Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors
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| Vorheriger Titel: | Smith, David J. Functional savety |
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam
Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann
[2016]
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Safety critical systems handbook |b a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors |c David J. Smith ; Kenneth G.L. Simpson |
| 250 | |a Fourth edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam |b Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann |c [2016] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2016 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 307 Seiten |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 653 | |a Industrial safety--Standards--European Union countries. | ||
| 653 | |a Process control--Standards--European Union countries. | ||
| 653 | |a Manufacturing processes--Safety measures--Standards--European Union countries. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819724145025351680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
A Quick Overview............
The 2010 Version of ¡EC 61508
The 2016 Version
Acknowledgments...............
,.xv
xvii
. xix
XXI
PART A: THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY INTEGRITY.............................................1
Chapter 1 The Meaning and Context of Safety Integrity Targets.......................3
1.1 Risk and the Need for Safety Targets........................................3
1.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Safety Target..................................6
1.3 The Life-Cycle Approach.....................................................9
Section 7.1 of Part 1.......................................................9
1.4 Steps in the Assessment Process.............................................13
Step 1. Establish Functional Safety Capability (i.e., Management)...........13
Step 2. Establish a Risk Target.............................................13
Step 3. Identify the Safety Related Function(s).............................13
Step 4. Establish SILs for the Safety-Related Elements......................13
Step 5. Quantitative Assessment of the Safety-Related System................14
Step 6. Qualitative Assessment Against the Target SILs......................14
Step 7. Establish ALARP.....................................................14
1.5 Costs.......................................................................15
1.5.1 Costs of Applying the Standard........................................15
1.5.2 Savings from Implementing the Standard................................15
1.5.3 Penalty Costs from Not Implementing the Standard......................15
1.6 The Seven Parts of IEC 61508................................................16
1.7 HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study)........................................19
1.7.1 Objectives of a HAZOP.................................................20
1.7.2 HAZOP Study Team......................................................20
1.7.3 Typical Information Used in the HAZOP.................................21
1.7.4 Typical HAZOP Worksheet Headings......................................22
1.7.5 Risk Ranking..........................................................23
1.7.6 Quantifying Risk......................................................23
v
vi Contents
Chapter 2 Meeting I EC 61508 Part 1.................................................25
2.1 Establishing Integrity Targets..............................................25
2.1.1 The Quantitative Approach..............................................25
2.1.2 Layer of Protection Analysis..........................................34
2.1.3 The Risk Graph Approach...............................................36
2.1.4 Safety Functions......................................................38
2.1.5 “Not Safety-Related”..................................................39
2.1.6 SIL 4.................................................................39
2.1.7 Environment and Loss of Production....................................40
2.1.8 Malevolence and Misuse................................................40
2.2 “As Low as Reasonably Practicable”.........................................40
2.3 Functional Safety Management and Competence................................44
2.3.1 Functional Safety Capability Assessment................................44
2.3.2 Competency............................................................44
2.3.3 Independence of the Assessment........................................48
2.3.4 Hierarchy of Documents................................................48
2.3.5 Conformance Demonstration Template....................................49
IEC 61508 Part 1..................................................................49
2.4 Societal Risk...............................................................50
2.4.1 Assess the Number of Potential Fatalities.............................50
2.4.2 It Is Now Necessary to Address the Maximum Tolerable Risk............50
2.4.3 The Propagation to Fatality...........................................51
2.4.4 Scenarios with Both Societal and Individual Implications.............52
2.5 Example Involving Both Individual and Societal Risk.........................52
2.5.1 Individual Risk Argument...............................................52
2.5.2 Societal Risk Argument................................................53
2.5.3 Conclusion............................................................55
Chapter 3 Meeting IEC 61508 Part 2...................................................57
3.1 Organizing and Managing the Life Cycle......................................57
Sections 7.1 of the Standard: Table ‘1’......................................57
3.2 Requirements Involving the Specification....................................59
Section 7.2 of the Standard: Table B1 (avoidance)............................59
3.3 Requirements for Design and Development....................................60
Section 7.4 of the Standard: Table B2 (avoidance)............................60
3.3.1 Features of the Design.................................................60
Sections 7.4.1-7.4.11 excluding 7.4.4 and 7.4.5...............................60
3.3.2 Architectures (i.e., SFF).............................................63
Section 7.4.4 Tables ‘2’ and ‘3’..............................................63
3.3.3 Random Hardware Failures..............................................66
Section 7.4.5.................................................................66
3.4 Integration and Test (Referred to as Verification)..........................66
Section 7.5 and 7.9 of the Standard Table B3 (avoidance).....................66
Contents vii
3.5 Operations and Maintenance..................................................67
Section 7.6 Table B4 (avoidance).............................................67
3.6 Validation (Meaning Overall Acceptance Test and the Close Out of Actions)....67
Section 7.3 and 7.7: Table B5................................................67
3.7 Safety Manuals..............................................................68
Section 7.4.9.3—7 and App D...................................................68
3.8 Modifications...............................................................68
Section 7.8..................................................................68
3.9 Acquired Subsystems.........................................................68
3.10 “Proven in Use” (Referred to as Route 2S in the Standard)....................69
3.11 ASICs and CPU Chips..........................................................70
(a) Digital ASICs and User Programmable ICs..................................70
Section 7.4.6.7 and Annex F of the Standard...................................70
(b) Digital ICs with On-Chip Redundancy (up to SIL 3)........................70
Annex E of the Standard......................................................70
3.12 Conformance Demonstration Template..........................................71
IEC 61508 Part 2...................................................................71
Chapter 4 Meeting IEC 61508 Part 3....................................................79
4.1 Organizing and Managing the Software Engineering.............................79
4.1.1 Section 7.1 and Annex G of the Standard Table “1”......................79
4.2 Requirements Involving the Specification.....................................83
4.2.1 Section 7.2 of the Standard: Table A1..................................83
4.3 Requirements for Design and Development......................................83
4.3.1 Features of the Design and Architecture................................83
4.3.2 Detailed Design and Coding............................................84
4.3.3 Programming Language and Support Tools................................84
4.4 Integration and Test (Referred to as Verification)..........................85
4.4.1 Software Module Testing and Integration...............................85
4.4.2 Overall Integration Testing...........................................85
4.5 Validation (Meaning Overall Acceptance Test and Close Out of Actions)....86
Paragraphs 7.3, 7.7, 7.9, Table A7...........................................86
4.6 Safety Manuals..............................................................86
(Annex D)....................................................................86
4.7 Modifications...............................................................87
Paragraph 7.6, 7.8, Table A8 and B9...........................................87
4.8 Alternative Techniques and Procedures.......................................87
4.9 Data-Driven Systems.........................................................88
4.9.1 Limited Variability Configuration, Limited Application Configurability.88
4.9.2 Limited Variability Configuration, Full Application Configurability...88
4.9.3 Limited Variability Programming, Limited Application Configurability...89
4.9.4 Limited Variability Programming, Full Application Configurability...89
v/77 Contents
4.10 Some Technical Comments.....................................................89
4.10.1 Static Analysis......................................................89
4.10.2 Use of “Formal” Methods.............................................90
4.10.3 PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and their Languages...........90
4.10.4 Software Reuse......................................................91
4.10.5 Software Metrics.....................................................92
4.11 Conformance Demonstration Template.......................................92
IEC 61508 Part 3...............................................................92
Chapter 5 Reliability Modeling Techniques.........................................101
5.1 Failure Rate and Unavailability............................................101
5.2 Creating a Reliability Model...............................................101
5.2.1 Block Diagram Analysis...............................................102
5.2.2 Common Cause Failure (CCF)...........................................110
5.2.3 Fault Tree Analysis................................................115
5.3 Taking Account of Auto Test...............................................116
5.4 Human Factors............................................................119
5.4.1 Addressing Human Factors...........................................119
5.4.2 Human Error Rates....................................................121
5.4.3 A Rigorous Approach..................................................123
Chapter 6 Failure Rate and Mode Data..............................................125
6.1 Data Accuracy..............................................................125
6.2 Sources of Data............................................................127
6.2.1 Electronic Failure Rates.............................................128
6.2.2 Other General Data Collections.......................................128
6.2.3 Some Older Sources...................................................129
6.2.4 Manufacturer’s Data..................................................130
6.2.5 Anecdotal Data.......................................................130
6.3 Data Ranges and Confidence Levels..........................................130
6.4 Conclusions................................................................132
Chapter 7 Demonstrating and Certifying Conformance................................135
7.1 Demonstrating Conformance..................................................135
7.2 The Current Framework for Certification....................................135
7.3 Self-Certification (Including Some Independent Assessment).................137
7.3.1 Showing Functional Safety Capability (FSM) as Part of
the Quality Management System.........................................137
7.3.2 Application of IEC 61508 to Projects/Products........................137
7.3.3 Rigor of Assessment..................................................138
7.3.4 Independence.........................................................138
Contents ix
7.4 Preparing for Assessment..............................................138
7.5 Summary...............................................................140
PART B: SPECIFIC INDUSTRY SECTORS..............................................143
Chapter 8 Second Tier Documents—Process, Oil and Gas Industries................145
8.1 IEC International Standard 61511: Functional Safety—Safety
Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector (Second Edition
to be Published in 2016)...............................................145
8.1.1 Organizing and Managing the Life Cycle...........................147
8.1.2 Requirements Involving the Specification........................148
8.1.3 Requirements for Design and Development.........................149
8.1.4 integration and Test (Referred to as Verification)..............152
8.1.5 Validation (Meaning Overall Acceptance Test and Close
Out of Actions)...................................................152
8.1.6 Modifications...................................................152
8.1.7 Installation and Commissioning..................................153
8.1.8 Operations and Maintenance......................................153
8.1.9 Conformance Demonstration Template..............................153
8.1.10 Prior Use........................................................162
8.2 Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers IGEM/SR/15: Programmable
Equipment in Safety-Related Applications—5th Edition 2010..............165
8.3 Guide to the Application of IEC 61511 to Safety Instrumented Systems
in the UK Process Industries...........................................165
8.4 ANSI/ISA-84.00.01 (2004)—Functional Safety, Instrumented Systems
for the Process Sector.................................................166
8.5 Recommended Guidelines for the Application of IEC 61508 and IEC
61511 in the Petroleum Activities on the Norwegian Continental
Shelf OLF-070—Rev 2, 2004............................................. 166
8.6 Energy Institute: Guidance on Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Determination,
Expected to be Published 2016..........................................168
Chapter 9 Machinery Sector.....................................................169
9.1 ENISO 12100:2010..................................................... 169
9.2 ENISO 13849.......................................................... 171
The Assessment.........................................................174
9.2.1 Systematic Failures..............................................175
9.3 BS EN 62061...........................................................176
9.3.1 Targets..........................................................176
9.3.2 Design..........................................................177
9.3.3 Template Assessment Checklist for BS EN 62061...................178
9.4 BS EN ISO 13850: 2015 Safety of Machinery—Emergency
Stop—Principles for Design.............................................186
x Contents
Chapter 10 Other Industry Sectors...............................................187
10.1 Rail..................................................................187
10.1.1 European Standard EN 50126: 1999: Railway Applications—The
Specification and Demonstration of Dependability, Reliability,
Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS)..............................187
10.1.2 EN 50126 and EN 50128 and EN 50129.............................188
10.1.3 Engineering Safety Management (known as The Yellow
Book)—Issue 4.0 2005............................................189
10.2 UK MOD Documents......................................................190
10.2.1 Defense Standard 00-56 (Issue 6.0, 2015): Safety Management
Requirements for Defense Systems................................190
10.2.2 Defense Standard 00—55 (Issue 3.0, 2014): Requirements
for Safety of Programmable Elements (PE) in Defense Systems.....190
10.3 Earth Moving Machinery................................................191
10.3.1 EN 474 Earth Moving Machinery—Safety...........................191
10.3.2 ISO/DIS 15998 Earth Moving Machinery—MCS Using Electronics.....191
10.4 Coding Standard.......................................................191
10.4.1 C3, Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Critical
Systems—MISRA (Motor Industries Research Association)—2013......191
10.5 Automotive............................................................192
10.5.1 ISO 26262 Road Vehicles: 2011—Functional Safety................192
10.5.2 ISO/DIS 25119 Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture...........193
10.5.3 MISRA (Motor Industry Software Reliability Association), 2007:
Guidelines for Safety Analysis of Vehicle-Based Software........193
10.6 Nuclear...............................................................194
10.6.1 IEC International Standard 61513: Nuclear Power
Plants—Instrumentation and Control for Systems Important
to Safety—General Requirements for Systems......................194
10.7 Avionics..............................................................195
10.7.1 RTCA DO-178C; Software Considerations in Airborne Systems
and Equipment Certification.....................................195
10.7.2 RTCA/DO-254 Design Assurance Guidance for
Airborne Electronic Hardware....................................196
10.7.3 ARINC 653: Multiple Application Hosting........................196
10.7.4 ARINC 661 Standard Cockpit Display System Interfaces
to User System..................................................197
10.8 Medical—IEC 60601 Medical Electrical Equipment, General Requirements
for Basic Safety and Essential Performance 2014........................197
10.9 Stage and Theatrical Equipment........................................198
10.9.1 SR CWA 15902-1:2009 Lifting and Load-Bearing Equipment
for Stages and Other Production Areas Within the Entertainment
Industry........................................................198
Contents xi
J 0.10 Electrical Power Drives................................................199
10.10.1 BS EN 61800-5-2:2007 Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive
Systems............................................................199
10.11 Energy Institute (See also Section 8.6)..................................199
10.11.1 Guidance on Assessing the Safety Integrity of Electrical Supply
Protection: 2006.................................................. 199
10.11.2 Guidelines for the Management of Safety Critical
Elements: 2007.....................................................199
PART C: CASE STUDIES IN THE FORM OF EXERCISES
AND EXAMPLES............................................................201
Chapter 11 Pressure Control System (Exercise)....................................203
11.1 The Unprotected System...................................................203
11.2 Protection System........................................................203
11.3 Assumptions..............................................................204
11.4 Reliability Block Diagram................................................205
11.5 Failure Rate Data........................................................205
11.6 Quantifying the Model....................................................206
11.7 Proposed Design and Maintenance Modifications............................207
11.8 Modeling CCF (Pressure Transmitters).....................................207
11.9 Quantifying the Revised Model............................................208
11.10 ALARP....................................................................209
11.11 Architectural Constraints................................................209
Chapter 12 Burner Control Assessment (Example)...................................211
Safety Integrity Study of a Proposed Replacement Boiler Controller...........211
Executive Summary and Recommendations....................................211
12.1 Objectives...............................................................212
12.2 Integrity Requirements...................................................215
12.3 Assumptions..............................................................215
12.3.1 Specific..........................................................215
12.3.2 General...........................................................215
12.4 Results..................................................................216
12.4.1 Random Hardware Failures..........................................216
12.4.2 Qualitative Requirements..........................................216
12.4.3 ALARP.............................................................220
12.5 Failure Rate Data........................................................220
12.6 References...............................................................221
Annex I Fault Tree Details................................................221
xii Contents
Chapter 13 SIL Targeting-Some Practical Examples...............................225
] 3. ] A Problem Involving EUC/SRS Independence.............................225
13.2 A Hand-held Alarm Intercom, Involving Human Error in the Mitigation...226
13.3 Maximum Tolerable Failure Rate Involving Alternative Propagations
to Fatality..............................................................228
(a) Concentration of Gas on Site......................................228
(b) Spread of Gas to Nearby Habitation................................228
13.4 Hot/Cold Water Mixer Integrity..........................................229
13.5 Scenario Involving High Temperature Gas to a Vessel.....................231
ALARP....................................................................231
13.6 LOPA Examples...........................................................231
13.6.1 Example using the LOPA Technique (1).............................231
13.6.2 Example using the LOPA Technique (2).............................233
Chapter 14 Hypothetical Rail Train Braking System (Example).....................239
14.1 The Systems.............................................................239
14.2 The SIL Targets.........................................................240
14.3 Assumptions.............................................................241
14.4 Failure Rate Data.......................................................241
14.5 Reliability Models......................................................241
14.5.1 Primary Braking System (High Demand).............................242
14.5.2 Emergency Braking System (Low Demand)............................242
14.6 Overall Safety-Integrity................................................243
Chapter 15 Rotorcrafi Accidents and Risk Assessment.............................249
15.1 Helicopter Incidents....................................................249
15.2 Floatation Equipment Risk Assessment....................................250
15.2.1 Assessment of the Scenario.......................................251
15.2.2 ALARP............................................................252
Chapter 16 Hydroelectric Dam and Tidal Cates....................................253
16.1 Flood Gate Control System...............................................253
16.1.1 Targets..........................................................253
16.1.2 Assessment.......................................................253
16.2 Spurious Opening of Either of Two Tidal Lock Gates Involving a
Trapped Vessel...........................................................259
Appendix 1 Functional Safety Management.........................................263
Appendix 2 Assessment Schedule..................................................273
Appendix 3 BETAPLUS CCF Model, Scoring Criteria.................................277
Contents xiii
Appendix 4 Assessing Safe Failure Fraction and Diagnostic Coverage........281
Appendix 5 Answers to Examples............................................285
Appendix 6 References.......................................................293
Appendix 7 Quality and Safety Plan..........................................295
Appendix 8 Some Terms and Jargon oflEC 61508................................299
Index.......................................................................305
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Smith, David John 1943- Simpson, Kenneth G. L. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138556172 |
| author_facet | Smith, David John 1943- Simpson, Kenneth G. L. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043756695 |
| classification_rvk | ZG 9287 |
| classification_tum | TEC 770p TEC 770f |
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| discipline | Technik Technik |
| edition | Fourth edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043756695 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T05:15:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780128051214 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029168143 |
| oclc_num | 958415518 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-573 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-573 DE-739 |
| physical | XXI, 307 Seiten graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Smith, David John 1943- Simpson, Kenneth G. L. Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors Sicherheit (DE-588)4054790-5 gnd Sicherheitskritisches System (DE-588)4767762-4 gnd Norm Normung (DE-588)4172022-2 gnd Leittechnik (DE-588)4246578-3 gnd Funktionssicherheit (DE-588)4760707-5 gnd Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054790-5 (DE-588)4767762-4 (DE-588)4172022-2 (DE-588)4246578-3 (DE-588)4760707-5 (DE-588)4059233-9 |
| title | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors |
| title_auth | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors |
| title_exact_search | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors |
| title_full | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors David J. Smith ; Kenneth G.L. Simpson |
| title_fullStr | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors David J. Smith ; Kenneth G.L. Simpson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors David J. Smith ; Kenneth G.L. Simpson |
| title_old | Smith, David J. Functional savety |
| title_short | Safety critical systems handbook |
| title_sort | safety critical systems handbook a straightforward guide to functional safety iec 61508 2010 edition iec 61511 2016 edition related guidance including machinery and other industrial sectors |
| title_sub | a straightforward guide to functional safety: IEC 61508 (2010 edition), IEC 61511 (2016 edition) & related guidance ; including machinery and other industrial sectors |
| topic | Sicherheit (DE-588)4054790-5 gnd Sicherheitskritisches System (DE-588)4767762-4 gnd Norm Normung (DE-588)4172022-2 gnd Leittechnik (DE-588)4246578-3 gnd Funktionssicherheit (DE-588)4760707-5 gnd Technische Sicherheit (DE-588)4059233-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sicherheit Sicherheitskritisches System Norm Normung Leittechnik Funktionssicherheit Technische Sicherheit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029168143&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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