Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community

Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community

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"During two terrifying days and nights in early September 1941, the lives of nearly two thousand men, women, and children were taken savagely by their neighbors in Kulen Vakuf, a small rural community straddling today's border between northwest Bosnia and Croatia. This frenzy...in which vi...

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser: Bergholz, Max (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2016
Schlagworte:
Geschichte 1941
Geschichte
Weltkrieg (1939-1945)
Massacres > Bosnia and Herzegovina > Kulen Vakuf > History
Ethnic conflict > Bosnia and Herzegovina > Kulen Vakuf > History
Violence > Bosnia and Herzegovina > Kulen Vakuf > History
Nationalism and collective memory > Bosnia and Herzegovina > Kulen Vakuf > History
Communalism > Bosnia and Herzegovina > Kulen Vakuf > History
World War, 1939-1945 > Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kollektives Gedächtnis
Nationalismus
Massaker
Identität
Gewalt
Kulen Vakuf (Bosnia and Herzegovina) > Ethnic relations
Kulen Vakuf
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Literaturverzeichnis
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520 |a "During two terrifying days and nights in early September 1941, the lives of nearly two thousand men, women, and children were taken savagely by their neighbors in Kulen Vakuf, a small rural community straddling today's border between northwest Bosnia and Croatia. This frenzy...in which victims were butchered with farm tools, drowned in rivers, and thrown into deep vertical caves...was the culmination of a chain of local massacres that began earlier in the summer. In Violence as a Generative Force, Max Bergholz tells the story of the sudden and perplexing descent of this once peaceful multiethnic community into extreme violence. This deeply researched microhistory provides provocative insights to questions of global significance: What causes intercommunal violence? How does such violence between neighbors affect their identities and relations? Contrary to a widely held view that sees nationalism leading to violence, Bergholz reveals how the upheavals wrought by local killing actually created dramatically new perceptions of ethnicity...of oneself, supposed "brothers," and those perceived as "others." As a consequence, the violence forged new communities, new forms and configurations of power, and new practices of nationalism"... 
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text VIOLENCE AS A GENERATIVE FORCE / BERGHOLZ, MAXYYEAUTHOR : 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS VOCABULARIES OF COMMUNITY A WORLD UPENDED KILLING AND RESCUE REBELLION AND REVENGE THE CHALLENGE OF RESTRAINT FORTY-EIGHT HOURS SUDDEN NATIONHOOD DIESES SCHRIFTSTCK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT. Bibliography Archives Bosnia-Herzegovina Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine (ABiH) | Sarajevo • Fond Agrarne direkcije u Sarajevu • Fond Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Bosne i Hercegovine (CK SK BiH) • Fond Saveza udruzenja boraca Narodnooslobodilackog rata Bosne i Herce- govine (SUBNOR BiH) • Fond Zemaljske komisije za utvrdivanje zlocina okupatora i njihovih pomagaca Bosne i Hercegovine (ZKUZ BiH) • Fond Zajednickog niinistarstva finansija za Bosnu i Hercegovinu • Fond Zemaljske Vlade Sarajevo Arhiv Rerublike Srpske Banja Luka (ARSBL) | Banja Luka • Fond 9, Kraljevska banska uprava Vrbaske Banovine (KBUVB) • Fond 74, Velika Zupa Sana i Luka Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 76, Rizicko upraviteljstvo Banja Luka Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 209, Memoarska grada • Fond 328, Zbirka dokumenata Vojno-istorijskog instituta Jugoslovenske narodne armije (VII JNA), Bosanska Krajina • Fond 330, Zbirka varia • Fond 631, Ustaski stozer i povjerenistvo za bivsu Vrbasku banovinu Banja Luka (USPBVBBL) • Fond 559, Licni fond Milana Vukmanovica (1928-1993) • Kartoteka licnosti iz NOR-a • Kartoteka ratnih zlocinaca Arhiv Unsko-sanskog kantona (AUSK) | Bihac • Fond Sreskog komiteta Saveza komunista Bosne i Hercegovine (SK SK BiH) Bihac • Fond Okruznog inspektorata Vrbaske Banovine (OIVB) Bihac • Fond Okruzne oblasti Bihac 409 410 BIBLIOGRAPHY Arhiv Muzeja Unsko-sanskog kantona (AMUSK) | Bihac • Arhiv 5. Korpusa (razni materijali iz 1991. godine) • Fond Prijepisi originalnih dokumenata iz Arhiva za historiju radnickog pokreta (AHRP), 1941—1945., Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska • Fond Sjecanja boraca iz Narodnooslobodilackog rata, 1941—1945 • Doprinos u NOB, 1941-1945 • Fond Zbirke informacija o spomenicima Narodnooslobodilackog ratu na podrucju opstine Bihac • Fond Zbirke fotografija bivseg sreza i opstine Bihac Arhiv Republike Srpske, Podrucna jedinica Fo^a (ARS PJF) | Fo£a • Fond Opstinskog koniiteta Saveza komunista Bosne i Hercegovine (OK SK BiH) Foca Li£ni arhiv Esada Bibanovica (LAEB) | Sarajevo • Neobjavljeni rukopisi o istoriji Kulen-Vakufa: • “Kulen Vakuf. Svjedocanstvo jednog vremena.” (Undated) • “Kulen Vakuf i okolina kroz istoriju ” (Undated) • Radni materijal za knjigu “Kulen-Vakuf i okolina kroz istoriju.” (Undated) • “Stanovnistvo Kulen-Vakufa i okoline kroz istoriju.” (1980) Croatia Hrvatski drzavní arhiv (HDA) | Zagreb • Fond 306, Zemaljska komisija za utvrdivanje zlocina okupatora i njihovih pomagaca (ZKUZ) Hrvatska • Fond 223, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova (MUP) Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 226, Ministarstvo zdravstva i udruzbe Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 246, Zavod za kolonizaciju Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 248, Ministarstvo oruzanih snaga Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (MINORS NDH) • Fond 493, Sudovi oruzanih snaga Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond 1220, Centralni komitet (CK) Komunisticke Partije Hrvatske (KPH) • Fond 1352, Grupa V • Fond 1353, Grupa VI • Fond 1355, Grupa VIII • Fond 1361, Grupa XVII • Fond 1363, Grupa XXI BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 • Fond 1364, Grupa XXI • Fond 1450, Minis tars tvo oruzanih snaga Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (MINORS NDH) Hrvatski drzavni arhiv Karlovac (HDA DAKA) | Karlovac • Fond 143, Memoarsko gradivo o NOR-u • Fond 141,Razni spisi iz razdoblja NDH • Fond Radnog materijala za Zbornik Donji Lapac (RMZDL) Serbia Arhiv Jugoslavije (AJ) | Belgrade • Fond 14, Minis tars tvo unutrasnjih poslova (MTJP) Kraljevine Jugoslavije • Fond 110, Drzavna koniisija za utvrdivanje zlocina okupatora i njihovih pomagaca (DKUZ) Arhiv Srbije (AS) | Belgrade • Fond G-2, Komesarijat za izbeglice (KI) Vojni arhiv (VA) I Belgrade • Fond Centralnog komiteta Komunisticke Partije Hrvatske (CK HRV) • Fond Narodnooslobodilacke vojske Jugoslavije (NOV) • Fond Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske (NDH) • Fond Sekretarijata unutarnjih poslova Socijalisticke Republike Hrvatske (SUP SRH) • Fond Sekretarijata unutrasnjih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine (SUP BiH) Arhiv Srpske rravoslavne crkve (AS PC) | Belgrade • Ministarstvo vere, Pravoslavno odeljenje • Prepisi iz Komisije za prikupljanje podataka o zlocinima nad Srbima u NDH, 1941-42 Published Documents v Cekic, SmaiL Genocid nad Bofnjacima u Drngorn svjetskom ratu: dokumenti. Sarajevo: Udruzenje Muslimana za antigenocidne aktivnosti, 1996. Dedijer, Vladimir, and Antun Miletic, eds. Proterivanje Srba sa ognjista, 1941—1944: svjcdofanstva. Belgrade: Prosveta, 1989. Dedijer, Vladimir, and Antun Miletic, eds. Genocid nad Muslimanima, 1941-1945: zbornik dokumenata i svjedofenja. Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1990. Dizdar, Zdravko, and Mihael Sobolevski. Presucwani cetnicki zloâni u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini 1941 —1945. Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 1999. 412 BIBLIOGRAPHY Informacija o zlodni ma pocinjcnim nad dvihrim stanovni vom sa podrucja Ripac-Cukovi- Orasac-Klisa-Kulen- Vakuf. Udruzenje zena i roditelja zarobljenih civila s podrucja Ripca, Cukova, Orasca, Klisc i Kulen-Vakufa [appears to have been published in 1994]. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of Inter- national Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991. Case no. IT-94-1-T, May 7, 1997; Prosecutor versus Dusko Tadic. Case no. IT-00-39-T, September 27, 2006; Prosecutor versus Momcilo Krajisnik. Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske. Odmetnicka zvjerstva pustofenja u Nezavistioj drzavi Hrvatskoj u prvim mjcsecima zivota Hrvatske Narodne Drzave. Zagreb: Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova, 1942. Pavicic, Josip, ed. Dossier Boriccvac. Zagreb: Naklada Pavicic, 2012. Statisticki preglcd izbora narodnik poslanika za ustavotvortm skupstinu Kraljevine Srba, Hmata i Slovenaca, izvrsenik na dan 28. novembra 1920.god. Belgrade: Deliska tiskarna, 1921. Statistika izbora narodnik poslanika Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1923. Belgrade: Drzavna stamparija Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, 1924. Statistika izbora narodnik poslanika Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1925. Belgrade: Drzavna stamparija Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, 1926. Statistika izbora narodnik poslanika Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 1927. 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Museta, Abas. “Kulen Vakuf: Tragedija od 10.04 do 06-18.09 1941. godine.” Newspapers Glas: organ Oblasnog odbora Narodno-oslobodilafleogfronta za Bosansku Krajinti (1944) Glas Socijalistifkog saveza radnog naroda banjalutkog sreza (1965) Hrvatska Krajina (1941) Hrvatski narod: Gasilo hrvatskog ustaOkog pokreta (1941) Krajina: list Saveza socijalistiAeog radnog naroda bihackog sreza (1956—1957, 1961, 1964, 1981) Novi list (1941) Cited Interviews Anonymous informant, September 24,2008 Anonymous informant, October 11, 2008 Anonymous informants, June 22, 2013, Martin Brod Mujo Demirovic, September 30,2008, Bihac Adem Dervisevic, October 1,2008, Klisa Dervis Dervisevic, October 1 and 5, 2008, Klisa Mustafa Dervisevic, October 11,2008, Klisa Branko Dobrac, October 1, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Ale Galijasevic, October 12, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Mujo Hasanagic, November 4, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Smajo Hodzic, June 23,2013, Cukovi Sadeta Ibrahimpasic, September 29, 2008, Bihac Sead Kadic, November 3, 2008, Bihac Adil Kulenovic, November 7, 2006, Sarajevo Ibrahim Lepirica, November 8, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Abas Museta, July 7 and 8, 2012, Crikvenica Murat Museta, September 27, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Beco Pehlivanovic, October 3, 2008, Bihac Dimitar Reljic, October 10, 2008 and June 22, 2013, Martin Brod Dula Seferovic, October 13, 2008, Ostrovica Kemal Strkljevic, September 27, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Mehmed Strkljevic, September 28, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Svetozar Tankosic, October 16, 2008, Martin Brod Maho Vazovic, September 24, 2008, Kulen Vakuf Memoirs and Novels Andric, Ivo. 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I N DEX African conflicts, similarity, 10, 12,90, 94, 98 agrarian reform, 36—38,40 Alajbegovic, Mehmed, 64 Alcksandar I (King of Yugoslavia), 38 assassination of (1934), 61—62, 252 Algeria, mutilated and dismembered corpses, 166 Alivojvodic, Milan, 135,160 killed by insurgents, 160 “All Muslims arc Ustasas!,” 142,153,288 Altagic, Branko, 277 Altic, Hilmija, 128 Altic, Mehmed, 128 Anderson, Benedict, 272 Andric, ivo, 62, 271 Armenian Christians, violence toward, 167 Artukovic, Andrija, 68 Atlagic, Stevo, 156 killed during insurgent attack, 160 Austro-Hungarian Empire former border importance and removal of “Serbs” in 1941,65-66 occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878,32-36 Schutzkorps and repression of those perceived as “Serbs,” 36 Austro-Ottoman War of 1683—1699, 22 Babic, Ljubo, 180-181 “balija,” Muslim peasant and derogatory meaning, 153, 283, 300, 368n41, 402n89 Banac, Ivo, 38 banovina (state or province), 41—42 Croatia, Banovina of, 51,62 Vrbaska Banovina, 48,68, 346n98 Barisic, Father Kresimir, Catholic, 52, 162 ba§ibozuk (bashi-bazouk), 30—31 battles and revolts Battle of Kosovo (1389), 97 Bihac, false report of Chetnik rebellion, 108 Green Cadres (zeleni kaderi), violence of, 38-39 Herzegovina, against Ottomans (1875), 29 Kulen Vakuf, “Serbs” against “Turks” (1875-1876), 29-30,39, 146 shooting at Ustasas (May 1941), 103 Yugoslavia, officer revolt (March 1941), 61 See also Bihac; Kulen Vakuf, massacre of; Ustasas, battles and killings by beheadings, meaning and reason, 164-172, 372n93,372n94 Belovic, Savo, 189 Bibanovic, Esad, 39, 73, 136, 212, 218 attempt to join insurgents, 225—226 Bibanovic, Ibrahim, 212, 218 attempt to join insurgents, 225—226 Bihac all “(Croats” viewed as Ustasas, 234-235, 262 expulsion of “Serbs” and “Jews” (ordered on June 20, 1941), 87—89, 97 false report of “Chetnik” rebellion, 108, 125-126 fear of “Serbs,” 102 Kulen Vakuf trek to Bihac, 217—264 Partisan defeat of NI)H forces (November 1942), 262-263 reactions by NOH authorities to shots fired at Ustasas, 107 “Serbs” expelled from, 133, 194 small group of Ustasas, pre-war, 47, 62 Ustasa recruitment, 66, 71 Vidovdan, destruction of Orthodox Church, 97 villagers of Boricevac sent to Bihac, 208 Bihac, post-WWII “Brotherhood and Unity,” enforcement of, 278 Muslim refugees in 1992, 301 Biondich, Mark, 325n21 Bjork, James, 272 431 432 INDEX Blazevic, Jakov, 152 Blood lands (Snyder), 7,255 Bodnaruk, Ivica, 179 Bojcic, Scfkija, forced to exhume bodies, then executed, 233 Bosnia and Lika region calls (mixed with threats) from “Serbs” to “Croats” and “Muslims” to join insurgency, 159 insurgency, 145—146 manifesto to focus on guilt of Ustasas, not “Croats” 157-158 NDH military in, 148 Orthodox/Serb population of, 65, 89, 96 Ustasas, shooting at (May 1941), 103 Ustasa violence in Lika, NDH gendarmerie report, 173 Bosnia-Hcrzegovina agrarian reform, 36—38, 329n45 Austro-Hungarian occupation, 32, 33—34 “Brotherhood and Unity,” enforcement of, 278, 290-292 “cleansing” under NDH, 68 effect of wartime violence on post- WWII disputes, 288 leaders’ quick action to prevent “sudden nationhood,” 292 Muslim and Catholic “Croats,” 63—64 NDH orders to “un-mix” the population (April-May 1941), 68—69 report on mass executions (1985—1986), 3 Branic, Father Branislav, Orthodox, 278 The Bridge on the Drina (Andric), 62,271 “Brotherhood and Unity.” See Communist Party and Communist leanings Brubaker, Rogers, 272,295 Budak, Mile, 47, 64 “chauvinism.” See nationhood or nationalism “Chetniks,”9, 11,48 Bcgluk, killing of Orthodox villagers (1944), 261,263 blamed for acts of violence, 103—106, 108-109,125 Bubanj burned in search for, 113 “Chetnik disposition,” 270 fear of massacre of civilians by, 208 genocide, study of, 8 heterogeneous group of Orthodox insurgents, 145, 148 insurgents referring to themselves as, 185 insurgents perceived as, 238 Muslim anger directed to those perceived as, 271,279-80 torture inflicted by those perceived as, 166-167 collective guilt of “Muslims” and “Croats,” 179,180-81,187 Collins, Randall, 233,239 Communist Party and Communist leanings, 268, 298 “Brotherhood and Unity,” 262-264, 271, 274-277,405n 127 against “collective categorization,” 180-181,262,317 Kulen Vakuf, few members in, 47 Kulen Vakuf, response to massacres, 257-258 manifesto to focus on guilt of Ustasas, 157-158 outlawed (early 1920s), 47, 197 restraint in Bjelaj, Muslim cooperation with insurgents, 191-192 restraint in Bosanska Dubica, 193—196 in insurgency, 146, 149—150 See also Partisans; the League of Communists of Bosnia-Herzcgovina crime, inter- and intra-ethnic (1941), 93—95 crime, intra-ethnic (1935-1936), 49-50 Crnic, Branko, 113 Croatia, Independent State of (NDH), 61-62 Croatian Homeguard (Hrvatsko domobranstvo), 67 ethnically pure Croatian nation-state, 65 history of rural communities in, 8—10 measures against those perceived as “Serbs” and “Jews,” 69 Ministry of Justice and Religious Affairs, 82,83 Muslim and Catholic “Croats63—64, 80-81 “Muslims” as “Croats of the Islamic faith,” 63-64 NDH support to fight “Chetniks,” 105 Orthodox Serbs vilified, 64—65 plunder of “non-Croat” property, 66 rumors and fear of “Serb rebellion,” 104-108 State Office for Renewal, 84-87 study of, 11 top-down ordered violence, 10 verbal communications on violence, 114-115 violence turns to mass killing and plunder (July 1, 1941), 107—110 See also NDH elite; NDH military Croat Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljacka stranka), 46,62 INDEX 433 Catholic minority, 45 Cubrilo, Ilija, 93 Has, Vccna, 120 Oedic, Munira, 209 Oelac, Tomo, 104 Demirovic, Bajro, forced to exhume bodies, then executed, 233 Ocmirovic, Dzafer, 212, 218 attemp to join insurgents, 225—226 Dervisevic, Muharem, 134 Dervisevic, Mujo, 221,238, 253, 289 Dilas, Petar “Pero” Begluk village, to torture and kill, 260-261 for escalation of violence, 230—232,251 execution of men and boys near Martin Brod, 233, 245, 247-248 former Yugoslav gendarme, 226—227 joins “Chetnik Movement,” 260 report on Kulen Vakuf, 257—259 Oizdar, Zdravko, 8 Ora ce vac, Vicko, 97 “Drvar brigade,” 180 Dugopolje pit, 223, 258-259, 298, 386n23 fXikulovic, Ivan, 134 Ourctevic, Jovan, 49 Ouric, Cvijetin, 40 lawyer, Leslie, 121 Dzal, Jakov, 97 ethnicity and religion antagonism and blame (193()s), 53—55 Catholic and Muslim protection of Orthodox, 137 complex relationships, 55—57, 94 contingent meaning during violence and plunder, 310 end of local connections (1941), 123 escalation of violence (1941), 111 ethnically pure Croatian nation-state, 65 extreme violence producing transformations in perceptions of ethnicity, 178, 306, 31 3-317 “Jews” and other “races” defined hy NOH, 63, 65-66, 337n7 “Muslims” as “Croats of the Islamic faith,” 63-64 peaceful interactions (193()s), 50—52 peaceful interactions (1941), 73 role of regional leaders in persecution, 69-70 voting complexity (1938), 46—47 See also “nation” (narod) ethnicity and religion, post-WWII collective guilt of “Muslims” and “Croats,” 283 derogatory overtones of “Muslim” and “Turk,” 286 Foca region fight transformed, 285 incidents transformed to “Muslim/Serb” conflicts, 281-284, 291 intra-ethnic murders, low attention, 288-289 rumors and “Muslim/Serb” brawls, 284-285 Evans, Arthur, 21,25, 28-30, 55 Fellman, Michael, 120, 167 “First Yugoslavia” (1918-1941), 36 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 35 friends, treatment of, 154 “Croats” against Cstasa actions (June 1941), 133, 135 protection of Muslims in Kulen Vakuf shortly after 1918,39 Ustasas* protection of local friends, 137 Frijda, Nico, 1 61,234, 238 Cellner, Ernest, 272 Giraud, Lohengrin, Italian force commander, 113—114 Golub njaca, “the pigeon cave,” 252—253, 258,261,289,306 Grabowski, Jan, 140 “Greek-Easterners,” 69, 82-83 Sec also Serbia and “Serbs” Gross, Jan, 1(), 121, 132, 255, 276 Grubisa, Milka, 277 Grzeta, Tomislav, “Yugophile,” 98 Guatemala mutilated and dismembered corpses, 166 violent military tactics, 170 Gutic, Viktor, 66, 96 cleansing of “Serbs,” 68—70, 73, 340n36 mass killing, 131 resettlement and plunder of “Serbs,” 86, 96, 106 LJstasa offer of conversion to Catholicism, 82 “Gstaski stozernik” (leader), 67—68, 339n22 Habsburg Monarchy, 27, 29 Habsburg war (1 780s), 25 Hadzic, Salih, act of “national chauvinism,” 282 Hadzijahic, Muhanied, 64 Flajdarpasic, Edin, 33 Flasanbegovic, Flajrudin, 285 434 INDEX Hefner, Robert, 115 Herff, Barbara, 101 Hitler, Adolph, 61—62, 255 Hobsbawm, Eric, 272 Hodak, Josip, 45, 47 Hodzic-Selimovic, Fata, 243, 244 Horowitz, Donald, 8, 107, 285 Hroch, Miroslav, 272 Hrvatska Krajwa (The Croatian frontier), 68-69 Ibrahimpasic, Abdulah, 97, 349nl 32 Ibrahimpasic, Rustan, 191 insurgency all “Croats” viewed as Ustasas, 151 in Boricevac, 174—176 in Boricevac, livestock in Catholic Church, 163 in Brotnja, 161—62, 165 Communist Party participation, 146, 149- 150 destruction of Catholic CTiurch in Krnjeusa, 163 in Donji Lapac, 150, 152 focus on Ustasas, not “Croats,” 156, 162 inter- and intra-ethnic violence, 154-155, 160,260 inter-ethnic distrust, 152—153 Kalati, revenge for, 185-186 killing, plunder in Cukovi and Orasac, 209-212 in Krnjeusa, 162—163, 169 letter from People’s Liberation Army of Grmcc, 159-160 mutilated bodies in plain view, 169 NDH persecution and, 365n1 in Nebljusi, 147 need for centralized framework, 181-182 “peasant councils,” 146—147 plunder of “Croats” and “Serbs,” 150- 151 revenge, resistance to, 178—179 revenge for brutality of Ustasas, 174-176 revenge for NDH persecution, 15-16, 145-146 revenge for Ustasa cleansing, 147-148, 151- 152, 156,161, 163, 168, 366n14 slogan: “all Croats and Muslims arc Ustasas,” 153 split into “Partisan Movement” and “Chctnik Movement,” 260 tradition of defense, 146 in Veliki Cvjetnic, 152 in Vrtoce, 163,165—166 in Zelinovac, 163 See also “Serbs,” days of killing of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (I CTTY), 4( )6n 143 Ivanis, Ilija-Icalj, 138 Ivanis, Tomo, 138 Ivezic, Mara and Ivica, 138 Jelic-Butic, Fikrcta, 83—84 Jews expulsion and plunder of, 87—89 expulsion from Bihac (ordered on June 20, 1941), 87-89 German and Polish “hunt for the Jews,” 140, 364n186 Jedwabne, Poland, destruction of, 10,255 treatment by Nazis, 167 Jovanic, Doko, 146, 149, 151, 152, 161-162, 238 attempt to prevent plunder of Kulen Vakuf, 226-227 call for restraint, 215 Yugoslav People s Army post-war, 269 Judson, Pieter, 272 Kadic, Mahmut, 128 kajmak, 43, 332n77 Kakar, Sudhir, 287 Kalyvas, Stathis, 9, 168 Kapetanovic, Enver, 97 Karanovic, Milan, 240 Karanovic, Nikola, 147, 149, 222, 298 former military officer and local leader, 147,222 general in Yugoslav People’s Army, 269 insurgent surprise at flight of population from Kulen Vakuf, 220 Kulen Vakuf killings, 259 Ripac, attack and burning of village, 259 role in execution at Dugopolje pit, 259 speech during unveiling of Partisan monument in Kulen Vakuf (1981), 298-299 Keca, Joco, 161 King, Jeremy, 272 Knezevic, Jovan, 39,40 Knezevic, Mile, 104 Kovacevic, Stevie, 119 Kovaccvic, Stipan, 228 Kreco, Jovo, 49 Krpan, Manda, 136 Krpan, Mile Jalsin, 133 INDEX 435 Kuga, Hurenda, 71 Kuharski, Duro, 98 Kulcnovic, Ahdulah, 40 Kulenovic, Adem-beg, 70—71,99 Kulcnovic, Adcm, 46, 48, 50, 217—21 8 Kulcnovic, Alajbeg, 38 Kulcnovic, Ali-Beg, 31 Kulenovic, Dzafer, 48 Kulcnovic, Hajro, 298 Kulenovic, Hamdija, 45 Kulenovic, Mujo, 136 Kulenovic, Mustajbeg, 40, 76 Kulenovic, Omcr, 275 Kulenovic, F^asha Mahmut, town name and patriarch of Kulen Vakuf, 21—22 Kulenovic, Salih-aga, 24 Kulenovic, Tahir-beg, 25, 30 Kulenovic-Cxmvka, Hamdija, 245 Kulenovic-Bajbutovic, Hamdija, 245 Kulenovic-Bajbutovic, Muhamed “ Pasabeg,” 39 Kulenovic-Haraclija, Mahmud, 53—55 Kulen Vakuf, 5-7,37-38 death count in region of locally executed, 255 focus on rural violence, 12 name origin, 22 origins and history of, 13, 24 perception of Muslim majority, pre-war, 53_54 quiet turns to mass killing (early July 1941), 100-108 railroad and economic growth, 42—44 Kulen Vakuf (1992) prisoners led away, 300 refugees seeking protection, 299—301 Serb fear of renewed “Ustasa-ism,” 301 Kulen Vakuf, massacres of (1941) escalation of violence, 233—234, 245, 247,250 firefight and massacre near Covka, 220-222 insurgent decision on restraint, 219 insurgent occupation of, 227 Kulen Vakuf exodus on September 6, 1941,217 Martin Brod, men and boys marched to, 245-250 Martin Brod, men and boys killed at Golubnjaca, 252-253, 289-290 Martin Brod, remains of Marko Vladetic s house, 305 NI3H military dispatched to aid refugees and Ustasas, 229 plunder and revenge, 230—234 prisoners returned to Kulen Vakuf, 228 refugees arrive in Bihac, Ustasas included, 254 report post-WWII (1985-1986) on mass executions, 3—4 restraint, mixture of opinions, 223—229 restraint advocates’ actions, 240, 242 restraint advocates leave to fight ISiDH forces, 230 small group escapes to H avala, 242—243 Ustasas believed to be among those captured, 228—229 Kulen Vakuf, memorial to genocide (2004), 301-302 Kulen Vakuf, post-WWII, 17-18 “Brotherhood and Unity,” 274—276 discord and revenge, 278—280 harmony of saved and rescuers, 273—274 intercommunal relations, concern by authorities, 275 monuments to war dead, 276—277 multi-ethnic community, 290 Partisans became communist authorities, 268 perpetrators and survivors live side by side, 289—290 post-war returnees, 266—268 report on “chauvinistic fights and incidents,” 286 silence of survivors, 270 Kulen Vakuf, saved and rescuers Karanovic, Milan, 240 Ljiljak, Uros, 240 Majstorovic, Ilija, 240 Muscta, Abas, 240 Polovina, Ousan, 240 Strkljevic, Hana, 240 Kurtagic, Smajo, forced to exhume bodies, then executed, 233 Kvaternik, Ljubomir, 87—88, 96, 97, 107,125 Kvaternik, Slavko, 68 NI)H military supreme commander, 98, 101, 102 landlord (spahija), 38 landowners, 25, 27 compensation for redistributed land, 41 violence of, 31 the League of Communists of Bihac, 277 436 NDEX the League of CCommunists of Bosnia- Herzegovina, 272—273, 276, 279—281, 394n12,395n13 absence of “national chauvinism,” 292 “chauvinistic fights and incidents” report, 286-287, 4 )4n 113 incidents transformed to “Muslim/Serb” conflicts, 283 negative views of others perceived as members of nationalities, 400n70 rumors as cause of “Muslim/Serb” conflicts, 284 surveillance by, 398n47 legitimate authority, 138—141,247, 249-250 Lika. See Bosnia and Lika region Lipovaca, Hadzera, 209 Ljiljak, Obrad, 134 Ljiljak, Uros, 240 local authorities and NDH expulsion and plunder of “Serbs” and “Jews,” 86-89, 95-97, 346n98 interpretation of national policies, 83 moderate NI7H officials, replacement of, 96-99 selection of Ustasa leaders, 70 Longman, Timothy, 1 20 Lower, Wendy, 176 Macek, Vladimir “Vladko,” 46, 62 Majstorovic, Ilija, 240 Majstorovic, Milojko, 47 Marinkovic, Vinko, 74, 80, 105, 112, 126 Markovinovic, Bozo, 133 Markovinovic, Jakov, 228 Markovinovic, Josina, 1 19 Markovinovic, Mile, 1 65 Martin Brod, 150-151,233,245,247-248, 252-253,258-259, 289-290 Masinovic, Beco, 1 39 mass violence American Civil War, 120, 167 causes, dynamics, and effects, 12, 307-310 effect on communities, 312—313, 315-317 enemy collectivity, cycle of violence, 112-113,117 fear of potential victim retaliation, 101-102, 121 Guatemala, 120, 170 Indonesia, 120—121 plunder by neighbors, 1 1 7, 1 19, 121 psychological barrier, 248—249 “psychosis” of fear, 103—104, 107—109, 121,311 revenge and brutality for past wrongs, 118-121,123-124 selective or indiscriminate, 168—169 Soviedzation of Eastern Europe, 121 top-down ordered violence, 10, 1 13—1 15, 205,325n21 Ukraine (1941), 176, 376n145 violent military tactics, 170 See also violence or restraint Matic, Stojan, 146, 156,227 call for restraint, 215, 223—224 killed in war, 269 “Peoples Hero,” 303 Matijevic, Anica, 138 Matijevic, Ivan, 162 Matijevic, Miroslav “Miro,”76, 144, 171,218 independent behavior of, 96 massacres by, 127—129, 154 motive of revenge, 73 resettlement and plunder of “Serbs,” 90-91 revenge on his father and family, 163-164 Ustasas’ local leader in Kulen Vakuf, 71, 80,99,301 McDoom, Omar Shahabudin, 79 Medic, Jovica, 228 Medic, Jovo, 289 Medic, Nikica, 126, 133 Mehadzic, Beco, 228 Milanovic, Father Vukosav, Orthodox, 39, 40 Milanovic, Vlado, 51, 125, 21 7-218 Milgram, Stanley, 138, 1 39, 1 68, 247, 250 Miskulin, Milan, 1 19 multi-ethnic community effect of violence on, 137,241 inter- and intra-ethnic retaliation, 314 intercommunal violence, 4—5, 12, 315-316,319-320 multi-ethnic workers’organization, 195 municipal council (opstinsko vijece) (1930), intercommunal cooperation, 50 Museta, Abas, 212, 236, 240 Muse til, Dzafer, 245 Museta, Mchmed “Meho,” 76, 80, 1 28, 212 Nad, Kosta, 146, 259 Najberger, Stjepan, 199—200 INDEX 437 “nation” (narod), 33 nationhood and nationalism, 272 working-class politics, challenge of, 44 National Radical Party (Narodna radikalna stranka), 46 nationhood or nationalism “chauvinism,” 264, 273, 275-279, 281-282 communist role in intercommunal incidents, 287—288 profile of leaders of intercommunal incidents, 287 “the privatization of politics,” 121,276, 399n58 trigger needed for intercommunal incidents, 288 NDH elite ideological objectives, 80, 94—95 ideological plans thwarted, 92 lack of control over local Ustasas, 127 local action before orders from Zagreb leadership, 69—70 local authorities, plunder by, 85—86 local leaders, selection and control of, 66-67 paradox between central and local manpower, 96 racial categories defined, 63—65 regional leaders and, 70, 81 resettlement agreement with German army, 87 seizure of “non-Croat” property, 85—86 “Serb question,” 81 strategy change toward Orthodox, 203-204 See also Croatia, Independent State of (NDH) NDH military in Bosanski Novi and Bosanska Krupa, 201 counter-insurgency campaign, 170 C Croatian Homeguard (Hrvatsko domobranstvo), 67 fear of local Ustasas, 205 fear of Orthodox revenge against Muslims and Catholics, 142—143 insurgents’ power in Kulcn Vakuf region, 206-207 military report of erroneous information, 108 military report on chaos, 88—89 order for halt to violence after July 1—3, 1941,126 regional orders and local implementation, 127 reports of Bubanj killing, 123 reports of insurgent infighting, 249 reports on Orthodox insurgency, 147-148,155 See also Croatia, Independent State of (NDH) Neighbors: The Destruction o f the Jewish Community in Jcdwabne, Poland (Gross), 10 Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska (NDH). See Croatia, Independent State of (NDH) “non-Serbs” ethnic slant to insurgency, 155 reasons for interventions, 137—141 response to killing and violence, 133—135 saved neighbors in Donji Lapac, 133—135 shelter of Orthodox neighbors, 136 warnings of Ustasa raids, 133—134 See also Croatia, Independent State of (NDH) Novakovic, Dusan, 46 Obradovic, Milan, 79 Obradovic, Rade, 185—186 Obradovic, Stevan “Langa,” 40, 76 Omic, Mehmed, 31 On Guerrilla Warfare (Mao Tse-tung), 151 Opacic, David, 53—55 Oreskovic-Krntija, Marko, 152, 155 discipline of “ Partisans,” 21 3—21 5 Orthodox C Christians. See Serbia and “Serbs” Ostrovica River, 24, 35, 36 Ottoman Empire rebellion (1875-1878), 29, 55 rebellion (1875—1878) intercommunal alliances, 31—32 (Christians, treatment of, 25—26 kapetanije and, 24—26 Vienna defeat (1689), 21 Ovuka, Stevo, 209 Partisans, 263 communist influence, 145, 213—214 ethnic and Ustasa vendettas, 262, 393n 142 insurgents’ membership in, 260—261,269 multi-ethnic resistance movement, 263-264 veterans’report on Kulcn Vakuf (1985— 1986), 4 war monument in Kulcn Vakuf, 297-299 438 NDEX Pavelic, Ante, 63, 66, 97 agreement with German army, 87 meeting with Viktor Gutic, 67 order for Ustasas to cease actions, 202 support for LJstasas, 105 supreme leader of the Ustasas and NI5H, 62 Pavicic, Grga “Grco,” 77, 80, 175, 303 Pavicic, Ilija and Dujo, 119 Pavicic, Juko, 47, 71,76, 126 Pavicic, Jure, 99 Pavicic, Stana, 111—113, 117, 356n76 Pavlovic, Andelko, 285 Pecanac, fXiro fXirekan, 187 peasants, CChristian, 24—26 rebellion (1875-1 878), 29-31 Green Gadrcs (zeleni kaderi), violence of, 38-39 landlords, Muslim, 29, 31 poverty of (1930s), 43 peasants, Muslim, 27, 30 Pehlivanovic, Ahmet, 134 Pehlivanovic, Ibrahim and Suljo, 78, 79 Pilipovie, Mile, 128, 174 joins “ Partisans,” 261 Pilipovic, Milica, 136 Pilipovic, Petar, peaceful interactions (1941), 136 Pilipovic Macuka, Stevan, 146 call for restraint, 174—175, 178, 215, 251 insurgent assault on Cukovi, near Kulen Vakuf, 208-209 insurgent commander, 1 56 killed during firefight on September 6, 1941,222, 246, 251,269 surprise at flight of population from Kulen Vakuf, 220 political parties coalition of opposition parties, (Udruzenje opozieije fUO]), 47 Communist Party of Yugoslavia, 47 Croat Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljacka stranka), 45 National Radical Party (Narodna radikalna stranka), 46 Yugoslav Muslim Organization (Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizaeija [JMO]),47 Yugoslav Radical Union (Jugoslovenska radikalna zajednica [JRZ]),48 Polovina, l)usan, 240 Polovina, Gojko, 230, 252 call for restraint, 215 on early chaos and lack of leadership, 149 ejected from Communist Party, 268-269 failed negotiations for surrender in Kulen Vakuf, 216 failed protection of prisoners in Kulen Vakuf, 234-237 fratricidal war, 213 Golubnjaca cave in memoirs, 306 insurgent attack on C Aikovi, 209, 221 planning for resistance, 146 report on massacres in Kulen Vakuf, 257 retaliatory violence or restraint, 188—189 Ustasa attack on Boricevac, 141 on not all Muslims and Catholics as “Ustasas,” 156-157, 175, 178-179 Posen, Barry, 124 Princip, Gavrilo, 35 Puk, Mirko, 65 Radakovic, Rade, 122 Radan, Vlado, 189 Radenovic, Stevo, 51 Radic, Stjepan, 46 railroad strikes (1937-1938), 44-45 Raseta, E)uro, 253 Raseta, Ilija, 137, 154 raya or reaya (“the flock”), 26 rebellion (1875—1878). See Ottoman Empire restraint, advocates of, 244, 317—318 attempt at restraint in Martin Brod, 246-248 communist influence, 198 failure in Kulen Vakuf, 251,257 See also Jovanic, E oko; Pilipovic Macuka, Stevan; Matic, Stojan; Polovina, Gojko; Sipka, Ranko Rodic, Nikola, 129 Rokvic, Mane for escalation, 222 execution of men and boys at Dugopolje pit, 222, 258-259 joins “Chetnik Movement,” 260 Rudic, Mica, 71 rumors and “Muslim/Serb” brawls Bosanski Petrovac region, 285 Sarajevo region, 284 Velika Kladusa region, 284 Rwanda, 79, 94, 98, 119-121, 135, 295 enemy collectivity, 1 12 gendered mass violence, 108 intercommunal friendship, 137 local leaders and resistance to violence, 140 I INDEX 439 Sabic, Huso, 262 Santikarma, Degung, 121 Sarac, Vojin, 124 Saracic, Hasan, 46, 76 Sarajevo, 9 Sasic, Brato, 152 Savic, Father Drago, Orthodox, 52, 162 Secretariat of Internal Affairs, 278 Serbia, Kingdom of, 35 Serbia and “Serbs*’ armed resistance by Orthodox (1941), 109- 110 “black sheep,” 83—84 Commissariat for Refugees (in German- occupied Serbia), 123 destruction of Serbian Orthodox Church in Bihac,97 land transfer to, 41 likelihood of revenge by Orthodox, 141-142 measures against, 68—69 motivation for violence (1918), 38—40 N1)H definition of “Serbs,” 85, 344n80 NDH offer of conversion to Catholicism, 81,83 “non-fighters cleansed,” 109—110 order to disarm Orthodox by NDH, 102-103 reaction to forced resettlement, 89—90 resettlement and plunder of, 85—86, 345n 93 revenge and brutality for past wrongs, 124 “robbery” (razbojstvo), 40 torture and killing of men, women, and children, 128—129 Ustasa cleansing, rebellion against, 104-107 Ustasa cleansing by forced migration, 84-85 violence by Ustasas (July 1941), 100—101 violence by Ustasas against (July 1941), 110- 11 “Serbs,” days of killing of, 161 desire for resistance and revenge by Orthodox Serbs, 122—123 Suvaja, Osredci, and Bubanj (July 1—3, 1941), 122-123, 125-126, 154, 175 Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Kingdom of (191 8-1929), 36, 41,53, 56, 64, 76 Serbian Uprising (1 804—1813), 25 Sikic, Rejo, 154 Siljdedic, Beco, 223 Siljegovic, Bosko, 194—195 Simic, Rero, 97 Sipka, Ranko, 245, 304-305 Skoric Ropovic, Dara, 128 Smiljanic, Duro, 46 Snyder, Timothy, 7, 255 Sobolcvski, Mihael, 8 soccer teams, multi-ethnic, 51—52 Socialist Association of Working Reople, 275 Spaho, Mehmed, 46 Spencer, Jonathan, 107 Srdic, Rajko, 1 36 saved by Muslims, 293 Sri Lanka, rumors and violence, 107, 121,170 Stakic, Milan, 49 Stanic, Iso, 1 53 Stikovac, Duro, 1 50 Stojadinovic, Milan, 46 Stojkovic, Trivun, 118 Straus, Scott, 140 Strkljevic, Hana, 235—236, 240, 305 “sudden nationhood,” 272, 281—282, 286-288,291,319 coding of inter-ethnic incidents, 295-296, 406n143 inter-ethnic solidarity as a restraint, 291 -296 Tadic, Todor, 49 Tankosic, Vladimir, 128-129, 144, 174 tax farming, 24, 31,32, 34 Tesanovic, Lazo, 153 Tito, Josip Broz, birthday celebration, 274 Topalovic, Ivan, 48, 53, 54 Trikic, Vaso, 293 Tse-tung, Mao, 151 United Nations Rrotection Force (UN FRO FOR), 300 Ustasa movement Croatian nation-state, 47, 61—62 organization and command structure of, 67, 70 removal of those defined as “Serbs” in northwest Bosnia, 65—66 resistance and distrust of, 74 threats to “Croats” and “Muslims,” 92-93 in WWII, 62—63 See also Croatia, Independent State of (NDH) 440 INDEX Ustasa movement, local autonomous violent behavior, 10—11, 204,311-312 blamed for killings of July 1-3, 1941, 126 blame for instability in region, 143—144 Catholic and Muslim passivity in confronting, 140 comparison to CGerman and Polish “hunt for the Jews,” 140 counterattack in Krnjeusa, 171 counterattack in Vrtoce, 171 cycle of violence, 170— 171 desertion from ranks of, 172 fear of potential victim retaliation, 121 hunted and killed post-WWII, 269 in Kalati, 175-176 lack of community respect for, 138—139 mass killings (July 1941), 131-132, 178 plunder of dead (July 1941), 132 plunder of “non-Croat” property, 66, 90-91,95,347n112 in Prkosi, Orasko Brdo, and Rajinovci, 169 protection of Orthodox friends, 137 revenge and brutality, 117—120,169 targeting of prominent individuals, 124-125 violence and plunder, escalation of, 127-128 violence and plunder, selective, 125, 359n123 violence as they saw fit, 115 Ustasa movement, membership, 66, 73—79, 342n54 family networks and, 77-79 leaders’ and foot soldiers’ motives, divergence of, 121 — 122 poor Catholic and Muslim peasants, 80 prewar makeup and wartime recruitment, 80 reasons to join, 77—79 recruitment of socially marginal, 90—92 Ustasas, battles and killings by in Bubanj, 110-111, 113, 115, 118-124, 165 in Busevic and Dobroselo, 128 in Herzegovina (June 1941), 117 in Jajce, 139-141 in Kulen Vakuf region, 129, 143 mass violence by (April-July 1941), 100-101 in Osredci (July 2,1941), 110-111, 121 in Popovo Polje (Herzegovina), 142 Srb and Suvaja “shootings” provoke “cleansing” (July 1, 1941), 106—110, 119, 121, 154 Vidovdan, destruction of Orthodox Church in Bihac, 97 Veber, Vladimir, NDH commander in Kulen Vakuf, 204,217 escape from Kulen Vakuf through Vrtoce to Bihac, 212 expectation of mass murder in Kulen Vakuf, 208 failed negotiations for surrender in Kulen Vakuf, 216 Velika zupa (administrative unit in NDH) Cora, 83 Krbava i Psat, 83,87, 96, 107 Veliki zupan, of Velika zupa Krbava i Psat, 87, 96, 107, 108-109,113-114, 125-126,140 “Victims of Fascist Terror,” 4,274, 276-277,303 Vienna, Ottoman defeat (1689), 21 violence or restraint, 17, 318, 320 in Cukovi, 209-210 in Berkovici, 189,207 in Boricevac, 188—189 in Boricevac, trigger, 176—178 communist influence on restraint, 193-198 difficulties of, 205—206 effect of previous violence, 250—251 examples, 232-233 expectation of mass murder in Kulen Vakuf, 208 in Fatnica, 190 fratricidal war or multi-ethnic liberation struggle, 215—216 intra-insurgent, 188, 190, 259—260 Kalati, revenge for, 185-186 in Kulen Vakuf, 219,221-232,235-237 Kulen Vakuf, failure of restraint, 238, 244-245 motive for violence, 239 NDH authorities and local Ustasas, 199-202 “negative cases,” 16, 183—185 in Pistalska Draga, 185—186 in Rasinovac, 187-188,247,249 restraint in Bjclaj, Muslim cooperation with insurgents, 190— 192 restraint in Bosanska Dubica, 184, 193-196, 249 INDEX 441 restraint in Bosanska Dubica, and local Ustasas, 200-201,247 revenge or military concerns and, 263-264 Ustasa killing of moderates, 218 See also insurgency; mass violence; “Serbs,” days of killing of; Ustasa movement, local Visegrad, eastern Bosnia, 270—271,290 Vladetic, Marko, 150-151,245, 248, 304-305 local merchant, 45, 91,93 Vojic, Ibrahim, 134 Vojic, Smajo, 228 recollection of speech by insurgents, 224 Vojvodic, Dusan, 186 Vranic, Milan, 135 Vuckovic, Nikola and Marko, 135 Vujevic, Father Martin, Catholic, 98 war crimes commissions, post-WWII, 269 “Chetnik disposition” blamed for violence in Kulen Vakuf, 270 war monuments, 297—299 Partisan monument in Kulen Vakuf, removed, replaced by home for orphan children, 302 in Kulen Vakuf, monument to Muslims killed in 1992-1995 war, 302-303 Malo Ocijevo memorial to Ranko Sipka, 304—305 Nebljusi monument to Stojan Made, 303 Nebljusi monument to “Victims of Fascist Terror,” 303 plaque on restored walls of Bor ice vac Catholic Church (201 1), 303 wars Austro-Otto man War of 1683—1699, 22 Habsburg war (1780s), 25 “wild Ustasas” or “real Ustasas,” 172—173 women and children, 244 fire fight and massacre near C bvka, 220—221 killing of, 3-4, 152, 209, 214-215 killing of (1875), 29-30 killing of (1941), 107-108, 110, 120-121, 128-129, 152, 154, 169, 175 killing of, in Kulen Vakuf (1941), 235-237, 239-240, 243, 244, 388n62, 389n67 working-class politics, 44—45, 56, 193—194 Yugoslavia, Kingdom of (1929—1941), 41, 45,55-56 census (1931), use by NDH authorities in 1941,65 C term an invasion and occupation (1941), 61 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 48 Ministry of Internal Affairs (Vrbaska Banovina), 48 Pctar II (King of Yugoslavia) birthday celebration (1938), 50-51 Ustasa movement and, 47 Yugoslav Muslim Organization (Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizaeija |JMO]), 45 Zahra, Tara, 8—9, 272 Zelic, Husein “Huca,” 47, 76-77, 80, 99, 128, 134,218 Zoric, F ura and F uka, 171 Zoric, Milan, wartime behavior, 293—294 Zoric, Sveto, 134 tt^Verische af!sb b»°thek
any_adam_object 1
author Bergholz, Max
author_facet Bergholz, Max
author_role aut
author_sort Bergholz, Max
author_variant m b mb
building Verbundindex
bvnumber BV043876738
callnumber-first D - World History
callnumber-label DR1785
callnumber-raw DR1785.K85
callnumber-search DR1785.K85
callnumber-sort DR 41785 K85
callnumber-subject DR - Balkan Peninsula
classification_rvk NQ 4640
ctrlnum (OCoLC)965651231
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dewey-full 940.53/49742
dewey-hundreds 900 - History & geography
dewey-ones 940 - History of Europe
dewey-raw 940.53/49742
dewey-search 940.53/49742
dewey-sort 3940.53 549742
dewey-tens 940 - History of Europe
discipline Geschichte
era Geschichte 1941 gnd
era_facet Geschichte 1941
format Book
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spellingShingle Bergholz, Max
Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community
Geschichte
Weltkrieg (1939-1945)
Massacres Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Ethnic conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Violence Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Nationalism and collective memory Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Communalism Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
World War, 1939-1945 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd
Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd
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title Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community
title_auth Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community
title_exact_search Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community
title_full Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community Max Bergholz
title_fullStr Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community Max Bergholz
title_full_unstemmed Violence as a generative force identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community Max Bergholz
title_short Violence as a generative force
title_sort violence as a generative force identity nationalism and memory in a balkan community
title_sub identity, nationalism, and memory in a Balkan community
topic Geschichte
Weltkrieg (1939-1945)
Massacres Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Ethnic conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Violence Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Nationalism and collective memory Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Communalism Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
World War, 1939-1945 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd
Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd
Massaker (DE-588)4300999-2 gnd
Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd
Gewalt (DE-588)4020832-1 gnd
topic_facet Geschichte
Weltkrieg (1939-1945)
Massacres Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Ethnic conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Violence Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Nationalism and collective memory Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
Communalism Bosnia and Herzegovina Kulen Vakuf History
World War, 1939-1945 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kollektives Gedächtnis
Nationalismus
Massaker
Identität
Gewalt
Kulen Vakuf (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Ethnic relations
Kulen Vakuf
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029286443&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029286443&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029286443&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv AT bergholzmax violenceasagenerativeforceidentitynationalismandmemoryinabalkancommunity

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