The history of western liberalism
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Uppsala
Uppsala Universitet
2016
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| Schriftenreihe: | Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenkapliga föreningen i Uppsala
196 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819766348317720576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface.............................................................11
1. Concepts of Freedom before the French Revolution................13
Rights and Liberties under Feudalism and Absolutism............14
New Ways of Thinking in the Renaissance........................16
Calvinism and Civil Society.....................................18
Reason as a Gift from God......................................21
The First Philosopher to Be Both Liberal and Democratic........23
Political Models during the Enlightenment......................24
Economic Thought after the Middle Ages.........................25
Two Different Models: England and France.......................28
“All Men Are Created Equal”....................................32
2. The Idea of the Limited State...................................33
Machiavelli: Fortuna, Virtu, and Virtus........................34
Self-Preservation the Basis for all Law and all Power..........35
The State as Artificial Man.....................................37
Hobbes and the Language of Liberalism..........................38
An Un-Christian Interpreter of the Bible.......................40
The Philosophy of Natural Rights................................44
A State without Responsibility for the Souls of its Citizens...45
The Separation of Powers according to Montesquieu..............47
Free Markets: Interests in Harmony..............................50
A Critique which Could Not Be Dismissed........................52
3. The French Revolution: Its Friends and Enemies.................54
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen........54
The Catholic Church in Trouble..................................56
War, the Reign of Terror, and Cultural Revolution..............57
Harvest Time for the Revolution.................................60
Edmund Burke and the Rights of Englishmen......................62
Asking Questions that a Child Can Answer.......................65
Branches of Liberalism..........................................68
4. Benjamin Constant and Modem Liberty.........................70
The Liberty of the Ancients..................................70
Napoleon’s Opponent and Confidant............................72
Liberty in Large Modem States...............................74
Political Indifference Encourages Tyranny....................76
“The Majority Never Oppresses”...............................77
A Lifelong Grappling with Rousseau...........................79
Two Kinds of Tyranny.........................................82
Constant and Anti-Liberalism.................................84
5. Lockean Liberalism or Classical Republicanism...............87
A New Paradigm...............................................88
Civic Virtue or Contending Interests.........................90
The Conflict with Anti-Modemity..............................92
The Ambiguities of Machiavelli...............................93
Finding Meaning in the Intolerable..........................95
Modem Virtues More Beneficial than Ancient Ones.............97
The Founding Fathers Were Lockean Liberals..................98
Genuine Republicanism Stronger in France....................102
6. Francis Place and English Radicalism........................104
Wielding Influence behind the Scenes........................105
A Link between Craftsmen and the Middle Class...............107
Utility as the Highest Value................................108
The Father of All Social Engineers..........................110
When There Are Too Many People..............................113
Utilitarianism, Political Economy, and Poor Relief..........115
Adam Smith on Wages and Trade Unions........................117
The Fight for Trade-Union Rights............................119
Parliamentary Reform and the Threat of Revolution...........120
The Liberal Face of Labour Radicalism.......................122
7. Republicanism and Liberalism in Kant........................124
A Republican Monarchy.......................................125
The Basis of Politics in Critical Philosophy................127
Peace through Universal Principles of Law...................130
Liberalism according to Locke or according to Kant..........133
Renaissance for Kant as a Political Thinker.................135
8. The American Model..........................................138
A Liberal Absolutism........................................139
Two Political Traditions....................................141
No Feudalism No Socialism...................................143
The Influence of Locke Pushed America to the Right..........145
Free and Less Free Employment Contracts.......................146
Military Involvement in Five Hundred Labour Disputes..........148
Labour Law Shaped the American Labour Movement................149
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Value Relativist..................151
9. Tocqueville: A Reluctant Democrat............................154
A Study of Jacksonian Democracy...............................154
Royal French Equality.........................................155
Liberty’s Preconditions.......................................157
Orthodox Catholic without Personal Faith......................160
Three Countries, Three Models.................................161
Jurists as Aristocratic Counterweight to Democracy............162
Democracy Is Better, Despite Everything.......................164
The Right is Superior to the Useful...........................165
Classes as Object of Study for the Historian..................166
Freedom in Great Things and in Small..........................167
10. John Stuart Mill, Rationalist and Romantic..................170
From Calculating Utility to Finding Truth in Poetry...........171
Individuality Is the Highest Value............................173
Reinterpreting Utilitarianism.................................174
Voting Is a Trust, not a Right................................176
No Friend of Homo Economicus..................................177
A Protected Private Sphere....................................181
Declared a Saint by Gladstone.................................183
Idealism and a Critique of Christianity.......................184
11. German Liberalism—on Terms Set by its Adversaries...........187
Liberal Reformers and State Officials.........................188
Another World from France, England, and the United States.....190
No Agitation, No Parties, No Programmes.......................191
Little Faith in Civil Society.................................193
Liberals against Bad Odds.....................................194
In Bismarck’s Shadow..........................................195
Germany as an Exception—To What?..............................198
Expectations for the Bourgeoisie..............................200
Bismarck’s Advisor and Critic.................................204
Liberals, Workers, and Kathedersozialisten....................206
The Socialist Alternative.....................................208
12. Laissez-Faire on Left and Right.............................209
Manchester Liberal with a Global Vision.......................209
Members of the Clergy and of the Chamber of Commerce..........211
No to the Crimean War and to Anti-French Hysteria.............213
Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism.........................215
Spencer’s Influence in America................................218
The Eclipse of Social Darwinism and of Laissez-Faire.........220
13. Between Legitimists and Jacobins............................221
A Liberal Conception of History...............................222
A Source of Ideas for Tocqueville and Marx...................224
Underestimated Doctrinaires...................................226
Politics on the Basis of Reason, of Religion, or of Poetry...227
The Ideas of the Third Republic..............................231
Positivism as a Political Philosophy..........................232
Critical Philosophy for Neo-Girondists........................234
Raymond Aron’s Rationalism....................................236
14. The Philosophical Basis of Social Liberalism.................238
Refutation of the Wage-Fund Theory............................240
Lujo Brentano’s Argument for Trade Unions....................241
The Metaphysics of Social Liberalism..........................244
Liberal, but with a Different Conception of Freedom..........245
New Liberalism—Hobson and Hobhouse............................247
War Budget against Poverty....................................250
Populism and Progressivism....................................251
An Attempt to Combine Jefferson and Hamilton.................254
French Radicalism and “Solidarity”............................256
From One World to Another.....................................259
15. Liberalism, Nationalism, and Imperialism.....................261
Revolution of the Intellectuals...............................262
Ireland, Vehicle of God’s Retribution.........................264
Gladstone as Interpreted by Historians........................266
Colonialism a Question of Money...............................269
Free-Trade Imperialism........................................271
J.A. Hobson’s Theory of Imperialism...........................273
The Visionary Peace Policy of Woodrow Wilson..................277
16. Lippmann and Dewey on the Crisis of Democracy................279
Lippmann: Modus Vivendi as the Goal of Politics...............280
An Unsentimental, Value-Free Lockeanism.......................283
Dewey’s Concept of the Great Community........................285
Lippmann Reconsiders..........................................287
Embraced by Communitarians....................................290
17. Liberal Economists on Capitalism............................292
Classicists and Neoclassicists................................293
The Entrepreneur—not the Consumer—at Centre..................294
The Economist Who Did Not Like Savings.......................297
Lifting a World Economy out of Depression....................299
The Austrian School...........................................302
Professor with Licence to Oppose Keynes......................303
The Planned Economy: A Road to Serfdom.......................306
Trial and Error Beats Rationalism.............................309
Hayek’s Views on Coercion by Trade Unions....................310
The Vision of Spontaneous Order...............................312
18. Political Liberalism according to John Rawls................314
Consent or Utility as the Basis of the State?................315
The General Will’s Tendency to Equality......................316
Behind the Veil of Ignorance..................................318
Rawls and his Critics.........................................320
Kantianism in One Country.....................................322
A Theory that Stands on its Own Feet.........................325
19. Liberals and the Nordic Model................................327
A Non-Doctrinaire Liberalism..................................327
Anti-Socialist Laws and Strike Bans in Europe................329
Left Influence before the Rise of Socialism..................331
Labour Law—the Scandinavian Model.............................333
A Larger State Role in Norway and Finland....................336
A Welcoming Atmosphere for the Labour Movement...............338
Two Interpretations of the Model..............................339
20. Human Rights................................................343
British Slavery Worse than American...........................344
“Twin Birth of Liberalism and Slavery”.......................346
The Mother of All Solidarity Movements.......................347
Discrimination and Inalienable Rights.........................350
The Civil Rights Act: A Breakthrough..........................352
The Oppression of Women: Harder to Combat than Slavery.......353
Feminism as a Theory of Rights...............................354
Overlapping Reform Movements..................................356
The Idea of Natural Rights under Critique.....................357
The Labour Movement and Human Rights..........................359
Rights under the Constitution.................................360
Rights at European Level......................................362
21. Anti-Liberal Critiques........................................364
Weak Points of the Theory of Rights...........................365
Civil Society and the Rechtsstaat..............................367
The Critique from the Right....................................368
Knowledge Reserved to Great Philosophers.......................370
The Political, the Social, and the Private....................372
Between Value-Relativism and Fixed Norms.......................374
A Theory of the Right or a Theory of Values....................376
The Critique from the Left.....................................377
22. A Summary................................................. 380
A Movement with Many Branches..................................381
The Meaning of Freedom: Three Distinctions.....................384
The Liberal View of People................................... 385
Individualism: A Concept Not Easily Captured...................387
A Sensitive Area within Liberalism.............................389
Liberty, like Civilization, is Artificial......................390
References.........................................................393
Literature.....................................................393
The Philosophers...............................................402
Index..............................................................405
|
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| id | DE-604.BV043807883 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T05:19:39Z |
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| isbn | 9789155495695 9155495699 |
| language | English |
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| physical | 411 Seiten |
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| publishDate | 2016 |
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| publisher | Uppsala Universitet |
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| series | Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenkapliga föreningen i Uppsala |
| series2 | Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenkapliga föreningen i Uppsala |
| spellingShingle | Nycander, Svante 1933- The history of western liberalism Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenkapliga föreningen i Uppsala Liberalism / historia sao Politisk filosofi / historia sao Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035582-2 |
| title | The history of western liberalism |
| title_alt | Liberalismens idéhistoria |
| title_auth | The history of western liberalism |
| title_exact_search | The history of western liberalism |
| title_full | The history of western liberalism Svante Nycander |
| title_fullStr | The history of western liberalism Svante Nycander |
| title_full_unstemmed | The history of western liberalism Svante Nycander |
| title_short | The history of western liberalism |
| title_sort | the history of western liberalism |
| topic | Liberalism / historia sao Politisk filosofi / historia sao Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Liberalism / historia Politisk filosofi / historia Liberalismus |
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