Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances
X-ray computed tomography (CT) has experienced an explosion of technological development for a quarter century. Six years after the second edition of Computed Tomography, this third edition captures the most recent advances in technology and clinical applications. New to this edition are description...
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| 520 | |a X-ray computed tomography (CT) has experienced an explosion of technological development for a quarter century. Six years after the second edition of Computed Tomography, this third edition captures the most recent advances in technology and clinical applications. New to this edition are descriptions of iterative reconstruction, statistical reconstruction, methodologies used to model the CT systems, and the searching methodologies for optimal solutions. A new section on 3D printing introduces approaches by early adopters in the area. Also added is a description and discussion of the size-specific dose estimate, an index that attempts to more accurately reflect the dose absorption of specific-sized patients. The coverage of dual-energy CT has been significantly expanded to include its background, theoretical development, and clinical applications | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819575117474168832 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Computed tomography
Autor: Hsieh, Jiang
Jahr: 2015
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Nomenclature and Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Conventional X-ray Tomography 1
1.2 History of Computed Tomography 7
1.3 Different Generations of CT Scanners 15
1.4 Problems 21
References 21
2 Preliminaries 25
2.1 Mathematics Fundamentals 25
2.1.1 Fourier transform and convolution 25
2.1.2 Random variables 29
2.1.3 Linear algebra 32
2.2 Fundamentals of X-ray Physics 35
2.2.1 Production of x rays 35
2.2.2 Interaction of x rays with matter 38
2.3 Measurement of Line Integrals and Data Conditioning 44
2.4 Sampling Geometry and Sinogram 47
2.5 Problems 52
References 55
3 Image Reconstruction 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Several Approaches to Image Reconstruction 59
3.3 The Fourier Slice Theorem 63
3.4 The Filtered Backprojection Algorithm 67
3.4.1 Derivation of the filtered backprojection formula 70
3.4.2 Computer implementation 74
3.4.3 Targeted reconstruction 88
3.5 Fan-Beam Reconstruction 90
3.5.1 Reconstruction formula for equiangular sampling 91
3.5.2 Reconstruction formula for equal-spaced sampling 98
3.5.3 Fan-beam to parallel-beam rebinning 99
v
vi
Table of Contents
3.6 Iterative Reconstruction 104
3.6.1 Mathematics versus reality 104
3.6.2 The general approach to iterative reconstruction 106
3.6.3 Algebraic reconstruction 107
3.6.4 System modeling process 110
3.6.5 Optimization algorithms 117
3.6.6 Image quality benefit of MBIR 120
3.6.7 Reconstruction speedup 121
3.7 Problems 123
References 126
4 Image Presentation 133
4.1 CT Image Display 133
4.2 Volume Visualization 136
4.2.1 Multiplanar reformation 137
4.2.2 MIP, minMIP, and volume rendering 142
4.2.3 Surface rendering 148
4.2.4 3D printing 149
4.3 Impact of Visualization Tools 152
4.4 Problems 156
References 158
5 Key Performance Parameters of the CT Scanner 159
5.1 High-Contrast Spatial Resolution 159
5.1.1 In-plane resolution 160
5.1.2 Slice sensitivity profile 167
5.2 Low-Contrast Resolution 170
5.3 Temporal Resolution 178
5.4 CT Number Accuracy and Noise 186
5.5 Impact of Iterative Reconstruction on Performance Measurement 192
5.5.1 Performance-metric-based approach 193
5.5.2 Task-based approach 196
5.5.3 Surrogate task with clinical data 197
5.5.4 Surrogate task with nonclinical data 199
5.6 Performance of the Scanogram 202
5.7 Problems 203
References 206
6 Major Components of the CT Scanner 211
6.1 System Overview 211
6.2 The X-ray Tube and High-Voltage Generator 213
6.3 The X-Ray Detector and Data-Acquisition Electronics 223
6.4 The Gantry and Slip Ring 231
6.5 Collimation and Filtration 235
Table of Contents
vii
6.6 The Reconstruction Engine 238
6.7 The Patient Table 240
6.8 Problems 241
References 243
7 Image Artifacts: Appearances, Causes, and Corrections 245
7.1 What Is an Image Artifact? 245
7.2 Different Appearances of Image Artifacts 247
7.3 Artifacts Related to System Design 254
7.3.1 Aliasing 254
7.3.2 Partial volume 267
7.3.3 Scatter 272
7.3.4 Noise-induced streaks 278
7.4 Artifacts Related to X-ray Tubes 281
7.4.1 Off-focal radiation 281
7.4.2 Tube arcing 285
7.4.3 Tube rotor wobble 287
7.5 Detector-Induced Artifacts 287
7.5.1 Offset, gain, nonlinearity, and radiation damage 287
7.5.2 Primary speed and afterglow 291
7.5.3 Detector response uniformity 296
7.6 Patient-Induced Artifacts 301
7.6.1 Patient motion 301
7.6.2 Beam hardening 314
7.6.3 Metal artifacts 325
7.6.4 Incomplete projections 330
7.7 Operator-Induced Artifacts 335
7.8 Problems 339
References 342
8 Computer Simulation and Analysis 349
8.1 What Is Computer Simulation? 349
8.2 Simulation Overview 350
8.3 Simulation of Optics 353
8.4 Computer Simulation of Physics-Related Performance 364
8.5 Problems 371
References 372
COLOR PLATES
9 Helical or Spiral CT 375
9.1 Introduction 375
9.1.1 Clinical needs 375
9.1.2 Enabling technology 379
viii
Table of Contents
9.2 Terminology and Reconstruction 380
9.2.1 Helical pitch 380
9.2.2 Basic reconstruction approaches 381
9.2.3 Selection of the interpolation algorithm and
reconstruction plane 387
9.2.4 Helical fan-to-parallel rebinning 391
9.3 Slice Sensitivity Profile and Noise 395
9.4 Helically Related Image Artifacts 402
9.4.1 High-pitch helical artifacts 402
9.4.2 Noise-induced artifacts 406
9.4.3 System-misalignment-induced artifacts 412
9.4.4 Helical artifacts caused by object slope 417
9.5 Problems 419
References 420
10 Multislice and Cone-beam CT 423
10.1 The Need for Multislice CT 423
10.2 Detector Configurations of Multislice and Cone-beam CT 427
10.3 Nonhelical Mode of Reconstruction 433
10.4 Helical Reconstruction 447
10.4.1 Selection of interpolation samples 450
10.4.2 Selection of region of reconstruction 454
10.4.3 Reconstruction algorithms with 3D backprojection 456
10.5 Multislice and Cone-beam Artifacts 462
10.5.1 General description 462
10.5.2 Cone-beam effects 464
10.5.3 Interpolation-related image artifacts 466
10.5.4 Noise-induced multislice and cone-beam artifacts 468
10.5.5 Tilt artifacts in multislice and cone-beam helical CT 469
10.5.6 Distortion in step-and-shoot mode SSP 471
10.5.7 Artifacts due to geometric inaccuracy 473
10.5.8 Comparison of multislice and single-slice helical CT 475
10.6 Problems 477
References 479
11 X-ray Radiation and Dose-Reduction Techniques 487
11.1 Biological Effects of X-ray Radiation 488
11.2 Measurement of X-ray Dose 490
11.2.1 Terminology and the measurement standard 490
11.2.2 Other measurement units and methods 497
11.2.3 Issues with the current CTDI 498
11.3 Methodologies for Dose Reduction 502
11.3.1 Tube-current modulation 503
11.3.2 Umbra-penumbra and overbeam issues 505
Table of Contents
ix
11.3.3 Physiological gating 508
11.3.4 Organ-specific dose reduction 511
11.3.5 Protocol optimization and impact of the operator 513
11.3.6 Postprocessing techniques 518
11.3.7 Advanced reconstruction 519
11.4 Problems 520
References 522
12 Advanced CT Applications 529
12.1 Introduction 529
12.2 Cardiac Imaging 531
12.2.1 Coronary artery calcification (CAC) 532
12.2.2 Coronary artery imaging (CAI) 537
12.2.2.1 Data acquisition and reconstruction 538
12.2.2.2 Temporal resolution improvement 545
12.2.2.3 Spatial resolution improvement 554
12.2.2.4 Dose and coverage 555
12.3 CT Fluoroscopy 560
12.4 CT Perfusion 566
12.5 Screening and Quantitative CT 575
12.5.1 Lung cancer screening 575
12.5.2 Quantitative CT 579
12.5.3 CT colonography 582
12.6 Dual-Energy CT 585
12.6.1 Intuitive explanation of DECT material differentiation 585
12.6.2 Theory of basis material decomposition 588
12.6.3 Monochromatic image generation 595
12.6.4 Multimaterial differentiation 599
12.6.5 DECT data acquisition 600
12.6.6 Clinical applications of DECT 604
12.7 Problems 610
References 613
Glossary 625
Index 633
|
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| spellingShingle | Hsieh, Jiang Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances Tomography Tomography / Technological innovations Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113240-3 |
| title | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances |
| title_auth | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances |
| title_exact_search | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances |
| title_full | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances Jiang Hsieh |
| title_fullStr | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances Jiang Hsieh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Computed tomography principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances Jiang Hsieh |
| title_short | Computed tomography |
| title_sort | computed tomography principles design artifacts and recent advances |
| title_sub | principles, design, artifacts, and recent advances |
| topic | Tomography Tomography / Technological innovations Computertomografie (DE-588)4113240-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tomography Tomography / Technological innovations Computertomografie |
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