Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages
Готланд Эрманариха остроготы в Восточной Европе на рубеже Древности и Средневековья
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Centr gumanitarnych iniciativ
2018
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| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-02/(N |a Готланд Эрманариха |b остроготы в Восточной Европе на рубеже Древности и Средневековья |c И.В. Зиньковская |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Оглавление Введение.................................................................................................................7 Глава I. Нарративные источники о готах и Эрманарихе § 1. «Римская история» Аммиана Марцеллина......................................19 § 2. Ранневизантийские историки
Евнапий и Зосим............................25 § 3. «Гетика» Иордана.....................................................................................31 § 4. «Готская Библия» Вульфилы.................................................................43 § 5. «Страсти св. Саввы
Готского»..............................................................48 § 6. Германская эпическая традиция.......................................................... 51 § 7. Раннесредневековые исторические хроники.................................... 70 Глава II. Королевство Эрманариха в европейской
и американской историографии § 1. Готицизм XVI—XVIII вв........................................................................ 80 § 2. Остроготское государство Эрманариха в исследованиях европейских ученых XIX—первой трети XX в........................................83 § 3. Готский вопрос в
Германии накануне и в годы Второй мировой войны.............................................92 § 4. Проблемы истории и археологии «державы» Эрманариха в исследованиях второй половины XX—начала XXI в.........................95 Глава III. Королевство Эрманариха в отечественной историографии § 1. Труды
историков XIX—начала XX в............................................ . 120 § 2. Разработка готской проблемы в советской
археологической науке 1920-х—середины 1950-х гг............................................................ 128 § 3. Готская проблематика в СССР второй половины 1950-х—1980-х гг........................................................................................... 133 § 4. Исследования современных российских ученых.......................... 144 Глава IV. Готы и Черняховская культура § 1. Основные этапы истории остроготов в свете исследования Черняховской культуры.............................................................................. 161 § 2. Территория остроготов........................................................................ 174 § 3. Этнический аспект готской проблемы III—IV вв......................... 181 § 4. Переселение готов и вопрос о субстрате......................................... 189 § 5. Основные этнические компоненты Черняховской культуры....194 ^5^
Глава V. Социальная организация § 1. Поселенческие структуры................................................................211 § 2. Вопрос о городах...............................................................................219 § 3. Дом и
семья........................................................................................ 222 § 4. Погребальные памятники................................................................229 Глава VI. Уровень экономического развития § 1. Сельское
хозяйство...........................................................................249 § 2. Ремесленные производства............................................................. 255 § 3. Торговля и денежное обращение....................................................263 Глава VII. Культура и
религия § 1. Руны и зарождение письменной традиции.................................. 275 § 2. Языческая религия............................................................................281 § 3. Начало христианизации готов........................................................290 Глава VIII. Войны
Эрманариха § 1. «Северные народы»...........................................................................299 § 2. Герулы и вандалы...............................................................................315 § 3.
Венеты.................................................................................................319 § 4. Гунны, аланы и анты.........................................................................321 Глава IX. «Заговор» росомонов § 1. Свидетельство Иордана о
росомонах............................................ 335 § 2. Росомоны — «роксоланы»............................................................... 338 § 3. Росомоны — «славяне-росы»......................................................... 343 § 4. Росомоны —
германцы....................................................................345 § 5. Росомоны — придворные короля Эрманариха............................ 353 Глава X. Королевство Эрманариха как раннее «варварское государство» § 1. “Regnum”
Эрманариха...................................................................... 359 § 2. Королевство Эрманариха в свете современных концепций потестарности...........................................................................................374
Заключение.................................................................................................. 384 Приложение. Источники, содержащие сведения о готах Эрманариха....................................................................................................387
Библиография...............................................................................................408 Список сокращений.................................................................................... 447 Указатель
имен..............................................................................................449 Summary........................................................................................................ 452
Contents.......................................................................................................... 461
Указатель имен Аблабий - 18, 37, 38, 189, 194, 301, 303, 316, 324, 335 Авдий ֊ 293, 294 Авксентий ֊ 45, 291 Алавив - 252, 255, 364 Аларих - 29 Алатей ֊ 30, 75, 76, 173, 177, 255, 322, 364, 371 Александр Македонский (Александр Великий) - 41, 67, 68, 303 Александр Север ֊ 269 Амал ֊194 Амвросий
Медиоланский - 17 Аммиан Марцеллин - 5, 11, 12, 14, 1822, 24, 25, 28, 30, 36, 38, 53, 72, 76, 84, ПО, 115, 125, 126, 137, 141, 149, 174178, 186, 188, 198, 212, 252, 255, 271, 276, 292, 299, 322, 324֊336, 340, 350, 355, 359, 360, 362, 368-370, 384, 385 Аммий ֊ 53, 70, 74, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342,
345, 346, 352, 355 Ангантюр I - 53, 55, 57, 59 Ангантюр III - 55, 56, 74, 75, 232, 237 Аорих - 168, 364 Ариарих ֊ 44, 364 Арий - 44 Аринфей - 24 Аристотель - 26 Арментрикен ֊ 66, 73 Аталарих - 36, 37 Атанарих ֊ 43, 49, 50, 103, 171, 175-177, 184, 212, 255, 265, 272, 280, 286, 291, 292, 294, 325,
369, 370, 378 Атарид - 214, 216 Атаульф - 351, 356 Атли - 349 Аттила - 58, 67, 68, 70, 72, 88, 173, 361 Афанасий Великий - 169 Аэций - 58 База - 324 Баламир (Баламбер) - 120, 321, 324, 325, 330, 331 Бальдр - 54 Беовульф ֊ 69 Бикки (Бикко) - 65, 71 Бож (Боз) - 41, 75, 120, 323-331 Ботерих - 24 Браги
- 62 Бродер ֊71 Бросинг - 69 Валамир - 32 Валент - 19, 22, 30, 156, 171, 177, 184, 220, 265, 291, 369 Валентиниан I - 29, 184 Ванния - 363 Василий Великий ֊ 45, 293 Видерих - 75, 364, 371 Видсид - 60, 67-69, 322 Виктор - 24 Винитарий (Венетарий) - 40, 41, 74, 75, 94, 120, 172, 324-328, 330, 331,
332, 365, 368 Витимир ֊ 74, 75, 173, 271, 322, 324, 364 Вульфила - 5, 12, 18, 38, 43-50, 88, 91, 167, 181, 187,
217, 218, 224, 225, 229, 237, 240, 242, 251, 257, 264, 271, 280, 281, 283, 287, 290, 293, 294, 354, 361, 368, 371 Вультульф - 323 Гайна - 24 Галл ֊ 269 Гаут - 286, 366 Геберих - 168, 318, 364, 365 Гезимунд - 75, 173, 324 Георгий Синкела - 315 Герман - 34 Геродот - 23, 303 Гестумблинди - 54 Гидаций - 216 Гильдебранд - 66 Гисли - 277 Гицур Грютингалиди - 57 Гудрун - 61, 65, 71 Гунимунд - 40, 74 Гунтигис База - 33 Гунтхильда ֊ 279 Густав Адольф - 81 Гьюки - 65 Дексипп ֊ 25, 26, 29, 167, 187 Деор ֊ 68, 69, 368 Дитрих Бернский - 53, 66, 71, 72 Доротеос (Доротеус) - 291 ^449^
Указатель имен Дрибал - 166 Евнапий - 5, 18, 21, 25-29, 216, 255, 288, 292, 370 Евсевий - 44 Евтих - 293 Евтихий - 45 Ёрмунрекк - 41, 53, 61-63, 65, 71, 73, 74, 237, 353, 383 Захар Ритор - 132 Зосим ֊ 5, 18, 25, 27-30, 165-167, 184, 187, 264, 351, 369 Илья - 44 Иоанн Златоуст - 276, 294 Иоанн Зонара
- 315 Иовиан - 267 Ионакр - 62, 65 Иордан - 5, 11, 12, 18, 30-42, 45, 47, 5153, 63-64, 67, 72, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 90, 98, 103, 105, 106, 108-110, 115, 120, 121, 124-126, 129, 132, 133, 136-138, 141, 144, 147-151, 162, 165, 168, 172, 174, 178, 182, 183, 187, 189-194, 212, 216, 235, 236, 244-266,
269, 285, 286, 288-302, 304, 307, 308, 310-312, 314316, 318, 319, 322-332, 335, 336-370, 373, 374, 377, 379, 384 Ипполит Портский - 315 Ирмин (Эрмин) - 296, 366, 367 Исидор Севильский - 18, 164 Исмар - 70 Кандак ֊ 32, 324 Каракалла - 166 Кассиодор ֊ 18, 34-37, 39, 41, 52, 53, 76, 84, 106, 162, 193,
244, 301-303, 319, 323, 324, 335 Касталий - 33, 35 Кирилл - 44 Клавдий - 165, 186, 315 Клавдий II Готский - 26 Клавдий Птолемей - 23, 186, 310 Книва - 165 Константин (Константин Великий) 43, 44, 149, 168, 188, 318, 364, 381 Константин II - 19 Констанций II ֊ 294, 355 Лициний - 168 Лупициан - 364,
371 Мадуарий - 294 Максимиан - 168 Максимин - 168 Марк, св. - 48 Маробод - 363 Марцеллин Комит ֊ 39 Матесвента - 34 Мерила - 280 Мефодий - 44 Модар - 30 Моисей - 44 Мундерих - 24 Нерва - 19 Нибелунги (Нифлунги) - 53, 65 Ной - 306 Один - 55, 81, 278, 282, 286, 354 Одоакр (Адаккар) - 66, 70, 72, 350,
351 Одотей - 30, 255 Олимпиодор - 29, 351, 370 Орозий Павел - 37, 39, 182, 369 Острогота - 194 Питей
из Массалии - 303 Плиний Старший - 23,181,191, 205, 227 Полибий - 29 Поликарп, св. - 49 Помпей Трога - 342 Помпоний Мела - 23, 342 Приск Панийский - 39, 173 Прокопий Кесарийский - 132, 182, 186, 192,212, 283, 294, 330, 331 Прокопий узурпатор - 24, 26, 369 Промот - 271 Псевдо-Арриан - 265 Псевдо-Захарий Ритор - 343 Птолемей - 342 Радагайс - 287 Рандвер - 65 Рискупорид VI - 170 Ротестей - 216 Руиморид - 24 Савва Готский - 5, 18, 49, 50, 213-217, 229, 271, 286, 288, 292 Саксон Грамматик - 70 Сар ֊ 53, 70, 74, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342, 345, 346, 351, 352, 371 Сафрак ֊ 30, 75, 76, 173, 177, 255, 322, 364, 371 Сванхильд - 53, 61-63, 65, 66, 71, 350, 351, 353 Септимий Север - 166 Серила - 70 Сёрли - 62, 63, 65, 70, 74, 350, 353 Сигерих - 356 Сигурд - 61, 65 Сильван - 355 ^450^
Указатель имен Сифка ֊ 56, 66 Созомен - 351 Сократ - 38 Страбон - 289, 342 Сунильда ֊ 53, 74, 88, 335-337, 339, 345֊ 347, 350-352 Тацит ֊ 19, 51, 91,152,153,181, 205, 226, 227, 238, 269, 288, 289, 342 Теодорих Великий - 33,41,45, 66, 70, 72, 92, 244, 325, 350, 351, 355, 386 Теофил ֊ 293, 295 Тиу ֊ 282 Тор - 285 Тотила - 34 Траян ֊ 269 Тюрвинг - 54, 55, 57 Унила ֊ 294 Фарнобий - 255 Фемистий - 263, 369 Феодосий ֊ 21, 26, 29, 30 Филимер ֊ 40, 156,189-191, 193, 288, 376 Филипп - 293 Филосторгий - 43, 44 Фотий - 29 Фравитта - 24 Фридерик - 70 Фритела (Фритла) - 65, 70 Фритигерн - 30, 40, 171, 252, 255, 276, 292, 364, 371 Хама - 69 Хамдир ֊ 53, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 74, 350, 353 Ханала - 40 Харон ֊ 242, 268 Харлунги ֊ 65 Хейдрек - 53-57, 59, 71, 73, 232, 237, 277, 354, 383 Хемида - 70 Хервер - 53-55, 57, 122, 277, 354, 355 Херменрик - 70 Хильдерик - 270 Хлёд - 55-57, 59, 74, 75, 220 Христос - 46, 49, 282, 295 Хумли - 51 Цезарь - 21, 153, 289 Шапур - 181 Эвтарих - 40 Эгил - 278 Эмбрика - 70 Эмерка ֊ 65 Эорманарик (Эрменериг) ֊ 53, 73 Эрманарих (Эрменрих, Германарих) 3-386 Эриульф - 24 Эрп - 62, 65 Этерпамара - 40 Этла - 67, 68, 72, 322 Юлиан (Юлиан Отступник) ֊19, 24, 26 Юлий Цивилис - 350 Юний Соран - 49 Юпитер ֊ 278 Юстиниан - 34 Ярмерик - 53, 70, 71, 73
Summary ne of the most actively developing subjects of contemporary histori cal studies is the research of statehood formation in various regions of Europe. Study of its ancient roots, various types of early states may shed light on origins of historical and cultural peculiarity, which worked at ground zero of European peoples’ history, including that on the territory of Russia and Ukraine. At the turn of Antiquity and Middle Ages Eastern Europe saw the rise of one of the largest potestary formations known as the Ostrogothic kingdom of Ermanaric. For archaeologists this time in the south of Eastern Europe is marked with a phenomenon of Chernyakhov culture, which crossed the border separating barbarity from civilization. Historiography of Goths in Eastern Europe is very extensive and diverse. However, up to date there are no monographic studies containing an integral analysis of Ostrogothic potestarity in IVth century AD. Meanwhile, history of Ermanarics kingdom appeals not only to classicists but also to mediaevalists studying the origins of West-European statehood as if with clean sheet’ and generally without regard to the heritage of the Black-Sea period in the his tory of Goths. The age of Ermanaric is just as well important for those who study the history of Russia, since it was exactly that time, when Eastern Eu rope saw the rise of the largest ethnopolitical formation before Kievan Rus’. In Russian historiography this subject was Ш-starred until the recent time due to several reasons quite far removed from the science. The official So viet science of 1930—70s
could mention Goths and Ermanaric only with la tent understatement of scale and role of his kingdom. The level of historical development of Ostrogoths in IVth century AD was estimated as being not higher than a primitive ‘alliance of tribes’. Depending on beliefs and some times nationalistic, political, personal, etc. favours, narrative sources let the scholars draw directly opposed conclusions about the Ostrogothic kingdom and its role in political and cultural life of the south of Eastern Europe. Situation in the Gothic studies started to change cardinally in 1980—90s, first of all — owing to the change of ideological directives and the progress in studying of Chernyakhov culture. By the end of XXth century a weighty contribution in development of the Gothic studies has been made by Euro pean scholars, such as R. Hachmann, H. Wolfram, V. Bierbrauer, R Heather, J. Tejral, A. Kokowski, M. Maczynska, etc. It seems that for today’s genera tion of scholars the above-mentioned publications toghether with a fundametal book of Austrian scholar H. Wolfram drew a certain line in study of Goths. But the phenomenon of the Ermanaric s Ungdom still remains largely O ^452^
Summary unexplored. It appears that it requires a different approach and, first of all, a higher level of historical analysis of the whole body of sources and historio graphic heritage accumulated within two centuries. Chronological framework of our study covers the IVth century AD, when the south of Eastern Europe saw formation and heyday of Ermanarics king dom. They correspond to Phases C2, C3, D1 of archaeological chronology of European Barbaricum. The Ostrogothic kingdom appeared at remote NorthWestern boundaries of Late Ancient oecumene in the beginning of the peri od, which may be defined as the turn of Antiquity and Middle Ages (IV—VIth centuries AD). Its geographical framework include not only the main territory of Ermanarics domain between the Dniester and the Severskí Donets (within the area of Chernyakhov culture), but also the whole sothern half of Eastern Europe, where Goths interacted with other peoples of this extensive region. Our study has an interdisciplinary nature. In terms of age and several sourc es used (the work of Ammianus Marcellinus, etc.) it belongs to the problemat ics of contemporary classical studies. But in terms of subject (‘barbarian king dom’) and other sources (Jordanes’ Getica, early medieval heroic epos, etc.) it enters the area of medieval studies. Our work is based on the analysis of vari ous types of sources — written, linguistic, archaeological, as well as that of epic tradition with further correlation of obtained results. In order to extract au thentic information we had to perform a repeated verification of the basic nar
rative sources. While studying archaeological materials we used not only tra ditional methods (comparative-typological, cartographic, stratigraphic, etc.), but also a civilization approach, which allowed us to define the development level of Chernyakhov culture creators without any prejudice. The obtained re sults were interpreted with the use of a historical-comparative method, as well as with regard to the latest achievements of historical politology. Chapter I “Narrative sources about Goths of Ermanaric” is dedicated to analysis of literary evidences. Paragraph 1 is related to Res Gestae by Ammia nus Marcellinus — the last outstanding Roman historian, for whom the king dom of Ermanaric was a political reality, Paragraph 2 — to works of early Byzantine historians Eunapius and Zosimus, who described the final events of Ostrogothic history in Eastern Europe, Paragraph 3 — to Jordanes’ Getica containing the most complete information about the Ostrogothic kingdom, Paragraph 4 — to the Bible of Ulilla, Paragraph 5 — to a Christian hagio graphie work Passio s. Sabae Gothi (these two sources reflected many fun damentals of Gothic society in the IVth century AD allowing to estimate the level of its historical development), Paragraph 6 — to analysis of Germanic epic tradition, which saved the memory about the mighty Ostrogothic king Ermanaric, and Paragraph 7 to early medieval historical chronicles. The in dicated sources cover the history of Ostrogoths and their kingdom in Eastern Europe in varying degrees. But notwithstanding the incompleteness of each ^453^
^_____________________________Summary_______________ Summary _____________ ^ of them, as a whole they create a quite certain information field allowing to cover the key issues of the Gothic history in IVth century AD. Chapter II “Kingdom of Ermanaric in European and American historiog raphy” comprises the analysis of reach historiographic heritage concerning this kingdom. Within two centuries scholars have collected and analyzed vir tually the whole corpus of written evidence about Goths (P.F. Suhm, K. Zeuss, Th. Mommsen, K. Müllenhoff, W. Tomaschek, Th. Grienberger, J. Marquait, W Streitberg, etc.). Studying of this problem showed a basic range of issues con nected with territorial and chronological framework of the Osthrogothic state and its polyethnicity. In the first third of XXth century the German concept of the Gothic history found its logical end in numerous works of L. Schmidt. In 1930—40s studying of the concerned problematics was heavily influenced by national-socialist ideas, which became an ideological basis for justification of the German aggression to the East (F. Altheim, H. Jankuhn, K. Gloger, etc.). The last paragraph of the chapter includes the historiographic analysis of studying of Ermanarics empire’ in West-European and American science in the 2nd half of XX—early XXIst centuries: ethnological studies of R. Wenskus about Traditionskem, N. Wagners monographs about Jordanes’ Getica, works of R. Hachmann, which were of great methodological importance for studying of sources about Gothic ethnogenesis, G. Schramm’s studies of Ermanarics empire’ as a
prede cessor of Kievan Rus’. The modern level of West-European Gothic studies is reflected in numerous publications by H. Wolfram. In terms of coverage and insight in the most difficult issues of the Gothic history his final work is unprec edented. Works of a German archaeologist V. Bierbrauer made an important contribution in understanding of those complex ethnocultural processes, which occurred in Central and East European Barbaricum in IV—Vth centuries AD. In the 2nd half of XXth century the Gothic issues were also studied by scholars from Scandinavian countries: a Swedish linguist and historian J. Svennung, a Finnish explorer I. Korkkanen, a Danish scholar A.S. Chris tensen, etc. Since the middle of the century monographic works concern ing the Gothic problematics have been appearing in UK and US: these are works by C. Brady, E.A. Thompson, D.T. Barnes, H. Bradley, R Heather, ƒ. Matthews, O.J. Maenchen-Helfen, etc. We also have to note a considerable contribution made by Polish scholars, especially M. Maczynska and A. Ko kowski. At the same time, an evident drawback of West-European studies of East European Goths is a poor use of archaeological sources, which serve as more objective evidence of ethnopolitical situation in the south of East Eu rope than traditional narrative texts. In Chapter III “Kingdom of Ermanaric in Russian historiography” we dis tinguish four stages in studying of the Gothic issues in Russian and Ukrainian science. Paragraph 1 is dedicated to the analysis of works of Russian scholars of XIX—early XXth centuries: A.A. Kunik, A.S. Budilovich,
F.A. Braun, A.N. ^454 ^
Summary Veselovsky, F.I. Uspensky, N.P. Dashkevich, I.V. Sharovolsky, Y.A. Kulakovsky, etc. Some of them considered Goths as some kind of Normans of the Great mi grations age and the Ermanaric’s empire’ as a predecessor of Kievan Rus’. But most of Russian scholars thought that Goths played much more modest role in Russian history. When V.V Khvoiko discovered Chernyakhov antiquities, the Gothic problematics acquired a new, archaeological aspect, which resulted in a stormy discussion with German scholars (R Reinecke, etc.). Paragraph 2 considers development of Gothic studies in Russia in a period of establishing of Soviet Marxist history. Works of V.I. Ravdonikas and a ‘Goth ic group’ in GAIMK established a notion of Ermanaric’s Goths as a quite primi tive tribal alliance, which persisted in the Soviet science until 1970—80s. Paragraph 3 contains the analysis of works by Soviet archaeologists and his torians of the 2nd half of 1950s—1980s, who touched upon the Gothic prob lematics anyway. Mitigation of ideological pressing with the beginning of a ‘thaw period’ altogether had a positive influence upon studying of Gothic prob lematics in Russia (discussion concerning problems of Chernyakhov culture in 1957 and further numerous archaeological studies of antiquities dating back to the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD, publishing of Jordanes’ “Getica” by E.C. Skrzinskaya, etc.). It was that time when the accent in studying of the subject of our interest started to shift to the area of archaeological research (works of M.A. Tikhanova, P.N. Tretyakov, E.A. Rikman, VV.
Kropotkin, V.D. Baran, Y.V. Kukharenko, etc.). By 1980s, under pressure of continuously multi plying archaeological facts, the number of advocates of the Gothic attribution of Chernyakhov culture has increased (M.A. Tikhanova, M.B. Shchukin, Y.V. Kukharenko). This idea was developed by the most prominent Russian linguist VN. Toporov. His work immediately induced an incisive criticism on the part of academic B.A. Rybakov and V.P. Budanova. Some years later Budanova’s own book was published — it was the first monographic work concerning the Gothic problematics in Soviet historical studies. The final conclusion of the au thor was that a traditional concept of ‘Ermanaric state’ could not be considered as adequate to a set of ancient written evidence about this state’. The book by V.P. Budanova showed that it was impossible to study the Gothic problemat ics further being limited only to analysis of traditional literary sources. By that time it was evident that information allowing scholars to have a new look on the old problem was confined not in written, but in archaeological sources. Paragraphs 4 analyze results achieved by contemporary Russian schol ars in studying of Ermanaric’s kingdom. At the turn of XX—XXIst centuries there appeared new approaches to historical estimation of ancient societies, including Chernyakhov, which had been previously considered as late primi tive one. At this time fundamental monographic studies concerning the his tory of Goths and Chernyakhov culture were created by M.B. Shchukin, A.M. Oblomski, M.M. Kazański. They testify that priority in
studying of Ermanar^455^
* Summary 4 ics kingdom and its culture has transferred to archaeologists. Meanwhile, all the enormous corpus of archaeological sources is still far from being com pletely used for studying of the phenomenon of our interest. Chapter IV “Goths and Chernyakhov culture” is dedicated to studying of historical, geographical, socio-economical and cultural aspects of the prob lem in the light of comparative analysis of data from narrative, linguistic and archaeological sources. Paragraph 1 considers stages of the Ostrogothic his tory in context of Chernyakhov culture evolution. Special attention is paid to the age of Ermanaric’ (333—375 AD), which was marked with a heyday of classic Chernyakhov culture in Phase C3. Paragraph 2 defines the territory of Ermanaric s kingdom. In IVth century AD the enormous area occupied by Chernyakhov culture was a scene of complex processes marked by spreading of uniform items, homebuilding traditions, funeral rituals, and also informa tion, experience and innovations. The Ostrogothic society of IVth century AD was characterized by the quick synthesis of achievements of late ancient civi lization and local barbarian culture. Paragraph 3 throws light on a contemporary approach to the problem of Goths in the south of Eastern Europe. Today no one of the scholars is doubt ful that linguistically Goths belong to East German group (vocabulary of Ulfila’s Bible, runic inscriptions, etc.). But all that complex conglomerate unit ed under the reign of Gothic kings was perceived by Greeks and Romans as ‘Scythians called Goths’ (Dexipp., Chron., 16). It
is not impossible that such a definition masks a wish of Greek and Roman authors to emphasize some special, non-Germanic features of Goths, which had to emerge in the process of ‘finding of native land’ in Black-Sea Scythia. Paragraph 4 deals with a question about the area of Oium and a pre-Gothic substrate in connection with the problem of Spali. Paragraph 5 analyzes the basic ethnic components of Chernyakhov culture to the east from the Dni ester. Now we reveal more and more distinctive archaeological ethnic indi cators of the presence of Eastern Germans in the south of Eastern Europe in III—IVh centuries AD: long houses, inhumations with northern orientation and cremations in urns, hand-made ceramics of Wielbar-type, arms, many details of clothing, first of all fibulae, decorations, as well as horn combs. Cer tainly, one of the most definitive Germanic elements was represented by the runic script. Anthropological research testifies that Chernyakhov population also included ethnic groups close to the population of Northern and Cen tral Europe of the Roman age. A late Scythian tradition in Chernyakhov cul ture shows itself in stone homebuilding in the Black sea region, some pottery shapes, partly — in anthropology; Sarmatian elements are perceptible in the spread of circular yurt-shaped dwellings, in some types of burial structures (pits with fillets, cuttings, catacombs), as well as in a custom of artificial defor mation of skulls. ‘Sarmatian’ features serve not as a heritage of the pre-Gothic ^456 4
Summary substrate, but as an evidence of the presence of scattered groups of Sarmatians and Alans among the population of already formed Chernyakhov culture. Despite the intense search performed by several generations of Russian and Ukrainian scholars, a Slavic component in Chernyakhov culture is feebler. It finds its most distinct manifestation in a Trans-Dniester group of CherepinTeremci sites. It is represented by dwellings deepened in the ground — prede cessors of early Slavic half-dugouts with stone stoves, some shapes of plastic pottery finding analogs in Praga culture of V—Vllth centuries AD, etc. An other, eastern group of sites, which was probably connected with a Slavic eth nos within Chernyakhov culture, is known in a forest-steppe area between the Dnieper and the Don rivers — these are the settlements of so-called Kiev tra dition in Chernyakhov culture. Recently, a new type of sites has been discov ered on the left bank of the Dnieper — it is so-called ‘Boromlya horizon. They are associated with a forced migration of some population (Venetae) from Middle and Upper Dniester region under the pressure of Goths. Chapter V “Social organization” analyzes the data of narrative and ar chaeological sources about the level of social development of Chernyakhov culture carriers. Types of settlements, absence of any testimonies for their growth into urban structures is completely consistent with traditional Gothic lifestyle, which remained mainly rural (Goth, haims, weihs) during the whole their history. Traces of fences around some Chernyakhov manors, findings of keys
and locks may be considered as the evidence for emergence of village community and private ownership among Ostrogoths. Presence of a term ‘land ownership’ (Goth, haimoįdi) in the Gothic Bible allows us to consider it as an institute close to a Germanic ódal. Coexistence of different homebuilding traditions (long above-ground houses, half dugouts, etc.) in the same settlements denotes the development of social inequality among their dwell ers. Materials from Chernyakhov burial sites and numerous hoards of Ro man coins may be considered as markers of considerable property differen tiation among the population of Ostrogothic kingdom. A question about its social stratification is more difficult. According to the archaeological data, in IVth century AD its main body was represented by free people (Goth, freis), there is also a small series of burials being close to Central European prince ly’ tombs as well as warrior cremations in urns and inhumations. A special group of population was represented by persons, who left western-oriented burials. However, in general Chernyakhovo necropolises of IVth century AD still demonstrate a social equality of most society members. Chapter VI “Level of economic development” comprises materials allow ing us to specify a level of economic development of Chernyakhov culture in its heyday. Its economy was based on plough agriculture, which ensured certain prosperity of the Chernyakhov society and caused a real demographic explosion in IVth century AD. Presence of specialized workshops (potter’s, blacksmith’s, ^457 4
Summary *------------------------ -----------------------------4 jewellers, bone-cutter’s) testifies the generation of commodity production, which is well consistent with the linguistic material of the Gothic Bible, where artisanal and other specialties are mentioned. From works of ancient authors we know that Ostrogoths had considerable monetary resources (Amm. Marc., XXXI.3.3; Zos., IV.38.3-4). The presence of currency circulation is testified by vocabulary of the Gothic Bible, as well as by widespread occurrence of Roman coins (more than 20,000 pcs. are found) in the territory of Chernyakhov culture. Most likely, the major part of this money found its way to the south of Eastern Europe in IVth century AD in noneconomic way: in the form of payments to barbarian federates, gifts’ to Gothic kings, as well as prizes of war. Chapter VII “Culture and religion” deals with a problem of spiritual and intellectual development of people living in Ermanaric’s kingdom. The Chernyakhov phenomenon showed itself in literacy of some people, who used Greek and Latin alphabets, in the use of a runic script, in emergence of com plex calendar systems impressed on ritual vessels and, finally, in the spread of Christianity, though en masse Goths in IVth century AD remained pagans. Ar chaeological sources testify that during Ermanaric’s rule Ostrogothic society was already crossing the edge separating barbarity from civilization. Chapter VIII “Ermanaric’s wars” contains detailed analysis of Jordanes’ hst of arctoi gentes (Get., 116). The author offers an archaeological identification of one
of them — Rogas Tadzans (Goth. *Raúastadians — ‘those living on the banks of Ra’ = Volga) with the population, which left the sites like Lbishche near Samara. This and other latest archaeological discoveries compel us to be much less skepti cal to Jordanes’ data, including his list of northern peoples’. Paragraph 2 throws fight on Ermanaric’s wars with Heruli and Vandali. Paragraph 3 is dedicated to Ermanaric’s campaigns against Venetae. Analysis of all versions of their localiza tion showed that the Ostrogothic king could lead a military expedition to the North to the Dnieper left-bank forest-steppe area, which was then inhabited by numerous tribes of Kiev culture. Paragraph 4 describes the war of Ermanaric’s successor — king Vinitarius — with Boz’s Antes (Get., 246—247). Entrance of Antes into historical arena was promoted by a unique ethnopolitical situation, which developed in East-European forest-steppe as a result of Hunnic invasion and destruction not only of Ermanaric’s empire’, but also of Ostrogothic potestary formations, which emerged on its ruins (like Vinitharius’ ‘kingdom’). Chapter IX is dedicated to a “conspiracy of Rosomoni” against Ermanaric. In this chapter, the author reviews various versions of Rosomones’ ethnic ity: Slavic, Iranian and Germanic. According to comparative analysis of Jor danes’ evidence (Get., 129), Germanic epic tradition (Hervarar saga, 10-11) and an image on a Gottland stone of Ardre VIII, Rosomoni may initially mean ‘those around the αύλη’. Most likely, they were courtiers, servants of Ermanaric and not a special tribe (ethnos),
which had been unsuccessfully looked for by lots of historians and archaeologists. ^458^
^ _________________________ Summary_____________________________ Summary ^ Chapter X “Ermanarics kingdom — an early ‘barbarian state” contains the reconstruction of Ostrogothic statehood formation based on the analysis of the whole set of narrative, linguistic and archaeological sources. Paragraph 1 contains the analysis of Ermanarics regnum. According to Jordanes’ account, Ermanaric was the sixth descendant of legendary Amalus and obtained a royal status by in heritance (in regno successiti. Time of Ermanarics reign most likely fell on the period of 333—375 AD. Evidence of Ammianus and Jordanes leave no doubt that Ermanaric created a very large politico-military formation, which included a considerable part of Eastern Europe between the Lower Don region occupied by Alani-Tanaitae and the Dniester marking the boundary with the domain of Visigoths. Judging by a list of tribes conquered by Ermanaric (Get., 116-119), his empire was very polyethnic (Goths, Heruli, Vandali, pre-Slavs — Venetiae, Aestiorum natio, Galindi). Perhaps, arctoi gentes also depended on Ermanarics kingdom. Therefore there is no cause to call Ermanarics domain as an ‘alliance of tribes’, as was traditionally accepted in Soviet science, since sources do not offer any evidence of their alliance relations with Ostrogoths. Vice versa, virtually all these peoples (excluding Aesti) turned out to be included in Ermanarics king dom as a result of conquest. Huge extent of the territory controlled by Ermanaric and a great deal of dependant peoples serve as a direct evidence of the measure of his rule. Probably,
it is also testified by his name, which could be a title (Erman — great’ and rīks — ‘king’) emphasizing the might of the last Ostrogothic ruler. According to ancient Germanic tradition, Ostrogothic king ruled his people as a rex Gothorum (Getarum) (Get., 118). But when describing Er manarics deeds Jordanes uses Latin verbs imperare (Get., 120) and servire (Get., 118-119) denoting absolute character of his royal power over the con quered peoples. The king wielded a supreme military authority. It is inter esting that Jordanes wrote that the last Ostrogothic ruler forced all the con quered peoples suisque parere legibus fecit (Get., 116). He knew the genuine Gothic name of these legibus — belagines (Get., 69). Most probably, these were conventional rules used for legal proceedings within Goths themselves. However, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that Ostrogoths had a popular assembly like Germanic thing (Get., 129). In Paragraph 2 Ermanarics kingdom is considered in the light of modern theories of potestarity. According to the typology of early polities, Ermanar ics regnum had several features of an early state, but not those of a complex chiefdom. Numerous archaeological data denote the increase of cultural and social complexity of Ostrogothic society in IVth century AD, which is more characteristic for a stage of civilization. Probably, this explains the fact that Chernyakhov culture turned out to be the most developed among all the bar barian cultures of Late antiquity. Ermanarics ‘empire’ demonstrated a histori cal possibility for formation of a
‘barbaric kingdom’ beyond the territory of Roman provinces, in East-European Barbaricum. But, unlike classical bar- ^459 4
* Summary 4 barian states of V—VIth centuries AD, it did not have a nutrient Roman me dium, towns and other institutions of old civilization, though the IVth century Goths managed to assimilate a lot from that. Most of Soviet scholars who rested upon the Marxist concept of history a priori assigned the Ostrogothic society to a stage known as a breakdown of tribal society (A.R. Korsunsky, E.A. Rikman, E.A. Symonovich, V.D. Baran, etc.). B.D. Grekov, B.A. Rybakov, V.I. Dovzhenok defined the Chernyakhov society as a forming early-feudal one. Recently some scholars started to lean towards a conclusion that this society was already at the stage of ‘proto-civi lization (M.Y. Braychevsky, O. M. Prikhodnyuk). In our opinion, formation of an integrated archaeological culture occupying a vast territory and having several significant features characteristic for a stage of civilization is very in dicative. In this regard classic Chernyakhov culture of IVth century AD may be considered as some kind of a state’ culture of Ermanaric’s kingdom being a result and a material reflection of complex consolidation of various tribes and peoples within the framework of forming Gothic potestarity with preser vation of certain local peculiarity in the provinces. The analyzed data of narrative sources and archaeology allow us to con clude that Ostrogothic society of Ermanarichs age appeared as a multilevel sociopolitical organization (over-tribal ‘imperial’, ‘national’ Gothic, regional and local communal levels) for regulation of social and interethnic relations in the forming stratified
society. It was already divided into at least some es tates (strata): a ruling family of Amali and its company, including king’s reti nue; free Goths; various groups of dependent population, as well as tributar ies from the remote periphery. Social organization of Goths did not have any features of feudal society but had a lot of attributes of forming early state’. Our research showed that in IVth century AD the south of Eastern Europe was occupied by the vast Ostrogothic kingdom, which found its archaeologi cal equivalent in the classic Chernyakhov culture. It cannot be defined by tra ditional categories used in Soviet historical studies, such as ‘alliance of tribes’, ‘federation’, etc. The best name for that is an authentic ‘kingdom (regnum). By the end of Ermanaric’s reign it overgrew the scale of a ‘super-complex chiefdom’ and was becoming an early state’ demonstrating the development of exopolitary system of exploitation focused on conquered ethnic groups and resources of remote areas (Jordanes’ ‘northern peoples’). Probably, if the development of Ostrogothic kingdom had not been forcibly interrupted by Huns, it would have transformed into a really mature state. But due to tragic events of 375—376 AD the polyethnic Ermanaric’s regnum remained some where at the edge of civilization and the earliest stage of statehood. But mem ory about that was preserved for centuries in early medieval Germanic sagas praising the image of tyrannical king Ermanaric/Heidrek/Jormunrekk.
Contents Introduction...................................................................................................... 7 Chapter I. Narrative sources about Ermanaric’s Goths § 1. Ammianus Marcellinus’ “Res Gestae”.................................................19 § 2. Early Byzanthine historians Eunapius and Zosimus.......................... 25 § 3. Jordanes’ “Getica”................................................................................. 31 § 4. Ulfilas’ Gothic Bible.............................................................................. 43 § 5. The Passion of St. Saba the Goth......................................................... 48 § 6. Germanic epic tradition.......................................................................51 § 7. Early medieval historic chronicles.......................................................70 Chapter II. Ermanaric’s kingdom in European and American historiography § 1. Gothicism in the XVI-XVIIth centuries.............................................. 80 § 2. Ermanaric’s Ostrogothic state in studies of European scholars of the XIXth-early XXth century...................................................................83 § 3. Gothic issue in Germany before and during the World War II.........92 § 4. History and archaeology of Ermanaric’s “empire” in studies of the second half of the XXth-early XXIst century....................................95 Chapter III. Ermanaric’s kingdom in Russian historiography § 1. Historical works of the XIXth-early XXth century............................. 120 § 2. Consideration of the
Gothic problem in Soviet archaeology in the 1920s-middle 1950s........................................................................ 128 § 3. Gothic studies in the USSR in the second half of 1950s-1980s........133 § 4. Studies of contemporary Russian scholars....................................... 144 Chapter IV. Goths and Chernyakhov culture § 1. Milestones of Ostrogothic history in the light of the Chernyakhov culture studies...........................................................161 § 2. Ostrogothic territory...........................................................................174 § 3. Ethnic aspect of the Gothic problem.................................................181 § 4. Migration of Goths and substrate issue........................................... 189 § 5. Main ethnic components of the Chernyakhov culture.....................194 ^461^
, Contents £--------------Chapter V. Social organization § 1. § 2. § 3. § 4. Settlement structures......................... Towns................................................. Household and family....................... Burials................................................ ֊4 211 219 222 229 Chapter VI. Economic development § 1. Agriculture.......................................................................................... 249 § 2. Handicrafts......................................................................................... 255 § 3. Trade and currency circulation.......................................................... 263 Chapter VII. Culture and religion § 1. Runes and origins of written tradition............................................... 275 § 2. Pagan religion......................................................................................281 § 3. Early Christianization of Goths......................................................... 290 Chapter VIII. Ermanaric’s wars § 1. “Northern peoples”............................................................................. 299 § 2. Herules and Vandals........................................................................... 315 §3. Veneti...................................................................................................319 § 4. Huns, Alans and Antes........................................................................321 Chapter IX. Conspiracy of Rosomoni § 1. Jordanes’ evidence about Rosomoni..................................................335 § 2. Rosomoni ֊
Roxolani........................................................................ 338 § 3. Rosomoni ֊ Slavs............................................................................... 343 § 4. Rosomoni ֊ Germans........................................................................345 § 5. Rosomoni ֊ Ermanaric’s courtiers....................................................353 Chapter X. Ermanaric’s kingdom as early “barbarian state” § 1. Ermanaric’s regnum............................................................................ 359 § 2. Ermanaric’s kingdom in the light of modern theories of potestarity.............................................................................................. 374 Conclusion.....................................................................................................384 Attachment..................................................................................................... 387 Bibliography................................................................................................... 408 List of abbreviations.......................................................................................447 Index of names............................................................................................... 449 Summary........................................................................................................452 Contents..........................................................................................................461
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| author | Zinʹkovskaja, Irina Vladimirovna 1956- |
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| author_facet | Zinʹkovskaja, Irina Vladimirovna 1956- |
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| author_sort | Zinʹkovskaja, Irina Vladimirovna 1956- |
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| bvnumber | BV045379109 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1101921639 (DE-599)GBV1035308673 |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV045379109 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:16:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785987128664 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030765475 |
| oclc_num | 1101921639 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 461 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190624 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Centr gumanitarnych iniciativ |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Serija Mediaevalia |
| spelling | 880-01 Zinʹkovskaja, Irina Vladimirovna 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)1127618229 aut 880-02 Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages I.V. Zinʹkovskaja Ermanaric's Gotland 880-03 Sankt-Peterburg ; Moskva Centr gumanitarnych iniciativ 2018 461 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Serija Mediaevalia Naučnoe izdanie Научное издание Text russisch, Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis auch in englischer Sprache Kyrillische Schrift Ermanarich Ostgotenreich, Russland, König ca. -375/76 (DE-588)118911309 gnd rswk-swf Ostgoten (DE-588)4044071-0 gnd rswk-swf Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Ostgoten (DE-588)4044071-0 s Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Ermanarich Ostgotenreich, Russland, König ca. -375/76 (DE-588)118911309 p Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030765475&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030765475&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030765475&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030765475&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 100-01/(N Зиньковская, Ирина Владимировна ut 245-02/(N Готланд Эрманариха остроготы в Восточной Европе на рубеже Древности и Средневековья И.В. Зиньковская 264-03/(N Санкт-Петербург ; Москва Центр гуманитарных инициатив 2018 |
| spellingShingle | Zinʹkovskaja, Irina Vladimirovna 1956- Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages Ermanarich Ostgotenreich, Russland, König ca. -375/76 (DE-588)118911309 gnd Ostgoten (DE-588)4044071-0 gnd Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118911309 (DE-588)4044071-0 (DE-588)4186375-6 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages |
| title_alt | Ermanaric's Gotland |
| title_auth | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages |
| title_exact_search | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages |
| title_full | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages I.V. Zinʹkovskaja |
| title_fullStr | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages I.V. Zinʹkovskaja |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gotland Ėrmanaricha ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages I.V. Zinʹkovskaja |
| title_short | Gotland Ėrmanaricha |
| title_sort | gotland ermanaricha ostrogoty v vostocnoj evrope na rubeze drevnosti i srednevekovʹja ermanaric s gotland ostrogoths in eastern europe at the boundary between antiquity and middle ages |
| title_sub | ostrogoty v Vostočnoj Evrope na rubeže Drevnosti i Srednevekovʹja = Ermanaric's Gotland : ostrogoths in Eastern Europe at the Boundary between Antiquity and Middle Ages |
| topic | Ermanarich Ostgotenreich, Russland, König ca. -375/76 (DE-588)118911309 gnd Ostgoten (DE-588)4044071-0 gnd Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ermanarich Ostgotenreich, Russland, König ca. -375/76 Ostgoten Tschernjachowkultur Geschichtsschreibung Osteuropa |
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