Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland
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Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied
2016
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny |b = Baden settlements in Cerová upland |c Róbert Malček |
246 | 1 | 1 | |a Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
264 | 1 | |a Nitra |b Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied |c 2016 | |
300 | |a 159 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne | ||
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648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | OBSAH
UVOD............................................................ 7
CEROVA VRCHOVINA - PRiRODNE POMERY, DEJINY bADANIA............. 11
LOKALITY BADENSKEJ SKUPINY OZD V CEROVEJ VRCHOVINE............. 15
ANALYZA NALEZOVEHO MATERlALU - KERAMIKA........................ 81
Skladba keramickeho fondu................................... 81
Vyzdoba..................................................... 91
Keramika - kontext.......................................... 98
ZOOMORFNA PLASTIKA.............................................Ill
POCHOVAVANIE.................................................. 114
sIdliskA.......................................................117
zAVER..........................................................141
BADEN SETTLEMENTS IN CEROVA UPLAND (RESUME)....................151
LITERATURA.................................................... 154
BADEN SETTLEMENTS IN CEROVA UPLAND
Robert Malcek
RESUME
The proposed study is focused on the situation in one of the adequately researched regions of Slovakia, where a group
of settlements with a local variant of the Baden pottery occurs - namely on the situation in Cerova upland. The objective
of the article is to describe several aspects of the material culture of the inhabitants in these sites and its inclusion into
a broader framework of the Middle or Young Neolithic development in the middle Danube.
Cerova upland represents the northern part of the promontory of inner Western Carpathians into the Carpathian basin, which is in
addition to the upland itself created formed also by the range of Cserhat, Karancs, Matra and Bukove mountains on the Hungarian
side of the boundary. The mountain range occupies an area of 443 km2 and it is divided by several crotches and valleys, serrated and
diverged from the 500-600 m high Medvedia plain to the north-west, north and north-east. Separate parts are Bastianska and Ho-
sticka basin, Suricka and Fil akovska furrow. This geomorphological unit has a uniform character of the mountainous type, in which
the discovered settlements had only confined hinterland in a form of narrow valleys. The area is relatively well supplied by water,
the water divide of Danube and Tisa flows through here. Soils are mostly loamy, on basalts, marl clays and on the waterlogged al-
luvium they are almost clayey; on the slopes are generally brown soil types, on alluvial areas are situated mainly alluvial soils and
silts. The arable soil (currently around 30 - 50 % of the upland area) occupies mainly flatter bottoms of basins and gentler parts of
slopes (Encvklopedia 1977, 312).
The remoteness of the region from cultural and economic centres, noticeable in Prehistory, is even in the present caused, in addition
to other things, lagging of the archaeological research of the region. The beginning of the research activity is in this region associa-
ted with amateur archaeologist Jeno Nyary in the 19th century, from the point of view of the recognition of the Middle Neolithic
occupancy of the Cerova upland were during the post-war period more significant activities of Hungarian archaeologists - important
is mainly the monographic processing of the Baden (respectively Pecel) occupancy of the Hungary by J. Banner (1956), where he
defines the regional Baden group Ozd-Piliny as well (Banner 1956, 186 - 187) and thus determining the framework, where this arti-
cle is focused on. Another significant milestone of the local research was the excavation in the close vicinity of sites in Cerova on the
elevated location Salgotarjan-Pecsko, which was led and its results published by J. Korek (1968), and deepening of the knowledge
about settlements in the region presented the study by P. Patay, focused on the issue of elevated settlements of the Ozd group (1999).
In Cerova upland is currently evidenced 14 locations with the Baden population, namely Hodejov-Hradok, Belina-Belinska jaskyna,
Drna-Tuszavar, Fil’akovo-Hrad, Gortva (further not specified location), Hajnacka-Hrad, Hajnacka-Zaboda, Husina (further not
specified location), Lipovany-Pri mucinskom chotari, Stara Basta-Pohansky hrad, Siatorska Bukovinka-Siatorska Skala (Koszego?),
Sirkovce-Sirkovsky hrad, Sid-Vysoka (Istenhegy), Surice-Sovi hrad, of which two specific locations are not known and 9 of them
are elevated settlements. The most significant one is the poly-cultural site Hodejov-Hradok, where was during the excavation of
G. Balasa (1963) documented Baden settlement layer with relatively large amount of archaeological material (fragments of pottery
and torso of a zoomorphic sculpture were discovered in it) as well as a section of palisade fortification associated probably with the
Late Baden settlement. Another important and currently researched site is the location Fil’akovo-Hrad (Dolny hrad), where was also
identified Baden settlement layer. The analysis of the pottery style, accomplished in the proposed study, relies on the archaeological
context from Hodejov, material from Fifakovo will be processed in an individual article after the excavation is concluded. This ana-
lysis suggests, that in the composition of the pottery set from Hodejov, which belongs to the variant of the type Ozd, are represented
almost all the basic shapes, which V. Nemejcova-Pavukova attributes to the classic horizon of the Baden culture (stage 111) and which
in her opinion occur during the entire development of this entity. In the stage Baden III does according to the mentioned author also
occur a pointed pitcher (Nemejcova-Pavukova 1991, 77), however, this category in its developed form, i.e. with a pointed uncut bot-
tom is absent on sites belonging to the classic Baden in Hungary. As an innovation can be considered a bowl with cylindrical neck
no. 2514/A and a strange bowl no. 2543. On the contrary to the classic Baden style the composition of the pottery from Hodejov did
not undergo a significant transformation, on the other side it neither shows such a wide range of types. Within the engraved ornament
dominates a simple geometric style, which is closer to the classical than the baroque concept of organized ornamental components:
on the vessels with formed bulging is noticeable tendency to a regular repetition or alteration of individual surface rectangular motifs,
mostly composed of straight lines or lines of points and without the use of curves (a unique motif represents the Salgotarian pattern),
on the bowls is a tendency to reduce the ornamentation on simple lines of points, which are often forming figures referring to the
classicist way of grouping elements („Rahmen Ornament“). The plastic ornament is not very developed too, in a form of bulges and
strips it is reduced to shape or highlight certain parts of vessels (ear of the Ozd type, rims of pots), a significant exception represents
barbotine amphora, which significantly differs from the Hodejov style. As the most characteristic representative of the Late and
Post-classical style appears the ear of type Ozd from two reasons - firstly it is a unique character, which sometime at the end of the
151
Middle or Younger Eneolithic does no more appear, secondly, the area of his occurrence is sufficiently large to obtain sev eral settle-
ment agglomerations of the Baden population, however, in comparison to the diffusion of other mentioned elements (straw ing) it is
relatively small. The comparison of decoration of the pottery set from selected sites in individual areas with the occurrence of this
motif indicates, that regarding the ceramic style sites belong under one stylistic family, in which a certain variability conditioned by
regional differences can be observed. The results of analysis of the style of Hodejov pottery can be interpreted so that the elevated
settlement on Hradok in Hodejov was occupied by the Baden group, whose potters bound to the Middle Neolithic traditions of the
Carpathian basin. They should therefore be the members of the autochthonous population, however, at the same time their pottery
indicates a certain difference from classic ideas and the response to contemporary manifestation of groups in regions outside the
territorial core of the Baden culture (i.a. Lesser Poland). The incidence of several motifs defines the space, in which were, on the
contrary to other areas, perhaps more intense interactions of individual clans and information transfer betw een them. This territory
spreads on the mountains of the middle, northern and eastern Slovakia, north-eastern Hungary and the river v alley of Visla around
Krakow, but some mentioned stylistic elements also occur in Transylvania (Roman/Nemeti 1978, obr. 20: 1, 4; 22: 5; 34: 13 etc.).
Style of the Ozd group must derived from one of the variants of classic Baden style. The comparison of pottery from Hodejov with
the pottery from some sites in the trails Danube and Tisa basin areas does not clearly indicate on neither one of these areas as the
possible basis, on which the new manifestation was formed. However, given that the areas of Banner s group Ozd (respectively
Ozd-Piliny) and Viss do overlap, even several elements from both stylistic variants have been documented in one settlement object
on the site in Saris, it is highly probable, that populations of both Banner s groups were at least in a contact and that they represent
identical populations with altered pottery manifestation as a result of the stylistic development in time. The analysis of pottery from
Hodejov confirms, that several stylistic elements (strawing, pointed conical pitcher), expanded in a w ide area of the original Baden
territory, is on classic Baden sites compared above absenting. This corresponds with findings of M. Furholt, who the cluster 4, where
Hodejov should belong, understands as a young variant of the Baden style, what is ultimately confirmed by l4C data for this cluster
(2008, fig. 2; 2009, 78, 201, tab. 2). However, considering the fact, that the style of Ozd group originates in the classic Baden style, we
have to assume a certain incubation phase, when the transformation occurred, and that is as it seems in the lap of the original Baden
society - thus in the stage Baden III according to the chronology of V. Nemejcova-Pavukova (1981). Therefore we can t exclude, that
several elevated settlements were founded already during (by the end?) of this period, and thus some classic motifs appear on their
pottery: for e.g. M. Furholt includes part of the archaeological inventory from Ozdu into the cluster 3/4, therefore into the classic
Baden (2009, 199) - this can concern the settlement in Stranska as well as in Hodejov. Among the pottery from Hodejov, but also
from Salgotarjan and Ozd, however, prevail elements of the new style, which suggests, that these protected settlements could survive
assumed disintegration of the primary Baden territory and that they were occupied even during the younger Eneolithic (Epi-Baden).
In addition to various fragments of vessels the set of finds from Hodejov-Hradok contains also one zoomorphic sculpture (obr. 79)
- this find confirms the relevance of this site to the group Ozd, on which sites these sculptures occur relatively often. M. Furholt
understands them as an evidence of the influence of the Funnel Beaker culture in the Baden territory (2009. 233. 235), however, ac-
cording to my opinion they are not related to it, but they can be associated with the older Baden traditions (animal sacrifices on the
classic Baden sites).
The analysis of the settlement relationships of the Baden occupation in Cerova upland showed, that probably the most important
factor, leading to the occupation of various uplands, was the presence of natural fortification on the site. Tendency was to select
relatively easily accessible promontories in the medium altitude zone with rather small top, separated from the neighbouring hills by
a dropped nape of the hill, from where was a good outlook mainly on the adjacent depressions. In case, that this type of uphill did not
occur in the given area, another appropriate type of uphill was selected (again naturally fortified), which could be situated at a greater
altitude. It is therefore apparent, that the safety and simultaneously the control of the surroundings was a motive, which led to the
occupation of various types of protected hills at various altitude, and to which were other factors important for the existence of the
community subordinated (water, soil). The entire society most likely consisted of smaller units, whose settlement pattern respected
the structured scheme w ith the nature protected „castle“, where the core of these communities could be located; only based on the
analogies it could be assumed, that this central settlement could have short-term populated satellites within the close vicinity (within
a radius of 3 - 6 km). Regarding the construction of permanent settlements, it was probably a population at least partially living
on fanning. It is not known whether the elite of this society resides on these upland settlements, the occurrence of some artefacts
(Slavonic bowls, fine imported ceramic from other regions, zoomorphic sculpture) or the mound and stele graves with specific urns
in their vicinity indirectly suggest, that it could have been like that. In case it was like that, it is highly probably, that they had a great
role also in the cult, which could have been practised directly within the area of these settlements, which w ould this way gain a cer-
tain symbolic meaning for the given society as well (Zdpotock 7Zdpotocka 2008, 285); occupation of the elevated locations although
mainly express fear of attack. It is not yet clear how fast these groups occupied the unpopulated region, the settlement structure could
suggest, that they did not penetrate here in one wave, but they migrated gradually from the adjacent areas on the south-east along
the rivers and that as a reaction to the different terrain configuration and possibly an increased pressure of the competing groups they
occupied hills harder to access than in their homeland. The density of similar upland settlements on a small space possibly expresses
152
the uniformity of the basic society units without hierarchically arranged settlement network and also the rural nature without larger
centres, and thus to the fragmentation, during which were the individual clans depending only on themselves. Described process
would, therefore, differ from the way of occupation of the Lesser Poland, which was infiltrated apparently by a large group from the
same homeland (Zastawny 2008, 179); the crucial role could have played various distances of both territories of the upper Tisa basin.
It is still questionable, whether the new regional groups maintained mutual contacts even after the resettlement.
The character of the landscape and the size of occupied uplands ultimately testifies on the possible ways of warfare. Relatively
small forts without the source of water could not withstand a regular siege by a larger group of attackers any longer. Very likely
fast raids of smaller aggressive units were expected - another type of invasion would lead to the construction of larger and more
robust fortifications, which could hold a large number of defenders. Despite this, these settlements could have been defeated, as
it is indicated by traces of fire on Pecsko in Salgotarjan or in Solivar-Chmel’ova dolina, as well as in Rivnac locations in central
Czech republic.
If the early and not well-defined character of the pottery style Ozd can be identified on the fortified settlements in classic Baden
somewhere on the affluxes of the upper river Tisa, thus on the periphery of the Baden territory, the same applies to the upland set-
tlements with typical pottery of the Ozd type, which probably still existed during the post-classic period. After all it is confirmed by
the newest 14C data obtained in the promontory settlement Lieskovec-Hradok in Zvolen basin, where the settlement with Ozd type
pottery existed at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.I0(I Another migration waves, invoked by pressure from the centre of the
Carpathian basin, could contribute to the separation and completion of the group with this pottery; population, extruded into eco-
nomically less attractive regions and threatened by the aggression of power dominant groups, had formed in the newly colonized area
its own model of the economic and settlement strategy. As can be seen in the contemporary parallels (Lower Austria, central Czech
republic), this model basically had to reflect the social structure of multiple Baden societies on the outskirts of the cultural sphere.
One of the proofs of apparently successful adaptation to new conditions is represented by the late Baden settlement in Cerova upland
with a relatively dense network of the elevated settlements. Within the cultural habitat of these settlements can be seen a clear refer-
ence to the environment of classic Baden, although the evidence of contacts with the epi-Baden groups from other regions appears as
well; society living here should remain in researched territory for relatively long time. However, only the further research can answer
the questions, when was the area occupied and when this population of the Middle Neolithic origin did integrate within the Young
Neolithic or Old Bronze Age structures and thus loose the archaeologically readable record. Regarding the changes of style in other
regions, which can document a gradual migration into the basin of Slovak Central Highlands (Zvolen basin), we can assume, that it
withstood the pressure for a long time. The attempt to inhabit the region did after all proved to be temporary and the demise of Baden
settlements is followed by couple centuries hiatus in Cerova upland.
™ Within the interval 3028 to 2896 BC with 91,5 % probability; gathered data will be published in an individual article.
153
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|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Malček, Róbert 1969- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1153492563 |
author_facet | Malček, Róbert 1969- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Malček, Róbert 1969- |
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bvnumber | BV044799141 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1021385951 (DE-599)BVBBV044799141 |
era | Geschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. Vor- und Frühgeschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. |
format | Book |
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geographic | Cerová vrchovina (DE-588)4839874-3 gnd Mittelslowakisches Gebiet (DE-588)4115168-9 gnd |
geographic_facet | Cerová vrchovina Mittelslowakisches Gebiet |
id | DE-604.BV044799141 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:02:02Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788089315888 8089315887 |
language | Slovak |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030194150 |
oclc_num | 1021385951 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 159 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne |
psigel | gbd_0 |
publishDate | 2016 |
publishDateSearch | 2016 |
publishDateSort | 2016 |
publisher | Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied |
record_format | marc |
series | Fontes |
series2 | Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Fontes |
spelling | Malček, Róbert 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)1153492563 aut Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland Róbert Malček Baden settlements in Cerová upland Nitra Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied 2016 159 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten, Pläne txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Fontes tomus 21 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Vor- und Frühgeschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Badener Kultur (DE-588)4143877-2 gnd rswk-swf Cerová vrchovina (DE-588)4839874-3 gnd rswk-swf Mittelslowakisches Gebiet (DE-588)4115168-9 gnd rswk-swf Mittelslowakisches Gebiet (DE-588)4115168-9 g Cerová vrchovina (DE-588)4839874-3 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Badener Kultur (DE-588)4143877-2 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. z Geschichte 3600 v. Chr.-2900 v. Chr. z DE-604 Fontes tomus 21 (DE-604)BV012446205 21 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Malček, Róbert 1969- Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland Fontes Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Badener Kultur (DE-588)4143877-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4143877-2 (DE-588)4839874-3 (DE-588)4115168-9 |
title | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
title_alt | Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
title_auth | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
title_exact_search | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
title_full | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland Róbert Malček |
title_fullStr | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland Róbert Malček |
title_full_unstemmed | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny = Baden settlements in Cerová upland Róbert Malček |
title_short | Badenské osídlenie Cerovej vrchoviny |
title_sort | badenske osidlenie cerovej vrchoviny baden settlements in cerova upland |
title_sub | = Baden settlements in Cerová upland |
topic | Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Badener Kultur (DE-588)4143877-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Siedlung Badener Kultur Cerová vrchovina Mittelslowakisches Gebiet |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030194150&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV012446205 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT malcekrobert badenskeosidleniecerovejvrchovinybadensettlementsincerovaupland AT malcekrobert badensettlementsincerovaupland |