Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819709519440117760 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Note on Terms xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1
î Communities of Victims: Croatian Émigrés and Germans
in the 1950 s 25
2 History on Trial: Migration, Political Violence,
and Memories of World War II 56
3 Second-Class Refugees: The West German-Yugoslav Migration
Regime and the Asylum Problem 88
4 Imagining Yugoslavs: From Communist Agents to
Ambassadors of Peace 129
5 The Return of the Nation: Bosnian Refugees in
the New Germany 161
Epilogue 191
Appendix 205
Bibliography 207
Index 227
Bibliography
Archival Sources
Archiv der Sozialen Demokratie (AdsD), Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn
DGB-BV
5/DG AZ Abteilung Ausländische Arbeitnehmer
IGM Vorstand
5/IGMA071571
5/IGMA071572
Archiv des Caritasverbands der Erzdiözese München und Freising (DiCV) Munich
II / Ausländische Arbeitnehmer, 1
Archiv des Erzbistums München und Freising (AEM), Munich
General Vikariat—Registratur/Kroaten—Seelsorge
General Vikariat—Registratur/Slowenen—Seelsorge
Archiv für Christlich-Soziale Politik (ACSP) Hans-Seidel Stiftung, Munich
CSU Landesgruppe—5. Wahlperiode
Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (BHStA), Munich
Laflüverw Landesflüchtlingsverwaltung
LKA Landeskriminalamt
MArb Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung
MK Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Unterricht, Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst
MInn Ministerium des Inneren
StK Staatskanzlei
SdA Sudetendeutsches Archiv (collections transferred to the BHStA in 2007)
Bayerische Rundfunk, Historische Archiv (BRHA), Munich
Rundfunksrat 1954
Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BAK)
B 106 Bundesministerium des Inneren
B 119 Bundesanstalt für Arbeit
B136 Bundeskanzleramt
B 145 Bundespresse- und Informationsamt
207
208
Bibliography
B 149 Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung
B 150 Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte
B 206 Bundesnachrichtendienst
Erzbischöfliches Archiv München (EAM)
Nachlass Döpfner
Nachlass Faulhaber
Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PAAA), Berlin
B11
B 12
B 42
B85
B93
Staatsarchiv München (StAM)
Amtsgericht München—Registergericht
Polizeidirektion München
Stadtarchiv München (StaM)
Presseamt—Zeitungsauschnitte
Zeitungsau schnitte (ZA)
Newspapers and Periodicals
Abendzeitung
Berliner Zeitung
Deutscher Anzeiger
Erlanger Nachrichten
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Frankfurter Rundschau
Fränkische Presse
Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger
Los Angeles Times
Münchner Merkur
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
New York Times
Nürnberger Nachrichten
Passauer Neue Presse
SPD Pressedienst
Der Spiegel
Das Stichwort
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin
Die Tagezeitung
J
Bibliography 209
tz
Die Welt
Wiener Zeitung
Die Zeit
Bundestag Records
Parliamentary Documuments (Bundestag Drucksachen)
Drucksachen: 4/21, 4/638» 14/2674,14/7720
Protocols of Plenary Sessions of the Bundestag (Plenarprotokolle)
Plenarprotokolle: 4/81,13/124,13/138
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Index
Page numbers for illustrations are italicized.
Ahonen, Pertti, 40, 46-47
Albright, Madeleine, 171
Alexander, king of Yugoslavia, 4
Aliens Act of 1965,116
Ali: Fear Eats the Soul, 20
Allied High Commission, 106-7
Alternative for Germany (AfD), 200
Amnesty International, 171
anticommunism: basis for support of
Catholic Church and expellees, 33-34,
48-49; counter-revolutionary move-
ments in constant contact, 36-37,102;
not all refugees from Eastern Europe
welcome in FRG, 90; not enough to bring
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes together,
29-30; won German support for Croatian
émigrés, 9-10,14, 26, 37, 57,116-17. See also
communism
antiforeigner sentiment, 165,175-79, 184, 185»
195, 200-201. See also Bavaria
asylum policy and administration, Article
16,105-7,110,117-18,179-80; exemp-
tion of Yugoslavs from FRG’s liberalized
policy, 112-15; Geneva Refugee Con-
vention directive, 168; German law vs.
practice, 89-90; granting work permits,
115-17; Kosovars, 198; rates of acceptance,
113* 198-99» 2.03023. See also Bosnian
refugees
asylum seekers: Bosnians didn t fit image
of “asylum abusers,” 165; Croats as larg-
est group from Yugoslavia, 8in8; influx
from Syria and Western Balkans, 191-92,
197-98; Kosovars, 198; most entered
through Bavaria, 17; motivations for
Yugoslavs to seek asylum, 82017, 99-104,
118; political vs. economic refugees, 10,
18-19, 90-91» 98-105, lio-n, 114» 117-19,
194-95; treatment of Yugoslav “asylum
abusers,” 195,397,199; Turks, 1250102.
See also refugees
Auen, Rudolf Lodgman von, 43, 62
Auschwitz Trial, 74
Austria, 97, m 174
Bade, Klaus J., 12, 22053, 89,105
“Balkan centers” for asylum seekers, 199
Bauer, Ernest, 42, 43
Bavaria: aggressive demands on citizens
housing refugees, 14,167; antiforeigner
sentiment, 19,114-15,1270164, i27m65,
141; asked to ban HNO political activity,
46-47; ethnic German expellees, 39; fear
of communist infiltration, 135-37» 140-41;
limits on Yugoslav women’s opportun-
ities, 97-98; role in federal asylum policy,
17,104,110-12,116-17,170,173» 184-85;
Yugoslavs in Munich, 17, 97. See also
Munich; Nuremberg; refugee camps;
Valka (Federal Reception Camp for
Foreigners); Zirndorf refugee camp
Bavarian Broadcasting, 43-44
Beckstein, Günther, 165,171,182
Berlin: Berlin Wall, 56, 91,163; deportations
to encourage departure of Bosnians, 170,
173,182; far more foreigners in Munich
than, 17; surveys showing antiforeigner
sentiment, 179; West Berliners allowed to
visit East Berlin, 145
Berliner Zeitung, 183
Bilandèic, Stjepan, 85063
Bildy Das, 165,176,199
Blank, Theodor, 138
Bleiburg: massacre, 7, 22034, 26-27; myth,
33» 34-35» 40, 49, 70, 192
Bloxham, Donald, 15
227
228
Index
“the boat is full,” 176,177
Bökel, Gerhard, 182
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, 36-37
Bosnia-Herzegovina: acceptance and return
of Bosnian refugees in select EU states
(appendix), 206; housing stock issue,
182-83; included in 1941 Croatia (NDH),
4; no safe state for refugees in Yugoslav
lands, 164; warned return of many refu-
gees would be catastrophe, 173. See also
ethnic cleansing
Bosnian refugees: “completely volun-
tarily forced to leave,” 167-74,184-85,
194; denied political asylum, i87n46;
estimates of number, 18504; explaining
repatriation, 174-84; German reception of,
19-20,161-62,184-85; required affidavits
of support, 164-65; seeking refuge in
Germany, 9,11,17,153-54,163-67; shel-
tered by guest workers, 162,166-67,185.
See also repatriation of Bosnian refugees
Brandt, Willy: acknowledgement of German
crimes, 1-2,144; no support for Croatian
émigrés, 78; Ostpolitik, io, 19,143-45,
193-94; “policy of small steps,” 145-48;
resumption of FRG-Yugoslav diplomatic
relations, 8, 94; state visit to Yugoslavia,
144» 146
Brentano, Heinrich von, 63
Browning, Christopher, 77
brutality: of communism emphasized by
émigrés, 26, 38-39, 56; of German soldiers,
1,132; of Partisans to ethnic Germans,
41,131; of Ustasha movement, 4-7, 75, 76;
Vatican propaganda about communist
brutality, 33-34. See also violence
Budak, Mile, 4
Caritas, 39, 64-65,171
Catholic Church: Croatian priests connected
with Ustasha movement, 31,34, 60-63;
decline in influence, 78,193; Serbs in
Croatia forced to convert to Catholicism,
4; support for Catholics behind Iron
Curtain, 67-68; support for Croatian
émigrés, 18, 35~39 43~45 48-49» 64-65,
80-81,192; Vatican aid to Pavelié and
other Ustasha officials, 30; Yugoslav
crackdown on religion, 102
Cecelja, Vilim, 61, 65, 68
Central Committee of Croatian Associations
in Europe, 31, 65
Central Employment Office (ZAV), 104
Chetniks. See Serbia
Chin, Rita, 13,129,163,180
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 105,
138,169,170,179,182,183. See also Grand
Coalition
Christian Democratic Union/Christian
Social Union (CDU/CSU), 143,162,
169,171,174-75,180,184. See also Grand
Coalition
Christian Social Union (CSU), 24n87, 36,
170-71,182-83
Clarkson, Alexander, 58
Cold War: Catholic Church, 38-39; FRG for-
eign policy impact on Yugoslav migration,
8-9, 90-91, 93,105; labor migration as
weapon of, 146-47; mass migration to
Germany at end of, 174; transnational
dimensions of Germany’s, 16-17; and
Yugoslav migration to FRG, 8-9,152-53
communism: fears unfounded, 138-43; fear
Yugoslav migrants would spread, 10, 59,
93-94,129-31,133-38,195; migration as
way to prove superiority of capitalism
over, 146-47. See also anticommunism
communities of victims. See victim
discourse
Conference of Interior Ministers, 112
Confino, Alon, 142
criminals, foreign refugees considered as, 14,
29» 58,109-10,114-15» 119,170,194» 196
Croatia: guest workers took in refugees
from, 166; illegal emigrants, 100-102;
Wars of the Yugoslav Succession, 164. See
also Independent State of Croatia (NDH)
Croatian Catholic Mission, 39
Croatian Crusaders Brotherhood (Kriiari),
60, 67, 73
Croatian émigré organizations: cancellation
of Yugoslav parliamentarian’s speech,
Index I 229
43-44; dominated by key figures in fascist
Ustasha, 18, 74-76,192-93; history on
trial, 68-72, 74-77; little appeal to guest
workers, 65,157ns4; no longer supported
in FRG, 14, 80-81; pro-German stance, 49;
radicalization, 29-32, 57, 58-68; supported
by Catholic church and expellees, 35-43»
45-49; victim discourse, 26, 35-43; well-
connected with FRG elites, 57, 60, 63,
64, 68. See also expellees; United Croats
of West Germany (UHNj); Ustasha
movement; victim discourse; Yugoslav
trade mission attack and trial; individual
groups by name
Croatian Liberation Army, 65
Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP),
30-31, 41» 61, 65, 70
Croatian National Committee (HNO),
30-32, 34» 41-43» 45-47» 51045» 61, 63, 79»
82-83033
Croatian Statehood Party, 30
Czechoslovakia, 89-90,107,113-14» 119»
119-2002,199
Danube Swabians (Volksdeutsche).
See Volksdeutsche
Dayton Accords, 169,171-72
Demshuk, Andrew, 78
deportation: denounced by Greens,
169-70,182-83; encouraging voluntary
repatriation, 171-74,184-85; Germany
only state to forcibly deport Bosnians,
162; international refugee law prevented,
115-16; threats of, 89, 96, 98,101-2; of
Yugoslav refugees, 11,110-12,115,185.
See also repatriation of Bosnian refugees
Deutsche Welle listeners’ contest, 150-51,153,
1590110
Dezelic, Berislav Gjuro, 69-70, 71
Diamant, Max, 98
Diepgen, Eberhard, 182
difference and belonging in postwar
Germany, 14-15, 20,192-96
displaced persons (DPs): accommodations,
36; most left Germany, 2; in postwar
German Western Zones, 1945-1952
(appendix), 205; repatriation, 27-29;
Yugoslavs as, 3, 26-27,196-97
Döpfner, Julius, 39
DPs. See displaced persons (DPs)
Draganovié, Krunoslav, 18, 35, 57, 60-67, 78
Drakulic, Slavenka, 99-100
Duldung status, 168-69,173
East Germany. See German Democratic
Republic (GDR)
economic miracle: asylum, 103-4» 117; in
conflict with German foreign policy,
88-89, 91-94; expellees, 78-79. See also
labor market
Eichmann, Adolf, 71» 74
ethnic cleansing, 164,172,183-84,194
ethnic Germans: from Eastern Europe, 2, 29,
62,106,175,180; fate of Danube Swabians
or Volksdeutsche, 7-8, 22U35, 41, 71; Yugo-
slav persecution of its German minority,
58,131,132. See also expellees
European Union (EU), acceptance and
return of Bosnian refugees (appendix),
205-6
expellees: blame cast on communists, 35;
decline of influence, 78-79; Mehlem
attackers, 72; no change in opposition
to Yugoslavia, 48; support for Croatian
émigrés, 39-45, 62, 80-81,192-93. See also
ethnic Germans
fascism: links of Croatian émigrés to, 14» 58;
rediscovering Croatian, 72-80. See also
Croatian émigré organizations; Germany»
Nazi; Ustasha movement
Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 20
Faulhaber, Michael von, 32-33
Federal Institute of Labor, 94
Fehrenbach, Heide, 13
Foreign Ministry, 46-47» 49» 63» 64» 79-8o,
93-94» 110-12, 137, 146-47
foreign policy and the economic miracle in
conflict, 88-89, 91-94
foreign populations, four largest in FRG,
1954-2000 (appendix), 205-6
Free Democratic Party (FDP), 170
230 | Index
FRG. See Germany, Federal Republic (FRG)
Frings, Josef, 38
Frkovic, Mate, 75
Gehlen Organization, 48
Geneva Refugee Convention, 102,106-7,168,
i86mo
German attitudes toward Yugoslav migrants:
accepted émigrés as long as activities
legal, 45-48; from communist agents to
ambassadors of peace, 129-31; fears of
communism unfounded, 138-43; inter-
personal Ostpolitiki 19,131,145-54,193-94;
looking for “communism-infected Tito-
workers,” 133-38; Mehlem attack and trial
as turning point in, 58, 72,193; negotiating
legacy of WWII and Cold War, 2-3;
World War II and West German-Yugoslav
relations, 131-33. See also victim discourse
German Democratic Republic (GDR):
asylum seekers, 106; Basic Treaty of 1972,
145; escapees, i2snio9; people’s vote for
reunification, 163; recognition by Tito
(see Tito, Josip Broz); Warsaw Pact states’
insistence on FRG recognition of, 143
German expellees. See ethnic Germans;
expellees
Germany, Federal Republic (FRG):
antiforeigner sentiment, 109-10,118-19;
apology to Yugoslav government for Vrar-
caric affair, 44; broke off relations due to
Tito’s recognition of GDR, 8; changing
cultural and political environment in
1960s, 10, 57-58, 78-81; Cold War and
Yugoslav migration, 8-9; four largest
foreign populations (appendix), 205-6;
ideals and realities in administering
asylum, 105-15; limiting migrants to Croa-
tian refugees and skilled workers, 137-38;
reestablished diplomatic relations with
Yugoslavia, 79; unsuccessful attempts to
quell émigré political activists, 45-48, 49.
See also labor recruitment agreements
Germany, Nazi: invasion of Yugoslavia and
WWII aftermath, 4-8; labor agreement
with NDH, 27; West Germans wish to
bury Nazi pasts, 64. See also Hitler, Adolf;
memory; World War II (WWII)
Germany, Weimar Republic, 37, 73,196
Germany Abolishes Itself (Sarrazin), 14
Germany after reunification: initial
reception of Syrian refugees, 199-200;
reception of Bosnian Muslim refugees,
161-62,164-67,184-85; repatriation policy
left up to state governments, 169-70;
“return of the nation,” 19-20,161-62;
upsurge in nationalism, 11,162-63,184»
185,195
Gerwarth, Robert, 36
Globke, Hans, 46
Grabovac, Predrag, 44-45
Grand Coalition (SPD and CDU/CSU), 47,
550136, 79» 143
Gray, William, 16-17
Green Party, 169-70,182-83
guest worker programs. See labor
recruitment agreements
guest workers (Gastarbeiter). See labor
migrants
Gypsies. See Roma
Haberlen, Joachim, 199-200
Hefer, Stjepan, 70-71
Heimatrechtt 40, 41,78
Herbert, Ulrich, 12, 22n53
Herrenpartie (Staudte film), 142
Hesse, 170
history on trial, 68-72, 74-77
Hitler, Adolf, 4-5» 6» 75,132-33
HNO. See Croatian National Committee
(HNO)
HOP. See Croatian Liberation Movement
(HOP)
Horstenau, Edmund Glaise von, 5
Hoyerswerda attack, 179
Hundhammer, Alois, 43~44
Hungary, 36, 89-90,107,111,113,119,
119-2002,199
illegal migration: emigration and
immigration both illegal, 96-97» 118;
Yugoslav asylum seekers, 100
Index I 231
Independent State of Croatia (NDH):
brutality, 4-5; collapse, 28, 31; creation,
4, 75-76; HNO’s celebration of its
creation, 32, 42, 46; labor agreement
with Nazi Germany, 27; Stepinac
convicted for supporting,
33. See also Pavelic, Ante
Institute of Contemporary History, 74
International Organization on
Migration, 173
International Refugee Organization
(IRO), 28-29,196
IRO. See International Refugee
Organization (IRO)
Islam and Muslims, 180-81,197
Italian guest workers, 130,134,143
itinerant traders suspected of being
communist spies, 135-36
Ivanovid, Vladimir, 15
Jasenovac concentration camp, 75
Jelic, Branimir, 31-32, 41-42, 511145, 63, 71, 74,
79. See also Croatian National Committee
(HNO)
Jews: anti-Semitism, 114-15; memory
of Nazi victims, 25-26; systematic
extermination by Ustasha, 4, 75
Joint Committee for the Defense of the
Croatian Patriots, 69, 85067
Judt, Tony, 4,192
Kanein, Werner, 115,1270164
Kanther, Manfred, 169,170
Karakayali, Serhat, 96,115
Kellogg, Michael, 37
Kinderberg charity, 167
Klewitz, Wilhelm von, 146
Kohl, Helmet, 163
Koschnick, Hans, 171
Kosovars, 198
Kova£id, Alois, 28
Kraft, Waldemar, 194
Kragujevac massacre, 132,133,142,144
Krämer, Florian, 43-44
Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Erik von, 38
Kukolja, Stjepan, 31, 39
labor market: vs. foreign policy concerns,
144; German employers concerned about
deportations, 174; for rejected asylum
seekers, 115-18; West German demand for
foreign labor, 91-92. See also economic
miracle
labor migrants: changing perceptions of
Yugoslavs, 19,148-50,153; characteristics,
origins, and destinations, l, 11, 54;
leftist politics, 139-40; middlemen and
smugglers, 97-98,118; most rejected
émigrés, 65-66; pathways into West
Germany, 18-19, 89, 94-98» 195; as
second and third phases of Yugoslavs in
FRG, 10-11; skilled and unskilled labor,
137-38; some experienced coworker hostil-
ity, 138; typical German employment, 62
labor recruitment agreements: best
researched aspect of Yugoslav migration,
15; few benefits given to labor migrants
without, 59, 89, 94, 98; FRG program
ended in 1973,10,115; importance to
Brandt, 144-45,148; with Italy allowed
some Yugoslavs into FRG, 61-63; none
between FRG and Yugoslavia until 1968,
8-9, 88-89,194-95; signed by FRG and
Yugoslavia in 1968,118-19,130,144-45;
with various countries, 91,105
Lampe, John, 99
Lipovac, Suzana, 167
Major, Patrick, 40
Mangoldt, Hermann von, 105
Marshall, Barbara, 89-90
media/press: anticommunism masked
Hitlers Croatian collaborators, 74-76;
atrocities in Bosnia on television,
165; on Bavarian deportations, 111-12;
coverage of Mehlem attack, 57-58, 72,
74-77; migration as foreign “invasion”
or flood,” 175,176. See also Bild, Das;
Spiegel, Der; individual news media by
name; specific groups by name
Medic-Skoko, Rafael, 68» 71-72, 85063, 86085
Mehlem attack. See Yugoslav trade mission
attack and trial
232 I Index
memory: based on false reading of history,
183-84; of German expellees in 1945,176;
German focus on suffering during and
after WWII, 25, 43-45,162,181; influence
on asylum policy, 105-6; role in German
perception of migrants, 2-3, 25-26, 45,
129-33, i9i-94 201; shifting war memories
among Germans and Yugoslavs, 8, 56,146,
191-93; of the Third Reich transformed in
FRG, 58, 73-75* 80-81,193; West German
wish to bury Nazi past, 64. See also victim
discourse
Mercker, Reinhold, 63
Merkel, Angela, 199-200
Mihailovié, Draia, 27
Ministry for Expellee Affairs, 40-41, 48, 63,
78, 79
Moeller, Robert, 25
Moscow and Warsaw treaties of 1970,145
Müller, Kerstin, 169-70,183
Münchner Merkur, 149
Munich: communist regime in 1919, 36;
émigré connections with Catholic
Church, 32-33, 39, 43; émigré political
activity, 42, 44-45, 65, 75, 79, 137;
evictions to house DPs, 29, 36; illegal
immigrants, 102,110; Yugoslav émigré
headquarters, 17, 31, 34, 67; Yugoslav
population, 17, 97,134,152,161,166-67.
See also Bavaria
Muslims. See Islam and Muslims
Nacht und Nebel Aktion, 170-71, i88n65
nationalism: resurgence after end of Cold
War, 19-20,163-64,195; resurgence after
unification, 162,184,185; Serbs and Croats
remained wedded to, 29-30
NATO, 164
Nazi Germany. See Germany, Nazi
NDH. See Independent State of Croatia
(NDH)
Nedic, Milan, 4
North Rhine-Westphalia, 92,139,170,173
Nuremberg, 97-98,109-10. See also Bavaria;
Valka (Federal Reception Camp for For-
eigners); Zirndorf refugee camp
Oberländer, Theodor, 41, 53n97
Omréanin, Ivo, 34
Orthodox Christianity, 103
Ostpolitik: Brandt’s, 10,130-31,143-45;
interpersonal, 19,131,145-54* 193-94
Ostpriesterhilfey 67-68
Pagenstecher, Cord, 176
Partisans, 5-6, 7, 34,132,1541114
Pavelic, Ante: Croatian émigré politics,
30-34» 41» 52n53, 64-65; and Hitler, 6,
75-76; leader of Ustasha movement and
NDH, 4; supported by Catholic church,
38-39, 60-61, 67-68
Peace Policy for Europe, A (Brandt), 145
Pegida (Patriotic Europeans against the
Islamization of the West), 200,201
Pend as, Devin, 74
Peréic, Franjo, 86n85
Permit Agreement of 1963,145
Phayer, Michael, 38
Pijade, MoSa, 43-44
Pius XII, pope, 38
Poland, 77,111
political asylum. See asylum seekers
Popovié, Momcilo, 71
Poutrus, Patrice, 90,107,112-13
press. See media/press
Protzner, Bernd, 182
Rabrenovic, Danko, 168-69
race/racism: marginal role in history of
Yugoslav migrants, 13-15,195-96,197;
Nazism, 202n8; not apparent in granting
of asylum, 198-99; not only reason
foreigners can be treated as undesirable,
20,105-6; Yugoslavs as most able to adapt
to German ways, 129,130,140-41,151-52,
i54n4; Yugoslav women on German
tendencies of, 157060
ratlines, 18, 31, 34, 60, 61
refugee camps: in Austria and Italy, 61-63,
65-68,100; DPs, 16; labor market, 115-17;
in Mu slim-major ity areas of Bosnia,
172; put on fire, 200; requirement by
Allied High Command, 106-7; terrible
Index I 233
conditions, 91,107-10,119, i95; two FRG
camps in Bavaria, 17- See also Valka
(Federal Reception Camp for Foreigners);
Zirndorf refugee camp
refugees: in Germany: past and present,
196-201; Germany received more than
any other region, 196-97; “refugee
problem” really a “Yugoslav problem,”
100; understanding urgent in light of
Syrian and other, 191-92. See also asylum
seekers; Bosnian refugees; criminals,
foreign refugees considered as
repatriation of Bosnian refugees: cost
as factor, 164-67,175,181; fear of mass
migrations as factor, 11,162,174-79» 185;
political fault lines, 169-71; reconstruction
argument as factor, 162,181-84,185, 194;
violence toward foreigners as factor,
179-80; “voluntarily forced to leave”
Germany, 167-74,184-85; voluntary
returns vs. deportation, 173-74
repatriation of DPs, 27-29
Ritter, Manfred, 175
Roma, 4» 114-15» 136-37» 175
Romania, 143
Rossig, Rüdiger, 143
Rostock attack, 179
rubble women (Trümmerfrauen), 181-82,
183, 201
Russian émigrés in Germany after WWI,
37» 73
Samija, Mirko, 43
Sammartino, Annemarie, 37, 73
Sarrazin, Thilo, 14
Schlee, Dietmar, 183
Schleswig-Holstein, 170
Schmidt, Helmut, 148-49
Schneider, Peter, 200
Schröder, Gerhard, 109-10
Schütz, Hans, 108-9
Schwarz-Schilling, Christian, 171
Serbia: asylum seekers attacked by Croats in
camps, 66-67; brutality of NDH against
Serbs, 4-5; forcible conversions to Cathol-
icism, 60; nationalist Chetnik resistance,
5-7, 27-28, 41,102,132; Serbian groups in
FRG, 30; Wars of the Yugoslav Succession,
163-64
Slobodian, Quinn, 16-17
Slovenia, 164
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 37, 75» 78,
149,169,170,171,180,182. See also Grand
Coalition
Soviet Union, 163
Spiegel, Der: on Bavarian deportations,
111-12,170-71; on Croatian émigrés, 74-75»
76,137; “Does Islam Threaten Us,” 181;
portrayals of migrants, 129,176-78,177,178
Srebrenica, 164,184
Stain, Walter, 62
Stalin, Joseph, 8,141
Standing Committee of Interior Ministers,
169,172
Staudte, Wolfgang, 142
Stedul, Nikola, 61
Stepinac, Aloysius, 27, 33*34, 38-39, 75
Stunde Null, 16,181,194
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 29,183
Sudeten Germans, 42-43, 54nio8, 62
Suènjara, Dominik, 39, 65, 78
Sweden, 174
Syrian refugees, 192, 197-99
Tito, Jo sip Broz: 1974 visit to Federal
Republic, 148-49; death, 163; fierce war
campaign against domestic opponents,
27,193; Kragujevac, 144; recognition of
GDR, 8, 45, 88, 90, 93,131,195; response
to Vracaric investigation, 44; smear
campaign against FRG government, 132;
split from Stalin and turn to West, 8,131,
132,141- See also Partisans
Tokié, Mate, 24U72, 65
tourism, 99-100,141-43» 146,150-51,153»
1571162,165-66
tourist visa as third way to enter FRG, 96
Trischler, Josef, 42, 62
Turks: accepted until economic down-
turn of 1970s, 129; framing of German
immigration history in terms of, 12-13,
191, 201; homes firebombed in Mölln
234 I Index
and Solingen, 179; impact of ending
labor recruitment program on, i25mo2;
increasingly considered alien, 19,153,
180-81; and Yugoslav immigrant groups
in Germany, 3
UDBA. See Yugoslav security services
(UDBA)
Ude, Christian, 167
UHNj. See United Croats of West Germany
(UHNj)
unemployment in Yugoslavia, 92
UNHCR. See United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Croats of West Germany (UHNj), 30,
31, 47, 65, 66, 67-68, 8sn67
United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), 41,110-12,168,
171» 172
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (UNRRA), 27-29
United States, 100,104,109-11,171, i89n87
UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
Ustasha movement: brutality of, 4-5;
Croatian émigré continuities with, 9-10,
102; defeated by Partisans, 7; supported
by Catholic church, 31, 34, 38; victim
discourse, 35. See also Croatian émigré
organizations
Valka (Federal Reception Camp for
Foreigners), 66-68,107-10,108,116-17,
i3i 135
Vatican. See Catholic Church
victim discourse: anticommunism won
German support for Croatian émigrés, 14,
39-41, 48-49; Catholic Church, German
expellees, and the émigré cause, 35-43;
communities of victims, 25-26, 32-35,
57, 80,181; opposing Yugoslavia, 43-45;
shared by Germans and Croats, 7-8,17-18,
64,192-94
Vietnamese boat people, 199
violence: Croatian use of, 30, 48-49, 64,137;
German invasion of Yugoslavia, 1, 6,132;
radical anticommunists embraced, 36, 68;
in refugee camps, 66-67; xenophobic and
racist attacks on foreigners, 179-80,184,
200-201. See also brutality
Volksdeutsche, 7-8, 22035, 41» 71
Vracaric, Lazar, 44
War Children s Aid Yugoslavia, 165
war criminals. See ratlines; Ustasha
movement
war reparations, 132,154015
Warsaw Pact, 143-44
Wars of the Yugoslav Succession, 161-65
Weitz, Eric, 37
Wendel, Joseph, 38-39» 43~44
Western Balkans, 197-98, 202m6, 203025
Wolken, Simone, 106
women, 95-96,134,140,142,143» i54 i57n6o.
See also rubble women (Trümmerfrauen)
World War II (WWII): German media
traced Ustasha crimes, 76; lasting and
persisting aftereffects on history, 15-16,
200-201; in Yugoslavia, 1, 4-8,132. See
also memory
Wüllner, Paul, 44-45
Yugoslavia: attempt to put its wartime
record on trial, 68-72; changed
policy to allow foreign employment,
92-93, i2in22; during Cold War, 8-9;
collapse of communism and civil war,
i53-54 161-62,163-64,184; creation and
ethnic disputes, 3-8; Croatian émigré
opposition to state of, 43-45; occupied
and partitioned, 1941 (map), 5; open
borders and foreign employment policy,
99» 133» 147; relations with FRG, 8, 79; spy
network focused on Croatian and Serbian
nationalists, 134-35* See also Tito, Josip
Broz; Western Balkans
Yugoslav migrants: categories of immi-
grants, 9-11; difference and belonging,
14-15,192-96; no distinction between
national groups in FRG statistics, i55n22;
one of largest groups in immigrant
categories, 3; racialized in positive terms,
Index |
129,154*14; relative invisibility of Yugo-
slavs in Germany, 191-92; Yugoslavs as
displaced persons, 26-27,196-97. See
also asylum seekers; Bosnian refugees;
Croatian émigré organizations; German
attitudes toward Yugoslav migrants; labor
migrants
Yugoslav Peoples Army (JNA), 164
Yugoslav restaurants, 152,159m 16, 191
Yugoslav security services (UDBA), 134-36,
161,18502
Yugoslav trade mission attack and trial,
56-58, 68-72, 74-77» 80-81, 81m, 193
Zahra, Tara, 102,103
Zellerbach Commission, 104,109
Zirndorf refugee camp, 66, 67, 68-81, 85063,
102,104,109-11
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Molnar, Christopher A. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1029446776 |
| author_facet | Molnar, Christopher A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Molnar, Christopher A. |
| author_variant | c a m ca cam |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045337640 |
| classification_rvk | NK 7170 NQ 6085 NQ 6210 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1085396580 (DE-599)BVBBV045337640 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1999 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1999 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland |
| id | DE-604.BV045337640 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T06:56:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253037718 9780253037725 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030724392 |
| oclc_num | 1085396580 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Bo133 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Bo133 DE-739 |
| physical | xv, 235 Seiten Illustrationen, Karte |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_FID BSB_NED_20190913 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Molnar, Christopher A. Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4003743-5 gnd Jugoslawen (DE-588)4028964-3 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003743-5 (DE-588)4028964-3 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4017604-6 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany |
| title_auth | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany |
| title_exact_search | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany |
| title_full | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany Christopher A. Molnar |
| title_fullStr | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany Christopher A. Molnar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany Christopher A. Molnar |
| title_short | Memory, politics, and Yugoslav migrations to postwar Germany |
| title_sort | memory politics and yugoslav migrations to postwar germany |
| topic | Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4003743-5 gnd Jugoslawen (DE-588)4028964-3 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Flüchtling (DE-588)4017604-6 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer Jugoslawen Kollektives Gedächtnis Flüchtling Politik Deutschland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724392&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724392&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030724392&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT molnarchristophera memorypoliticsandyugoslavmigrationstopostwargermany |