Stress & health biological and psychological interactions

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1. Verfasser: Lovallo, William R. (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Los Angeles SAGE [2016]
Ausgabe:Third edition
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi 1. Psychosocial Models of Health and Disease 1 The Standard Biomedical Model and New Approaches to Medicine 3 A Biobehavioral Model of Disease and Treatment 6 Pathogen-Host Interactions 8 Psychosocial-Sociocultural Interactions 8 Placebo Effects 9 Psychoneuroimmunology 11 Cultural, Intrapersonal, and Physiological Influences in Coronary Heart Disease 14 Psychosocial Theories of Disease and Treatment 16 The Foundation of Behavioral Medicine 17 Summary 19 Further Reading 20 Discussion Points 21 2. History of the Concept of Stress 23 The Age of Enlightenment and the Emergence of Scientific Thought 24 Descartes and the Mechanical Model of Living Things 25 The Worldview and Premises of Modern Science 27 The Mind-Body Problem 27 Claude Bernard and the Modern Biomedical Model 28 Claude Bernard and the Vitalists 29 Walter Cannon 31 Definition of Stress 32 Hans Selye 35 The Concept of Allostasis 36 Additional Considerations on the Stress Concept 38 Summary 39 Further Reading 40 Discussion Points 40 3. Homeostatic Regulation: Normal Function and Stress Responses 41 A Hierarchy of Homeostatic Controls 42 Organ Reflexes 42 Reflex Loops 43 Brainstem Controls 44 Hypothalamic Regulation 44 Higher Brain Centers and Behavioral Adaptations 44 Intrinsic Control Mechanisms 45 Autonomic Controls Over Homeostasis 46 Negative Feedback 46 The Autonomic Nervous System Versus the Skeletal Nervous System 47 Three Autonomic Divisions 48 The Sympathetic Nervous System 50 The Parasympathetic Nervous System 51 The Enteric Nervous System 52 Coordinated Actions of the Autonomic Branches 52 Higher Controls Over Homeostasis 53 Hypothalamic Integration of Autonomic, Endocrine, and Motor Functions 54 The Hypothalamus and Emotional Expression 54 The Hypothalamus Integrates Autonomic and Endocrine Function During Stress 55 Endocrine Responses During Stress 57 Adrenomedullary Response 59 Adrenocortical Response 60 Negative Feedback by Cortisol 61 Hypothalamus 61 Pituitary 61 Hippocampus 62 Cortisol During Stress 62 Beta-endorphin 62 Summary 63 Further Reading 63 Discussion Points 64 4. Physical and Psychological Stress 65 Classes of Stress Responses 66 The Exercise Response 67 The Preparatory Phase of Exercise 67 The Active Phase of Exercise 68 Peripheral Blood Flow in Exercise 69 Cardiac Output During Exercise 69 Endocrine Changes During Exercise 70 Exercise and Adaptation to Stress 71 The Fight-or-Flight Response 71 Different Emotions and Motivations Accompany Exercise and the Fight-or-Flight Response 73 Why Is Exercise Considered Good If It Is a Stressor? 74 Psychological Stress 75 Mental Arithmetic as a Prototypical Mental Stressor 75 The Responses to Aversive and Nonaversive Challenges 76 Exposure to Noise and Shock 77 Work to Earn Monetary Reward 78 Activation and Distress 80 Discussion 81 Summary 83 Further Reading 83 Discussion Points 84 5. Central Nervous System Integration of the Psychological Stress Response 85 Appraisals, Psychological Stress, and Negative Emotions 86 Primary and Secondary Appraisals 86 Primary Appraisals 87 Secondary Appraisals and Coping Responses 88 Outcomes of Coping Efforts and Physiological Responses 89 The Appraisal Process Is Dynamic and Recursive 89 Psychological Stress Revisited 90 Central Integration of the Response to Psychological Stress 91 The Limbic System and Associated Parts of the Brain 92 Anatomical Overview 92 Primary Appraisals: Sensory Intake and Interpretation of the Environment 95 What Is It? And Where Is It? 97 Cognition and Emotion: Generating Emotions Based on Appraisal Processes 97 The Case of Phineas Gage 99 Prefrontal-Limbic Interactions and Thoughts and Feelings 101 Secondary Appraisals: How Well Did Our Coping Attempt Work? 101 Physiological Correlates of Primary and Secondary Appraisal Processes 101 The Amygdala Performs a Parallel Memory Function 103 The Amygdala Triggers Warning Systems by Classifying Incoming Stimuli 104 Outputs From the Amygdala and Hippocampus Provide Essential Information to the Prefrontal Cortex 104 Frontal-Limbic Interactions and Appraisals 105 Internal Sources of Amygdaloid Activity and Internally Generated Emotional Responses 105 Initiation of Behavioral, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Responses to Psychological Stressors 106 Feedback to the Cortex and Limbic System: The Central Feedback Subsystem 106 Locus Ceruleus 107 Raphe Nuclei 108 Ventral Tegmental Nuclei 109 Autonomic and Endocrine Outflow: The Emotional Response Subsystem 110 Summary 112 Further Reading 113 Discussion Points 114 6. Stress and the Endocrine System 115 Overview of Stress Endocrine Regulation 116 Activation of Stress Endocrine Secretion and the Central Corticotropin-Releasing Factor System 117 Cortisol Regulation 118 Stress Effects and the Central CRF System 118 Cortisol’s Feedback Actions in the Central Nervous System 121 Cortisol Receptors 121 Cortisol Effects on Frontal-Limbic Activity 123 Amygdala Responses to Cortisol and Altered Responsivity of the Central Nervous System 123 Amygdala Sensitization to Stress 124 Amygdala Sensitization and Potential Implications for Health 125 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 125 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 126 Cortisol and Hippocampal Volume 126 Long-Term Effects of Amygdala Sensitization 127 The Hypothalamic-Sympatho-Adrenomedullary Axis 128 Amygdala and Hippocampal Responses to Stress Hormone Feedback: Modulation of Emotional Memory Formation and Working Memory 128 Emotional Memories 129 Cortisol and Emotional Memory Formation 129 Cortisol, Working Memory, and Decision Making 130 Stress Endocrine Secretion and Regulation of Long-Term Stress Reactivity 132 Hierarchy of Autonomic and Endocrine Controls Over Homeostasis Leading to Long-Term Memory Formation 132 Recap: How Ideas Come to Have Power Over Our Bodies 133 Further Reading 134 Discussion Points 136 7. The Immune System Stress and Behavior 137 Overview of the Immune System 138 Structural Components of the Immune System 138 Immune System Cells 139 Phagocytes 139 Lymphocytes 140 Immune System Messengers 142 Innate Resistance 143 Acquired Immunity and Establishment of Immune System Memory 143 The Inductive Phase 144 Effector Phase 144 Functional Immune Changes 146 The Behavior-Immune Interface 146 Immune-to-Behavior Communication 146 Behavior-to-Immune Communication 147 Behavior-Immune Interactions and Health Indicators 148 Stress, Immune Response to Viral Challenge, and Viral Reactivation 148 Altered Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility and Altered HPAC Function 150 Altered Immune Function and Life Stress in Humans 153 Stress Buffers, Positive Emotions, and Physical Health 156 Discussion 157 Summary 158 Further Reading 158 Discussion Points 159 8. Helplessness Coping and Health 161 Death Due to Uncontrollable Stress 162 Sudden Death Due to Uncontrollable Stress 163 Possible Mechanisms of Sudden Death 164 Is Stress a Cause or a Contributor? 167 Helplessness and Exposure to Uncontrollable Stress 167 The Executive Monkey Study 168 Helplessness and Uncontrollability 168 Relevance to Ulcers in Humans 169 Studies of Ulceration in Rats 169 Predictability as a Moderator of Physical Consequences of Stress 170 Controllability as a Moderator of Physical Effects of Stress 171 Positive Feedback as a Moderator of Stress Responses 172 The Psychological Component of the Situation Is More Important Than the Actual Stressor 173 “Learned Helplessness” and the Consequences of Lack of Control 173 Alternative Hypotheses About Behavioral Depression 174 Was It the Stressor or Was It the Uncontrollability? 175 Did the Cold-Swim Rats Learn to Be Helpless or Were They Showing a Performance Deficit? 175 Lazarus’s Model of Psychological Stress and Helplessness 176 Central Neurotransmitters and Severe Stress 176 Uncontrollable Shock, Norepinephrine, and Depression 177 Serotonin Mechanisms 178 Emotions and Health 179 Discussion 180 Summary 182 Further Reading 182 Discussion Points 184 9. Genes, Stress, and Behavior 185 Early Life Experience, Epigenetic Programming of Gene Expression, and Stress Reactivity 186 Crime and Punishment: Rooster Bogle and the Bogle Clan 186 A Rat Model of Early Experience, Development, and Responses to Stress 187 Maternal Separation and Neglect 187 Nurturing by Rat Mothers Is Increased by Brief Separation 189 Stress Versus Nurturing 189 Nurturing Effects on the Brain 190 Genotype, Genetic Vulnerability to Early Life Adversity, and Psychobehavioral Outcomes in Humans 193 The MAOA Gene and Vulnerability to Childhood Maltreatment: A G x E Case Study 193 A Word About Sex and Different Impacts of an X-Linked Genotype on the Phenotype 194 The Serotonin Transporter Gene and Vulnerability to Childhood Maltreatment 196 Discussion 200 Summary 201 Further Reading 201 Discussion Points 202 10. Individual Differences in Reactivity to Stress 203 A Proposed Classification of Individual Differences in Reactivity 204 Persons May Differ in Stress Reactivity Because of Inborn Factors or Experience 206 Individual Differences in Stress Responses May be Conditioned by Functional Alterations at Three Levels in the System 207 Individual Differences in Evaluative and Emotional Processes—Level I 209 Neurophysiological Evidence on Prefrontal-Limbic Connections and Emotions 210 Level I Processes Can Bias Physiological and Behavioral Reactivity to Stress: Research on Hostility 212 Individual Differences in Hypothalamic and Brainstem Responses to Stress—Level II 215 Stability of Cardiovascular Reactivity 216 Hypothalamus as a Source of Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity 217 Integrated Cardiac and Endocrine Reactivity 217 Central Nervous System Activity in Relation to Cardiovascular and Endocrine Reactivity 220 Individual Differences in Peripheral Responses to Stress—Level III 221 Discussion 222 Summary 224 Further Reading 224 Discussion Points 225 11. Health Implications of Exaggerated and Blunted Stress Reactivity 227 Reactivity Tests in Medicine 229 Health Outcomes Related to Exaggerated Cardiovascular and Endocrine Reactivity ^ 230 Individual Differences in Level I Reactivity and Health Implications 230 Cognitive Challenge 231 Hostility 231 Hopelessness 232 Individual Differences in Level II Reactivity; Cardiovascular Reactivity as a Mediator of Disease Risk 233 Individual Differences in Level III Reactivity and Disease 234 Immune System Alterations, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Health 235 Blunted Stress Reactivity and Health 236 Early Life Adversity and Blunted Stress Reactivity 237 Early Life Adversity, Psychological Characteristics, Cognition, and Behavioral Regulation 239 Early Life Adversity and Low Versus High Stress Reactivity: Unanswered Questions 243 Blunted Stress Reactivity, Social Adversity, and Health 243 Discussion 246 Exaggerated Reactivity and Disease 247 Blunted Reactivity and Disease 247 Family Dysfunction, Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Health Outcomes 248 Summary 250 Further Reading 250 Discussion Points 251 12. Behavior, Stress, and Health 253 The Historical Dilemma of Mind-Body Dualism 253 Matter and Behavior 255 Behavioral Medicine in Relation to Traditional Medicine 260 Systems Organization and Stress 261 Psychological Stress and Its Consequences 262 Stress and Behavioral Medicine 265 Stress, Stress Reduction, and Improved health 265 Summary 266 Further Reading 267 References 269 Author Index 293 Subject Index 303 About the Author 329
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physical XXII, 329 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23 cm
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spellingShingle Lovallo, William R.
Stress & health biological and psychological interactions
Medicine and psychology
Clinical health psychology
Stress (Physiology)
Stress (Psychology)
Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd
Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
Stress (DE-588)4058047-7 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4047704-6
(DE-588)4045981-0
(DE-588)4058047-7
title Stress & health biological and psychological interactions
title_alt Stress and health
title_auth Stress & health biological and psychological interactions
title_exact_search Stress & health biological and psychological interactions
title_full Stress & health biological and psychological interactions William R. Lovallo (University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, University of Oklahoma)
title_fullStr Stress & health biological and psychological interactions William R. Lovallo (University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, University of Oklahoma)
title_full_unstemmed Stress & health biological and psychological interactions William R. Lovallo (University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, University of Oklahoma)
title_short Stress & health
title_sort stress health biological and psychological interactions
title_sub biological and psychological interactions
topic Medicine and psychology
Clinical health psychology
Stress (Physiology)
Stress (Psychology)
Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd
Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
Stress (DE-588)4058047-7 gnd
topic_facet Medicine and psychology
Clinical health psychology
Stress (Physiology)
Stress (Psychology)
Psychologie
Physiologie
Stress
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