Oceanic Basalts

Basalt is the most voluminous of all the igneous rocks. Extensive field, experimental, petrographic and geochemical studies of basalt have provided us with a considerable understanding of igneous petrogenesis, plate tectonics, and crust-mantle interaction and exchange. One important aspect of geolog...

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520 |a Basalt is the most voluminous of all the igneous rocks. Extensive field, experimental, petrographic and geochemical studies of basalt have provided us with a considerable understanding of igneous petrogenesis, plate tectonics, and crust-mantle interaction and exchange. One important aspect of geology that has developed over the last few decades is the study of oceanic basalts. The ocean basins cover about two thirds of the earth's surface and are floored by a basement of oceanic basalt that is continuously undergoing generation at spreading centres and destruction at subduction zones, a process which throughout geological time is recognized as the principal means of generating new crust. The study of oceanic basalts enables us to understand better the generation and recycling of crustal materials (including the continental crust), and the exchange between oceanic crust and seawater via hydrothermal activity. Compositional variations displayed by oceanic basalts provide windows into the mantle, and the identification of isotopically-distinct mantle reservoirs demonstrates that the source of oceanic basalts is heterogeneous and is controlled by convection and reservoir interactions within the mantle 
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 REFERENCES 3 2 REACTION KINETICS BASICS 5 2.1 STOICHIOMETRY AND REACTION RATE 5 2.1.1 REACTION STOICHIOMETRY 5 2.1.2 MOLECULARITY OF AN ELEMENTARY REACTION 9 2.1.3 MASS ACTION KINETICS AND CHEMICAL RATE EQUATIONS .. . 10 2.1.4 EXAMPLES 14 2.2 PARAMETERISING RATE COEFFICIENTS 18 2.2.1 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RATE COEFFICIENTS 18 2.2.2 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF RATE COEFFICIENTS 20 2.2.3 REVERSIBLE REACTION STEPS 26 2.3 BASIC SIMPLIFICATION PRINCIPLES IN REACTION KINETICS 28 2.3.1 THE POOL CHEMICAL APPROXIMATION 28 2.3.2 THE PRE-EQUILIBRIUM APPROXIMATION 29 2.3.3 RATE-DETERMINING STEP 30 2.3.4 THE QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROXIMATION (QSSA) 30 2.3.5 CONSERVED PROPERTIES 32 2.3.6 LUMPING OF REACTION STEPS 33 REFERENCES 34 3 MECHANISM CONSTRUCTION AND THE SOURCES OF DATA 39 3.1 AUTOMATIC MECHANISM GENERATION 39 3.2 DATA SOURCES 46 REFERENCES 48 V HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1053831641 VI CONTENTS 4 REACTION PATHWAY ANALYSIS 53 4.1 SPECIES CONVERSION PATHWAYS 53 4.2 PATHWAYS LEADING TO THE CONSUMPTION OR PRODUCTION OF A SPECIES 56 REFERENCES 59 5 SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES 61 5.1 INTRODUCTION 61 5.2 LOCAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 63 5.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS 63 5.2.2 THE BRUTE FORCE METHOD 66 5.2.3 THE GREEN FUNCTION METHOD 67 5.2.4 THE DECOUPLED DIRECT METHOD 68 5.2.5 AUTOMATIC DIFFERENTIATION 69 5.2.6 APPLICATION TO OSCILLATING SYSTEMS 70 5.3 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE SENSITIVITY MATRIX 71 5.4 LOCAL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 74 5.5 GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 75 5.5.1 MORRIS SCREENING METHOD 76 5.5.2 GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS USING SAMPLING-BASED METHODS 79 5.5.3 SENSITIVITY INDICES 86 5.5.4 FOURIER AMPLITUDE SENSITIVITY TEST 88 5.5.5 RESPONSE SURFACE METHODS 90 5.5.6 MOMENT-INDEPENDENT GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS METHODS 100 5.6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF GAS KINETIC MODELS 101 5.6.1 UNCERTAINTY OF THE RATE COEFFICIENTS 102 5.6.2 CHARACTERISATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE ARRHENIUS PARAMETERS 106 5.6.3 LOCAL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF REACTION KINETIC MODELS ILL 5.6.4 EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS TO METHANE FLAME MODELS 114 5.6.5 APPLICATIONS OF RESPONSE SURFACE TECHNIQUES TO UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN GAS KINETIC MODELS 119 5.6.6 HANDLING CORRELATED INPUTS WITHIN GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY AND SENSITIVITY STUDIES 123 5.7 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 124 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 128 REFERENCES 133 6 TIMESCALE ANALYSIS 145 6.1 INTRODUCTION 145 6.2 SPECIES LIFETIMES AND TIMESCALES 146 CONTENTS VII 6.3 APPLICATION OF PERTURBATION THEORY TO CHEMICAL KINETIC SYSTEMS 152 6.4 COMPUTATIONAL SINGULAR PERTURBATION THEORY 160 6.5 SLOW MANIFOLDS IN THE SPACE OF VARIABLES 163 6.6 TIMESCALES IN REACTIVE FLOW MODELS 169 6.7 STIFFNESS OF REACTION KINETIC MODELS 171 6.8 OPERATOR SPLITTING AND STIFFNESS 175 REFERENCES 177 7 REDUCTION OF REACTION MECHANISMS 183 7.1 INTRODUCTION 184 7.2 REACTION RATE AND JACOBIAN-BASED METHODS FOR SPECIES REMOVAL 185 7.2.1 SPECIES REMOVAL VIA THE INSPECTION OF RATES 185 7.2.2 SPECIES ELIMINATION VIA TRIAL AND ERROR 186 7.2.3 CONNECTIVITY METHOD: CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES DEFINED BY THE JACOBIAN 187 7.2.4 SIMULATION ERROR MINIMIZATION CONNECTIVITY METHOD 188 7.3 IDENTIFICATION OF REDUNDANT REACTION STEPS USING RATE-OF- PRODUCTION AND SENSITIVITY METHODS 189 7.4 IDENTIFICATION OF REDUNDANT REACTION STEPS BASED ON ENTROPY PRODUCTION 192 7.5 GRAPH-BASED METHODS 193 7.5.1 DIRECTED RELATION GRAPH METHOD 193 7.5.2 DRG-AIDED SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 197 7.5.3 DRG WITH ERROR PROPAGATION 198 7.5.4 THE PATH FLUX ANALYSIS METHOD 200 7.5.5 COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR SPECIES ELIMINATION 201 7.6 OPTIMISATION APPROACHES 202 7.6.1 INTEGER PROGRAMMING METHODS 202 7.6.2 GENETIC ALGORITHM-BASED METHODS 206 7.6.3 OPTIMISATION OF REDUCED MODELS TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA 208 7.6.4 APPLICATION TO OSCILLATORY SYSTEMS 209 7.7 SPECIES LUMPING 210 7.7.1 CHEMICAL LUMPING 211 7.7.2 LINEAR LUMPING 217 7.7.3 LINEAR LUMPING IN SYSTEMS WITH TIMESCALE SEPARATION 222 7.7.4 GENERAL NONLINEAR METHODS 224 7.7.5 APPROXIMATE NONLINEAR LUMPING IN SYSTEMS WITH TIMESCALE SEPARATION 226 VLLL CONTENTS 7.7.6 CONTINUOUS LUMPING 227 7.7.7 THE APPLICATION OF LUMPING TO BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 229 7.8 THE QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROXIMATION 231 7.8.1 BASIC EQUATIONS 232 7.8.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 233 7.8.3 THE ANALYSIS OF ERRORS 234 7.8.4 FURTHER RECENT APPROACHES TO THE SELECTION OF QSS-SPECIES 238 7.8.5 APPLICATION OF THE QSSA IN SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 239 7.8.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE QSSA 240 7.9 CSP-BASED MECHANISM REDUCTION 242 7.10 NUMERICAL REDUCED MODELS DERIVED FROM THE RATE EQUATIONS OF THE DETAILED MODEL 244 7.10.1 SLOW MANIFOLD METHODS 245 7.10.2 INTRINSIC LOW-DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS 247 7.10.3 APPLICATION OF ILDM METHODS IN REACTION DIFFUSION SYSTEMS 251 7.10.4 THERMODYNAMIC APPROACHES FOR THE CALCULATION OF MANIFOLDS 253 7.11 NUMERICAL REDUCED MODELS BASED ON GEOMETRIC APPROACHES 257 7.11.1 CALCULATION OF SLOW INVARIANT MANIFOLDS 257 7.11.2 THE MINIMAL ENTROPY PRODUCTION TRAJECTORY METHOD 259 7.11.3 CALCULATION OF TEMPORAL CONCENTRATION CHANGES BASED ON THE SELF-SIMILARITY OF THE CONCENTRATION CURVES . . . 259 7.12 TABULATION APPROACHES 260 7.12.1 THE USE OF LOOK-UP TABLES 261 7.12.2 IN SITU TABULATION 263 7.12.3 CONTROLLING ERRORS AND THE INVARIANT CONSTRAINED EQUILIBRIUM PRE-IMAGE CURVE (ICE-PIC) METHOD 267 7.12.4 FLAMELET-GENERATED MANIFOLDS 270 7.13 NUMERICAL REDUCED MODELS BASED ON FITTING 271 7.13.1 CALCULATION OF TEMPORAL CONCENTRATION CHANGES USING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 272 7.13.2 CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATION CHANGES BY ASSUMING THE PRESENCE OF SLOW MANIFOLDS 274 7.13.3 FITTING POLYNOMIALS USING FACTORIAL DESIGN 275 7.13.4 FITTING POLYNOMIALS USING TAYLOR EXPANSIONS 276 7.13.5 ORTHONORMAL POLYNOMIAL FITTING METHODS 276 7.13.6 HIGH-DIMENSIONAL MODEL REPRESENTATIONS 281 CONTENTS IX 7.13.7 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 282 7.13.8 PIECEWISE REUSABLE MAPS (PRISM) 286 7.14 ADAPTIVE REDUCED MECHANISMS 287 REFERENCES 291 8 SIMILARITY OF SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS 313 8.1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS 313 8.2 THE ORIGINS OF LOCAL SIMILARITY AND SCALING RELATIONSHIPS . ... 316 8.3 THE ORIGIN OF GLOBAL SIMILARITY 322 8.4 SIMILARITY OF THE SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MODELS . . . 325 8.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SIMILARITY OF SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS 330 REFERENCES 335 9 COMPUTER CODES FOR THE STUDY OF COMPLEX REACTION SYSTEMS.... 337 9.1 GENERAL SIMULATION CODES IN REACTION KINETICS 337 9.2 SIMULATION OF GAS KINETICS SYSTEMS 339 9.3 ANALYSIS OF REACTION MECHANISMS 342 9.4 INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL REACTION KINETIC SYSTEMS 344 9.5 GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 347 REFERENCES 349 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 353 INDEX 359
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Basalt is the most voluminous of all the igneous rocks. Extensive field, experimental, petrographic and geochemical studies of basalt have provided us with a considerable understanding of igneous petrogenesis, plate tectonics, and crust-mantle interaction and exchange. One important aspect of geology that has developed over the last few decades is the study of oceanic basalts. The ocean basins cover about two thirds of the earth's surface and are floored by a basement of oceanic basalt that is continuously undergoing generation at spreading centres and destruction at subduction zones, a process which throughout geological time is recognized as the principal means of generating new crust. The study of oceanic basalts enables us to understand better the generation and recycling of crustal materials (including the continental crust), and the exchange between oceanic crust and seawater via hydrothermal activity. Compositional variations displayed by oceanic basalts provide windows into the mantle, and the identification of isotopically-distinct mantle reservoirs demonstrates that the source of oceanic basalts is heterogeneous and is controlled by convection and reservoir interactions within the mantle
Earth Sciences
Mineralogy
Earth sciences
Floyd, P. A. edt
Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 9789401053532
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3042-4 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext
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spellingShingle Oceanic Basalts
Earth Sciences
Mineralogy
Earth sciences
title Oceanic Basalts
title_auth Oceanic Basalts
title_exact_search Oceanic Basalts
title_full Oceanic Basalts edited by P. A. Floyd
title_fullStr Oceanic Basalts edited by P. A. Floyd
title_full_unstemmed Oceanic Basalts edited by P. A. Floyd
title_short Oceanic Basalts
title_sort oceanic basalts
topic Earth Sciences
Mineralogy
Earth sciences
topic_facet Earth Sciences
Mineralogy
Earth sciences
url https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3042-4
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030566082&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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