Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States

This book examines the history and politics of modern Greece from the early nineteenth century to the present and the presence of diaspora Greeks in the United States during the same approximate period. It considers not only the main periods of modern Greek diaspora, but also surveys the main histor...

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1. Verfasser: Kaloudis, George S. 1952- (VerfasserIn)
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505 8 |a Acknowledgments – Abbreviations – Introduction -- Chapter 1: First Period of Greek Migration: Fifteenth Century to1830 -- Chapter 2: Second Period of Greek Migration: 1830 to1939 -- Chapter 3: Third Period of Greek Migration: 1940 to 1970 -- Chapter 4: Fourth Period of Migration: Mid-1970s to Present -- Bibliography 
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_version_ 1804178450759548928
adam_text Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction xiii 1 First Period of Greek Migration: Fifteenth Century to 1830 1 2 Second Period of Greek Migration: 1830 to 1939 41 3 Third Period of Greek Migration: 1940 to 1970 109 4 Fourth Period of Greek Migration: Mid-1970s to Present 175 Bibliography 205 Index 221 About the Author 233 vii Bibliography Acheson Plan, The. http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/acheson_plan.htm. Adams, John Quincy. “They must cast off the European skin never to resume it.” In Immigration and the American Tradition, edited by Moses Rischin, 44-49. India- napolis: Bobbs-Merrill, Inc., 1976. Adams, John Quincy. “Correspondence between John Quincy Adams and Alexander Mavrocordatos, August 18, 1823.” In “Founded on Freedom Virtue”: Docu- ments Illustrating the Impact in the United States of the Greek War of Indepen- dence, 1821-1829, edited by Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou, 201-2. New York, Athens: Aristide D. Caratzas, 2002. Adams, John Quincy. Extract from the “Presidential Message, December 4,1827.” In *Founded on Freedom Virtue Documents Illustrating the Impact in the United States of the Greek War of Independence, 1821-1829, edited by Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou, 284. New York, Athens: Aristide D. Caratzas, 2002. Agtzides, Vlasis. Pontiakos Ellenismos: Apo ti Genoktonia kai Stalinismo stin Per- estroika [Pontian Greeks: From Genocide and Stalinism to Perestroika]. Thessa- loniki: Ekdotikos Oikos Adelphon Kyriakide, 1991. ------. Pontos: Ena anichto zitima [Pontos: One open question]. Athens: Enallak- tikes Ekdoseis, 1996. ------. EUines tou Pontou [Greeks of Pontos]. Athens: Ellenikes Ekdoseis A.E., 2005. Alastos, Doros. Venizelos: Patriot, Statesman, Revolutionary. Gulf Breeze, FL: Aca- demic International Press, 1978. Alivizatos, Nicos. “The Executive in the Post-Liberation Period, 1944-1949.” In Greece at The Crossroads: The Civil War and Its Legacy, edited by John O. Iat- rides and Linda Wrigley, 157-72. 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See American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Acheson, Dean, 150, 152 Acheson Plan, 151 Act of 1924, 80 Act of May 19, 1921, 80 Adams, John Quincy, 23, 25, 71 Agee, Philip, 141 Agnew, Spiro T., 162 agriculture: in Greece, 44-45; in United States, 66-67 AHEPA. See American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association AHL See American Hellenic Institute Albania, 114, 134 Alexander (King of Greece), 84 Alexander I (Tsar), 13-14, 16 Alexopoulos, Joakeim, 193 Alfange, Dean, 163 Ali, Muhammad, 110 Allied Mission for Observing Greek Elections (AMFOGE), 133 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 28* 39nl34 American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 73-75, 95-96, 197, 198; AHI and, 186; for assimilation, 73—74; Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and, 142-43; World War II and, 140 American Hellenic Institute (AHI), 186, 188 American Revolution, 20-23 Americans for Cyprus Committee, 188 The American Speaker, the Analytic Elocution (Zachos), 31 AMFOGE. See Allied Mission for Observing Greek Elections Anagnostopoulos, Michael, 40^1 Anastaplos, George, 161 Anatolia, 85-86, 91, 93 Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, 177 Anendotos (relentless struggle), 146, 149 Angelopoulos, Harry, 73 Angelopoulos, John, 73 ANO. See Antifascist Navy Organization Antifascist Air Force Organization (AAO), 153 Antifascist Army Organization (ASO), 153 Antifascist Navy Organization (ANO), 153 Archontes (Phanariots), 7 221 222 Index A SO. See Antifascist Army Organization ASPIDA. See Officers, Save Fatherland, Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy Athanasiades, John, 198 Athanassiades-Novas, George, 179 Athens, 57; Hellenism in, 177; Polytechnic School in, 177 Atlantis, 94 Attaturk (Kemal, Mustafa), 63, 87, 91 Australia, 113 Austria, 15, 61, 114 Averoff-Tositsas, Evangelos, 179 Avrakotos, Gust L., 141 Bafalis, Skip, 189 Balkan Greek Orthodox merchant class, 4 Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 48, 56, 62, 63-64, 71 Ball, George, 152 Benakis, Nicholas, 54 Biddle, Nicholas, 11 Bookwalter, Charles A., 65 Boosales, Helen C., 162 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 61 Brademas, John, 187-88, 189 Bulgaria, 61, 82-83, 123, 134 Burgess, Thomas, 68 Byron, Lord, 18-20 Byzantine Empire, xiii, 1, 59 Campbell, George, 73 Campbell, James, 73 Canada, 113, 114, 192-93 Canning, George, 17 Capitulations, 110 Caratzas, Aristide D., 191 CEH. See National Coordinated Effort of Hellenes Center Union Party (EK), 146, 156, 157, 181 Central Intelligence Service (KYP), 145 Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 5 Chicago, 79 “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” (Byron), 19 Chimbos, Peter D., 192 Chotas, Nicholas D., 73 Christian Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 197 Christians: on Crete, 59; in Ottoman Empire, 1-2; revolution of 1821 and, 24—25. See also Greek Orthodox Church Christopher, George, 162 Churchill, Winston, 126, 134 citizenship: in Greece, 57; in United States, 54, 81 Clark, Bruce, 92, 93 Clifford, Clark, 136 Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), 184 coal mining, 68, 69, 70 Cocoris, John, 80 Collins, Bill, 163 Colorado, 68, 69 Colvocoressis, George, 30 Communist Party—USA (CP), 99 Communists: democracy and, 129; military dictatorship, 1936-1941, and, 119, 121; in World War II, xv. See also Greek Civil War compatriot (patrioti), 64 conservatism, 98 Constantelos, Demetrios J., 193—94 Constantine I (King), xv; abdication by, 94; Balkan Wars and, 63; National Catastrophe and, 93-95; National Schism and, 82-84, 87; padrone system and, 71; United States for, 153; World War I and, 81-82 Constantine II (King), 155 Constantinople: as capital of Greece, 57; Greek expulsions from, 111; Greek Orthodox Church in, 111; after World War I, 84, 97 constitution, of Greece, 57-58, 83 Coolidge, Calvin, 96 corruption, 185 Index 223 Couloumbis, Theodore A., 137, 161, 189, 197 CP. See Communist Party-USA Crete: Christians on, 59-60; EAM/ ELAS in, 128; Germany and, 60; Goudi revolt of 1909 on, xiv, 58-63; Great Powers and, 62; Muslims on, 59; revolution in, 59; Russia and, 60; workers in United States from, 69, 70 Crimea, 42, 44 currant crisis, 44^45 Cyprus, 144; England and, 179; Greek Americans and, 186-92; NATO and, 150-51; Turkey and, 149-59, 175, 178-80, 186-92; United States and, 150-52 Damaskinos (Archbishop), 123, 131, 133 Daughters of Penelope, 73 Dekemvriana, 129-30 Deligianes, 59 Delis, Panagiotis, 131 Demertzis, Constantine, 118, 119 democracy: Communists and, 129; in Greece, 175, 180-82; in United States, 32 Diaspora, xiii-xiv; to Australia, 113; to Canada, 113; common features of, xvnl; to Egypt, 110, 110; 1453-1830, 1-33; to Germany, 113; Great Idea and, 58; to Great Lakes states, 78-80; Hellenism and, 63; to Italy, 4; to Middle Atlantic states, 78-80; National Catastrophe and, 94; National Schism and, 103nl00; to New England, 76-78; Ottoman Empire and, 1-33; to Southern states, 80; to United States, 1830-1939, 41-99, 43; to United States, 1940 to 1970, 109-63; to United States, 1970s to present, 175-200; to Venice, 4—5; to Western states, 64-76; in World War II, 115 dignity (philotimo), 68—69 discrimination, 71 Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 142 Dodecanese, 57, 80, 84 Dukakis, Michael S., 162 Eagleton, Thomas, 188 EAM. See Ethnikon Apeleftherotikon Metopon earthquakes, 45 Eastern Question, 44, 100nl5 Ecevit, Bulent, 179 EDA. See Union of the Democratic Left EEC. See European Economic Community EENA. See Union of Young Greek Officers Egypt, 16-17, 42, 110, 110 EK. See Center Union Party ELAS. See Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratog Emergency Law 117, 121 Emergency Law 1075, 121 England: in Balkans, 4; Cyprus and, 179; Greek Civil War and, 125-26, 127, 129-32, 134-35; Greek communities in, 42; land restrictions by, 3; National Catastrophe and, 87-88; Paul I in, 146^18; revolution of 1821 and, 15, 17-18; students in, 114; Treaty of Lausanne and, 91; in World War II, 122 English language: AHEPA and, 73-74; unwillingness to learn, 71; after World War I, 96-97 EOKA-B. See National Organization of Cypriot Fighters EON. See National Organization of Youth Epirus, 3, 82, 84; Balkan Wars and, 62; EAM/ELAS in, 128 ERE. See National Radical Union ERP. See European Recovery Program Ethniki Allilegyi (National Solidarity), 124 224 Index Ethniki Etairia (National Society), 59 Ethnikon Apeleftherotikon Metopon (EAM, National Liberation Front), 126-33 ethnikophrones (national-minded), 131-32, 167n99 Ethnikos Dikhasmos (National Schism), xiv—xv, 44, 63, 81—95; Diaspora and, 103nl00; Venizelos, E., and, 82-88 Ethnikos Kyrix, 161 Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratog (ELAS, National People’s Liberation Army), 127—33 EU. See European Union Euripides, 73 European Central Bank, 185 European Commission, 185 European Economic Community (EEC), 144 European Recovery Program (ERP, Marshall Plan), 136-37 European Union (EU), 175, 183, 197 Everett, Edward, 23 Fairchild, Flenry, 46, 79 Fasseas, Andrew, 163 Feraios, Rigas, 12 financial crisis of 2009, xiv, xv, 183-85 Fonti, Carlo, 26 Ford, Gerald, 188, 190 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 197 Fourth of August Regime, 118—22 France, 3, 4; phylloxera in, 45; revolution of 1821 and, 15, 17-18; Treaty of Lausanne and, 91 Frederica (Queen), 146-48, 155 Free Cyprus Coalition, 188 “Free Opinion” Party, 117 French Revolution, 10, 11, 12, 18 Friendly Society (Philiki Etairia), 11-13 “Frigate Affair,” 25 FYROM. See Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Galates, Panteles, 29 Galates, Stefanos, 29 Gallatin, Albert, 23 GAP A. See Greek American Progressive Association Garoufalias, Petros, 179 Geannopoulos, John, 27 Geocaris, Angelo, 163 Geograkas, Dan, 69 Geonakoplos, Deno J., 11 Georgakas, Dan, 78, 98-99 George (Prince), 62 George I (King), 60, 63 George II (King), 118-19, 127, 129, 133-34 Germany: in Balkans, 4; Crete, 60; Crete and, 60; Diaspora to, 113; in Greece, in World War II, 80; students in, 114; Turkey and, 82; in World War I, 82; in World War II, 122-40 Gerolymatos, Andre, 88, 126 Gizikis, Phaidon, 177, 179, 182 Gonatas, Stylianos, 94 Goudi revolt of 1909, xiv, 58-63 Gounares, Demetrios, 87 Grant, James, 27 Great Idea (Megaii Idea), 3; Balkan Wars and, 62; Byzantine Empire and, 59; Diaspora and, 58; expansion of, 57; National Catastrophe and, 95; Ottoman Empire and, 58 Great Lakes states, 78-80 Great Powers, 3; Crete and, 62; Ottoman Empire and, 60; revolution of 1821 and, 16, 17 Greco-Italian War of 1940-1941, 143 Greece: agriculture in, 44-45; citizenship in, 57; constitution of, 57-58, 83; corruption in, 185; democracy in, 175, 180-83; economic growth after World War II, 143-49; election in, 1961, 146, 146; election in, 1963, 148, 148; election in, 1964, 149, 149; election in, 1974, 181-82; election in, 1977, 182, 183; in EU, 175, 183, Index 225 197; financial crisis of 2009 and, xiv, xv, 183-85; Germany in, in World War II, 80; Greek Americans and, 192-96; military dictatorship in, 1925-1926, 117; military dictatorship in, 1936-1941, 118-22; military dictatorship in, 1967-1974, xv, 157- 59; military service in, 48; in NATO, 144, 152-53; oil in, 177; political instability, 1963-1966, 156; politics in, between World War I and II, 117- 22; population distribution in, 46-47; repatriation to, 1960s and 1970s, 115, 115; repatriation to, 1970 to present, 175-77; taxes in, 47; United States in, 152—53; women in, 54-55 Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 74-75, 95-96 Greek Americans: Cyprus and, 186—92; declining population of, 175, 176; as elected officials, 162-63; embourgeisement of, 161; Greece and, 192-96; in 1960s and 1970s, 159-63; 1970s to present, 186-200; as obstacle or modernizers, 196-200; as professionals, 162; repatriation of, 1960s and 1970s, 115, 115; repatriation of, 1970 present, 175— 77; World War II, 139-43 Greek Civil War (1943-1949), xv, 166n81; cost of, 138; England and, 125-26, 127, 129-32, 134-35; political prisoners from, 147; United States and, 133, 135-37, 141; World War II and, 122-39 The Greek Exile (Kastanes), 31 Greek language: GAP A and, 74-75; in United States, 68 Greek Orthodox Church, 54, 79, 111; in Lowell, Massachusetts, 76; in Ottoman Empire, 2-3; revolution of 1821 and, 7-8; Russia and, 16; Treaty of Lausanne and, 92-93; in United States, 193-94; in World War II, 123 Greek Philological Association, 29 Greek Rally, 143-44 Greek Relief Committee, 30 Greek Telecommunications Organization (OTE), 120 Greektowns, 77-78, 79 Greek War Relief (GWR), 140 Hackett, Clifford, 189 Hadjiargyris, Kosta, 169nl36 Halepa Pact of 1878, 59-60 Hamid, Abdul (Sultan), 61 Harper, Goodloe, 30 Hassiotis, Ioannis K., 98, 176 Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, 150 Hellenic Council of America, 188 Hellenism, 12, 58; in Athens, 177; Diaspora and, 63; Ottoman Empire and, 3; transterritorial, 57; in United States, 76, 98 Hellis, William, 162-63 Hemingway, Ernest, 90 Hesseling, B. C., 31 Hicks, Sallie M., 189 Hirschon, Renee, 93 Hitler, Adolf, 121, 122 Hope (warship), 25 Horton, George, 89-90 Howe, Samuel, 30, 40-41 IDEA. See Sacred Bond of Greek Officers IK A. See Social Security Foundation Immigration Act of 1965, 159, 160 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 142-43 import-export business, 53, 53-54, 79 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 99 Inonu, Ismet, 150 International Coordinating Committee, Justice for Cyprus (PSEKA), 186 International Monetary Fund, 185 Ioannidis, Dimitrios, 167n99, 177, 179 Iphigenia in Aulis (Euripides), 73 irredentism, 59, 61 226 Index Italy, 114; Diaspora to, 4-5; Greco- Italian War of 1940-1941, 143; in World War II, 121-22 IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World Jefferson, Thomas, 22 Johnson, George, 163 Johnson, Lyndon, 150, 152 Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, 160-67 Jusdanis, Gregory, 32, 97, 199 Kafandaris, George, 117 Kanellopoulos, Panayiotis, 143, 148, 156-57, 179 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 13, 16 Karageorge, 9 Karamanlis, Constantine, 143-49, 180, 181-82 Karamessines, Thomas H., 141 Karaveles, Anastasios, 29 Kastanes, Christophoros, 31 Katres, John A., 155-56 Kavasales, Photios, 29 Keeley, Edmund, 137-38 Kellis, James, 188 Kemal, Mustafa (Attaturk), 63, 87, 91 Kennan, George, 135, 168nl23 Kirtunc, Ayse Lahur, 93 Kissinger, Henry, 187-88, 189-90 Kitroeff, Alexander, 57, 197 KKE. See Kommounistikon Komma Elladoç Kokosaios, Yiannis, 140 Kolettis, Ioannis, 57-58 Kolovelones, Athanasios, 30 Kommounistikon Komma Elladoç (KKE), 126-31 Kondylis, Georgios, 117, 118, 119 Koraes, Ahamantios, 11, 12, 22 Koryzis, Alexander, 122 Kouvaras, Kostas, 140 Ku Klux Klan, 73 KYP. See Central Intelligence Service Kyros, Peter, 189 labor agents, 48-49 labor strikes, 68-69; in coal mining, 70; in New England, 78 laiki epanastasi (people’s revolution), 134 Lambrakis, Grigorios, 147 League of Young Officers (SAN), 153 Leber, George J., 73 Liberal Clubs, 94 Liberal Party, 117, 133 Liberal Romanticism, 18-19 Linderfelt, Karl, 70 Lloyd George, David, 85-88 local clubs (topika), 97 loneliness, 67-68 “Long Telegram” (Kennan), 135, 168nl23 Lowell, Massachusetts, 76, 77-78 Loyalists Leagues, 94 Ludlow, Colorado massacre, 70 Macedonia, 3, 60-61, 62, 123, 197 MacMillan, Margaret, 92 Maids of Athena, 73 Makarezos, Nikolaos, 157 Makarios, 149-50, 152, 177-78 Maliotes, Charles, 163, 188 Mangakis, George Alexander, 181 Maniakes, Constantine N., 49 Mann, Horace, 30 Maragon, John, 162 Markezinis, Spyros, 148, 173n219, 179 Marshall, George C., 136 Marshall Plan. See European Recovery Program The Martyred City, 89 Marudas, Peter, 96 Masourides, John, 72 Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 23 Mavros, George, 179, 180 McCarran-Walter Act, 142—43 McGill, Nevada, 71 McKinley, William, 49 Megali Idea. See Great Idea Merriman, John, 17 Index 227 Messenian Senate, 22-23 Metaxas, Ioannis, 58, 82, 117, 118-22 MGSA. See Modem Greek Studies Association Michalakopoulos, Andreas, 117 Middle Atlantic states, 78-80 middle class, 76, 161 military dictatorship: 1925-1926, 117; 1936-1941, 118-22; 1967-1974, xv, 157-59 Military League (Stratiotikos Syndesmos), 61 Military Liaison (ML), 138 military service, in Greece, 48 Miller, Jonathan, 30 Miller, Loukas Miltiades, 30 millet (nation), 2, 8 mining, 68-70, 75 Mitsotakis, Constantine, 146 ML. See Military Liaison Modem Greek Studies Association (MGSA), 160-67 Moffett, William H., 46 Morgenthau, Henry, 90-91 Mormons, 71 The Morning (Proini), 161 Moskos, Charles, 78, 98, 99, 193, 196, 198 Mountanos, Anastasios, 66-67 Mouzelis, Nicos, 145 Muslims: on Crete, 59; Ottoman Empire and, 1; Treaty of Lausanne and, 91-93 Mussolini, Benito, 115, 121, 122 Napoleonic Wars, 15 nation (millet), 2, 8 National Catastrophe, xiv—xv, 81—95; Diaspora and, 94; England and, 87-88; executions for, 94; Venizelos, E., and, 87-88 National Contract, 129 National Coordinated Effort of Hellenes (CEH), 186 National Herald, 94 National Liberation Front. See Ethnikon Ape lefther otikon Metopon national-minded (ethnikophrones), 131-32, 167n99 National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA-B), 178 National Organization of Youth (EON), 120-21 National People’s Liberation Army. See Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratog National Political Union, 133 National Radical Union (ERE), 144, 146 National Schism (Ethnikos Dikhasmos), xiv-xv, 44, 63, 81—95; Diaspora and, 103nl00; Venizelos, E., and, 82-88 National Society {Ethniki Etairia), 59 National Solidarity (Ethniki Allilegyi), 124 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Natsios, Nicholas, 141 Navarino at Pylos, battle of, 17 ND. See New Democracy Neon Kratoq (New State), 121 “Neo Systema Phonetikes Anagnoseos Choris Allaghe tes Orthographias” (Zachos), 31 New Democracy (ND), 181-82 New England, 76-78 New Orleans, 54 New Smyrna, Florida, 26-27 New State (Neon Kratoq), 121 New York City, 65, 79 Nicholas I (Tsar), 16 Nicholopoulos, George A., 73 Nicolopoulos, John, 161 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 136-37, 144, 150-53 Novas, Athanasiades, 156 Obrenovich, Milosh, 9 Odessa, 11-12 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 140-41 228 Index Officers, Save Fatherland, Ideals, Democracy, and Meritocracy (ASPIDA), 155 oil, 177 Omaha, Nebraska, 72 O’Neal, Tip, 163 Organic Statute, 59 Organosig (The Organization), 99 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services OTE. See Greek Telecommunications Organization Ottoman Empire, xiii; army of, 2; Christians in, 1-2; Diaspora and, 1-33; Great Idea and, 58; Great Powers and, 60; Greek Orthodox Church in, 2-3; Hellenism and, 3; land-owning in, 1; Pontus and, 111—12; Russia and, 16; taxes by, 2; Thirty Days’ War against, 60; Young Turks in, 61 padrone system: discrimination and, 71; in mining, 68-70; racism and, 71; shoe shining business in, 65; in United States, 63-81 paidomazoma (tax), 2 Pangalos, Theodore, 117 Pan-Hellenic Emergency Committee, 188 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), 181, 184 Panhellenic Union, 42 Papademos, Lucas, 184 Papadopoulos, George, 157, 177 Papadopoulos, Kostas, 140 Papagos, Alexander, 118, 122, 143 Papanastasiou, Alexander, 117 Papandreou, Andreas, 155; in 1974 election, 181-82; United States and, 196 Papandreou, George, 128-29, 146, 181; Cyprus and, 150-51; IDEA and, 154-55; Kanellopoulos and, 156-57; Karamnalis and, 148-49; resignation of, 184; United States and, 153 Papanikolas, Helen, 69 Paparigopoulos, Konstantinos, 58 Papoulias, George D., xiii, 198 Pappas, Maria, 162 Pappas, Tom, 162 parakratos (para-state), 132 Paraskevopoulos, Ioannis, 156 Paris Conference, xv, 85 Pasha, Ali, 13 Pasha, Enver, 61 Pasha of Egypt, 16-17 PASOK. See Panhellenic Socialist Movement Paspates, Alexandras, 29 Patriarch of Constantinople, 2, 7-8 patrioti (compatriot), 64 Pattakos, Stylianos, 157 Paul I (King), 134, 143^14, 146^18, 155 Peloponnese, 44^15, 57; conservativism in, 98; revolution of 1821 in, 14-15, 17 people’s revolution (laiki epanastasi), 134 Perdikares, Gregorios, 29-30 Pericles Plan, 140-41,145-46 “Periodical of Useful Information,” 29 Perrakes, Stylianos (Stelios), 132 Petimezas, Erakles, 127 Petrokokkinos, Nikolaos, 29 Phanariots, 7, 8-9 Philhellenism, 18, 20-21, 28 Philiki Etairia (Friendly Society), 11—13 philotimo (dignity), 68-69 Photiades, Kostas, 112 phylloxera, 45 Pickering, John, 23 Pikramenos, Panayiotis, 184 Pipinelis, Panayiotis, 147-48 Plastiras, Nikolaos, 94, 118 Plates, Kostantinos, 118 Polk, George, 137-38, 169nl36 Polytechnic School, 177 Pontus, 44, 92, 111-12 Populist Party, 117, 118, 133 Prassas, Nikolaos, 29-30 Proini (The Morning), 161 Index 229 Prometheus Plan, 157 PSEKA. See International Coordinating Committee, Justice for Cyprus pull forces, 39nl40 Purifoy, John E., 141 push forces, 33, 39nl40 Pushkin, Alexander, 14, 20-21 quota system, 80-81 racism, 71 railroad workers, 64, 67-68, 70-71, 75 Ralles, Constantinos, 29 Ralles, Ioannis, 123 Ralles, Pantias, 29 Ralli Brothers, 53 Rallis, Demetrios, 61 Reagan, Ronald, 196 relentless struggle (Anendotos), 146, 149 repatriation: to Greece 1960s and 1970s, 115, 115 Repouli Report, 47, 48 Reppas, Georgios, 118 revolution of 1821, xiv, 7-25; American Revolution and, 9, 12, 18; Christianity and, 24-25; Egypt and, 16- 17; England and, 15, 17; France and, 15, 17; Great Powers and, 16, 17- 18; in Peloponnese, 14-15, 17; Phanariots in, 8-9; Philhellenism and, 18, 20-21, 28; Rumania and, 14; Russia and, 13, 15-16, 17; Serbs and, 14; United States and, 23-31 Riley, De Witt T., 46 Romania, 14, 83, 111, 114 Romantic Movement, 18-19 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 140 Rosenthal, Benjamin, 188 Rossides, Eugene, 188, 190-91 Runciman, Steven, 6, 9 Russia: in Balkans, 4; Crete and, 60; Greek Orthodox Church and, 16; land restrictions by, 3; Odessa in, 11-12; Ottoman Empire and, 16; revolution of 1821 and, 13, 15-16, 17-18; Treaty of Lausanne and, 91; in World War I, 83. See also Soviet Union Russification policy, 111-12 Sacred Bond of Greek Officers (IDEA), 153-55 Saloutos, Theodore, 81, 193 Samaras, Antonis, 184 Sampson, Nikos, 177-78 SAN. See League of Young Officers Saraphis, Stephanos, 127 Sarbanes, Paul, 162, 188, 189 Serbia, 9, 14, 83 Sheffer, Gabriel, 39nl40 shoe shining business, 65, 79 “The Siege of Corinth” (Byron), 18-19 Simos, Eustathios, 58 Skliris, Leonidas (“Czar of the Greeks”), 64, 69 Skouphas, Nicholas, 11 Skouras, Spyros, 140 SLP. See Socialist Labor Party small businesses ownership, 79-80 Smyrna, 84-85, 88-90, 97, 106n212, 111 Snowe, Boouchless, 162 Socialist Labor Party (SLP), 99 Social Security Foundation (IKA), 120 SOE. See Special Operations Executive Sofoulis, Themistocles, 117 Sons of Pericles, 73 Sophocles, Evaggelinos Apostolides, 30-31 Sophoulis, Themistoklis, 133 Southern states, 80 Soviet Union: Greek Civil War and, 134; Greek expulsions from, 111-13; Long Telegram on, 135, 168nl23; Marshall Plan and, 136-37 Spandithakis, Elias, 70 Spartans, 56-57 Special Operations Executive (SOE), 126 Spirou, Chris, 162 sponge industry, 80 230 Index Staktopoulos, Gregory, 169nl36 Stalin, Joseph, 111-12, 130, 134 Stamos, Spiros J., 73 Stasinopoulos, Michael, 182 states, Paul Watanabe, 186-87 St. Augustine, Florida, 27 Stavrianos, L. S., 8, 59 steamship agents, 49-50 Stefanopoulos, Stefanos, 143, 156, 179 Stratiotikos Syndesmos (Military League), 61 strikebreakers, 68, 72, 78 students, in United States, 114, 116 SYRIZA. See Coalition of the Radical Left Tarpon Springs, Florida, 80 taxes: in Greece, 47; by Ottoman Empire, 2 textile industry work, 76-78 Thanou-Christofylou, Vassiliki, 184 Thessaly, 3 Thirty Days’ War, 60 Thrace, 97, 123, 179 Tikas, Louis (Elias Spandithakis), 70 Tito, 134 Tonyn, Patrick, 27 topika (local clubs), 97 Toynbee, Arnold J., 6, 85 trade unions: after World War II, 145-46. See also labor strikes; strikebreakers transterritorial Hellenism, 57 Treaty of Adrianople, 17 Treaty of Guarantee, 179 Treaty of Lausanne, 91 Treaty of London, 3, 17 Treaty of Sevres, 84-85 Trelawny, Edward John, 20 Truman, Harry, 135-37, 142 Truman Doctrine, 135-37 Tsaconas, Christos, 56-57 Tsakalov, Athanasios, 11 Tsaldaris, Panayiotis, 117, 119 Tsaldaris, Panayis, 118 Tsatsos, Konstantinos, 183 Tsipras, Alexis, 184 Tsirimokos, Elias, 146 Tsirimokos, Ilias, 156 Tsolakoglou, Georgios, 123 Tsongas, Paul, 162 Tsouderos, Emmanuel, 122 Turkey: Byzantine Empire and, 1; Cyprus and, 149-59, 175, 178-80, 186-92; Germany and, 82; Koraes and, 12; National Catastrophe with, xiv-xv, 81-95; oil and, 177; Serbia and, 9; Thrace and, 179; United States and, 188; war with, xv; in World War I, 82. See also Ottoman Empire Turnbull, Andrew, 26-27 UHAC. See United Hellenic American Congress UNFICYP. See United Nations Peace Keeping force Union of the Democratic Left (EDA), 147 Union of Young Greek Officers (EENA), 153-54 United Hellenic American Congress (UHAC), 186, 188 United Hellenic Association, 188 United Nations Peace Keeping force (UNFICYP), 150 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 138 United States: agriculture in, 66-67; American Revolution in, 9, 12, 18, 20-23; Arcadians to, 57; assimilation in, 71-72; citizenship in, 54, 81; conservatism in, 98; for Constantine I, 153; cost of living in, 52; Cyprus and, 150-52; democracy in, 32; Diaspora to, 1830-1939,42-43; Diaspora to, 1940 to 1970, 109-63; Diaspora to, 1970s to present, 175-200; economic benefits of, 51-52; first arrivals in, 26-31; Index 231 glamorization of, 49; in Greece, 152-53; Greek Civil War and, 133, 135-37, 141; Greek language in, 68; Greek Orthodox Church in, 193-94; Greektowns in, 77-78; Hellenism in, 76, 98; Immigration Act of 1965 in, 159, 160; import-export business in, 53, 53-54; industrialization in, 44; labor agents in, 48-49; letters from, 50; loneliness in, 67-68; modernization in, 31—33; 1910 Census for, 64; Papandreou, A., and, 196; Papandreou, G., and, 153; Peloponnese and, 57; Pericles by, 140-41; quota system in, 80-81; return visits from, 50-51; revolution of 1821 and, 23-31; service sector work in, 53; Spartans to, 56-57; steamship agents in, 49-50; students in, 114, 116; Turkey and, 188; unemployment in, 52; women and, 54—55, 76; workers from Crete in, 69, 70; working class in, 44. See also Greek Americans universities, repatriation for, 176-77 University of Padua, 5 UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Utah, 71, 73 Utah Copper Company, 68-70 Vafladis, Markos, 137 Varkiza Agreement, 130, 132, 133 Venice, 4—5 Venizelos, Eleftherios, xiv-xv, 62-63; death of, 119; Great Idea and, 3; National Catastrophe and, 87-95; National Schism and, 82-88; padrone system and, 71; Papandreou, G., and, 128; return to power by, 117-18; World War I and, 81-82 Venizelos, Sophoklis, 128, 146 Vlanton, Elias, 191 Vlass, James, 73 Vlassopoulos, Nikolaos, 29-30 Vournas, George, 162 Vryonis, Spyros, 111 “War” (Pushkin), 20 Washington, D.C., AHEPA in, 73 Waterlow, Sydney, 119 Webster, Daniel, 24 “Weep Not!” (Pushkin), 21 Western Federation of Miners (WFM), 70 Western states, 64—76 WFM. See Western Federation of Miners Wilhelm II (Kaiser), 60 Wilson, Woodrow, 84 women, 54-55, 76 working class, 44 World War I, xiv-xv, 81-95; emigrants in United States in, 71; English language after, 96-97; Germany in, 82; Paris Conference after, xv, 85; Turkey in, 82 World War II, xv, 80, 145-46; Diaspora in, 115; England in, 122; Germany in, 122-40; Greek Americans, 139- 43; Greek Civil War and, 122-39; Italy in, 121-22; relief efforts in, 124, 124 Xanthopoulos-Palamas, Christianos, 179 Xanthos, Emmanuel, 11 Yannoulopoulos, George, 6 Yarton, Gus, 189 Young Turks, 61 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 13-15 Ypsilantis, Demetrios, 21-22 Yugoslavia, 114, 134 Zachariadis, 126 Zachos, Ioannis, 30-31 Zervas, Napoleon, 127 Zink, Allan, 117 Ziogas, Elias, 52, 68 Zoustis, Basil Th., 75-76
any_adam_object 1
author Kaloudis, George S. 1952-
author_GND (DE-588)1089314809
author_facet Kaloudis, George S. 1952-
author_role aut
author_sort Kaloudis, George S. 1952-
author_variant g s k gs gsk
building Verbundindex
bvnumber BV044897914
contents Acknowledgments – Abbreviations – Introduction -- Chapter 1: First Period of Greek Migration: Fifteenth Century to1830 -- Chapter 2: Second Period of Greek Migration: 1830 to1939 -- Chapter 3: Third Period of Greek Migration: 1940 to 1970 -- Chapter 4: Fourth Period of Migration: Mid-1970s to Present -- Bibliography
ctrlnum (OCoLC)1033653603
(DE-599)BVBBV044897914
era Geschichte 1492-2018 gnd
era_facet Geschichte 1492-2018
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spelling Kaloudis, George S. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1089314809 aut
Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States George Kaloudis
Lanham Lexington Books [2018]
xvi, 233 Seiten
txt rdacontent
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Acknowledgments – Abbreviations – Introduction -- Chapter 1: First Period of Greek Migration: Fifteenth Century to1830 -- Chapter 2: Second Period of Greek Migration: 1830 to1939 -- Chapter 3: Third Period of Greek Migration: 1940 to 1970 -- Chapter 4: Fourth Period of Migration: Mid-1970s to Present -- Bibliography
This book examines the history and politics of modern Greece from the early nineteenth century to the present and the presence of diaspora Greeks in the United States during the same approximate period. It considers not only the main periods of modern Greek diaspora, but also surveys the main historical and political events in modern Greek history. Furthermore, this book examines the relationship between Greeks in Greece and Greeks in the United States and how this relationship affected developments in Greece and beyond the confines of Greece. -- Provided by publisher
Geschichte 1492-2018 gnd rswk-swf
Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd rswk-swf
USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf
Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf
Greeks / United States
Greece / History / 1821-
Greece / Politics and government
Greece / Foreign relations / United States
United States / Foreign relations / Greece
Greece / Emigration and immigration / History
USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g
Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g
Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 s
Geschichte 1492-2018 z
DE-604
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030291770&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030291770&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030291770&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle Kaloudis, George S. 1952-
Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States
Acknowledgments – Abbreviations – Introduction -- Chapter 1: First Period of Greek Migration: Fifteenth Century to1830 -- Chapter 2: Second Period of Greek Migration: 1830 to1939 -- Chapter 3: Third Period of Greek Migration: 1940 to 1970 -- Chapter 4: Fourth Period of Migration: Mid-1970s to Present -- Bibliography
Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4013960-8
(DE-588)4078704-7
(DE-588)4022047-3
title Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States
title_auth Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States
title_exact_search Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States
title_full Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States George Kaloudis
title_fullStr Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States George Kaloudis
title_full_unstemmed Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States George Kaloudis
title_short Modern Greece and the diaspora Greeks in the United States
title_sort modern greece and the diaspora greeks in the united states
topic Einwanderung (DE-588)4013960-8 gnd
topic_facet Einwanderung
USA
Griechenland
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030291770&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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