İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city
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A Note on the Sources
In order to address communal relations in Izmir, I consulted archival material in
the Ottoman archives of the prime ministry in Istanbul, the Ottoman court reg-
isters of Izmir, some Greek newspapers of the time, British consular reports and
the observations of many travelers passing through the city during this period.
One of the main archival sources of this study was evidence from the court
registers (§erxyye sicilleri) of Izmir, which provide insight into debates over the
use of urban space and into the intercommunal interaction between the Greek
and Turkish communities of the city. The type of information contained in the
court registers reveals more than other official documents do because these reg-
isters describe judicial cases according to the testimony of the parties concerned,
rather than any interpretations of the law or actual decisions made. The parties
would come to court and testify as to the conflict between them in order to re-
cord a decision and their agreement with it, whether it was related to the sell-
ing and buying of property or goods or inheritances. The purpose was to create
an officially recognized state document in case one was needed later. In using
these court registers, I did not deal with the event itself or analyze the result of
the cases in terms of jurisprudence. Instead, I translated the data into historical
information, an analysis made possible through understanding the sicil termi-
nology of these registers. In light of some basic concepts of Islamic law, I tried to
analyze Greek and Turkish relations in Izmir in the given period. Some examples
of such concepts include icare-yi tavile (a long-term rental), gedik (the right to
run a place without possessing the land and the right of practicing a handicraft
or manufacturing trade) and zilyet (the right to possession of land based on its
long-term use.
The ayniyat notebooks contain the genuine registers of orders (buyruldu) and
correspondence of the ‘office of the grand vizier” (sadaret). The Meclisi Vala reg-
isters of the ayniyat notebooks constitute the most important firsthand source
material for my study because they reflect the implementation of the Tanzimat
reforms. The minutes of the meetings (meclis zabttlan) of the Meclisi Vala —
written by the katips, or clerks — are absent in the archives. No researcher has yet
found any of the minutes. However, the decisions and memos of the Meclisi Vala
are available in these ayniyat notebooks. Moreover, the decisions of the Meclisi
Vala were published in the official newspaper of the empire, Takvim-i Vekayi, in
249
order to serve as a warning to others.883 They are addressed to Izmir’s collector
of funds (muhassil), its district chief (kaymakam), its provincial council (meclis)
and its governor (vali), once it became a province in 1864, or city magistrate
(kadi).
The mektubi kalemi (Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi, Sadaret Evraki Mektubi Kalemi
[A. MKT]) was responsible for conducting all correspondence for the office of
the grand vizier (sadaret) with all the ministries, kaymakam, muhassil, meclis and
kadi of the provinces and towns including summarizing the petitions and pre-
senting them to the office of the grand vizier. This classification includes docu-
ments from during and after the Tanzimat period, between the years 1840 and
1935. The quality of the documents in this classification is important, in that
it shows the operation of the new institutions of the Tanzimat, to what extent
the Tanzimat principles were applied in the provinces and districts, the sources
of conflict among the people and how they were resolved by local authorities.
Therefore, the documents in this classification were among those that best served
the purpose of this study.
The content of the documents in the Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi Sadaret Evraki (A.
DVN) classification is very similar to those in the A. MKT collection. Therefore,
those in the A. DVN classification were also very beneficial in understanding the
nature of conflict between and within the Muslim and Greek communities of
Izmir and the attitude of local officials in solving these disputes.
In both the A. DVN and A. MKT registers, we see the petitions (arzuhal) of
the Ottoman subjects to the office of the grand vizier and the replies to them,
in the form of kaime (an order written on a long paper), buyruldu (an order or
decree), berat (a deed grant) or instructive letters to the muhassil, kaymakam,
kadi or provincial council. In examining these registers, one of my aims was to
883 Qadirci, Tanzimat Doneminde, 190. After 15 years faced with an overwhelming
workload of issuing laws, the Supreme Council lost its functional effectiveness. In
addition, the new leaders of the Tanzimat, executives Ali and Fuat Pa§as aimed to
achieve rapid progress through efficient institutions. In 1854, due to political and
administrative reasons, the Supreme Council was stripped of all but its judicial du-
ties. A new legislative body was formed under the title High Council of Tanzimat, or
Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat. The duties of the Meclisi Vala were transferred to this new
body, now responsible for completing and extending the Tanzimat reforms. Ibid.,
189; Shaw and Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, 78; Davison, Reform in the Ot-
toman Empire, 52-53. After the formation of the Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, the Meclisi
Vala continued to work along with it. The Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat continued to op-
erate until 1861, when united with the Meclisi Vala. (Jadirci, Tanzimat Ddnemi nde,
189.
250
find examples of meclis mazbatalan (the records of izmir’s large representative
provincial council).884 The meclis mazbatalan constitute a very good source of
social history, since the provincial council had the authority to make decisions
concerning daily disputes among the people, which are described in detail in the
meclis mazbatalan.
The content of the documents in the Cevdet Adliye (1711-1876) and Cevdet
Zaptiye (1603-1882) classifications are almost the same. In the Cevdet Adliye
group, we mostly find the adjudication implementations (yargi uygulamalari)
of the Meclisi Vala. These documents deal with the regulations of the Tanzimat
in Izmir. There are many of documents in this classification dealing with all the
towns and cities along Western Anatolian Coastline, covering a period that ex-
ceeds that of this study.
No record of gendarmerie minutes, in which officials described disputes be-
tween the parties in detail, was available for Izmir in this time period. If available,
it would be a good resource for more closely examining the causes of disputes
among ordinary people in daily life. The only ones found were a few registers
of minutes taken in Ayvalik and Istanbul. Moreover, before the foundation of
the Office of Public Security (Zaptiye Mu§irligi) in 1846 and the Gendarmerie
Ministry (Zaptiye Nezareti) in 1879,885 the ;avu§ba§ilik, or chief of sergeants of
the gendarmerie, carried out the functions of the Zaptiye. Unfortunately, no
$avu§ba§ihk registers are available in the archives either. If these documents were
found and made available for research, they would be very beneficial sources for
social historians.
The temettiiat notebooks are the registers of the income tax (temettiiat vergisi),
collected from merchants and tradesmen during the Tanzimat era. These note-
books constitute one of the most important sources for the study of the economic
884 The “large representative provincial council55 (biiyiik meclis) and the “small provincial
council55 (kiiquk meclis) were both founded in 1840. The buyiik meclis operated until
1868, when the §ura-yi Devlet was formed. It served as a court to implement Tan-
zimat regulations and carry out the laws of the 1840 penal code and held decision-
making authority except for cases dealing with the crimes of murder, theft, and
intentional harm. The meclis had to refer cases of these crimes to the Meclisi Vala.
Ekinci, Osmanb Mahkemeleru 130.
885 The office organization was founded in 1845 and the Office of Public Security (Zabtiye
Mu§irligi) was founded in 1846 to carry out the former duties of the kadi. Its name
was changed to Zaptiye Nezareti or “gendarmerie ministry55 in 1879. Ba§bakanhk
Osmanh Ar$ivi Rehberi [Guide to the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives] (Istanbul,
2000), 249.
251
history of the Ottoman Empire during the age of reform. Although some Turkish
historians have underscored the importance of temettuat notebooks to the eco-
nomic histories of the Ottoman cities, they have not been used very effectively by
scholars.886 887 There are 13 temettuat notebooks available for Izmir. Nine of them be-
longed to the Greek (Uinoz)ss7 (comprising seventy pages), French (sixty-six pag-
es), Russian (forty-four pages), Tuscan (thirty-two pages), Genoese (twenty-four
pages), Danish (sixteen pages) Neapolitan (sixteen pages), Sardinian (eight pages)
and Flanders (six pages) communities of Izmir, with the remaining four notebooks
belonging to some small Muslim neighborhoods of the city.
I also utilized a limited number of British consular reports from the Public
Record Office at the British National Archives.
My sources included four Greek newspapers published in Izmir: Amaltheia
(ApaAGaa) 1845-1868; Mnemosyne (Mvr)pocn3vr|), 1835; Melesigenes
(MeArimyevrii;,) 1845; and Smyrne (Epupvry) 1871.
The court registers and the above mentioned documents from the Ottoman
Archives of the prime ministry helped me examine center-periphery relations,
the implementation of reforms in the first half of the nineteenth century and
the social relations between Greek and Turkish communities in Izmir. Howev-
er, they did not serve to illuminate social and cultural relations in daily life or
the Izmir Greeks’ perceptions of the nascent Greek state and the modernizing
886 Kütükoglu, Osmanli Sosyal; Mübahat Kütükoglu, “îzmir Temettü Sayimlari ve
Yabanci Tebaa” [Izmir Temettü Registers and Foreign Communities], in Kütükoglu,
îzmir Tarihfnden, 36-59; Ismet Demir, “Temettü Defterlerinin Ônemi ve Hazirlamç
Sebepleri” [The Significance of Temettü Notebooks and the Reasons for their
Preparation] Yeni Tiirkiye Dergisi Osmanh Ozel Sayisi C:VI (1999): 315-26; Tevfik
Güran, “Ondokuzuncu Yüzyil Temettü at Tahrirleri,” in Osmanh Devleti nde Bilgi ve
Istatistik [Data and Statistics in the Ottoman Empire], eds. §evket Pamuk and Halil
Inalcik (Ankara: T. C Baçbakanlik Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü, 2000), 73-94; Said
Ôztürk, “Türkiyede Temettüat Çah§malari” [Temettüat Studies in Turkey] Tiirkiye
Ara$tirmalari Literat Ur Dergisi, Türk iktisat Tarihi 2:3 (2003); Huricihan Islamoglu,
“Temettu Registers as a System of Classification of the Ottoman Modern State,”
Workshop on Land Records in the Nineteenth Century Middle East, 1-3 March, 1996,
Cambridge, Mass. Conference organized by the Center for Middle East Studies at
Harvard University.; Musa Çadirci used temettü notebooks in his study of the Ana-
tolian cities. Çadirci, Tanzimat Dônemfnde; Abdüllatif Çener dealt partially with the
temettü notebooks in his book Tanzimat Dôneminde Osmanh Vergi Sisemi [The Tax
System in the Tanzimat Period] (Istanbul: I§aret Yayinlan, 1990).
887 tlinoz Cematainin Emlak ve Gelir Defteri, 1841.
252
Ottoman Empire. Some Greek newspapers of the period helped fill this gap, but
I still wanted to better understand the involvement of the Ottoman Turkish com-
munity in the dynamic economic activity of the city and the economic relations
between the Izmir Greeks and Muslims. Without understanding the position of
the Muslims in the urban economic life of the city, I believe it is not possible to
account for the factors that were decisive in shaping its socio-cultural and eco-
nomic dynamics, which in turn determined the nature of communal relations.
Simply determining who was Greek or Turk in the cosmopolitan population of
Izmir proved problematic.
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BOA, Meclisi Valadan, Ayniyat Defterleri, 1841-1848.
BOA, Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi, Sadaret Evraki Mektubi Kalemi (A.MKT), 1844-
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BOA, Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi, Sadaret Evraki (A.DVN), 1844-1850, Cevdet Adli-
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BOA, Izmir Temettiiat Defterleri [izmir Temettuat Notebooks] Ilinoz Cemaatinin
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BOA,Name-i Humayun Defteri, 4/1.
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Index
A
Abdülaziz, Sultan, 128,130-131,138,
161,219-220,222
Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 124,130-131,
139, 161, 245-246
Abdülmecid, Sultan, 128,130-131,
133, 138, 161-162,214
Adana, 244
adet-i belde, 191
Aegean Coast, Region and Sea, 22,
104, 158, 166-167,189n705, 246
Aegean Islands, 69, 73,113,139n416,
155,164, 173, 241
Ahenk, Turkish newspaper, 29n40,
114
Aksaray (Aksarion), 87,214
Ala9ati, 87, 223
Aleppo, 21n4, 43-44, 59, 151, 197
Alexander the Great, 220
Alexandroupolis, 70
Algeria, 50,146,188n702
Ali Pa§a, Tepedelenli, 23, 58-59, 67,
131, 134, 138,146, 148, 153, 177
Alliance Israélite Universelle, 118, 124
Amaltheia, Greek newspaper, 27,112,
186, 213-216, 223, 226-229, 231
American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions (ABCFM),
38n58, 119
American Board of Missionaries, 114
Amsterdam, 40, 44
Anadolu, (newspaper), 114
Anagnostopoulou, Sia, 31
Anastasios, Patriarch of Alexandria,
220
Anatolia, 27, 50, 58-59, 67, 74,
117, 128, 144, 146, 153, 154n528,
166-167, 203n751, 202, 230
Anatolia, Bank of, 87
Anatolia, Coastline of, 113, 155,196,
246, 251
Anatolia, Eastern, 146
Anatolia, Western, 24-25, 31-32,
38n58, 44-45, 51-52, 60-61, 63,
65, 67-68, 68nl95, 69-74, 77, 98,
100-101, 107, 113, 115, 117,121,
141n465, 155, 188, 188n703-704,
189n705, 195, 205n209, 209, 233,
238-240, 246-247
Andros, 75
Ankara, 50
Anthopoulos, Konstantinos, Ottoman
Ambassadorto London, 162
Arab cities, 24, 76
Arab lands, 24, 51, 98,163,187
Arab provinces, 63, 245
Arab rebellion, 155
Arabia, 153
Araboglu Family, 107
Arabs (in Izmir), 155
Arikan, Zeki, 29, 155n533
Aristarches Family, 161, 229
Armenian churches, 62
Armenian quarter, 62, 79, 87
Armenians, 20, 26, 39, 71, 73, 85-86,
100, 110,112, 118, 122, 124, 135,
159, 161, 183, 198, 214, 222n812,
228, 230
Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye
(The Victorious Soldiers of
Muhammed), 57
Asia Minor, 27, 32, 104n289, 116-117,
176-177, 196
Astir en te Anatole, (newspaper), 112
275
Atay, Çinar, 27
Au Bon Marché (store), 236
Au Printemps (store), 236
Austria, 59, 106, 119, 124, 182
Ayan (land notable), 36, 36n54, 49
Aydin (newspaper), 114
Aydin Province, 47, 47nl02, 51-52,
60,114, 158
Aydin, 69, 73, 75,219, 221
Aydmogullari, Principality of, 43
Ayvalik (Kydonies), 116, 167,
177n657, 251
Ayvalik, revolt in, 167
B
Balkan cities, 23-24
Balkan provinces of the empire, 177
Balkan Wars, 224
Balkans, 24, 57, 70, 98, 124, 135, 154,
158-160, 158n555, 163, 176, 187,
187n700, 233, 24
Baltazzi Family (Baltaci), 20, 216
Baltazzi, Alex, 20, 20n3
Bandits, banditry, 51-52, 113,158,
188-189, 188n704, 189n705
Bankers, 99, 196
Barbary Coast, 49
Basmahane, 79, 110
Ba§bozuk, 170,172
Baykara, Tuncer, 28-29, 53nl35,108
Bazaar, 33, 40-42, 81, 86-87, 124, 218
Beirut, 59, 63, 70, 145, 151
Bektaçi, 36, 57, 129, 160, 160n568
Bella Vista, 236
Berat, Berath, 26n23, 27, 168, 235,
235n357, 250
Berlin Congress (1878), 162
Berlin, 161
Beyazit, 58
Beyru, Rauf, 27, 29, 38, 53nl35,
235n859
Bilget, Adnan, 27
Black Sea, 19, 59, 63
Blacque, Alexandre (French Publisher
in Izmir), 113-114
Bordeaux, 40
Bornova, 54, 86-87, 87n256, 221-224,
227
Botzares, Markos, 186
Bozyaka, 87
British and Foreign Bible Society
(BFBS), 38n58
British commercial activity,
British Navy, 50
British-Ottoman Trade Convention
(1838), 67,101
Balta Limam Treaty, 67, 68nl95,
145-146
British, 21, 26, 38, 55, 63, 69, 100-101,
106, 134, 146, 167, 170, 176, 178,
179n668, 180, 180n674, 181-183,
219, 222
British consular staff and consulate,
38n58, 163, 166, 168, 170n624, 171,
180-183, 196, 198, 222
British documents, 55
British economic expansion in the
Mediterranean, 21
British missionaries, 169
British protected subjects, 26
Buca, 87, 87n256, 119, 173, 204,
211-212,215, 222, 225
Bulgarian press, 112, 112n323,114
Bureaucrats, Tanzimat, 121, 131,144
Bursa, 44, 50, 209, 233, 244
C
Camelia (store), 236
Cami-i Atik, 79, 96,110
Caucasus, 58
Cavalryman (sipahi), 204, 212
Centralization (see also Decen-
tralization), 36, 98, 128, 130, 135,
140-153, 188, 195
276
Chians in Izmir, 20
Chios Massacre, I29n416, 197
Chios trade, 45
Chios, 45, 49, 62, 75, 95, 116-117,
155-156, 158, 166, 166n601, 167,
178, 198
Christian community
Christian schools, 116n346
Christian, Armenian, 44, 118
Christian, Catholic, 20, 118, 197, 199,
224, 235
Christian, elements of in Bektaçi
belief, 160n568
Christian, European, 77
Christian, Orthodox, 20, 24, 26-27,
44, 137, 153n527, 154, 157, 162,
197, 198n734, 215, 218, 235
Christian, Protestant, 115-116, 119
Christianity, 22, 150n522
Cihad, 159
Cizye, 142n471, 149-150, 168, 186
Committee of Union and Progress
(CUP), 224, 246
Comptoir (store), 236
Consul, Austro-Hungarian, 37
Consul, British, 38n58, 163, 166, 168,
170n624,171, 180-183, 196, 198,222
Consul, French, 53,113-114, 170n624,
171, 180, 180n674, 224, 226
Consul, Greek, 26, 118, 220-222
Consul, Prussian, 171
Consul, Russian, 171, 183, 220
Consul, Venetian, 54-55
Consular reports, 30
Consulate, British, 38n58, 168,
170n624, 182, 196, 198
Consulate, Dutch, 180, 235n859
Consulate, French, 113, 171, 180
Consulate, Greek, 26, 220, 222
Consulate, Norwegian, 235n859
Consulate, Swedish, 235n859
Consulate, Venetian, 54-55
Consulates, 26, 37n56, 44, 86, 181,
186, 235
Consuls, 44, 54-56, 81, 166, 171-172,
171n628, 180-184, 187, 195, 198,
216,219-221,224, 226
Consuls, Catholic, 33
Court registers (see also Sharia), 89,
94, 111,201,205,210, 242
Crete, 59, 130, 155, 158, 162
Cyprus, 155
Qanakkale, 157
Qe§me, 45, 49, 53, 53nl35, 62, 87,
167, 198, 223
D
Decentralization, 98, 130, 135
Denizli, 51-52
Denmark, 145n495, 182
Devir, (newspaper), 114
Dirlik, 46, 46n98, 205
E
Earthquake, 37, 50, 56, 61-63
Easter (Greek), 156-157, 174, 191,
231-232, 239, 246
Eastern Question, 58-59, 153, 181
Edirne Treaty, 58, 63
Edirne, 58, 169
Egypt, 57-61, 63, 107, 134, 148, 153,
183, 220
Eldem, Edhem, 21n4, 22, 22n7
Eliot, Charles, British diplomat, 196
Ephesus, 168, 218
Ephesus, Metropolitan of, 168, 218
Epidemic, 22, 37, 50, 56, 61-64, 73,
183, 226-227, 246
Erivan, 58
Ertugrul (Ottoman vessel), 221
Erzurum, 58
Europe/European States, 56, 57nl50,
68nl95, 129, 149, 155, 159, 181,
196, 235, 242
277
European Casino, 122, 236
European community (izmir), 38
European culture, 39
European intervention, 24
European merchants, 43-45, 86,
107-108,115, 145, 165, 178,
178n663, 189
European missionaries, 26n23, 37-38,
115, 169
European provinces (Ottoman), 176,
177n658
European travelers, 29, 37, 42
Evangelical Protestantism, 116
Evangelical school, 116, 116n346, 118,
122n397
F
Femina (store), 236
Filos ton Neon, (newspaper), 112
Fires, 22, 50, 56, 61-64, 81-84,
84n244, 120, 226-228, 234
Flanders, 182
Flower of the Levant, 37-42
Frangakis-Syrett, Elena, 27, 31,
31n45
Frank district, 37, 41, 55, 55nl40, 62,
79, 182
Frank house (Frenk hane, verhane),
115,115n337, 171,207-208
Frank Street, 37n56, 41-42, 53, 79,
86-87, 115n337, 122, 170, 216, 224,
236
Frank, 38, 39, 99,169
French commercial activity,
French hospital, 119
French Navy, 146
French newspapers, 25,114
French protected nationals, 26
French Revolution, 65, 100, 113-114,
158, 180
Fuat Pa§a, 131,139,141n466
G
Galata, 25, 33
Gdvur (see also Infidel), 29-30,151,
158n556, 245
Gaziantep, 59
Gedik, 207-209
Gelibolu, 157
Gencine-i Edeb (Turkish journal), 115
Genova, 182
George I, King of Greece, 220, 233
Georgia, 59
Goffman, Daniel, 27, 31
Göztepe, 229
Ali Pa§a, Grand Vizier, 23, 58-59, 67,
131, 134, 138,146, 148, 153, 177
Greek King, 220-221, 233, 243
Greek Kingdom, 64,117, 162,
223-224
Greek Revolt (1821), 64-65, 67, 75,
111, 113, 115, 117, 129, 129n416,
130, 146, 152-153, 153n527,
154-156, 158-161, 163, 168-169,
172-173, 175, 175n649, 176-177,
177n657y 178-180,186, 189,
196-197, 201,241
Greek-Ottoman War (1897), 245
Gregorios V, Patriarch, 156
H
Hacilar (Inoude), 87
Haftahk Izmir (newspaper), 114
Haifa, 59
Hass-t padi§ahU 46-47, 205
HasSy 47nl07
Hatuniye, 79, 94, 96, 110, 207
Hellen, 75, 172, 222
Hellenic-Greek, 101
Hellenization, 233
Historiography, Greek, 20nl, 26
Historiography, Ottoman from
French sources, 25
278
Hizmety (newspaper), 114
Hospital, Armenian, 124
Hospital, Catholic, 124
Hospital, Dutch, 124
Hospital, English, 124
Hospital, French, 124
Hospital, Greek, 124
Hospital, Jewish, 124
Hospital, military, 124
Hospital, Turkish, 124
Hospitals, 124-125, 232
Hiidavendigar, 75
I
Ibrahim Aga, customs official in
Izmir, 53, 53nl35, 228
icare-yi tavile, 207-208, 249
Ihtisaby system of, 35, 35n52, 143
llinoz (Greek Nationals), 55nl40, 252
G
Giilhane - Imperial Edict, 1839
(Gulhane Rescript), 132, 132n421-
422,133, 133n428, 134, 136, 140,
149-151, 192
Gulhane - Gulhane Hatt-i Hiimayu-
nu, 57n 150
Gulhane - Hatt-i §erif of Gulhane
(1839), 132, 185n691, 192n716
I
Imperial Edict, 1856 (Islahat Edict),
22, 36-37, 131-132, 136-137, 147,
185-186
inalcik, Halil, 48nll2,104n291,
128n413, 132n422, 133n428, 135,
141n465, 154n528
Infidel (see also gavur), 29, 151, 156,
169
Intermediaries (see also trade and
merchants), 50, 67-68, 71-72,
99-100, lOOn282, 240
Intibahy (newspaper), 114
Ioannina, 84n243, 194n724
Ionian Islands (Eptanisa), 171
Islahat Fermam (1856), 136,149n515
Islam, 22, 132n422,139, 150n521-
522, 159-160, 160n565, 197n733
Islamic cities, 76
Islamic civilization, 28
Islamic court, 33, 182, 190
Islamic education, 139
Islamic law (see Sharia), 131,149,
150n521, 179, 193, 202, 202n747,
204, 208, 209n776, 210-212, 244
Islamic political thinkers, 133
Islamic political tradition, 98,138,
179
Islamic principles, 137, 154, 154n530,
179
Islamic rule, 83
Islamic structure, 58
Islamic tradition, 36, 195
tstemaran Bidani Kidelyats, (Arme-
nian newspaper), 112
Ittihaty (newspaper), 114
Izmir, (newspaper), 114
J
Janissaries, 22, 35-36, 52, 54-58, 60,
129, 143, 153n527, 156, 160, 170,
170n624, 171-173, 178, 241
Jerusalem, 59, 94n267
Jewish hospital, 124
Jewish Millet, 121, 132n422,134,
134n432, 135-137, 142, 150-151,
162, 169, 185
Jewish newspapers, 112
Jewish quarter, 62, 80, 226
Schools, Jewish, Jews, 118
K
Kadty 35, 47, 54, 56, 60, 142-143, 170,
170n624, 182, 190, 197,210
279
Kadifekale, 39-40, 79
Kara Sinan, (Turkish satirical magazi-
ne), 114
Karaburun, 87, 223
Karaosmanoglu Family, 49, 51,
51nl27, 52-54, 56, 60, 107
Karatheodores Family, 161-162
Kars, 59
Kasab Hizir, 79, 89, 94, 96, 110, 204
Kasaba, 48, 71, 215
Kasaba, Re§at, 25, 27, 31, 239
Katirciyani, (Greek bandit group), 189
Katipoglu Family, 51, 60, 107
Kavala, 84n243
Kefalety 191
Kefevi, 79, 110
Greece, Kingdom of, 27, 75, 104, 146,
155, 162, 220-222, 233, 243, 245
Kokluca (Coryphacion, Opean), 87
Konya, 59
Konya, Battle of, 146
Kordelio (Kar§iyaka), 19, 87-88, 108
Kos, 155
Koylii, (newspaper), 114
Kurds, revolt of, 155
Ku^adasi, 45, 49, 75, 87
Klitahya, 59, 75, 146
Kiitiikoglu, Miibahat, 27, 30, 89n261
L
L’Echo de VOrient, (newspaper), 114,
224
VImperial de Smyrna, (newspaper),
114
Ladino, 114
Land Code, 201-203,202n744, 204,
204n760, 206
Lausanne Treaty, 32, 175n652
Lazarist College, 118, 224
Le Smyrneen, (newspaper), 113
Le Spectateur Oriental, (newspaper),
113
Lebanon,130
Levantine, 19-20, 25, 33, 39-42, 56,
60, 117, 122-124, 169, 179,211,
213, 216, 219-220, 234-236, 238,
243
London Jewish Society, 38n58
London Protocol (1836), 176
London, 44,162
M
Mahalle, 88, 95
Mahmud II, Sultan, 19, 35-36,
57-60, 107, 128, 128n413, 129-131,
133n428, 134, 139, 145,147, 151,
153, 153n527, 154, 154n528,
155n533, 156, 158-163, 167, 179,
188,218, 241
Mahmud Nedim Pa§a, 138-139
Malta, 120, 183,198
Manastir, 70
Manisa, 51-52, 56, 69, 75, 198, 209
Marmara Island, 198
Marseilles, 44, 174
Meclisi Vala (Council of Justice), 47,
47nlll, 140-141, 141n466, 142-
143, 184-185, 190-194, 194n724
Mediterranean Sea, 47-48, 65
Mediterranean Sea, Eastern, 21, 24,
43, 45, 62, 70, 145, 175n649, 178,
234, 241
Megale Idea, 233
Mehmet II (the Conqueror), Sultan,
135, 137, 185
Mehmet Ali Pa§a, 23, 58-59, 67, 134,
138, 146, 148,151, 177
Meies River, 77-78
Melesigenes, Greek newspaper, 225,
230-231
Mente§e, 75
Merchant ships, 174
Merchants, 26, 26n23, 43-45, 67,
99-100, 104, 113, 146, 150, 169,
280
179, 181, 188n704, 213, 216, 234,
240
Merchants, Armenian, 44
Merchants, Austrian, 185
Merchants, beratlu 26-27, 67,
190-191,235
Merchants, British, 55, 167, 180, 222
Merchants, European, 43-44, 86,
107-108,145, 178, 174n663, 189
Merchants, French, 65, 235
Merchants, Jewish,
Merchants, Greek, 26, 71, 101,105,
130, 165, 185, 241-242
Millet, 121,132n422, 134, 134n432,
135-137, 142, 150-151, 162,169,
185
Miri (state-owned land), 201-202,
202n744, 202n746
Moldavia, 155, 187n700
Morea, 37, 51, 55, 64, 75, 111, 154,
160, 165, 177, 189n705, 201
Morea, migration from, 173
Morea, revolts in, 146, 155, 159, 168
Mousouros Family, 161-162
Moussabini, Catholic Bishop, 224
MuktebeSy Turkish journal, 115
Murad II, Sultan, 43
Mustafa Re§id Pa§a, 131,133,
133n428, 138-139, 140n461, 148
Muddet-i vafire, 210
Mixlk (Freehold), 201-203, 204n760,
205-206
Miinzevi, Burnabatli, 174
Muteselsil kefalet, 193-194
N
Nablus, 59
Nahcevan, 58
Nalpas [store], 236
Napoleonic Wars, 65-66, 100,178,
180
Naqshbandi-Khalidi Order, 139
Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Order, 160,
160n565, 160n568
Nationalism, 24,159n555, 201,
245-246
Nationalism, Turkish, 124
Navarino, 58, 146,159, 169-171
Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment, 116
NevruZy Turkish journal, 29n40,114
Nizam-i Cedid Army, 36,147n505,
188
Nizip, 59
O
Orozdi-Back [store], 236
Otho, King of Greece, 233
Ottoman Empire, 20-21, 24-27, 33,
35, 38, 45, 54, 58-59, 63, 65, 67-68,
70-72, 75, 99-100, 104n290, 106,
128, 128n413, 131, 132n422,134,
139-140, 145-146, 150n521, 151,
153-154,154n530, 160, 166, 173,
176-177, 177n658, 178-181, 187,
194-195, 202, 204n760, 211, 219,
222, 233, 235, 239-240, 242-245
Ottomanism, 137, 151, 195, 222, 245
Ömer Lütfi Efendi, Izmir Ihtisab
Naziriy 165, 220
Örf-i beide, 203, 207-210
P
Palmyra, 40
Pan-Islamism, 124, 139, 246
Patriarch, 104n291, 116n346,
129n416, 135, 156, 166, 168, 220,
226
Patriarchate, Armenian, 227
Patriarchate, Rum, 143
Pera, 25, 33, 40
Pergamum, 172, 51
Phanariot, 57
Pinarba§i, 87
Population exchange, 20, 240
281
Port cities, 21-22, 63, 70, 111, 145,178
Poti, 63
Printing press, 111-112, 114-115,120
Protestant schools, 119
Protestant, 115-116
Prussia, 59, 145n495, 182
Public Debt Administration, 240, 246
Public schools, Turkish, 122
Q
Quays, 53nl35, 69-70, 80
R
Railway, Aydin-Kasaba, 69
Railway, Izmir-Aydin, 69, 219
Railway, Izmir-Kasaba, 69
Railway, Izmir-Manisa, 69
Railway, Poti-Tiflis, 63
Railways, 69, 71
Ramadan, 55
Rasim, Yanko, 114
Ra$id Pa§a, Governor General of
Izmir, 219-220, 226-229
Reaya, 156, 158, 161,166, 168,
171- 172, 174, 187n700,242
Re§id Mehmet Pa§a, Governor
General of Rumelia, 157
Revolt, Albanian, 215
Revolt, Celali, 44
Revolt, Greek, 20nl, 64-65, 67, 75,
111, 113, 115, 117, 129, 129n416,
130, 146, 152-153, 153n527,
154-156, 158-161, 163, 168-169,
172- 173,175, 175n649, 176-177,
177n657, 178-180, 186, 189,
196-197, 201,241
Riot, by janissaries in 1797, 22, 54
Riot, by Turks, 55
Rome, 161,198n734
Rum, 26, 135, 143
Rumelia, 75, 95, 129, 144, 157-158,
167
Russia, 57-59, 63, 106, 129, 146,
153, 155, 159, 167, 177n658,
182-183
Russia, battle of Çe§me, 53, 53nl35
Russian (protected) nationals, 26
Russian consul, 171, 183, 220
Navy, Russian, 146
Vessels, Russian, 66
S
Saint André School, 119
Saint Horopsima School, 118
Saint Jean School, 119
Saint Mesrob School, 118
Saint Vincent De Paul Order, 119
Saint Vincent School, 119
Sakiz Ham, 55, 55nl40
Salim, Mehmet, 114
Samaritaine [store], 236
Samos, 20,155, 161-163
Saraykoy, 215
Sardinia, 145n495, 182
Saribeyoglu Family,
Saruhan, 51-52, 60
Schools, 29, 115-116,116n346,
117n351, 118-122, 161, 197
Schools, Armenian, 118
Schools, Catholic, 116n346
Schools, Greek, 117-118,124, 185,
193n699,229, 233
Schools, Jewish, 118
Schools, missionary, 29, 119
Schools, Protestant, 115
Schools, Turkish/Muslim, 110, 120
Selim III, 36, 147n505, 151,
153n527
Stein [store], 236
Sened-i Ittifak, 36, 128n413, 132n422,
133n428, 153
Serbia, 24, 58, 70, 146, 151, 151n527
Serbian revolt, 146, 153, 155
Seydikôy, 87, 173,220
282
Sharia (see also court registers), 90,
130-132,132n422, 133-134, 139,
149,159,160n567-568, 204, 212
Silk, 44, 50, 67, 108
Social order, 31, 35,49, 51-56, 111,
129-130, 134, 138, 153-154, 166,
169-170, 174, 186-188, 193, 199,
201, 211, 214, 224, 228-234, 239,
242
Soeurs de la Charité, 119
Solomonides Chrestos Sokratous,
27-28
Somar, Ziya, 29
Soke, 87,213-214
Strangford, Viscount, British Consul,
166
Strogonoff, Baron de, 177, 177n658
Sublime Porte, 71, 136-137
Sugla, 51
Syria, 59, 107, 146, 183, 228, 246
çerbethane [sherbet house], 182, 190
Çirince, 87
Çule-i Edeb, Turkish journal, 115
T
Tanzimat period, 21-22, 27, 49,
128, 131,135, 138,141n467, 145,
147,151-152, 182,184-185, 191,
194-195,204n760, 211, 213, 219,
234, 242-243, 245
Tanzimat principles/regulations, 21,
31, 187, 190-191, 193, 211, 228, 242
Tanzimat reforms, 24, 36, 64, 68,
71, 104, 125, 128, 131, 137, 139,
140n461,141M66, 144, 149, 152,
180,187-188,218, 241-242
Tanzimat, “father of” Mustafa Re$it
Pa§a, 148
Tanzimat, role in causing inter-com-
munal tension, 213, 224, 234, 241,
244
Tapu [title deed], 206
Tax collection, 36n54,141n465,143,
188
Temettu [profit tax], 75, 94, 94n268,
150,181
Temettuat vergisi [income tax], 251
Theatre, 185, 236
Thessalonica, 63, 69-70, 84n243, 145,
151
Ttmar System, 46,147, 204n760, 205
Tiflis, 63
Toscana, 145n495,182
Trabzon, 59, 63, 244
School, Trade, 117n351, 119
Trade, 40, 42-46,49-50, 63, 65,
65nl86, 66-67, 69-72, 81, 99-101,
104-108, 111, 118, 146, 174,
175n649, 178-179, 189, 194, 209,
235
Trade, Chios, 45, 49
Trade, contraband, 81
Trade, international through Smyrna,
Trade, route to Aleppo, 43-44
Trade, silk, 44, 50, 67, 108
Trade, textile, 42
Trade, through Arab provinces, 63
Trade, wine and liquor, 167
Travelers, French, 38
Travelers’ accounts, 28, 38,42, 72, 168
Treaty, 1838 British-Ottoman Trade
Convention (Balta Limani), 67, 103
Treaty, Edirne, 59, 63
Treaty, Hiinkar Iskelesi (1833), 59
Treaty, Kii^lik Kaynarca (1774),
153n527
Treaty, of Lausanne, 20, 32, 175n652,
240
Tricon, Charles, French Publisher in
Izmir, 113
Tripoli, 59,107,151
Tripolitania, 50
Tunis, 50
Turk, 27, 107, 170n624, 196-197, 215
283
Turkish Republic, 127
Turkish Izmir, 29, 245
Turkish bazaar, 33, 40, 42, 81, 86-87,
124,218
Turkish community in Izmir, 29, 41,
106-108,122, 227-228, 242-243
Historiography, Turkish, 20
Historiography, Greek, 20nl, 26
Turkish khan, 86
Turkish quarters in Izmir, 42
Turkish unity, 154n528
Turkish vessels, 66
Turkish women (Izmir), 93,108
Turkish, publishing in, 114
Turkishness, 28
U
Ulema (clergy), 36, 58, 120, 133,
140n458, 142, 147, 159, 170, 210
Urla (Klazomene), 87, 198
U$akligil, Halit Ziya, 29, 29n40
V
Vakf, 94
Valon, Alexis de, 41,224
Venice, 44
Vessels, American, 66
Vessels, Austrian, 66
Vessels, European, 66
Vessels, French, 66
Vessels, Russian, 66
Volos, 84n243
Vorgorides family, 161
W
Wallachia, 58, 155, 187n700
Werry, Francis, British Consul, 159,
169- 170
Werry, Nathaniel, British Vice Consul,
170- 171, 176-177, 179n668, 180,
180n674
Y
Yevmi Izmir, Turkish newspaper, 1144
Young Turks (see also Committee for
Union and Progress), 24, 216, 240,
247
Ypsilantis, Alexandros, 155
Z
Zante, 52
Zimmi Pact, 149, 154, 156, 158, 179
Zimmu 154, 158, 191
Zorlusoy, Hasan, 42
284
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: WHY STUDY COMMUNAL RELATIONS IN IZMIR?
............
19
IZMIR RUMS OR IZMIR
GREEKS?...........................................................................26
INFIDEL IZMIR OR TURKISH
IZMIR?.........................................................................27
CHAPTER I: A FLOURISHING CITY
....................................................................35
*THE FLOWER OF THE LEVANT*
...............................................................................
37
CLAIMS MADE ON IZ M
IR......................................................................................43
THE MEANING OF IZMIR TO THE P O
RTE..................................................................49
THE GOVERNANCE OF
IZMIR...................................................................................51
THE SOCIAL ORDER DISRUPTED, 1770 TO THE
1820S...............................................52
STRUGGLE FOR LEGITIMACY: EGYPT, RUSSIA AND BALKANS
.......................................
57
FIRES AND
EPIDEMICS..........................................................................................
61
CHAPTER II: SOCIO-ECONOMIC NETWORKS IN
NINETEENTH-CENTURY IZMIR
.........................
THE CITY AS AN ORGANIC WHOLE
THE UNIFIED URBAN SPACE
............................
GREEKS AND TURKS AMID ECONOMIC VITALITY
NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
..........
EDUCATION
.....................................................
SOCIAL CLUBS
.................................................
HOSPITALS
......................................................
.65
72
..76
..99
111
115
122
C H A P TE R III: O T T O M A N M O D E R N I Z A T I O N
..............................................127
CENTRALIZING
REFORMS.......................................................................................127
ELEMENTS OF
CENTRALIZATION..............................................................................
140
C H A P TE R IV: A N E N RA G E D S U LTA N A N D * T HE G RE E K IN
TRIG U E *
.........
153
IMPACT OF UNREST ON THE IZMIR
GREEKS............................................................163
STRENGTHENING INTERACTION, INCREASING CONTROL
.............................................
180
C H A P TE R V: C O M M U N A L R E LA TIO N S IN TH E P O ST-1 8 4 0 S
P E R IO D
........
201
GREEK-TURKISH PROPERTY
RELATIONS...................................................................
201
SOCIAL INTERACTION AMONG COMMON
PEOPLE....................................................213
OTTOMAN ATTEMPTS TO STIMULATE POLITICAL
LOYALTY.........................................218
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE IZMIR GREEKS
......................................................
225
URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL ORDER OF THE CITY
........................................
229
COMMERCIAL
LIFE..............................................................................................
234
THE BREAKDOWN OF
ORDER.................................................................................239
C O N C LU S IO N
........................................................................................................241
S ELECT B IB LIO G RA P H Y
........................................................................................
249
A NOTE ON THE SOURCES
....................................................................................
249
PRIMARY
SOURCES...............................................................................................
253
CITED SECONDARY SOURCES
.................................
253
APPENDIX I: FURTHER
READING...........................................................................
272
APPENDIX II: IZMIR MUNICIPALITY PUBLICATIONS
...............................................
273
I N D E X
....................................................................................................................275
GLOSSARY OF
TERMS............................................................................................
285
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tansuǧ, Feryal 1971- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1228597642 |
| author_facet | Tansuǧ, Feryal 1971- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tansuǧ, Feryal 1971- |
| author_variant | f t ft |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045139921 |
| classification_rvk | NP 6450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1033645654 (DE-599)DNB1156660564 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1826-1864 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1826-1864 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Izmir (DE-588)4096359-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Izmir |
| id | DE-604.BV045139921 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T16:47:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065711506 |
| isbn | 9783631735169 3631735162 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030529745 |
| oclc_num | 1033645654 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | 286 Seiten Illustrationen 21 cm x 14.8 cm, 375 g |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Peter Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Tansuǧ, Feryal 1971- İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4022046-1 (DE-588)4061165-6 (DE-588)4096359-7 |
| title | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city |
| title_auth | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city |
| title_exact_search | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city |
| title_full | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city Feryal Tansuğ |
| title_fullStr | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city Feryal Tansuğ |
| title_full_unstemmed | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city Feryal Tansuğ |
| title_short | İzmir/Smyrna 1826–1864 |
| title_sort | izmir smyrna 1826 1864 greek turkish relations in a late ottoman city |
| title_sub | greek-turkish relations in a Late Ottoman city |
| topic | Griechen (DE-588)4022046-1 gnd Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Griechen Türken Izmir |
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