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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Maps ix
Preface xiii
A Note on Terms and Place Names xix
Common Abbreviations xxi
INTRODUCTION: Progress or Backwardness? Enlightened
Centralism versus Civic Republicanism in the Former
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1
CHAPTER 1: We Built This City on Magdeburg Law: Cities and
Citizens in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before the First
Partition 25
CHAPTER 2: If Only Our Commission Had More Power:
Enlightened Centralism and the Royal Cities after
the First Partition 53
CHAPTER 3: Weaponizing Good Order: Urban Politics and Civic
Republicanism in the Era of Constitutional Reform and Partition,
1788-1809 86
VIII
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4: Enlightened Profit-Seeking: The Private Towns of
the Zamoyski and Radziwill Estates in the Eighteenth Century 121
CHAPTER 5: The Apogee of Enlightened Centralism: Town
and State in the Napoleonic and Post-Napoleonic Period 153
CHAPTER 6: The Persistence of the Old Commonwealth:
Cities, Nobles, and the State in the Western Provinces of
the Russian Empire 188
CONCLUSION: Emancipating Citizens into Subjects 219
Appendixes 23 7
Notes 241
Bibliography 287
Index 311
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Index
administration, 124,154, 233; under
Austria, 118, 143-44, 146-47, 158;
buildings for, 204, 211; classification
of townspeople in, 194,196, 204-6; of
Congress Kingdom of Poland, 161; cost
of bureaucracy for, 166-67, 228; Duchy
of Warsaw s, 154-55,157-59; goals
of, 60,163, 226; as hierarchy, 166,186,
232; kahals separate from, 214-15; lack
of qualified officials for, 118,195-96,
213-14; by local government, 169-71,
175, 218; under Napoleon, 153-59, 161,
163-66, 187, 276n3i; officials in, 164-65,
167,168, 212, 221, 226-27, 22$; Perma-
nent Council in, 51, 54; Poland s lack
of capacity for, 14-15; private town
owners and, 149-50,177-78,179-80,
180-81,198-99; of private towns,
129-30,143-44,146,176,187; under
Prussia, 117-19,158; under Russia,
190-93, 206-9, 218, 221; towns limited
autonomy in, 211-12; of Zamoyskis
towns, 137-41,143-47. See also specific
positions
agriculture, 57; Jews encouraged to take
up, 60,107,160
alcohol: state s campaigns against, 21-22,
229; taxes on, 58, 60, 62,173^74,180
alcohol production, 56, 61-62; burghers
weaned off, 169,172, 174; importance
of, 229-30; by Jews, 43,160,173; reve-
nue from, 78-81,141, 186
alcohol production privilege, 59, 65;
competition for, 63-71; Department
of Police mediating disputes over,
63-64, 66-71; Jews loss of, 59-60, 62; as
monopoly, 55, 61-62, 136,173-74, 217;
revenue from, 59, 70-71, 78-83,136,
196-98
aldermen, 31
Alexander I, Tsar (Russia), 3, 162, 205, 216;
Congress Kingdom under, 11, 18, 160-
—161,189; liberal charter under, 14, 20
Alexander II, Tsar (Russia), 162-63,186,
219, 220
Alexander III, Tsar (Russia), 220-21
Althusius, Johannes, 30, 45
anarchy, 77; Poland accused of history of,
i~3*14/ 54/ 57
Arendt, Hannah, 9
Aristotle, 31-32
Assessor Court, 33, 38, 50, 86,114,115,
224-25
Auersperg, Heinrich von, 144
August II, King (Poland-Lithuania), 38, 44
August III, King (Poland-Lithuania), 35,
48-49
Austria, 119, 229; bureaucracy under, 118,
312
INDEX
143, 158; justifying partition of Poland,
2-3; local self-government and, 117-18,
220, 227; Poles vs. Ukrainians in Galicia
under, 220-21; private towns and, 146,
205, 216; support for central govern-
ment in, 221-22; territories of, 18, 51,
127-28
Avrutin, Eugene, 172
backwardness, 222; Poland accused of, 2,
15-16,53-55
balance of power, 101; constant renego-
tiation of, 19, 44-45; estate divisions
providing, 119-20; interventions upset-
ting, 90,119
Bar Confederacy, 2,15, 50-51, 58,127
Barssa, Fredryck, 34
beautification, of cities, 57, 62, 84,148-49
Beauvois, Daniel, 189
Behrens, C. B. A., 6
Belarusian territories, 122; ceded to Rus-
sia, 18, 51; reforms in, 189-90, 221
Befyzyce, 179-80,183-84
Berlin, Isaiah, 8
Bershadskii, S. Av 189
Birkenthal, Ber, 127
Black Procession, 25-26, 88, 103-4, 225
blood-libel accusations, 40, 43, 269034
Bobrzyriski, Michal, 3
Boguchwalski, Jozef, 108
Bogucka, Maria, 34
Bohdanowicz, Jan, 201-2, 225
Bomelburg, Hans-Jiirgen, 13
Bourdieu, Pierre, 9
Brandys, Kazimierz, 167-68,179-81
Britain, 23
Brzezihski, (Witold), 180-81,184-85
budgets, 58,163; and cost of increased
bureaucracy, 166-67, 209-10, 228;
efforts to rationalize, 73-75, 77-78, 81;
of kahals, 214-15; of private towns,
178-82; and towns limited financial
autonomy, 211-12
Bukar, Adam, 141-42
burghers, 136,156, 231; in administration
of Zamoyski s towns, 137-38,140,
146-47; alcohol production privilege
and, 64-71,169,172,174; alcohol pro-
duction privilege of, 62; appeals by, 33,
50, 233; autonomy of, 26, 30-31, 94-95,
130,132; central government and,
70, 206-7, 226; complaints by, 91-92,
109-10; criticisms of, 70, 84,188-89;
defending rights, 56, 58, 94-95, 206-7;
demanding more rights, 25-26, 88-89,
104; as farmers, 57,191,194; Jews and,
16-17,19, 39; Jews vs., 40, 93-94/107-8,
111-12; kahals vs., 87,113-14; nobles
and, 16-17,19,100; political participa-
tion by, 92,160; private town owners
and, 123,144-45,147,151,199, 206-7,
217; private towns competing for, 42,
125; privileges and rights for, 11,15;
privileges and rights of, 31,154; resis-
tance to reforms, 15,146-47; resistance
to regulations, 54-56; starostas vs., 38,
86, 95-98, 258n36
burgraves, and owners of private towns,
137-38,145-46
Buxhoewden, Feodor, 114
Bychawa, 179,183
Cameralism, 5,13
capital improvement projects, 78,133,
219-20, 261079; cities lacking revenue
for, 198, 210-12
capitals: district, 192-93,198, 209-10;
provincial, 194, 227-28, 230-31; resi-
dential, 122,126-27,133/ 137/147-49/
177, 230-31
Cardinal Laws, 50
Catherine the Great, Empress (Russia), 2,
68,194-96, 203; complaints about Con-
stitution of the Third of May to, 104-5;
Confederacy of Bar rebellion against,
50-51; reforms under, 47, 49-50,
189-92, 217
central government, 156,186, 224; bur-
ghers and, 84, 226; liberal support for,
221-22; local officials and, 169-71,175;
weakness of, 87,102,123
centralism. See enlightened centralism
centralization, 51; assumptions about,
13-14, 225; effects of, 21-22, 230-31,
235-36
Charles II (England), 7, 47
Charles XII (Sweden), 35
chartered towns, 29
Charter to the Towns (1785), 47-48,191,
195-96,198, 216-18
Chelm, 65, 81, 91, 99,101,108,113,118,
157/171
INDEX
313
Chevkin, Vladimir, 198, 203-4
Christians: in disputes with Jews, 39,
111-12,131,140; Jews and, 28, 44,
124-26,131; Jews vs., 62,106-7,
195
Chromowicz, Jan, 96-97
citizens, 89, 226, 233, 236
city councils, 32,166; accusations against,
38,164-65; elections to, 95-96; in pri-
vate towns, 138,146, 202; roles of, 31,
249020
civic republicanism, 8, 30, 44,110, 225,
232; assumptions of, 28-29; boundaries
established by, 223-24; centralism vs.,
8-9, 17, 52; continued attachment to,
91-92; locals attachment to, 54-56;
providing balance of power, 119-20
Civil-Military Commissions, 88; com-
plaints about, 101,110-11; complaints
directed to, 99,100-101,110-11; effec-
tiveness of, 54, 82; goals of, 100,116;
mediating disputes, 111-12; resistance
to regulations by, 146-47
civil rights. See rights
Clark, Christopher, 6
clerics, 26
Code Napoléon. See Napoleon
Collins, James, 4
commerce, 57-58,125, 216. See also econ-
omy
commissars, starostas replaced by, 150
Communist Party, 1-2
Confederacy of Bar. See Bar Confederacy
Congress Kingdom of Poland, 169,189,
221, 227; constitution of, 20, 23,160-61;
creation of, 11,18,160; economy of,
173,196, 229; efforts to integrate into
Russia, 162-63; Jewish policies of, 162,
232-33; parliament of, 160-61; private
towns in, 180, 231
Congress of Vienna, 160
Constitution of the Third of May (1791),
2-3,11,14,19, 54, 88,104-5
Council of Four Lands, 50
Coxe, William, 26
crime, 132-33
Cwik, Wladyslaw, 97
Czaja, Aleksander, 15,54
Czartoryski, Prince Adam Kazimierz, 49,
160
Czartoryskis, 49-50
Czartoyski, Prince Józef, 95-96,104,109,
116
Czetwertynski, Prince, 98
Dastkiewicz, Pawet, 95-97,104,109-10,
224
decentralization, 221
Dekert, Jan, 25-26, 96-97, 99
Department of Police, 51, 61-62, 232,
2561x22; alcohol production and, 63-64,
66-71, 78-81, 83,169; complaints to,
53-54, 255TIJ; control of towns reve-
nues, 83-84; regulations by, 81-82, 146
department of social welfare, 193
Domahski, Piotr, 163-64, 181
Domat, Jean, 45-46
Downing, Brian, 6
Drucki-Lubecki, Franciszek, 173-74
Dubno, 21,188,198-99, 204, 206, 211, 231
Duchy of Warsaw, 160,186, 205; adminis-
tration of, 154-56,169; creation of, 11,
15,153; under Napoleon, 157-59; terri-
tory of, 18,157,163
dumas, town, 215-16, 220
Dynner, Glenn, 13
Dzierzanowski, Franciszek, 145
East Galicia, 51
economy, 48,126-27; dependence on Jews
in, 155,174, 228-29; efforts to promote
growth in, 21-23, 47/ 19°i grain trade
in, 34-35, 48, 59,122-23,152; Jews as
competition in, 36, 39, 93-94,107-8,
111- 12, 214, 259^5; Jews dominating
towns , 39-40, 57-58,194-95; Jews in,
112- 13, 140-41; sluggishness of, 21-23,
213
education, 137, 145-48
Eisenbach, Arthur, 89
elites, 47, 50. See also nobility
Ellowicz, Aron, 202
enlightened centralism, 10,123,145, 220;
appeal of, 47-48; assumptions about, 6,
12, 54-55; civic republicanism vs., 8,17;
effects of, 12, 23-24, 227, 232-35; fail-
ures of, 155-57,162,175-76, 226
Epstein, S. R., 6
Eroshkin, N. P., 216
estates, 80, 90,111; agreement among
28-29, 94-95,102-3,110; complaints
among 86-87, 97-98,114; conflicting
314
INDEX
rights and privileges of, 27-28, 224-25;
conflicts providing balance of power,
119-20, 236; constant discord among,
93-94, 101-2; mediation of conflicts
among, 71,100-101; rivalries among,
40, 56; united in trying to maintain
status, 91-93
Europe, 45, 162; appeal of enlightened
centralism in, 47-48; republics devolv-
ing into oligarchies in, 31-32; state
model in, 222-23, 234-35; urban auton-
omy in, 27, 29-30
Evans, Richard, 222
Evtuhov, Catherine, 192
feudalism, 27,154,176-77,186
Finke, Benjamin, 163, 227
fires: devastation by, 135, 200; regulations
for prevention of, 73,142,148,188
Firlej, 178-79,181
First Republic, 3
Flanders, 30
Four-Year Parliament, 14, 87-88, 89-90, 91
France, 19-20, 23, 26-27
Frederick the Great, King (Prussia), 6,
47-48/ 50-51
Frederick William (Prussia), 7
Fredro, Andrzej Maksymilian, 92-93
freedom, 12; burghers , 27, 31; in civic
republicanism, 8-9; Jews7,112-13;
Magdeburg Law assuring, 27, 29,
129-30
French Revolution, 5, 25-26
Frick, David, 28, 44,140
Friedeburg, Robert von, 6-8
Friedrich, Karin, 34
Friedrich August III (Saxony), 157,159
Friedrich Wilhelm III (Prussia), 157,162
Friedrich Wilhelm II (Prussia), 88
Frost, Robert, 35
Galicia, 13; under Austrian rule, 118-19;
in Duchy of Warsaw, 153,157; Poles vs.
Ukrainians in, 220-21
Gqsiorowski, Stefan, 124
German language, 32
Germany, 27, 30,154
Gierek, Edward, 1
Gierke, Otto, 6
Gierowski, Jozef Andrzej, 14
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 1-2
good order, beautification confused with,
57
Good Order Commissions, 55, 63, 88; fail-
ure of, 77, 82-84; funding for, 259056,
78, 79; goals of, 50, 72-73; in Lublin,
58-59, 71-78, 82-83; as models for
private town owners, 142,146; nobles
on, 60-61; Poznan as model for, 61, 72;
regulations by, 72-73, 82, 84; resistance
to regulations by, 53-54, 56, 77,146
good order regulations, 44,175; effects of,
47,170; enforcement of, 100-101,128,
142, 228; lack of enforcement authority
for, 102,172; for private towns, 148-49
good police, benefits attributed to, 46
gorodnichii, 193,198-99, 203
Gostomski, Anzelm, 42
Governing Commission for Internal
Affairs and Police (KRSW), 186;
authority of, 161,169-70, 212; con-
trolling towns7 finances, 164-67,178,
180; on local officials, 161-62,168,178,
227; Lublin s financial problems and,
174-75; private town owners and,
181-85
Government Inspector, The (Gogol), 193, 234
governors: in administration under Rus-
sians, 192-93; local government and,
195-96, 218, 220; November Insurrec-
tion and, 207-8; Radziwili negotiating
with, 199-200, 203; reporting poor con-
dition of towns, 210-12
Grand Duchy, 32-33, 63
Great Northern War, 35, 43-44
Grochowska, Irena, 123
Grodno constitution, 105
Guicciardini, (Francesco), 30
guilds, 28, 32, 39, 43, 61
Guizot, François, 7-8,15
Habsburgs, 13,119,128,143-44, 205
Henrican Articles, 33
Henri de Valois, 33
Hryniewiecki, Kajetan, 58-59, 72-78,
82-83, 256022, 259n55
Humble Request, A, 89,112, 225
Hundert, Gerson, 43,108,123
Huryn, Karol, 199, 202
industrialization, 6
Ireland, 124, 221, 2521148
INDEX
315
Italy, 30
Iziaslav, 203, 211
Jabionowski, Maciej, 154,176
Jadwiga d Anjou, 32
Jagiellonian dynasty, 33-34, 58,129
Jakub, Jan, 127-28
Jan Sobieski, King (Poland-Lithuania),
40, 44
January Insurrection (1863), 20, 221
Jewish communities, 106, 115; autonomy
of, 38-39, 91, 94-95,112; in private
towns, 124, 126
Jews, 42, 269034; alcohol production by,
43/ 55/ 59-6o, 62, 64-68,173; attitudes
toward, 93-94,140-41; blamed for
towns problems, 84,155,200-201;
burghers vs26, 40, 93-94,107-8; Con-
stitution of the Third of May putting
under city control, 88; in dispute over
billeting soldiers, in; dominating town
economies, 39-40, 57-58, 194-95; as
economic competition, 36, 39, 71, 93—94,
107-8, in-12, 214, 259n55; economy s
dependence on, 155,174; encouraged
to take up agriculture, 60, 107,160;
enlightened centralism s effects on,
232-35; homes of, 87,115,149; increas-
ing prominence of, 38; loss of rights,
159-60, 274m6; private town owners
and, 43,134,152, 183-85, 202, 207;
relations with burghers and nobles,
16-17, x9/ residency limits on, 39, 71,
107,109-10,112,141,159-60,170,174,
200—201, 228; resistance to regulations,
15, 54-55,113; restrictions on, 38-39, 71,
87, 89-90,131-32,170, 228-29; rights
and privileges of, 15, 40, 50,112-13;
starostas believed to be protecting, 59,
90, 108-11, 114; state policies on, 155,
159, 162,169,186; in trade, 38-39, 44,
191; violations of residency restrictions,
114-15,149. See also Christians
Jezierski, Jacek, 99
Jogaila, Grand Duke (Lithuania), 32-33
Joseph II (Austria), 6, 8, 49,124,128,
143-44
Judson, Pieter, 221
jurydykas, 40-41, 50, 56, 58-59, 86,118;
autonomy of, 90-91, 94-95; magistra-
cies vs., 115-17
Kaczyriski, Jaroslaw, 3
kahals, 56,131,195; abolition of, 112, 214;
alcohol production privileges and, 65,
81; budgets of, 214-15; Christians and,
113-14,140; defending autonomy,
93-94; magistracies and, 43, 86-87,
106-8,111, 113; starostas and, 39, 108
Kamenets-Podol skii. See Kamianets-
Podils kyi
Kamianets-Podils kyi, 18, 116, 194, 196-
197, 209-210, 216, 231, 283n57, 283n6o
Kamieniec-Podolski. See Kamianets-
Podils kyi
Kaminski, Andrzej Sv 10, 222
Kazimierz Dolny, 40, 65, 99,113,173, 219,
259n57
Kazimierz the Great, King (Poland),
30-31,58, 249m6
Kazmierczyk, Adam, 124
Kermisz, Jozef, 15
Khmelnyt skyi, Bohdan, 35
Kingdom of Poland, expansion of, 32-33
kings. See monarchs; specific monarchs
Klawzowski, Karol, 149
Kleinmann, Yvonne, 28,124
Klemenc, Marcin, 117
Kliriski, Jan, 89
Konopczyriski, Wladyslaw, 14
Kochowski, Antoni, 146
Kolt^taj, Hugo, 14, 87,102,112-13,123,
158-59
Komburlei, Mikhail, 203-4
Komoniecki, Andrzej, 142
Konarski, Stanislaw, 48
Konic, Henryk, 222
Korn, Krzysztof, 101
Korzon, Tadeusz, 14-15, 54
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 105
Koselleck, Reinhart, 9
Kossowski, Stanislaw, 179-80
Kozarki, Jozef, 159
Kozmian, Kajetan, 14
Krakow, 160
Krakow Academy (Jagiellonian Univer-
sity), 137
Krakow School, 3, 14
Krasnik, 139-40,145-46,182-83
Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy, 231
Kremenets , 18, 66, 86, 90, 95-96,113-114,
117, 208-210, 212-213, 224, 26m8o
Krzemieniec. See Kremenets
316
INDEX
Kupriianov, A. L, 216
Kutrzeba, Stanislaw, 14
Kwiatkowski, Teodor, 114
labor, required, no-ii, 116,131, 146, 201,
204
Laniewski, (Karol), 180
Lapicki, Julian, 219-20, 234
Lashkarev, G. S., 208, 215, 216
Law and Justice Party (PiS), 3
Law on Free Cities (1791). See Our Free
Royal Cities
lawsuits: cost of, 58, 94; as wasted money,
81, 86, 93, 96, 106
Lçczyca, 67-68, 84
Lelewel, Joachim, 14
Leszczyriski, Stanislaw, 48
Levashov. Governor-General, 212-13
Le win, Moshe, 183-85
liberum veto, 35, 48, 50
Lind, John, 2
Lipiakin, Colonel, 149
Lithuania, 32-33, 35, 63,103,105,129,199
Louis XIV, King (France), 7, 46
Lubartow, 147,178, 231
Lubianovskii, Fedor Petrovich, 210, 213
Lublin, 18, 2i, 131,157, 227, 25on29;
administration of, 163, 166, 227; con-
dition of, 57,118-19,170-72; efforts to
change citizens behavior in, 169-71;
financial problems of, 167-68, 174-75;
Good Order Commission in, 56, 58-59,
71-78, 82-83; importance of, 231-32;
magistracies in, 38,116-17, 118
Lubomirski, Stanislaw, 51, 270^6
Lubowiecki, Ignacy, 162,171
Luck. See Lutsk
Lukowski, Jerzy, 15, 44, 54, 101
lustration audits, 37, 95
Luszczewski, Jan, 176
Luszyczewski, Walerian, 67-68
Lutsk, 21, 95-97,115-16, 210-11, 27010.36
Machiavelli, 30,119
Magdeburg Law, 31, 59, 102, 129-30, 195-
96, 249ni6; civic republicanism based
on, 10, 28, 30; effects of, 27, 42, 126, 151;
loss of rights of, 63,103
magistracies, 83, 93, 133, 159, 212; in
administration under Russians, 192-93;
alcohol production revenue and, 78-82;
authority of, 88-89, 91; autonomy of,
91, 105; blamed for towns problems,
58, 84; complaining about private
towns protection of residents, 134-35;
effectiveness of, 44,119; efforts to limit
power of, 44, 99, 100-101; elections to,
43/195; enforcement by, 100,113,118;
Good Order Commissions and, 56,
72-75; Jews and, 107, 113,131-32,140,
170; jurydykas vs., 41,115-17; kahals
and, 39, 43, 86-87,106-7, in; in Lub-
lin, 72,116—17,118; in private towns,
130,140,145-46,149,152,177-78;
reliability doubted, 62-63, 76; starostas
and, 37, 90; starostas vs., 37-38, 97, 99,
102,105-6,108, 257n34
Malachowski, Stanislaw, 25
Maria Theresa (Austria), 47
mayors, 72-73,163, 166, 192; appointment
of, 66, 164, 206; election of, 43, 96; in
private towns, 138,146,181-82
Mazurkiewicz, Jozef, 178
Mçdrzecki, Adam, 34, 105
merchants, complaining about tax bur-
den, 73, 76
Michalowska-Mycielska, Anna, 108
military, 76, 81-82, 88,160. See also sol-
diers
Mlodziejowski, Andrzej, 59, 62, 76
Mniszech, (Michal), 81
modernity, 13-14, 23-24
modernization, 2-3, 6, 12
Mogilev, 204-5, 209-10, 214-15, 231-32
monarchies, 8, 41, 275ni8; benefits of,
13-14; city autonomy vs., 45-46; elec-
tive, 33-34; French, 26-27
monarchs, 51, 225; authority of, 33-34, 44;
estates contract with, 92-93; Jews and,
38, 40; Magdeburg Law and, 31-32,
129; roles of, 44-45, 164; starostas as
agents of, 36-37, 63
Morando, Bernardo, 137
Moser, Justus, 47
Mostowski, Tadeusz, 161
Moszyhski, Franciszek, 95-96
Muir, Edward, 28
Muscovy, 29-30, 35
Napoleon, 20, 153, 230; administration
under, 154-56,161,163-66,187,
276n3i; anti-Jewish policies under,
INDEX
317
i59-6°; Duchy of Warsaw under,
157-59; failed Russian campaign of,
160,167; property rights under, 176-77;
reforms of, 11,14-15,162.
nationalism, 234
natural rights, vocabulary of, 110
Nesvizh. See Niasvizh
Niasvizh, 129-31,133,139,148-49,151,
199-200, 202-3, 205-6, 230-31
Nicholas I (Russia), 3, 68,170,190, 209,
216; autocracy under, 23,162; Novem-
ber Insurrection and, 207-8
Nieswiez. See Niasvizh
nobles, 15, 36,154,159; burghers vs.,
25-26,100; cities belonging to, 41-42,
124, 141-42, 192; complaints by, 91, 98;
monarchs vs., 33-34, 50-51, 207; rela-
tions with burghers and Jews, 16-17,
19; rights and privileges of, 40-41,115,
131; roles of, 60-61,160, 216; Russians
and, 191, 194, 221
Northern Wars, 43-44
November Insurrection (1830), 3, 8, 20,
207; effects of, 154-55, *62, 174, 208—9
Novosil tsev, Nikolai, 161
Nowicki, 200-201
Ok^cki, Antoni, 61
Olyka, 127,129,132, 134-136, 143, 151,
188-89,199-200, 202-3, 217/ 231
Opas, Tomasz, 123, 252048
Ostowski, Tomasz, 53-54, 59, 70, 83
Our Free Royal Cities (law, 1791), 54,
88-89, 104
Owidzki, Joachim, 158-59
palantines, 39,194
parliaments, 34-35, 41, 44, 62,102; in
Catherine the Great s reform plans,
49-50; confederation of, 61, 88; estates
contract with, 92-93; kangaroo, 105;
ordering lustration audits, 37, 95
partitions, of Poland-Lithuania: disman-
tling of Polish-Lithuanian Common-
wealth by, 2-3, 105; effects of, 10-11,
19, 23,127-28, i44“45/ 153; final,
117-19; first, 51,139; second, 19
Paskevich, Ivan, 162,180, 183
Paszkowski, Jerzy, 148-49
Pavlovich, Konstantin, 161
peasant community assemblies, 219—20
peasants, 58,121,140, 222; benefits of
towns to, 126-27; emancipation of,
204-5, 219-21; marketing produce of,
141,192
Permanent Council, 51, 257^6; abolished,
62, 88; finances of, 65, 76-77, 79; inef-
fectiveness of, 54, 61, 84
Peter the Great (Russia), 35, 47-48
Pilsudski, Józef, 3
Podolia, 21,194-95,198/ 203-4, 2°8,
214-16, 28oni3
police, 209-10; expectations of, 168-69,
172,175; private towns and, 198, 203-4;
roles of, 189, 193, 212, 228
Police Commission of Both Nations, 88,
104-5,113/117
Polish language, for city business, 32, 208,
283n6o
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 38,
168; antiprogress in, 235-36; assump-
tions about, 10-11,15; cities of, 10-11,
15, 29, 34-35, 225-26; civil war in,
50-52, 57; compared to neighbors,
26-27, 30; creation of, 33; end of, 2-3,
105; original state structure of, 51-52;
particularism of, 190-91; private towns
in, 125, 187; reality vs. ideals of cities
in, 155, 226; similarity to neighbors,
4,21
politics, in civic republicanism vs. enlight-
ened centralism, 9,17
Poniatowski, Stanislaw, the Elder, 48
Poniatowski, Stanislaw, the Younger. See
Stanislaw August Poniatowski, King
Potocki, Felix, 204
poverty, of royal towns, 57, 70
Poznan, 61, 72,157, 160
private town owners, 152; burghers and,
144-45, M7/ 206-7; contributions for
administration of, 180-81; effects of
centralization on, 230-31; efforts to
improve, 123-24, 142-43, 145; invest-
ments by, 187, 211; loss of benefits and
privileges for, 177, 219; motives of, 150,
152; residents and, 176-80, 187,198-
202, 216-17, 23°/ residents vs., 182-85,
188; roles in managing, 132, 133; state
and, 198-202, 206-7, 23°/ symbols of
wealth and status in, 133-34; Zamoys-
kis administration of, 137-41, 143-47,
*45-47
318
INDEX
private towns, 41,137,192, 230, 252048;
abolition of, 192, 221; administration
of, 126,146-47, 149, 187, 204; admin-
istration under Austria, 143-44,146;
administration under Russia, 149-50,
198-99; autonomy of, 156, 202; budgets
of, 180-82; burghers in, 132, 146-47;
Christians and Jews in, 124-26; com-
peting for burghers, 125, 127; decline
of, 122-23, 21*/ 231-32; as district
capitals, 198, 203; efforts to attract
settlers to, 44, 129-30, 134, 150, 152,
177, 230; emancipation of, 205, 216,
218, 236; excluded from most reforms,
18, 61, 63,122; importance of, 231-32;
Jewish communities in, 42-43, 124, 126;
number of, 124, 205, 261093, 268n8;
outside government interference, 20,
50; police in, 203-4, 256022; reclassified
as villages, 22, 178-79, 219, 231-32; reg-
ulations in, 146-49; residents of, 122,
134-35, 151/ 179-80; revenue of, 42,
126-27,130-31/ *35-36/ 141-42, 147-52/
177-78, 184, 217; royal towns compared
to, 129-30, 133; under Russia, 20-21,
189,192, 203, 216; state and, 22, 36,162,
176,187, 203, 205, 232; taxes in, 148,
185,189
productivity, efforts to improve cities ,
21-23, *54
progress: assumptions about, 7,13, 88,
161, 235; centralization not necessarily
bringing, 13-14, 23-24, 235
property rights, 194, 230, 252048; Mag-
deburg Law guaranteeing, 42,129-30;
Napoleonic Code respecting, 20, 156,
176-77; of private town owners, 162,
187; privileges seen as, 30, 47, 56,110
propinacja. See alcohol production priv-
ilege
protekcja, 134-35,140,142,150
Proudfoot, Lindsay, 124
Provincial Reorganization (1775), 191
Prussia, 2,153,158, 220, 229; importing
administrative institutions to Poland,
117—19; private towns in, 205, 216; ter-
ritories of, 104-5, *57
Radziwill, Antoni, 205-6, 207
Radziwill, Dominik, 127, 149, 150, 199,
205-6, 225; autonomy over towns,
202-3; financial problems of, 200, 207;
private towns residents and, 188-89,
202, 218, 230
Radziwill, Karol Stanislaw, 129, 134, 143,
200; compared to Zamoyski, 121-22;
Confederacy of Bar supported by,
50-51; Jews and, 228-29; residential
capital of, 126-27; revenue of private
towns and, 147-48; role in managing
towns, 132, 148-49
Radziwill, Maciej, 149-50
Radziwill, Michal Hieronim, 150
Radziwill, Michal Kazimierz, 129,132,143
Radziwill, Mikolaj Krzysztof, 129-30
Radziwill, Wilhelm, 217
Radziwill family, 127, 129, 151; revenue
from private towns of, 141-42; town
residents and, 134-35,152; Zamoyskis
compared to, 137-41,148
Radziwillowa, Katarzyna, 131-32
Raeff, Marc, 6, 172
record keeping/accounting: criticisms of
towns , 58, 210-11; fines for failures of,
212-13; requirements for, 100,113
Regulation for Nowy Korczyn and Other
Royal Towns in the Crown (1776), A,
61
regulations, 60, 118, 175; difficulty of
enforcing, 101,169-70,189, 228; good
order, 101, 102, 172, 175, 228; of Good
Order Commissions, 72-73, 82; resis-
tance to, 53-55, 72,116,146-47,152
religious orders, 40, 115-16,131
Renaissance, chartered communities in, 30
rents, nonpayment of, 86
revenue, 259056; control of, 59,106,165-
66; dependence on Jews for, 228-29;
difficulty collecting, 76-77,167-68;
insufficiency of, 58,167,172, 228; Lub-
lin s, 58, 72—78; from private towns,
126-27,141-42,150-52,177-78; in
private towns, 130-31,135-36,147-49,
152,184, 217
revenue sources, 83-84, 172, 197, 229;
from alcohol production, 62, 64, 78-83,
196-98; need for alcohol production s,
70-71, 155, 172-73,186
rights, 58, 224, 233; Black Procession
requesting more, 88-89; for burghers,
11,15, 25-26, 104; in Congress King-
dom of Poland, 160-61; for Jews, 15,
INDEX
319
159-60, 195, 2741116; locals attachment
to, 54-56
Rimskii-Korskov, A., 208, 210, 212-14
Roding, G. I., 203
Rogozinski, Antoni, 199-201
Rohdewald, Stefan, 234
Rosman, Moshe, 43,123, 134
royal towns, 261^3; Good Order Com-
missions and, 50, 55, 83; internal
discord in, 86-87; poor condition of,
57-58, 70; private towns and, 124,
268n8; private towns compared to, 125,
129-30,133, 231-32; proposal to sell
to nobles, 141-42; Stanislaw August s
reform proposals for, 6i, 142
Rozenberg, A. G., 189
Rudomicz, Bazyli, 138,140,142
Rulhière, Claude, 4
Rus , 32, 33, 279n6
Russia, 2, 23, 220, 27908; administration
under, 195-96, 198-99, 206-8, 218;
effects of November Insurrection
against, 154-55, 207-8; efforts to assim-
ilate Polish-Lithuanian provinces, 162-
63,190-91,194, 208, 215, 227, 24205;
estate complaints to, 114-15; model for
alcohol monopoly from, 173-74; poli-
cies toward local government, 117-18,
189-92; private towns under, 20-21,
135,149,189,198-203, 231; reforms
and, 10, 47-48; territories of, 18, 51,
104-5,127/16°; wars of, 35,164,167
Russian language, requirement for, 208-9
Samsonowicz, Henryk, 34
Sanguszko, Janusz, 86,147
Sanguszko, Karol, 178-79
Sanguszko family, 147, 231-32
sanitation: cities lacking revenue for, 198,
210; efforts to improve, 5, 72-73,172,
227-28
Schilling, Heinz, 10, 28, 45, 110
Schultz, Stanislaw, 220
Scipio, Karol di Campio, 179
Scotland, 221
Scott, H. M., 8
self-administration, 104, 131,168, 232;
abolished, 158-59,186; as constellation,
223, 232; European trends in, 220, 222-
23; officials loss of power in, 233-34;
peasant, 219-20, 222; under Rus-
sians, 117-18,128, 189-92, 220; states
allowing, 91,117—18,126,128
Semetskii, 212
serfdom, abolition of, 204-5
Sigismund August, King (Poland), 33, 37
Sikorski, Roch, 193
Skinner, Quentin, 8, 223
Slaszic, Stanislaw, 13
Slutsk, 126, 149, 201, 203, 217, 231
Shick. See Slutsk
Smith, Adam, 5-6
Smith, Alison, 189-90
Smith, J. Toulmin, 23, 230
Smolenski, Wladystaw, 14
Sobieski family, 138
soldiers: billeting, 73, 76-77, 86-87,
99—100,108-11,114,116; French, 157,
160,167; Russian, 135,167, 205-6. See
also military
soslovie classifications, 194, 206
Stackelberg, Otto von, 61
Stanislaw August Poniatowski, King
(Poland-Lithuania), 10, 25-26, 51, 57,
61, 229; private towns and, 122,124,
151, 230-31; reform proposals by, 15,
49, 60,122,142
starostas, 56, 93; attitudes toward, 62-63,
83, 105; Austrians abolishing, 118;
authority of, 36-37, 39, 88-91, 94-96,
98-99; burghers and, 50; burghers vs.,
38, 58, 95-98, 258036; competing for
alcohol production privilege, 59, 62,
64-66, 79-81; Jews and, 106, 108-11,
114; jurisdiction of, 40-41,106; jury-
dykas vs., 40-41, 86; magistracies vs.,
37-38, 90, 99,102,105-6,108, 257034;
position as patronage from kings, 37,
63; of private towns, 130,150,152; roles
of, 36, 50, 6o, 95,101, 261079, 26m8o
Staszic, Stanislaw, 84, 87, 102
state, 162, 169, 194, 196, 220; adminis-
tration of private towns and, 179-80,
203; increasing control by, 4, 191;
private town owners and, 180-81,
199-200, 206-7; private town owners
vs. residents and, 176-77,182-85,
188,198-202, 230; private towns and,
179-80, 202, 205, 232; trying to take
over private towns, 176, 187, 203-4;
unitary, 5-7
state model, in Europe, 234-35
320
INDEX
Statute on the Jews (1804), 195-96, 207
Stawiarski, Ignacy, 154
street paving, funding for, 73, 76-77
Surowiecki, Wawrzyniec, 27
Sweden, 35, 137-38
Swiatlowicz, Piotr, 201-2
Swiniarski, Micha!, 34, 103,107,110, 116
Syrokomla, Wladyslaw, 231
Szczuka, Stanislaw, 44,123-24
Szujski, Józef, 3
Szydlowski, Adam, 70-71, 83-84
Targowica Confederacy, 149-50
taxes: on alcohol, 58,173-74, 180, 229; col-
lection of, 113, 212; difficulty collecting,
76-77,118, 210; excise, 230; exemptions
from, 115-16; half-keg, 65, 78; keg,
60, 62; levels of, 73, 78,194; paid by
Jews, 40, 89, 113; in private towns, 127,
131/135-36,139/141/14^, 185,189;
resistance to, 53-55, 87, 92; starostas
believed to be sheltering Jews from,
108-9,114
Teller, Adam, 39-40, 43, 44,123
Thorn. See Torun
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 23
Tomaszewski, Stanislaw, 203
Tomaszów, 139-43,145-46
trade, 44, 48, 112-13, 19L 229
Torun, 157,160
Transylvania, 35
Treaty of Tilsit, 157
Turgot, 46-47
Ukrainian territories, 33, 83, 197, 208; pri-
vate towns in, 122, 261093; reforms in,
189-90, 221; Russia and, 18, 2798
Urz^dów, 66, 97,100,167, 219, 259^7,
26m8o, 2691128
van Creveld, Martin, 6
villages, private towns reclassified as, 22,
178-79, 219, 231-32
violence, 40, 43-44/ 9^97/113-14
Viroli, Maurizio, 9
Vistula Land, 221
Vladimir. See Volodymyr-Volyns kyi
Volhynia, 210, 214-16, 280013
VoTianskii, Sublieutenant, 211
Volodymyr-Volyns kyi, 70-71,115,197-
98, 211, 258047
Voltaire, 15, 47
von Justi, Johann, 46
Vushko, Iryna, 13,119
Wakefield, Andre, 13
Walicki, Bazyli, 59, 62
Warsaw, 102-3, i°7/111-12,157
Warsaw School, 14
Weber, Eugene, 234
Weber, Max, 5-6,126
Wçgrzecki, Stanislaw, 158
West Prussia, 51
Wielopolski, Franciszek, 142
Wilczkiewicz, 100-101
Wisniowiecka, Gryzelda, 138, 140
Wittgenstein, Ludwig von, 205, 207, 217
Wtodzimierz. See Volodymyr-Volyns kyi
Wodzinski, Marcin, 21,156-57
wojts, 31, 95, 97, 249020; commune, 178;
private town owners and, 132-33,140
Zahorski, Andrzej, 15, 54
Zajqczek, Józef, 161,165,171
Zamosc, 21,137-41,144, 146,157,159,
164, 231-32
Zamoyski, Andrzej, 121-22,127-28,140,
143-44,146, 228-29
Zamoyski, Jan, 137-38
Zamoyski, Klemens, 143
Zamoyski, Stanislaw, 181-82,185-86, 230
Zamoyski, Zdzisfaw, 138
Zamoyski family, 141-42,157; administra-
tion of towns by, 143-47, 151/ 182-83;
dynamics of, 127-28; Radziwills com-
pared to, 145,148
Zaporozhain Cossacks, 35, 68
ZaslavT. See Iziaslav
zemstvos, 220, 221
Zhitomir. See Zhytomyr
Zhukovskii, N., 208-12, 214
Zhytomyr, 78, 100, 194, 197-98, 208-11,
216, 227, 232
Zienkowska, Krystyna, 15, 54
Zienkowski, 181
Zotkiewka, 147
Zytomierz. See Zhytomyr
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Murphy, Curtis G. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)116815703X |
| author_facet | Murphy, Curtis G. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Murphy, Curtis G. |
| author_variant | c g m cg cgm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045076468 |
| classification_rvk | KD 5060 NO 7580 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1048216701 (DE-599)BVBBV045076468 |
| discipline | Geschichte Slavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1750-1850 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1750-1850 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa Polen-Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV045076468 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:07:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780822964629 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030467541 |
| oclc_num | 1048216701 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| physical | XXII, 320 Seiten Karten |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | University of Pittsburgh Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Pitt series in Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Murphy, Curtis G. Verfasser (DE-588)116815703X aut From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus Curtis G. Murphy Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press [2018] XXII, 320 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pitt series in Russian and East European studies Geschichte 1750-1850 gnd rswk-swf Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd rswk-swf Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd rswk-swf Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd rswk-swf Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd rswk-swf Zentralismus (DE-588)4136805-8 gnd rswk-swf Bürger (DE-588)4008764-5 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 gnd rswk-swf Polen-Litauen (DE-588)1060577984 g Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 s Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 s Bürger (DE-588)4008764-5 s Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 s Zentralismus (DE-588)4136805-8 s Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 s Geschichte 1750-1850 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Murphy, Curtis G. From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd Zentralismus (DE-588)4136805-8 gnd Bürger (DE-588)4008764-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003524-4 (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4056618-3 (DE-588)4115716-3 (DE-588)4136805-8 (DE-588)4008764-5 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)1060577984 |
| title | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus |
| title_auth | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus |
| title_exact_search | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus |
| title_full | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus Curtis G. Murphy |
| title_fullStr | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus Curtis G. Murphy |
| title_full_unstemmed | From citizens to subjects city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus Curtis G. Murphy |
| title_short | From citizens to subjects |
| title_sort | from citizens to subjects city state the enlightenment in poland ukraine and belarus |
| title_sub | city, state, & the enlightenment in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus |
| topic | Aufklärung (DE-588)4003524-4 gnd Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd Zentralismus (DE-588)4136805-8 gnd Bürger (DE-588)4008764-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aufklärung Stadt Staat Reform Zentralismus Bürger Osteuropa Polen-Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030467541&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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