Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
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Bratislava
Veda
2016
Bratislava Ústav etnológie Slovenskej akadémie vied 2016 |
| Ausgabe: | Prvé slovenské vydanie |
| Schriftenreihe: | Etnologické štúdie
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| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
The Slovak Holocaust is inseparable from the wartime Slovak State
(1939 - 1945) and its anti-Jewish policies. A systematic and ideo-
logically uncorrupted academic study of this era became only pos-
sible after the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia in November
1989. Ethnologist Monika Vrzgulova has studied the phenomenon
of the Holocaust since the mid-1990s predominantly using the oral
history method. This book represents a synopsis of Vrzgulova‘s key
findings on this topic acquired during the past two decades.
The author’s particular interest lies in using oral history interviews
with witnesses of World War Two events to unveil different im-
ages of the Holocaust. She analyses the content of her interviews
through the lens of Holocaust commemoration and the different
ways in which these events have been commemorated in Slova-
kia since the 1980s. Vrzgulova’s research largely focuses on two
groups of respondents, who could roughly be divided into Jewish
respondents (victims) and non-Jewish (bystanders) witnesses. She
considers these as working categories which reflect only the most
fundamental dynamic of the witnesses’ roles, which an individual
was forced or chose to assume during the Holocaust. Vrzgulova’s
findings and interpretations represent a full spectrum of attitudes
and strategies individuals adopted during the era of the Slovak
State. Hence, recollections of contemporaries of the Holocaust are
not homogenous, but, on the contrary, provide diverse perspectives
on the era under study.
In the first chapter, the author discusses the possibilities and limits
of the oral history method, pointing out what determines the prod-
uct of oral history research - an interview. Overall, she argues that
the final interview is predominantly influenced by three variables.
The first two have to do with the actual actors of the interview:
113
witness (interviewee) and researcher (interviewer). The third vari-
able is the contemporary (historical as well as current) context of
the conversation.
Via the prism of her previous research projects, Vrzgulova evalu-
ates theoretical concepts, which have been used to illuminate the
issue of the Holocaust as well as the wartime Slovak State. She
provides a nuanced look at how today, decades after the end of
World War Two, Jews as well as non-Jews formulate their recollec-
tions of the Holocaust. What are the key moments in their narra-
tions, how do they describe themselves and other actors of the era,
or how do they currently interpret these historical events, which
have become an integral part of their lives. In addition to issues
related to the individual’s identity, collective memory and subjec-
tivity, the author also observes the relationship between the per-
son and the particular non-democratic regime (be it totalitarian
or authoritarian). She considers the study of totalitarian systems
from the perspective of an individual, his or her individual recol-
lections on their life under such regime, as the study of the dy-
namic relationship between an individual and state power, taking
place on the microlevel of society. The narratives collected via the
oral history method serve as a tool for further understanding of
non-democratic regimes. In fact, Vrzgulova argues that the analy-
sis of one’s subjective experience with totalitarian or authoritarian
regimes increases our understanding of the different life strate-
gies and ways of life adopted by individuals under the dictum of
this particular non-democratic regime. She finds that, despite the
effort totalitarian regimes invest in making the society and its pat-
terns of behaviour homogenous, the regime fails to achieve this in
totality.
When analysing the testimonies of Jewish as well as non-Jewish
respondents, the author also closely paid attention to issues re-
lated to trauma - both reflected and suppressed. She bases her
approach on Smelser’s concept of collective (social, cultural, pub-
114
lie) trauma and argues that the Holocaust represents a trauma for
both groups of Slovak citizens under study. Her thesis is supported
by the content of her respondents’ recollections. Moreover, equally
important are the respondents’ non-verbal expressions, the ways
in which they react to supplementary questions as well as their
comments outside of the framework of the interview, which also
support Vrzgulova’s argument. Holocaust survivors are trauma-
tised by the events they have managed to survive and which they
were the victims of. What frustrates the non-persecuted witnesses
of the same era? According to Vrzgulova, there are a number of
factors: after decades, respondents recollect these events and
scenes they saw unfold (various expressions of violence against
Jewish neighbours which often resulted in deportations). They are
recalling these events on the background of acquired knowledge
of the history and details of the Holocaust which they learned
throughout their lives. Moreover, they narrate their experiences in
the context of a certain contemporary social discourse. Hence, the
way the Holocaust and the wartime Slovak State are being com-
memorated in Slovakia during the time of this research represents
a significant factor, which can influence and even traumatise the
respondents. The author supports this argument with her findings
from interviews with non-Jewish respondents, most of whom do
not spontaneously discuss these experiences and the fate of local
Jewish during World War Two with their children or grandchil-
dren. At most, they communicate these experiences within their
own age group.
The politics of Holocaust commemoration are the focus of the sec-
ond chapter. Here Vrzgulova analyses how the Holocaust phenom-
enon and the entire era stretching from 1939 to 1945 is reflected
in speeches of politicians and the media. Her emphases is on the
post-1989 period as, during the communist regime (1948 - 1989),
these issues were taboo. After the fall of communism, two polar
opposite ways of reflecting this historical era and the Holocaust
emerged almost simultaneously, each bounded to a different ideo-
logical premises. The first school of thought, reflected in academic
as well as public discourse, critically analyses and interprets the
115
historical context and processes which had led to the creation of
the independent Slovak State in March 1939, its totalitarian po-
litical system, legislation, domestic as well as foreign policy, etc.
Openly and critically, this school also comments on the Holocaust
in Slovakia, including the responsibility of the then leading politi-
cal representatives for this tragedy. This chapter also analyses the
attitude of the majority population to the so called Jewish Ques-
tion as well as its moral shared responsibility for the Holocaust
in Slovakia. In terms of expertise and professional backgrounds,
the second school of thought represents a very diverse group. Its
representatives usually call for ‘the plurality of views’ and diver-
sity of interpretations of the given historical era. By doing so, they
give the impression that they are looking to engage in an expert
debate. Nevertheless, as experience has shown, their aim is to
proliferate their own beliefs or agenda. They predominantly focus
on pointing out the significance of the existence of the first inde-
pendent Slovak State for the modern history of Slovaks. In their
work, statehood is clearly ascribed more importance than the na-
ture of the regime, which ruled the Slovak State at the time. They
intentionally overlook the fact that this regime was totalitarian
and that it took active part in the genocide of a significant portion
of its citizens. This school of thought has common features with
the literature that either denies or belittles the Holocaust in West-
ern Europe, the United States as well as many of the Arab states.
Today’s politics of commemorating the Holocaust predominantly
focus on the fate of the victims - the Jews, their discrimination,
persecution and in many cases death. Other themes which are
represented in this discourse are resistance and aid to the perse-
cuted. The role of the majority, which created the ‘environment
of the Holocaust’, has thus far been virtually ignored. Until today,
the Slovak majority population’s attitude towards the persecuted
Jews has been largely absent from the current political and public
discourse. An exception being the people who had actively helped
rescue the victims of the regime and were awarded the Righteous
Among the Nations Award. The author warns that the inconclu-
sive and often vague stances and evaluations of this historical era
116
by politicians and religious authorities had an impact on how her
Jewish as well as non-Jewish witnesses had recalled this era. For
instance, in their recollections, some of the non-Jewish witnesses
hint at or openly defend the priest and president of the wartime
Slovak State, Jozef Tiso. At the same time, however, informa-
tion provided by these interviewees helps undermine stereotypes
about the Slovak State (still present in public discourse today)
and, most importantly, they represent diverse experiences with
the fascist regime and its impact on different groups of citizens.
In the third chapter, the author selects fragments of the testimo-
nies of Jewish as well as non-Jewish respondents. In her analy-
sis, Vrzgulova brings in different perspectives which help create
a more holistic picture of the nature of pre-war coexistence,
political changes and their impact on everyday life, anti-Semitic
propaganda and anti-Jewish legislation, its local implementation,
the process of deportations and the stories of local ‘aggressors-
perpetrators’ (Aryanisers, members of the Hlinka Guards, bureau-
crats), as well as of liberation and the return, or lack thereof, of
Jewish neighbours to their homes. The author’s key finding is: the
Holocaust unfolded in front of the eyes of the Slovak public. The
majority population saw, with their own eyes, the local manifesta-
tions of the Holocaust and was responsible for co-creating the en-
vironment these events took place in as well as the different stages
of the Holocaust, which are described in detail by witnesses.
Vrzgulova argues that, in Slovakia, Jews and non-Jews lived and
to a large extent still live in what could be described as parallel
worlds and that the current public discourse on the wartime Slo-
vak State is a result of this separation. Recollecting the era of the
Holocaust in Slovakia is not a pleasant exercise. Hence, when the
Slovak majority recollects it rarely does so spontaneously or criti-
cally. Until today, a part of the Slovak population still ignores what
non-Jews in most European countries (especially those which had
not lived under communist domination) have already accepted:
shared responsibility of non-Jews for the Holocaust, as well as for
creating (actively or not) totalitarian regimes, which allowed and
carried out this mass genocide. This realisation is particularly
117
important as the consequences of the Holocaust impact the society
as a whole. Moreover, Jewish-majority relations in Slovakia have
also been tainted by the experience of the Holocaust and the two
totalitarian regimes (fascist and communist). Other issues stand
out including questions related to, for instance, inter-generational
communication and passing on one’s historical experience, criti-
cal reflection of one’s past, the role of elites, to name but a few.
Vrzgulova is hopeful that such critical public debate on the Slovak
Holocaust, with all its consequences which manifest themselves
until today, is yet to come.
This book was completed in January 2016, several months before
Slovakia’s parliamentary elections, which saw the extremist right-
wing political party, The People s Party Our Slovakia, enter the
National Parliament. Its representatives openly profess their ad-
miration for the wartime Slovak State president, Jozef Tiso, who
was convicted and executed for war crimes in 1947. These devel-
opments have highlighted an important issue: how is it possible
that almost one third of first-time voters (born and educated after
1989) voted for this political party? How did this happen and who
responsible for this? Although answers to these questions are com-
plex, Vrzgulova’s book represents a partial answer to them.
118
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| language | Slovak |
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| series | Etnologické štúdie |
| series2 | Etnologické štúdie |
| spellingShingle | Vrzgulová, Monika 1965- Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív Etnologické štúdie Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4055297-4 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív |
| title_auth | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív |
| title_exact_search | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív |
| title_full | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív PhDr. Monika Vrzgulová, CSc. ; [preklad: Daniela Richterová ; autor ilustrácií: SHOOTY] |
| title_fullStr | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív PhDr. Monika Vrzgulová, CSc. ; [preklad: Daniela Richterová ; autor ilustrácií: SHOOTY] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív PhDr. Monika Vrzgulová, CSc. ; [preklad: Daniela Richterová ; autor ilustrácií: SHOOTY] |
| title_short | Nevyrozprávané susedské histórie |
| title_sort | nevyrozpravane susedske historie holokaust na slovensku z dvoch perspektiv |
| title_sub | holokaust na Slovensku z dvoch perspektív |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Slowakei Erlebnisbericht |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010350193 |
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