, 75, 82, 84; communications in, 64, 67, 69, 71; railways in, 58-60 Anatolie (steamship), 51 Anderson, Benedict, 18, 146, 186 Aniv (newspaper), 94, 112,140, 227ՈՈ7,9 anti-imperialism, 37, 39, 65 antisemitism, 19 9η 109 Anzali, 50, 70, 213Ո139, 246П181П 256b93 Apagay (newspaper), 114,117,155, 227Ո7, 230Ո24 Apakedronats’ume (Zavarian), 123-24 A quoi tient la supériorité des Anglo-Saxons (Demolins),
129 Arab Empire, 83 Arabian Peninsula, 58 Arabie language, 64, 184, 203m, 226m Arabs, ix, 88, 106, 146, 153, 184, 246Ո29 Arafelov, 93 Aram-Ashot, 238Ո96
2.88 I Index Ararat plain, 4 Araratski, V., 176 Arawõt (newspaper), 152 Araxes valley, 4 Ardabil, 93, 213Ш39 Areshian, Sofi (Rubina), 203Ո2 Aristotle, 114 Armenia Minor Organization, 8 Armenian Apostolic Church, 6, 7, 70, 76, 118, 148, 231Ո34, 234Ո60, 260Ո151 Armenian Digital Library, 45 Armenian Genocide, 33-34, 126, 189, 227Ո9,251Ո71 Armenian language, 44-45, 64, 83, 94, 95, 106, 159 Armenian National Archives, 45 Armenian National Constitution, 6, 192Ш1 Armenian question, 4, 6-7, 147,191Ո3, 246Ո29 Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), 8-ю, 91-95, 145, 167, 170-81,177, 185, 233Ո47, 243Ո167, 252-53Ո82, 2r)Onni 53,i59; alliances of, 33, 54, 69, 210Ո13; archives of, 10, 44, 51, 65; arms manufactured and transported by, 98-101, 99, 100, 216Ո175; assassina tions of members of, 156-60Ш51; Caucasian Project of, 148-49; cells of, 9-10, 48, 72-73, 75, 81, 185; circulation of members of, 72-83; congresses of, 73, 75, 82, 117-18, 132, 179,181, 204Ш119, 205ՈՈ22, 238Ո96; constitutionalism of, 112, 117-21; federalism of, 121-26, 129-32, I34 136, 138-42; founding of, 8, 54, 73, 94,124, 174, 179, 205Ո25, 25ćni02; genocide victimhood of members of, 126, 251Ո71; in Iranian, Ottoman, and Russian revolutions, 10, 89,152, ići, 174, 177, 213η; members’ fatigue following legalization of, 183-84; nationalism and, 150-53, 155-59, 161-63, r8o, 184, 246Ո27; press of, 54, 7°, 93, 95. 151. 155-57. i6z, 164, 210ПІ12, 211ПІ17, 222Ո263, 234Ո57; Second Socialist International Congress delegates of, 9, 168, 180, 213Ո138; steamships used by, 54-55; strikes supported by, 91; telegrams of, 91-92;
transportation of materials by, 69-71; Varandian’s writings on, 168-71, 250ՈՈ57,59, 257Ո122, 262Ո172 Armeno-Tatar War, 148 Aroney, Nicholas, 124 Artemis (journal), 5 Artstruni, Grigor, 123 Ascher, Abraham, 24 Asia, 48, 73, 83, 142, Г98П80 Asia Minor, 4, 59, 72. See also Anatolia assassinations, 27, 77, 80, 228Ո9, 259—60Ո151 Assyrians, 34, 184 Astara, 93 Astrakhan, 50 Atabek, 36 Ateş, Sābri, 74 Athens, 74, 77, 205Ո25, 214Ш47 Australia, 124, 126 Austria, 50, 127, 134, 137, 141, 159, 204Ո12, 24ГШ35; in Berlin Congress, 6, 30; postal system of, 67, 70, 71, 209η100; Social Democrats in, 125, 135, 138, 179, 262Ո172 autocracy, 10, 29-35, 38, 57,115,154; revolutionary opposition to, 22-24, 26, V, 35, 39, 41, 55, 6°, 174, 85, 261П175 autonomy, 25, no, 117, 119, 127-30, 134-37, 142, 186, 244Ո173; of Balkans, 30, 106; constitutionalism and, 107, no, 181, 237Ո83; cultural, 8, 134-35, 137, 241; in federations, 121, 123-25, 127, 139, 140; local, 7,127-28, 132; political, 125, 135,137, 150-51, 156 Avalov, Z., 127 Avksentiev, Nikolai, 180 Ayalon, Ami, 97 Aydın, 59, 64 Azatamart (newspaper), 81, 173, 176, 207Ո58, 261П165, 263m Azerbaijan, 4, 38, 70, 72, 75, 87, 119, 209Ո95 Azeris, 7, 25, 38, 70, 76, 85, 97, 92, 103, 118, 136, 147, 226Ш Bakhtiyari tribes, 3 5 Baku, 7, 45, 48, 89, 101, 103, 136, 145, I65, І99ПІО9, 24ІПІ42, 259ППІ49; ARF in, 72, 76, 91-92, 213Ш38, 251Ո71, 259m 51; immigrants in, 86-87; oil fields of, 26, 38, 82, 93, 98; press in, 95,126, 146, 223Ո274; transportation connections to, 50, 51, 54, 88 Bakunin, Mikhail, 125-27,137, Г69 Balkans/Balkan peoples, 30, 48, 49, 51, 58, 59,
72, 73, 106, no, 122, 130-32,149, I54, I74, 2Օ5Ո23, 238Ո96 banking, 36, 55
Index I Banvorian, Sedrak, 167 Barkhutariants, Archbishop Makar, 83 Barseghian, Armenak, 193Ո22 Bashkirs, 88 Batumi/Batum, 4, 7, 50, 51, 54, 55, 72, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 136, 204Ո12, շօյոո23,շյ, 213Ո138, 241Ш42 Bauer, Otto, 135, 137, 160, 240Ո131, Bayat, Mangol, 198Ո80 Bayly, Chris, 2, 17-19, 21, 40, 61, 126, 147 Bazilevich, K. V., 51, 95 Bebel, August, 141,155,139, 160, 179 Bedouins, 106, no Beirut, s, 19, 50, 54, 55, 59, 146 Belarus/Byelorussian, 181 Belek, Waldemar, 99-100 Belgium, 126, 179 Belgrade, 131 Bentley, Jerry, 12-13 Berard, Victor, 179 Berlin, 7, 70, 77, 165, 236Ո82; Congress of (1878), 6, 29, 30, 191Ո3, 240Ո123; Treaty of, 30 Bern Postal Conference, 67 Bernstein, Eduard, Г55,157,160,162, 163, 169,170 Beylerian, Marie, 5 Bitlis, 4, 33, 120 Black Cross Organization, 8 Black Sea, 50-5Г, 57, 64, 76, 83, 85, 87, 92, 241Ш42 Blagoev, Dimităr, 113,130-31 Boghok’i Dzayn (Malumian), 83 Bolivia, 186 bombs, ix, 66, 90, zor, 118 Bonakdarian, Mansour, 57 Bosnians, 13 г, 132 Boston, 44,94 bourgeoisie, 7, її, 115, 131, 138, 141, 155, 157,163,166; liberal, 94,139, 171-73 Boyajian, Hampartsum, 227Ո9 Brinton, Crane, 15 Britain, 58, 6i, 88, 90, 92, 94, 125-26, 128. See also England; in Berlin Congress, 6, 30, 57; Iran and, 35, 36, 38. 39. 50. 64-65 British Library, 45 Broad Socialists, 113,131,149-50,161, 173-75 Brower, Daniel, 86, 87,96 Brunn Congress, 240Ш31 Brussels, 180 289 Bryce, James, 77, 125-27, 134, 235Ո70, 236Ո75 Biicher, Karl, 243Ո167 Budapest, 55 Bulgaria/Bulgarians, 29, 54, 64, 70, 98, 107, 122, 130-32, 138, 153,176; Armenians inspired by revolutionary movements
of, 6-8; circulation of ARF members to, 55, 72, 75-76, 305Ո23; conflicts in socialist movement of, 149-50, 152 Bunakov, I., 180 Bursa, 59 Cairo, 5, 19, 146 Canada, 124, 127 canals, 55, 61 Case, Holly, 234Ո54 Caspian Sea, 26, 36, 49-51, 57, 66, 83, 85, 87,92 Catholicosate, Archives of, 45 Catholicos, 45, 134, 240Ո123 Catholics, 141 Caucasus, 20, 22, 168, 174, 198Ո80, 217Ո180, 219Ո212, 226m, 241M42, 249Ո46, 259-60Ш51. See also South Caucasus; arms production and distribution in, 100,100, 224Ո289; circulation of revolutionaries in, 75, 205Ո23; federalism in, 122, 124, 142, 136, 138; Iran and, 70, 82, 226Ո314; railways in, 87-88, 90; Russian annexation of provinces of, 7, 26, 36; Russian Revolution in, 23, 60, 149, 199Ш09; Social Democrats in, 164, 250Ո56 censorship, 68-70, 95, 96, 211Ш17, 212Ո123 Central Asia, 44 Chakalian, Garegin. See Khazhak, Garegin Chaqueri, Cosroe, 103 Charukhchian, Martiros, 82 chauvinism, 113, 150-51,153, 156,161, 235Ո64,246Ո27,262Ո172 Chernov, Victor, 175-76,180 Chicago, 2з6п82 Chilinkarian, Ardashes, 173 Chilinkirian, Arshavir; 165-67 China, 2, 18, 23, 35, 117, 128 Chios, 50 Christians, 6, 59, 97, 153, 217Щ77 Cilicia, 54, 74 Circassie (steamship), 51 Clemenceau, Georges, 178-79
290 I Index collaboration, x, 8, 10, 17, 22, 34, 75-76, 88-90, 105, 118, 178; with ARF, 54, 69, 73, 81-82, 119, 124, 131-32, 148-49, 173, 179; of constitutionalists, 31, 38, 185, 210Ш13; of ethnicities, 85, 103, 114; with SDHP, 133, 148, 164-67; against tsarist autocracy, 85, 185 Cologne, 54 Committee of Progress and Union (CPU), 31 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 32, 120-21, 130, 132-33, *72» I^4» 201Ш25 Common Sense (Paine), 186 communication technologies, 2, 19, 29, 40-42, 48, 75, 101, 168, 186-87. See also postal systems, telegraph Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 155, 172 Compagnie de Navigation Arménienne et Marocaine, 51 comparative history, 11-13, 17-18, 20, 21 complementarity, n, 146 Comstock Lode, 3 5 Comte, August, 158 concessions, 23-24, 26-28, 35-37, 39, 49-50, 65, 90 Condition of Postmodernity, The (Harvey), 41- 42 Congo, 186 Congress of Ottoman Liberals, 119 Congress of Ottoman Opposition, 130 connected histories (histoire croisée), x-xi, 1-4,11-13, 17-20, 43, 46, 186-87, гЭЛ Constantinople, 4, 120. See also Istanbul constitutionalism, 5, 30, 39, 107,108, 115-21, 142, 146, 181; ideology of, ix, 2, 2Ī-22, 40, 44, no-12, 121, 185-86 Copenhagen, 9, 179, 180 cosmopolitanism, 46, 68, 84, 169, 236Ո82 Cossack Brigade, 3 8 Crédit Lyonnais, 209Ո92 Cresswell, Tim, 42 Crimean Peninsula, 72 Crimean War, 30, 58, 61 Croatians, 131 Cuba/Cubans, 2, 18, 23, 44 Cuban Revolution, 186 Cyprus, 55, 72 Czech states, 135, 180 Danube Steam Navigation Company, 204Ո12 Dardanelles, 50 Darwin, Charles, 157, 158 Dashnaks, 89, 90, 172. See also Armenian Revolutionary
Federation Dasnabedian, Hrach, 55, 72, 263m Daszyński, Ignacy, 179 Davis, Horace, 140, 241Ш47 Davison, Roderic, 61, 64 Davtian, Hovnan, 205Ո25 decentralization, 33, 69, 72, 107, no, 127, 138, 154, 176, 237Ո8; federation and, 119, 121-22, 124-25, 12-7-30,I32 134, 136, 151, 185, 234Ո60, 237Ո83 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Jefferson and Lafayette), 186 De Vesprit des lois (Montesquieu), 126-27 Democratic Party, Iranian, 39, 103, 152, 167, 255Ш02 Demolins, Edmond, 129 Depi fēdērats’ia (Khazhak), 123, 125 Depi Yerkir (Malumian), 83 Der Matossian, Bedross, 154, 248Ո43 Dersim, 72 despotism, 113, 114, 133, 148, 154, 159 Deutschmann, Moritz, 73-74 Dicey, A. V., 125-27, 134, 139, 235Ո70 Dimou, Augusta, 149-50, 160-61 Dimov, Dimo Hadži, 131 Diyarbakır, 4, 72 dogmatism, 156, 170, 257Ո122 Dominican anarchists, 18, 186 Dorpat/Tartu, 7; University, 128 Dresden, 257ПІ18 Dreyfus affair, 170 Drõshak (newspaper), 54-55, 59, 60, 69-70, 76, 81, 82, 93-94, 123-24, 126, 155, 157, 164, 168,178, 205Ո25, 210П12, 220Ո248 Duman, Nikol, 82, 89, 193Ո22 Dumas, Alexandre, 247Ո31 Du Principe fédératif (Proudhon) 127 Dussap, Srpuhi, 5 Dzaghig Ganants (journal), 5 Dzayn (newspaper), 83, 123, 243Ո167 Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, The (Khuri-Makdisi), 19 Eastern Nations/Ethnicities Federative Association, 237Ո90 economic development, 10, 23, 58,165,171 Edwards, Lyford, 15 Egypt, 23, 30, 50, 67, 74, 83, 98,126 Elisavetpol, 4, 85, 89 Endizhen, 158-59
Index Engels, Friedrich, Г41,155, 157, 169, 242Ո148,251Ո69, 257ПІ13 England, 18, 45, 54, 126, 134, 147. See also Britain, London Enlightenment, 22,125-26 Enver, Talat, and Cemal Paşas, 32 Erzurum, 4, 7, 8, 33, 48, 66, 68, 72, 76, 120,183, 263m Estonia, 30 Eurasia, 14, 45, 55, 96, Z07, 146, 147, r6i Eurocentrism, 13 Europe, 33, 43, 83, 96, 114, 154, Г62, 168, z8j, 253Ո87, 257Ո122. See also specific nations/nationalities and municipalities; anarchists in, 77; ARF in, 48, 72, 82, 119, 253Ո87; Armenians in, 45,191Ո3; in Balkan wars, 154; circulation through, 167; constitutionalism in, 2, 22, no-12; decentralization in, 130; early-modern, 14; federalism in, 124, 126, 138; global economy dominated by, 35-36; Marxism in, 160; press in, 97, 178; reading rooms in, 96; revolutions in, i, 15, 23; socialists in, 3, 9, 22-23, 156-58, 173; strikes in, 93; technological advances in, 49, 51, 58, 59, 64, 67-69, 90 Federalizm ew demokratám (Shakhatunian), 123 Federation, Socialism, Antitheologism (Bakunin), 127 Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries, 77. See Armenian Revolutionary Federation federations/federalism, 127-43, Х4б, 149-51, 159, гб4,174, i34n54 236Ո75; autonomy in, 121, Z23-25, 127, Г39, 140; decentralization and, X07,1x0,119,121-25, 127-30, էՅ2·։ Г34, 136, Г51,185, 234ո6օ, 237Ո83; ideology of, ix, 2, 22, 44, 235֊з6п74, 236Ո76; nationalism and, 234Ո54, 235П6Г Felix Badei et Cie., 54 Fenerjian, Kris, 205ՈՈ23,25, 21ГП123 Ferqeh-ye Ejtima’iyun ‘Ammiyun. See Social Democratic Party Ferri, Jules, 155, Г79 Filibe/Plovdiv, 48, 66, 75-77 Filipinos, 186. See also Philippines Finns, 180,
181 First Balkan Socialist conference, 131 fishing, 36 I 291 Fletcheq Joseph, 17 Fondaminskii, Isidorovich, 180 Foran, John, 15 Forman, Michael, 137, 240Ո131, 244Ո173, 251Ո69 Forsyth, Murray, 235Ո62 France, 6, 7, 50, 5Г, 57, 61, 67, 70, 71, 126-28, 147, 179. See also French revolution, Paris France, Anatole, 179, 261П168 Franklin, Benjamin, 230η 19 French language, 44, 61, 125, 167, 235Ո74 French Revolution (1789), 14, 21, 23, 27, 127, i86, 257П113 Galatz/Galati, 204Ո12, շօ5ոո23,25, 2ХІПІ23 Gallipoli, 50 Gandzak/Ganja, 72, 136, 213Ш38, 241Ш42 Gapon, Father Georgy, 26-27, 76 Garsoian, Nina, 84 Gasmotoren Fabrik, 54, 205Ո24 Gavafian, Arshak (Keri), 82 Geddes, Barbara, Г98П94 Geertz, Clifford, 21 Gelvin, James, 23, 35 gender equality, 34 General Jewish Labor Bund, 135, 138, 151 General Postal Union, 67 Genesis, 110—11 Geneva, 54, 66, 71, 83, 120, 209Ո95, 225Ո296; circulation through, 48, 76-77, 98, 216ПТ75; exile community in, 29, 31; press in, 45, 70, 93, 94, 168, 178, 179, 205Ո25; University of, Г26 Genoa, 204Ո12 genocide, 14, 34, Г84, 188. See ако Armenian Genocide Georgeon, François, 96, 97 Georgians, 38, 86, 87,107, no, 161,180, 181, 259Ո141; arms transported by, 216Ш75, 225Ո299; federalist, 122, 138; in Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 89-90, Г03-4; national socialist, 149, r6o; Social Democrats, 164, 177, 257ПГ22; in South Caucasus, 7, 85, Г36 Gerasimov, Ilya, 236Ո82 German language, 125, 241ПГ35 Germany, 6-8, 54, 58, 76,127, 132, 147, 179, 204ПТ2, 224Ո289; Iran and, 50, 57; postal system of, 67, 70; Social Democrats in, 125, 138, 156, 157, 222Ո257, 223Ո274,
250ՈՈ59,6օ, 257Піг8
292. I Index Gessen, Vladimir Matveevich, 127 Gevorgian Academy, 7 Gharabagh/Karabagh/Artsakh, 217Ш77 Gharajian, Gevorg, 172 Ghazarian, Varderes (Vrtanes), 55 Gilan, 88, 246Ո18 Giwlkhandanian, Abraham, 92, 93, 98, 101, 145, 215Ш72 Gladwell, Malcolm, 19 Glavinov, Vasil, 131 globalization, x, 7, 11, 17-18, 35, 41, 42 Gocheleishvili, lago, 102-4 Goghtan, 75, 77 Goldstone, Jack, 13-15, 18, 196Ո47 Golitsyn, Grigorii Sergeyevich, 148, 245Ո13, 259-60Ш51 Gorts (newspaper), 237Ո88, 259Ո149 Gould, Eliga, 12 Grant, Bruce, 84 Great Britain. See Britain Great Powers, 30, 130 Greece, 51, 67; ancient, 127-28 Greeks, 6-8, 33, 34, 55, 61, 67, 106, 132, 153,184 Grew, Raymond, 11 Guesde, Jules, 160, 170 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 186 Gutenberg, Johannes, 96 Gutman, David, 74 Gyumri. See Alexandropol Haci Idris, 201Ո113 Hague peace conference, 179 Hamaynk’ (periodical), 257Ш12 Hamburg, 165, 204Ո12 Hamidian regime, 34, 69, 74, 114, 210ПІ13 Hamm, Michael, 97 Hanioğlu, Şükrü, 31, 33, 34, 210Ш13 Haraj (newspaper), 81, 94, 126, 141, 162, 168, 213Ш38, 242Ո150 Harutiwnian, Martiros, 193Ո22 Harper, T. N., 98 Harvey, David, 41-42 Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard, 12, 13 h ayduks, 98 Hay Heghap’okhakan Dashnakts’uťiwn. See Armenian Revolutionary Federation Hayrettik’ (publication), 93, 94 Headrick, Daniel, 55, 61 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 157, 169 Henchak. See Social Democratic Hnchakian Party Hervé, Gustave, 144, 159 Herzegovinians, 131, 132 Herzen, Alexander, 137 Hidden Imam, 38 highways. See roads Hildermeier, Manfred, 174, 175 Hima, Derviş, 130 Hncb’ak (newspaper), 114,155, 158, 164, 167, 178, 227Ո9, 229Ո18,
249-50Ո56, 261П163 Hobsbawm, Eric, 41 Holocaust, 14 Hosank’ (newspaper), 161-62, 168, 2341157, 253Ո89 Hovhannesian, Nikoghayos Ter. See Duman, Nikol Hovhannisian, Mikayel. See Varandian, Mikayel Howe, Irving, 171 Hümmat/Himmat (Endeavor) Party, 103 Ibn Battuta, 73 ideology, x, 16-17, 21, 40, 72, 104, 145, 244Ո173. See also specific political belief systems Imerethie (steamship), 51 immigrants, 86-87 imperialism, 34, 130-31. See also specific empires; opposition to, 37, 39, 65 Inch’ ē dasakarge (Khazhak), 126 Inch è azguťiwnei (Khazhak), 126 India, 35, 57, 65, 90 Indo-European Telegraph, 64, 65, 90 industrialization, 7, 25, 28, 41, 86, 90, 166 Inkilab (newspaper), 210ПІ12 Innis, Harold Adams, 219Ո221 intellectuals, 9-10, 18, 34, 37, 43, 105, 114, 156, 185, 186; awareness of socialist thought among, 166-67, 253Ո89; books and periodicals published by, 107, 121-27, 167-68; boundary crossings of, 181-82, 184; killed in Armenian genocide, 126, 184; role in revolutions of, 18, 24, 104, 137, 146-47, 151,178 intelligence operations, 51, 65, 68, 149 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, 150 internationalism, 9,115,129,142, 155-56, 180-82, 244Ո173 International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 131-32 International Socialist Bureau, 180 Iran, 15-16, 39, 47-51, 84, 87, 88, 98, 102-5, I54 226Ո314. See also Iranian Constitutional Revolution; ARF in, 48,
Index I 293 71-75, 82,93, 211П117, 213Ո139, 220Ո248; Armenians in, 4, 5, 9-10, Jetiinek, Georg, 125, 127, 134, 139, 19։ 44։ 45։ 103-5. п7։ I42·։ i5z-53։ 184, 191Ո5; British-Russian treaty on, 38; centralization in, 128; constitution of, 107, 115; publications circulated in, 94-96; transportation and communications in, 47-51, 58, 60, 64-65, 67, 91. See also specific regions Jewish Socialist Workers Party (SERP), 180 Jews, 32, 61, 74, 104, 106, no, 135, 151, I53 and municipalities Iran-e Now (newspaper), 103, 152, 167, 256Ո105 Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-11), I, 3, 10, 14, 18, 33-40, 43-44, 165-67, 183, 185, 198Ո80, 246Ո18; Armenians in, ix, x, 11, 46, 54, 76, 82, 89, 117-19, 149, 151, 161, 162, 174, 180, 186; arms provided to, 100-1, 224Ո288; autocracy opposed by, 35, 39, 55, 85; censorship of press during, 69-70; Russian and Young Turk revolutions compared to, 20-28, 33-34, 37, 39-40, in; solidarity and collaboration in, 181; strikes during, 103; telegraph in, 61, 65 Iraq, 58, 184 Ireland, 98 Isfahan, 4, 209Ո9 5 Ishkhanian, Bakhshi, 123, 243Ո167 İskenderun, 50, 55 Iskra (newspaper), 94, 140 Islam, 38, 64, 229Ո18. See also Muslims Issawi, Charles, 49 Istanbul, 4-7, 45, 48, 82, 94, 126, 132, 183, 234Ո60, 251Ո71, 261Ո165. See also Constantinople; communication and transportation access in, 48, 51, 55, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 204Ո12; press in, 95, 122-24, 129, 146, 153, 172 Italiana Navigazione Generale, 204m 2 Italy, 6, 67, 126, 179 İttihad-է Osmam-La Fédération Ottomane, 130 Izmir, 4, 7, 50, 55, 72, 74, 77, 83, 95,126, 214Ш47; railway connections with, 58
Jaffa, 50 Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, Seyyed, 36, 186 Japan, 22, 35, 98. See also Russo-Japanese War Jaurès, Jean, 141, 155, 159, 160, 162, 163, 170-74, 179, 257ПІ18 Jefferson, Thomas, 186 236Ո75,240Ո130 Jodko-Narkiewicz, Tomasz, 180 Jones, Stephen, 146, 160, 161, 174 Julfa/New Julfa, 50, 88, 209Ո95, 216Ш72 Kadets, 28 Kankrin, Georg von, 88, 90 Kansu, Aykut, 33-34 Kant, Immanuel, 157 Kapital, Das (Marx), 93 Karin. See Erzurum Kars, 4, 72, 76, 85, 88, 136, 241Ո142, 243Ո168 Kastamonu, 33 Kautsky, Karl, 94, 125, 127, 138, 140-42, 157, 160, 222Ո257, 243Ո167, 250Ո59, 257ПІ18; and evolution of Marxism, 155, 244Ш71; federation advocated by, 138, 141; influence on ARF of, 159, 170, 173-74; language emphasized by, I33 135։ 240Ш21; Russian social democratic movement founded by, 165-66; translations of works of, 223Ո274, 241Ш35 Kayts (periodical), 123 Kazakhstan, 58 Keank’ (periodical), 123 Keddie, Nikki, 111 Kelekian, Diran, 113, 227-28Ո9 Kemal, Namık, 29 Keshishian, Gabriel (Mihran), 149 Kessaria/Kayseri, 72 Kevorkian, Raymond, 114, 210П113, 228Ո14 Khachaturian, Vaso, 82, 165 Kharkov, 25, 236Ո82 Kharpert/Harput, 72 Khat’abala (week!y), 106,116, 121,139 Khazhak, Garegin, 123,125-27, 134-42, 184, 235-36Ո74, 240Ո130, 24іппіз5,із6,і42,і4б, 242Ո150, 257Ш18 Khecho, Dashnakts’akan (Khachatur Amirian), 82 Khecho, Matsun (Grigor Mirzabegian), 82, 216Ш72 Khoy, 213Ш39 Khrimian, Mgrtich/Mkrtich, 134, 240Ո123 Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham, 18-19, 40, 97, 145-46, 178, 18Ć
294 I Index Kiev, 97 King, Charies, 217Ո180 Kitur, Arsen, 255П102 Kiwreghian, Petros. See Sapah-Giwlian, Stepan Kocka, Jiirgen, 12,13, 194Ո26 Koms, 21ОП112 Kosovo, 64 Kovalevsky, Maksim, 128, 236Ո82 Kovkasi Aratvot (newspaper), 156 Kozikian, Karekin, 154-55 Krakow, 10 Kropotkin, Pyotr, 94,125, 127, 158, 169, 235Ո70, 251Ո71 Kundera, Milan, 188-89 Kurds, 8, 34, 57, 100, 106, no, 124, 153, 184 Kurtz, Geoffrey, 171 Kurzman, Charles, 18 Kutais, 136, 241Ш42 Labriola, Arturo, 168 Lafayette, Marquis de, 186 land socialization, 176-77, 180, 260Ո155 Lapchinchian, Teodoros (Teodik), 249Ո46 Larnaka, 55 Lasalle, E, 222Ո257, 227Ո9 Latvians, 138, 181 Latvian Social Democrats, 180 Lavrov, Pyotr, 137 Lazarevsku, Nicolai Ivanovich, 127, 139 Lazarían Academy, 7 League of Private Initiative and Decentrali zation (LPID), 33, 69, 122, 129, 136, 243Ո168 Leipzig, 7 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 126 Leninakan. See Alexandropol Leone, Enrico, r68 Levantines, 61 Levant Steamship Company, 204η 12 Levine, Philippa, 11-13, 21 Libaridian, Gerard, 187, 248Ո39 liberals, 2, 23-24, 28, 34, 39, 105, 123, 126,171-73, 185; nationalist, 8, 146, 147 Liberal Turkish Action Committee, 210Ш13 Liberty (publication), 94 Liebnecht, Wilhelm, 157, 250Ո60 Limanowski, Bo!eslaw, 180 Lithuania, 135, 138 Lloyd’s Steam Navigation Company, 204Ո12 London, 9, 76, 94, 165, 209Ո95, 227Ո9, 236Ո82, 255П102 London Times, 256M05 Luxemburg, Rosa, 125, 136-37, 140, 160, 167, 24inni46,i47, 242Ո148 Macedonia/Macedonians, 30, 32, 76, 105, 107,120,130-32,138,150,152, 238Ո96, 246Ո29 Май, Ettehadieh Nezam, 255П102 Mahdi, 38 mail. See postal systems
Majles, 118, 167, 246Ո18 Malumian, Khachatur, 82-83, lzoi I^4 Manastır, 64 Manchester, 165 Mantashev, 93 Marseille, 51, 54, 55, 204Ո12, 205Ո25 Marsovan/Merzifon, 8, 72 Marx, Karl, 93, 94, 141, 155, 157, 159, 169, 202П153, 227Ո9, 242Ո148, 251Ո69, 257Ш13 Marxists/Marxism, 8, 24, 27,104, 115, х3° x35 137. 146, 147, 149, 150. x55։ 160-65, 168-72, 180, 242Ш55 Mashtots’ Matenadaran, 45 Massachusetts, 44 Melikian, Hambartsum, 82 Melik-Shahnazarian, Yeqhsapet, 76, 81 Mer Havatamkě (Shahrigian), 173 Mersin, 50, 55 Messageries Maritimes, 204Ո12 Meşveret (newspaper), 210 Mexico, 18, 23 Michel, Louise, 169 Middle East, 2, 20, 22, 23, 35, 46, 51, 184, 185 Midhat Paşa, 114 Midhatean Constitution, 113-14 migrants, 25, 86-87, 102-5 Mikayelian, Kristapor, 54, 66, 73-77, 80, 80, 98-100,174,179, 205Ո25, 214Ш47, 262Ո169 Millerand, Alexandre, 257ПІ18 Minasian, Sarkis, 238Ո96 Minerva oil fields, 82 Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, 3 6 Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, 36 Mirza Małkom Khan, 36, 64 Mitchell, Timothy, 87, 92 Miuťiwn ew P’rkuťiwn, 8 Mkhitarist Congregation, 45 Moderate Party, Iranian, 39 modernization, 15, 23, 25, 28, 29
Index Mogilner, Marina, 136Ո82 Mohammad ‘Ali Shah, 35, 38,119 mojahedin, 35, 8a Moldavia, 105025 Molla Nasreddin (periodical), 21 ini 16 money transfers, 66, 71 Mongol Empire, 83 Montesquieu, Baron de, 114, 125-28, 235ՈՈ70,74, 2з6пп75,7б Moore, Barrington, 15 Moscow, 7, 72, 75, 236Ո82 Mo’tamed, Hősein, 167, 246Ո18 Moumdjian, Garabet, 203Ш, 210Ո113 Mozaffar al-Din Shah, 35, 38 Mshak (periodical), 123,146, 168, 186 multiculturalism, 84 multiethnic populaces, 9, 29, 32, 83, 84, 121,122,140-42, 160-61 Munich, 94 munitions, 51, 98, 119 Murad, Medzn, 227Ո9 Murch (monthly), 96, 126, 168, 186, 221Ո251 Mush/Muş, 59, 212Ո127 Muslims, 6, 7, 29, 33, 72, 85, 89-90, 117, 122, 124, 133, 153, 219Ո212 Muwaylihi, Ibrahim al-, 68-69 N. Paquet and Company, 204Ո12 Nakashidze, Mikhail, 259m 51 Nakhijevan, 75, 77 Naples, 55 Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 159 Naprzód (newspaper), 10 Narodnaya Volya, 8, 77, 163, 175, 180, 253Ո87, 259Ո141 Narodnichestvo, 174 Narrow Socialists, 113,131, 149, 175 Naser al-Din Shah, 49, 64, 71 Naser al-Molk, 256nio6 Natanson, Mark, 180 National Archives, English, 45 nationalism, 19, 77, 95, no, 132,140 146-61,180, 181, 228П16, 235ոո6ւ,64; Albanian, 130; Armenian, 102, 105, 107,146, 148,150-59,165, 188; federalism and, 234Ո54, 235Ո61; ideology of, 145-46; Iranian, 39,152; liberal, 8, 146,147; Russian, 26; socialism and, 160-65; Turkish, 113, 114, 129, 153,154,156 Nationalities Question in Russia, The (Kautsky), 138 National Library of Armenia, 45 I 295 navigation companies, 50-51, 204Ո7. See also steamships Nazim Bey, 113 Nemetz, Anton, 180 Nersesian, Arshag (Sebuh),
82 Nersisian Academy, 7 Nevada, 35 New Castle, 204м 2 New Nakhijevan, 72 New Zealand, 126 Nicaragua, 15, 16 Nicholas I, Tsar, 88 Nicholas II, Tsar, 7, 24, 28, 76 Njagulov, Blagovest, 130, 131 Nor Ashkharh (newspaper), 227Ո9 Nor Hosank’ (newspaper), 104, 115, 154, 17z North America, 48, 49. See also United States Novo-Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, 75 Novorossiysk, 87 Nubar Library (Bibliothèque Nubar), 45 October Manifesto, 27-28 Odessa, 50, 70, 72, 86, 92, 199Ш09, 2040112,19, 205Ո23 Ohanjanian, Hamazasp, 203 ոշ oil industry, 26, 38, 82, 87, 91-93, 98, 102 Okan, Ayşegül, 64, 67-68 Okhrana, 51, 54, 89,175, 213Ш38 Önol, Onur, 148 Oriental Railway, 5 8 Osipov, Alexander, 135 Osterhammel, Jürgen, 22, 31, 41, 57 Ostovan, Key, 167, 246Ո18 Osvobozhdenie (newspaper), 94 Ottoman Empire, 87, 100-2, 128, 134, *37։ IS9 179, 184, 227Ո9, 231Ո33. See also Young Turk Revolution and specific regions and municipalities; ARF groups and members in, ix, 73-75,176, 209Ո92, 211Ш7; Armenians in, 4-11, 19, 33. 44, 57. 104-5, 117. 148. 15З. 157, 163,167, 172, 179,180, 188, 191Ո3, 248Ո39, 258Ո137; constitution of, 6, 29-31, 34, 38, 106, no, in, 113-15, 120, 227Ո7, 229-30Ո18, 249Ո46, 253П85, 263m; federalism in, 142, 150, 2324Ո60, 237Ո90, 241Ш39; publications circulated in, 93, 95-98; Public Debt Administration of, 30; transportation and communications in, 47-49, 54-55, 57-6t, 64-68, 90-91
296 I Index Ottomanism, 31, 151-52, 154, 2481143 Ottoman Liberals, Congress of, 112, 119 progressives, 34, 36, 113, 115, 165, 166, 251Ո69 proletariat, 28, 138-41, 149, 164, 166, Pahlavi dynasty, 57 Paine, Thomas, 186 Palestine, 97 Papazian, Vahan, 2іоппіі2,ііз Paris, 29, 31, 45, 48, 69-71, 77, 82, 94, 170, 172, 174, 236Ո75, 241П136, 257Ո122. See also working class Proletarii (newspaper), 94 propaganda, 31, 55, 92, 95, 119-20, 178-79, 210Ш13 104, 112, 119,120, 130, 178-81, 209Ո95, 214Ш47, 227Ո9, 228Ո14, 253Ո85, 262Ո169 Paris Commune, 169 Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, 176-77, 180, 181, 259Ш51, 260Ո159 Protectors of the Fatherland, 8 Protestants, 133 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 125-27, 169, Pashtpan Hayreneats’, 8 passports, 73-76, 213Ш44 Patriarchate, Armenian, 4 peasants, 7, 15, 24-25, 27-28, 33, 77, 81, 86, 141, 160-61, 172-77,177 Pennsylvania, 93 People’s Will. See Narodnaya Volya Pernerstorfer, Engelbert, 138, 155, 262Ո172 Perovskii, Lev Alekseevich, 88 Persian Empire, 83. See also Iran Persian Gulf, 49, 57, 59 Persian language, 96, 167 Petrovsk, 87 Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy, 75, 77 Pettee, George, 15 Philippines, 16, 18, 98 Pilosian, Vram, 103, 165, 167, 255П102 Piraeus, 55 Pitoev, 93 Plehve, Vyacheslavovich von, 259m 51 Plekhanov, Georgi, 8, 165, 166, 170, 179, 257Ո118, 259Ո143 Plovdiv, 48, 66, 75-77 P’ok’r Hayk’i Kazmakerput’iwn, 8 Poland, 10, 125, 135-38, 151, 179, 180, 24inni46,i47, 242Ո148 Polasky, Janet, 19 Polish Socialist Party, 180, 181 Political Persecution (Malumian), 83 Poltava, 25 popular sovereignty, 23, 39, 105,133 populism, 27, 120, 137, 160,
163, 174-75. See also Narodnaya Volya Portugal, 18, 23 postal systems, 47, 49-51, 55, 57, 66-72, 95, 185, 209Ո93 Poti, 85, 87, 90 presentism, n Pressensé, Francis de, 179, 261П168 Pro Armenia (newspaper), 178-79 235Ո70 Prussia, 90 Puerto Rican anarchists, 18, 186 Qajar monarchy, 35-37, 49, 69, 70, 71, 74, 152 Qazvin, 76, 119, 213Ш39 Quataert, Donald, 58 Quillard, Pierre, 77, 178, 179, 2біппіб5,і68 262Ո169 Quran, 38 Rabotnicheska Iskra (newspaper), 131 radicalism, 40, 105, 145 Rahim Khan, 119 Rahimzade, Satijik, 104 railways, x, 47, 49-51, 55-60, j6, 82-85, 96, 112, 126, 165, 185; arms trans ported on, 100-101; circulation of revolutionaries on, 82-83; concessions for, 36, 50; construction of, 57-59, 61, 87-88; number of passengers on, 58, 90; postal systems and, 51, 67, 71; strikes on, 27, 59, 60, 83, 91-92, 95; telegraphy and, 60-61, 66, 84, 85, 90-92; in time-space compression, 40-43; urbanization impacted by, 7, 25, 57 Rakovsky, Krastyo/Christian, 115, 131 Rapp, Stephen, 84 Rasht, 66, 88, 103, 104, 119, 213Ш39 Reclus, Élisée, 134, 169 Reformed (Verakazmeal) Hnchakean Party, 149. See also Social Democratic Hnchakian Party Renard, Georges, 159 Renner, Karl (R. Springer), 125, 127, 135, 137, 160, 240Ш31, 241П135 Reuter concession, 36-37, 49 Revere, Paul, 19 revisionism, 156-57, 163, 169 Revolutions without Borders (Polasky), 19 Revolutsyonnaya Rossiya (publication), 93-94
Index Reza Shah, 57 Rezazadeh, Abu al-Qasem, 246Ո18 Riegg, Stephen, 148, 245Ո13, 2ćoni5i Rights of Man (Paine), i86 Rıza, Ahmed, 82,113, 119-21, 129, 2ionnii2,ii3, Z471130 roads, 7, 47, 49-51, 55, 59, 71, 85,185 Rõkkas, Konstanten, 237Ո90 Romance languages, 96 Romania, 70, 72, 76,130, 205Ո25 Rostom (Stepan Zorian), ix, 72-80, 80, Si, 118, 183-84, 2І2ПІ27; ARF cofounded by, 54, 73, 80,124, 179; circulation of, ix, 75-77, 7S-79, 263m; correspond ence of, 55, 66, 72, 74, 100-1, 209Ո95 Rotterdam, 204Ո12 Rowley, Alison, 70 Royal Mosque of Tehran, 37 Rubanovich, I. A., 180 Rubin, Michael, 64 Rumelia, 59, 67 Ruschuk/Ruse, 55, 227Ո9 Russian Empire, 1, 2, 23, 25-28, 39, 57, 64. 77։ 154։ 226Ո314, 249146։ 261П168. See also Russian Revolution (1905), specific regions and municipali ties; ARF in, 71-76, 180, 184, 211Ш7, 220Ո248, 222Ո257; Armenians in, 4, 6-ю, 19, 117, 133, 148,188, 191Ո5, 216Ո175, 248Ո45; arms manufactured in, 98-101; British and, 38, 65; constitu tion of, 24, 38, 107, no, in, 115; Council of Ministers of, 245Ш3; ethnic groups’ shared enmity toward, 87; federalism in, 136-37, 150; Social Democrats in, 10, 27; socialism in, no, 126, 135, 164, 168, 253Ո87; territorial expansion of, 30, 35-36, 83,159; transportation and communications in, 47-51. 57-59։ 67-7°։ 88, 9°֊93։ 95։ 96, 209Ո93 Russian language, 44, 125, 134, 167, 24inni35,i46 Russian Revolution (1905), xi, 3, 10-n, 14, 18, 65, 70,117, 167,168,183, 198Ո80; Armenians in, 10,76, 82,145,147-48, 151,158,160-62,174,185,186; autocracy opposed by, 22-24, 26, 55, 60, 85,181; in Caucasus, ix, 23, 60,104, 118, 149,199П109;
Iranian and Young Turk revolutions compared to, 20-29, 37. 39-40։ 43; solidarity and collabora tion in, 181; strikes during, 23, 54, 91, 93,149; press during, 61,122-24 I 297 Russian Social Democratic Party, 9 Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP), 82, 94, 103, 123, 140, 149, 165 Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company, 50, 204Ո12 Russification, 148 Russo-Japanese War, 22, 24-27, 34, 37, 65, 70, 90, m Russo-Persian war, 36, 391Ո5 Sabah (newspaper), 227Ո9 Sabaheddin, Prince Mehmet, 69, 82, 119-20,122, 129, 130, 133, 136, 2ionnii2,ii3, 237Ո88, 243Ո168, 247Ո30, 261Ո165 Sabah ul-Hayr (newspaper), 210Ш13 Sablinsky, Walter, 5 8 Saint Petersburg, 7, 60, 72, 76, 83, 89, 148, 236Ո82 Sakazov, Yanko (Janko Saküzov), 113, 150, 161, 173 Şakir, Bahaeddin, 113, 130, 210ПІ13 Salar al-Dowleh, 119 Salmas, ιοί, 216Ո172 Salonika/Thessaloniki, 32, 50 Samson/Samsun, 72 Sapah-Giwlian, Stepan, 113, 113-15, 120, Г32, 158, 159, 164, 165, 179, 227-28Ո9, 228Ш4, 229Ո18, 350Ո57 Sardinia-Piedmont, 61 Sasun, 72, 227Ո9 SattarKhan, 118-19 Schedewie, Franziska, 25 Schenk, Frithjof Benjamin, 88 Schofield, Richard, 74 Sebastia/Sivas, 64, 72 Second Socialist Internationa!, 8-9, 76,159, 168, 170 secret societies, 8, 31-32, 36, 95 Secret Society of Upper Armenia (Bardzr Hayots’ Gaghtni Ěnkeruťiwn), 8 Seigel, Micol, 11 Selbin, Eric, 14, 16 self-government, 114, 122-23, 125,127, 132,138-39; local, 6, 25,129, 136-37 Semyonov, Alexander, 2з6п82 separatism, 7, 129-30, 132,154, 163, 237Ո90, 246Ո29, 249Ո45 Serbia/Serbians, 70,113, 131,132 Servet-i Fiinun (periodical), 172 Sev Khach’ Kazmakerput’iwn, 8
Seydel, Maximilian Anton von, 127
2.98 I Index Shahrigian, Harutiwn, 159-60, 173, 184, 251Ո71 Shahumian, Stepan, 123, 243Ш71 Shakhatunian, Avetik, 123, 125, 127, 134-36, 2з6п75, 240Ш31, 241Ш39 Shanturian, 95 Shahsevans, 119 Shaykh al-Islam, 3 2 Sheremetev, Sergei, 260Ш51 Shushi, 213Ш38 Shuster, William Morgan, 39 Siefert, Marsha, 90-91, շւ9ոոշշւ,շշ8 Siemens brothers, 90 Silistra, 55 silver, 35, 37, 43 Simonian, Simon, 167 Sivas, 64, 72 Skocpol, Theda, 14-16, 196Ո47 Slavic languages, 96 Slavs, 57 Slovenians, 131 Smyrna. See Izmir Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), 137, 241Ш46 Social Democratic Hnchakian Party (SDHP), 8-ю, 44, 120, 148, 158, 162-67, I72» і77у τ79 շշ8ո9, 252Ո82, 260Ш51; constitutionalism of, 112, 115; federalism and, 131-33; in Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 70, 103, 118-19, 149, 246Ո18; legalization of, 184; nationalism of, 150-52, 156, 165; press of, 45, 94, 95, 152, 155-56, 178, 227ՈՈ7,9, 250Ո57; secession from, 167, 255П102; women in, 48; during Young Turk Revolution, 112-14, 172 Social Democratic Party, 103, 123, 167 Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 179 Social Democrats (SDs), 10, 27,148, 161-67, 176-77,177, 180-81, 244Ո172, 252ոո79,8շ, 259Ո143; Armenian, 45, 115, 165, 167, 243Ո167; European, 125, 135,157, 222Ո257, 250Ո59, 257Ո122, 262Ո172; federalism opposed by, 136-38, 140-41; in Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 103, 149; nationalism denounced by, 150-51, 156; press of, 151, 221Ո251, 252Ո79 socialism, 29, 34, 77, no, 126-27, I45 154, 160-61, 168-71, 182, 185-86. See also specific socialist parties, movements, and organizations; autonomy and, 135;
ideal of, 104, 130, 143,146; ideology of, ix, 2-3, 22-23, 44, 105, 107; labor organizations and, 38, 102 socialisme á l œuvre, Le, (Renard), 159 Socialism in Georgian Colors (Jones), 160 Socialist International, 169, 180, 257Ш18 Socialist International Bureau, 9 Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 10, 27, 45, 94-95, 112, 122, 136, 138, 140, 148, 244Ո171. See also Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Socialist Revolutionary Party, 93-95 Sofia, 48, 54, 55, 76, 77, 82 Sohrabi, Nader, 20-21, 40, ni, 115-16 solidarity, 8, 119, 132-33,149, 158, 215Ո167, 235Ո64, 247Ո31, 253Ո85; anarchist, 169; coordination and, 180-81; ethnic, 87, 114, 124,141, 237Ո90, 247Ո30; interparty, 9, 245Ո26; of regional movements, 31, 180-81; social, 98; of workers, 151, 164 Sonentz-Papazian, Tatoul, 44 Sorel, Georges, 168 Sots’eal Demokrat Hnch’akean Kusakts’ut’iwn. See Social Democratic Hnchakian Party South Africa, 3 5 South Caucasus, 2, 7, 43, 49, 54, 66, 82-85, n8, 1շ6 i34 154? 184, See also specific municipalities and regions; Armenian political parties in, ix, 7-10, 48, 72, 76, 91, 148-49, 157, 158, 161-62, 167, 172, 180; circulation of intellectuals and revolutionaries from, 75, 82-84, 101-4, I77, 185; constitu tionalists in, 38, 89; demographics of, 85, 136, 187,s 191Ո4; European political philosophies in, 2, 7; map of, 86; press in, 44-45, 69, 93-98; railways in, 57, 60, 87-88, 92; time-space compression and, 85-105; urbanization of, 85-86, 104-5 sovereignty, 23, 36-39, 105, 122,132-33, I37,I39,շշ9ու8 Soviet Union, 51, 83 Spain, 126 Spanish America, 146 Spanish Empire, 18 Spector, Ivan, 198Ո80
Spencer, Herbert, 158 Springer, R. See Renner, Karl Stavropol, 87-88 steamships, x, 40, 43, 47, 49-55, 66-67, 71, 82, 112, 126, 185; development of technology of, 40, 49; global routes of,
Index 50, 51, 52-53, 204Ո12; labor organiza tion benefits of, 92, 95; printed matter disseminated by, 112,126; urbanization impacted by, 57 Stepanian, Stepan, 70, 85 Stirner, Max, 169 Stockholm, 76, 2361182 Stolypin, Pyotr, 28, 95, 148, 172 Stora-Kèt, 139-40 strikes, 91-92, 97, 102-3, 219Ո228, 253Ո85; in Ottoman Empire, 29, 31, 59-60, 164; in Russia, 23, 26-27, 54, 58, 60, 83, 149 Stuart England, 18 Stuttgart, 94, 159, 168, 170, 179, 2.13 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 12 Suez Canal, 42, 50 suffrage, 25, 27 Suny, Ronald, 86, 87 Sûra-yi Ümmet (periodical), 172 Surbandak (periodical), 172, 230Ո21, 258Ո128 Svolile, Milan W., 198Ո94 Smith, Adam, 157 Switzerland, 54, 124-29, 131,132, 134, 139 syndicalism, 168, 223Ո274 Synopticus. See Renner, Karl Syria, 58, 184 Tabriz, 38-39, 45, 48, 65, 82, 119, 165-67, 23in33 263m; ARF in, 72, 76-77, 209Ո95, 213Ո39, 255-56П102, 263Ш; arms workshop in, 98, 224Ո228; constitutionalism in, 89, 118; press in, 70,152; during Russian Revolution, 103, 104; transportation access in, 50, 59 Tadeosian, Hovsep, 76 Tadeosian, Samson, 72,100-1 Taglia, Stefano, 129 Tagvorian (agent), 204Ո19 Talbot, Major G. F., 36 “Talmudists,” 141 Tanzimat, 6, 29, 114 Taqizadeh, Seyyed Hasan, 118, 167, 255-56^02 Taron, 72,215Ո167 Tarpinian, Rupen, 173 Tatars, 89, 118, 219Ո212 Tbilisi, See Tiflis technology, 49, 79, 95· See also communi cation technology, time-space compres sion, transportation technology I 299 Tehran, 37, 48, 50, 59, 65, 70, 76, 82, 89, 119, 167, 255Ш02 telegraph, x, 31-33, 47, 51, 55, 57֊58, 60-67, 62-63, 90-92, 119, 185; concessions for, 36; postal system and,
67, 71, 112, 139; press and, 96, 117, 210Ո113; strikes by workers in, 27, 60, 91, 219Ո228; in time-space compres sion, 40-43, 49, 84-85, 105; urbaniza tion impacted by, 7, 25, 57 Terakki (newspaper), 69, 210nın, 228П16, 243Ո168 Terdzakian, Onnik (A. Vramian), 209Ո93 Ter Hakobian, Alexander (Japonats’i), 60, 83,90 Ter Hakobian, Tigran, 103,154 Ter Minassian, Anahide, 172, 246Ո29, 252Ո85 terror, 77, 91, 174-76 Thessaloniki. See Salonika/Thessaloniki Third International, 150 Tibet, 38 Tiflis/Tbilisi, 4, 7, 72, 82, 85-88, 90, 92, 94, 103, 136, 199Ո109, 241П142; arms manufactured in, 66, 98, 101, 216Ո175; books published in, 242Ո150, 259Ո141; circulation of revolutionaries through, 48, 69, 75-77, 7^-79, 102-3, 225Ո296; periodical press in, 45, 68, 95, 104, 106, 117, 122, 123, 126, 141, 146, 147, 154, 156, 179, 211ПІ16, 213Ո138, 223Ո274, 237Ո88 Tikranakert. See Diyarbakır Tilly, Charles, 15, 196Ո47 time-space compression, 40-43, 49, 71, 75, 84, 86-88, 95, 98, 101, 178 Tioneti, 85 Tiufekchiev, Naum, 54 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 24 Tolstoy, Leo, 189 Topchian, Yervant, 139, 141, 235Ո64, 243nni70,i7i Topuzian-Toshigian, Hayganush, 5 Torkamanchay/Turkmenchai, Treaty of, 3 6, 191Ո5 Tosun, Hüseyin, 69 Trabizon/Trabzon, 33, 55, 72 Transcaucasia, 73, 104, 217Ш77. See also South Caucasus Transcaucasian Federative Republic, 142 Transcaucasian Railway, 88, 92 transportation technology, 2, 19, 29, 40-42, 48, 75, 101, 168,186-87, 220Ո234. See also railways, roads, steamships
Зоо I Index Trevor-Roper, Hugh, i, 3 Tripoli, 50, 55 Tsghna, 75 Tula arms factory, 98 Tumayev, 98 Tunisia, 30 Turkey, 18, 33, 64, 75, 88, 114-15, iz8, 130--33, 157,173, 176, 140Ո 137 Turkish language, 44, 152, 17z Turkish Revolutionary Federation, 210Ո113 Turks, 100, 124, 129, 140, Z51,153, 156, 184,188, 219Ո212, 233Ո48, 238Ո96. See also Young Turks; acts of violence and extortion by, 8; dominance in Ottoman Empire of, 31, no; in image of constitutionalism, 106,108, no; Muslim, 219Ո212; in railway building projects, 57 Twelver Shi’ism, 38 UkraineMJkrainians, 25, 72, 128, 138, 216Ո175 Under Three Flags (Anderson), 18 United States of America, 44, 58, 59, 71, 73, 83, 92, 94; constitution of, 115, 125, 230Ո19; federalism in, Z24-29, 132,134, 139 unity, 83, 84, 121, 125, 132, 142, 158, 161, 228η 16, 233Ո45; diversity and, 130, 133; equality and, no-11, 121 Unity and Salvation, 8 universalism, 11 urbanization, 25, 41, 57, 86, 96, 104 Ury, Scott, 104 Van, 4, 7, 8, 33, 76, 210ПІГ3, 263m Vandervelde, Emile, 141, 159, 160, 179, 257ПІ18 Varandian, Mikayel, 143, 156,169, 180, 183, 192Ո22, 253Ո87, 257imii3,ii8; on anarchism, 168-69, 257Ш12; writings on ARF by, 157, 163, 168-71, 250ՈՈ57,59, 257Ո122, 262Ո172 Varna, 76, 82, 204Ո19 Veratsnund (newspaper), 227Ո9 Vezenkov, Alexander, 15 2-54 Vienna, 45, 55, 76, 77, 82, 132,179, 236Ո82 Vladikavkaz, 85, 87-88 Vollmar, Georg von, 156 Volochisk, 2i6ni75 Vorontsov-Dashkov, Illarion, 148, 248-49Ո45, 260Ш51 Vpered (newspaper), 94 Vronski, Aleksandr, 180 Vyborg, 94 Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre, 257Ш18 Walicki, Andrzej, 137 Warsaw, 75, 104 Washington,
George, 230Ո19 Watertown, 44 Watts, Robert, 122, 133, 235Ո61, 237Ո83 Wenzlhuemer, Roland, 42, 60, 202Ո153 Werner, Michael, 18,19 Westwood, J. N., 88 Wiessner, Siegfried, 235Ո61 Williams, Beryl, 24, 26, 199Ո109 Witte, Count Sergei Yulyevich, 27, 28, 90 women, activist, 3-6, 48, 73,164, 213, 2331145 workers, 38, 41, 44, 61, 67, 97, 101-4, 131, 170, 199П109, 259Ո143; ARF and, 141, 151, 162-64, 174-75, 180-81, 252Ո82; intellectuals and, 92,101, 126, 166-68, 185; Marx’s call for global unity of, 159; migrant, 86-87, roz; reading habits of, 95, 220Ո246; in 1905 Russian Revolution, 24-28, 82, 84, $ *-93, 95, *45! strikes by, 58-59, 91, 103; in weapons built and supplied by, 98-99, IOI Workers’ Federation of Thessaloniki/ Salonika, 131 working class, 126, 136, 138-39, 149-50, 157, 163-64, 171, 259Ո143. See also proletariat World War I, 184 Yalimov, Ibrahim, 113 Yeghikian, Grigor, 103, 167, 256Ո93 Yemen, 128 Yeprem Khan, 82, 119, 256П102 Yerevan, 4, 72, 85, 88, 90, 136, 213Ո138, 241Ո142 Yeritasard Hayastan (newspaper), 227Ո9 Yerkri Dzayne (newspaper), Г54, 228Ո16, 247Ո30, 249Ո46, 252Ո85, 247Ո30, 249Ո46, 252Ո85 Yesayan, Zabel, 192Ո9 Yezkian, Aramayis, 123 Young Ottomans, 29 Young Turk Revolution (1908 Ottoman revolution), 1,14,18, 20-23, 43, 57, 181, 183, 185, 248Ո39; Armenians in, 3, ίο-n, 112, 15г, i86; comparison of Iranian and Russian Revolutions and, 23-40; constitutionalism and, in-12,
Index 114-15,118-21,124,132,149, 263П1; disappointment in, 154; events leading to, 33; federalism and, 122-25, 127, 129-31, 136, 138, 234Ո60; freedoms resulting from, 68, 74, 93, 184; socialism and, 146,158, 160-61; telegraphy in, 61; victory of, 76, 82, 95 Young Turks, 68, in-15, 129-33, т3б, 228Ո14, 247Ո30, 248Ո39, 262Ո172; ARF and, 33, 76,120-21,130, 204ՈՈ19, 205ՈՈ22; constitutionalism of, in, 113, 115; nationalism of, 113, 114, 129, 154; in Paris, 181; socialism opposed by, 172, 353Ո85 Zakarian, Vahan, 256Ш02 Zakatali, 241Ш42 Zakatala/Zakatali, 136 Zang (newspaper), 114, 117, 152, 203Ո160 Zartarian, Rupen, 59-60, 121, 184 I 301 Zavarian, Simon, 66, 71, 75, 77, 125, 209Ո92, 212П127, 215Ո167, 235Ո70, 23бпп74,75; ARF cofounded of by, 54, 73, 80, 94, 124; arrest and exile of, 80-81; article on railroads by, 59-60; decentralization and federation advocated by, 123-24,127-28, 134, 234Ո60, 241П139; newspapers transported by, 54-55; photograph of, 80 Zaven, Tigran, 115, 129-30,172, 230Ո21, 246Ո29, 252Ո85, 258nni28,i37 Zhamanak (newspaper), 129, 153, 203Ո160 Zhytomyr, 216Ո175 Živković, Andreja, 130-31 Zimmermann, Bénédicte, 18,19 Zlatoust, 57 Zorian, Stepan. See Rostom Zorian, Taguhi, 81 Staatsbibliothek кія- -кж«
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Berberian, Houri |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1186810262 |
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| bvnumber | BV045862868 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS195 |
| callnumber-raw | DS195 |
| callnumber-search | DS195 |
| callnumber-sort | DS 3195 |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| classification_rvk | NP 5998 NP 6002 NP 6007 NP 6450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1102421109 (DE-599)BVBBV045862868 |
| dewey-full | 950.4/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 950 - History of Asia |
| dewey-raw | 950.4/1 |
| dewey-search | 950.4/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3950.4 11 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1905-1911 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1905-1911 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04859nam a2200733 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV045862868</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20221114 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">190507s2019 xxua||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">018035605</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780520278943</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-520-27894-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780520278936</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-520-27893-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1102421109</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV045862868</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DS195</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">950.4/1</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NP 5998</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)127965:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NP 6002</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)127968:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NP 6007</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)127972:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NP 6450</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128022:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Berberian, Houri</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1186810262</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Roving revolutionaries</subfield><subfield code="b">Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds</subfield><subfield code="c">Houri Berberian</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oakland, California</subfield><subfield code="b">University of California Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2019]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2019</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvii, 301 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Literaturverzeichnis Seite 265-285</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book is a study of the three contiguous and overlapping revolutions, Russian (1905), Ottoman (1908), and Iranian (1905-1911), through the lens of Armenian revolutionaries whose movements within and across these frontiers contributed to connecting the struggles as well as illuminating their study. It seeks to explore the interconnectivity of the Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian revolutions in several ways that interweave global and local. First, the study advocates a novel approach to the three revolutions, previously studied in isolation and, to a lesser degree, in comparison, that draws on a "connected histories" approach through an archivally grounded analysis of the circulation of revolutionaries, ideas, and print. The protagonists of this analysis are the roving Armenian revolutionaries and intellectuals who, because of their participation in all three revolutions, their border-crossings within the region and beyond, their adoption and interpretation of and adaptation to such influential and global ideologies as constitutionalism, federalism, and socialism become ideal subjects for a retelling of the complex story of the revolutions...a story of revolutionary linkages, of local and regional actors with global ties to big ideas. The book also aims to view the revolutions not only within their local and regional milieus but to view them as part of the global context. This approach takes into consideration the interplay of "facts on the ground," that is, phenomena particular to the region, with larger historical processes, such as revolutions in communication, transportation, and ideology that had deep and wide-ranging ramifications across the world"...Provided by publisher</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1905-1911</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Revolutionaries</subfield><subfield code="z">Armenia</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">20th century</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Revolution</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4049680-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Revolutionär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4177943-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Armenier</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4085933-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Russia</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">Revolution, 1905-1907</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Turkey</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">Revolution, 1908</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Iran</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">1905-1911</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Osmanisches Reich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075720-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Iran</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4027653-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Osmanisches Reich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4075720-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Iran</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4027653-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Revolution</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4049680-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Armenier</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4085933-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Revolutionär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4177943-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1905-1911</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-520-97036-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - 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| geographic | Russia History Revolution, 1905-1907 Turkey History Revolution, 1908 Iran History 1905-1911 Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia History Revolution, 1905-1907 Turkey History Revolution, 1908 Iran History 1905-1911 Osmanisches Reich Russland Iran |
| id | DE-604.BV045862868 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-09-19T15:57:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T17:03:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780520278943 9780520278936 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 018035605 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-031246324 |
| oclc_num | 1102421109 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | xvii, 301 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | University of California Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Berberian, Houri Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds Revolutionaries Armenia History 20th century Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd Armenier (DE-588)4085933-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4177943-5 (DE-588)4085933-2 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4027653-3 |
| title | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds |
| title_auth | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds |
| title_exact_search | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds |
| title_full | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds Houri Berberian |
| title_fullStr | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds Houri Berberian |
| title_full_unstemmed | Roving revolutionaries Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds Houri Berberian |
| title_short | Roving revolutionaries |
| title_sort | roving revolutionaries armenians and the connected revolutions in the russian iranian and ottoman worlds |
| title_sub | Armenians and the connected revolutions in the Russian, Iranian, and Ottoman worlds |
| topic | Revolutionaries Armenia History 20th century Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Revolutionär (DE-588)4177943-5 gnd Armenier (DE-588)4085933-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Revolutionaries Armenia History 20th century Revolution Revolutionär Armenier Russia History Revolution, 1905-1907 Turkey History Revolution, 1908 Iran History 1905-1911 Osmanisches Reich Russland Iran |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031246324&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031246324&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT berberianhouri rovingrevolutionariesarmeniansandtheconnectedrevolutionsintherussianiranianandottomanworlds |