Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU |b the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships |c Nelleke Koffeman |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Intersentia |c [2015] | |
| 300 | |a xx, 725 pages |c 24 cm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a School of Human Rights Research series |v volume 72 | |
| 500 | |a Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)...Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 2015. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 667-699) and index | ||
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Leiden University |d 2015 | ||
| 546 | |a With summaries in English and Dutch | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Reproductive rights |z European Union countries | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Domestic relations |z Ireland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Domestic relations |z Germany | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human rights |z European Union countries | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION 3
1.1. OBJECT OF STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3
1.2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 5
1.3. THE TWO CASE STUDIES 7
1.3.1. DEFINITION OF CASE STUDY I 8
1.3.2. DEFINITION OF CASE STUDY II 10
1.4. THE FIVE JURISDICTIONS 10
1.5. OUTLINE 13
CASE STUDY I - REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS 15
CHAPTER 2.
ECHR 17
2.1. REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS UNDER THE ECHR 17
2.1.1. A RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR THE DECISION (NOT) TO BECOME A GENETIC
PARENT 17
2.1.2. THE STATUS OF THE UNBORN UNDER THE ECHR 21
2.1.3. THE RIGHTS OF THE (FUTURE) CHILD UNDER THE ECHR 22
2.1.4. THE RIGHT TO KNOW ONE'S GENETIC ORIGINS 23
2.2. ABORTION UNDER THE ECHR 26
2.2.1. THE CASE OF D. V. IRELAND(2006) 28
2.2.2. THE CASE OF TYSIQC V. POLAND (2001) 29
2.2.3. THE CASE OF A, B ANDCV. IRELAND(2010) 31
2.2.3.1. ADMISSIBILITY 33
2.2.3.2. ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLAINTS UNDER ARTICLES 2 AND 3 33
2.2.3.3. ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLAINTS UNDER ARTICLE 8 34
2.2.3.4. A WIDE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION, NO VIOLATION 35
2.2.3.5. PROCEDURAL APPROACH; VIOLATION IN RESPECT OF THIRD
APPLICANT 38
2.2.4. CONSOLIDATION OF THE PROCEDURAL APPROACH IN ABORTION CASES 40
2.2.5. THE RIGHTS OF THE FATHER-TO-BE IN ABORTION CASES 43
2.3. ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTION AND SURROGACY UNDER THE ECHR 43
IX
CONTENTS
2.3.1. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 45
2.3.2. BALANCING THE RIGHTS OF PARTIES TO AHR TREATMENT 46
2.3.3. DONATION OF GAMETES 47
2.3.4. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS 54
2.3.5. SURROGACY 56
2.3.6. ESTABLISHMENT OF PARENTAL LINKS AFTER AHR TREATMENT 57
2.4. CROSS-BORDER CASES AND THE ECHR 59
2.4.1. INFORMATION ABOUT FOREIGN TREATMENT OPTIONS AND FOLLOW-UP
TREATMENT 59
2.4.2. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF PARENTAL LINKS ESTABLISHED ABROAD 61
2.5. CONCLUSIONS 69
CHAPTER 3.
EU 73
3.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 73
3.1.1. THE STATUS OF THE UNBORN UNDER EU LAW 73
3.1.2. (POTENTIALLY) RELEVANT CHARTER RIGHTS 76
3.1.3. RELEVANT EU COMPETENCES 80
3.1.3.1. PUBLIC HEALTH 81
3.1.3.2. SOCIAL SECURITY 81
3.1.3.3. CIVIL MATTERS (INCLUDING FAMILY LAW) HAVING
CROSS-BORDER IMPLICATIONS 82
3.1.3.4. CRIMINAL LAW 83
3.2. ABSENCE OF EU STANDARDS ON ABORTION 84
3.3. (LIMITED) EU STANDARDS RELATED TO ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTION
AND SURROGACY 85
3.3.1. THE EU IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL DEVICES DIRECTIVE (1998) 87
3.3.2. THE EU TISSUES AND CELLS DIRECTIVE (2004) 88
3.3.3. EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW AND ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 91
3.3.4. EU LAW AND SURROGACY 92
3.4. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT FOR REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS IN THE EU: SOME
STATISTICS 97
3.4.1. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER ABORTIONS WITHIN THE EU 97
3.4.2. STATISTICS ON CBRC WITHIN THE EU 98
3.4.3. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY WITHIN THE EU 98
3.5. EU STANDARDS ON CROSS-BORDER HEALTH CARE 99
3.5.1. THE SOCIAL SECURITY REGULATION AND CROSS-BORDER HEALTH CARE 101
3.5.2. EU FREE MOVEMENT LAW AND CROSS-BORDER HEALTH CARE 102
3.5.2.1. A RESTRICTION OF FREE MOVEMENT?- THE GROGAN CASE 105
3.5.2.2. JUSTIFICATION OF RESTRICTIONS OF FREE MOVEMENT 109
3.5.2.3. CONDITIONS FOR AUTHORISATION REQUIREMENTS IN RESPECT OF
SCHEDULED CARE ILL
3.5.2.4. THE AMOUNT AND THE KIND OF COSTS TO BE REIMBURSED 113
3.5.3. THE EU PATIENT MOBILITY DIRECTIVE (2011) 114
CONTENTS
3.5.3.1. AUTHORISATION AND REIMBURSEMENT FOR CROSS-BORDER
HEALTH CARE 117
3.5.3.2. INFORMATION RIGHTS 118
3.6. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS UNDER EU LAW 119
3.6.1. POLITICAL ATTENTION FOR CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE
MATTERS 119
3.6.2. OPEN QUESTIONS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF CROSS-BORDER HEALTH
CARE STANDARDS 122
3.6.2.1. REIMBURSEMENT FOR TREATMENT OBTAINED ABROAD 123
3.6.2.2. PRIOR AUTHORISATION REQUIREMENTS AND REFUSAL OF
AUTHORISATION 124
3.6.2.3. MEDICAL FOLLOW-UP AFTER CROSS-BORDER TREATMENT 127
3.6.2.4. INFORMATION ABOUT FOREIGN ABORTION AND AHR SERVICES
AND SURROGACY 128
3.6.2.5. DIFFERENT REGIMES AS AN OBSTACLE TO FREE MOVEMENT? 128
3.6.3. RECOGNITION OF PARENTAL LINKS ESTABLISHED ABROAD 128
3.6.3.1. GREEN PAPER ON RECOGNITION OF CIVIL STATUS RECORDS (2010) 130
3.6.3.2. EP STUDY ON SURROGACY IN THE EU (2013) 132
3.6.4. THE EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT AND REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS 133
3.7. CONCLUSIONS 137
CHAPTER 4.
GERMANY 139
4.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 139
4.1.1. HUMAN DIGNITY (ARTICLE 1(1)) AS GUIDING PRINCIPLE UNDER
THE GERMAN BASIC LAW 139
4.1.2. ARTICLE 2: PERSONAL FREEDOMS 140
4.1.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO PROCREATE 141
4.1.4. THE STATUS OF THE UNBORN UNDER GERMAN LAW 142
4.1.5. THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 143
4.1.6. THE RIGHT TO KNOW ONE'S GENETIC ORIGINS 144
4.2. GERMAN ABORTION LEGISLATION 145
4.2.1. EARLY GERMAN ABORTION LEGISLATION 146
4.2.2. THE FIRST BVERFG ABORTION JUDGMENT AND SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATION .
149
4.2.3. GERMAN REUNIFICATION AND ABORTION CONTROVERSY 152
4.2.4. THE PREGNANCY AND FAMILY ASSISTANCE ACT (1992) 153
4.2.5. THE SECOND BVERFG ABORTION JUDGMENT (1993) 155
4.2.6. THE PREGNANCY AND FAMILY ASSISTANCE REVISION ACT (1995) AND
SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS 159
4.2.7. ABORTION AND PUBLIC FUNDING 163
4.3. GERMAN LEGISLATION ON ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTION AND SURROGACY 164
4.3.1. EARLY (LEGISLATIVE) DEVELOPMENTS 165
4.3.2. THE EMBRYO PROTECTION ACT (1991) 166
4.3.3. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 168
4.3.4. DONATION OF GAMETES AND EMBRYOS 169
XI
CONTENTS
4.3.4.1. PROHIBITION ON EGG CELL DONATION 170
4.3.4.2. POST-MORTEM REPRODUCTION 172
4.3.5. GENDER SELECTION 172
4.3.6. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD) 173
4.3.7. VITRIFICATION OF EGG CELLS 178
4.3.8. AHR TREATMENT AND PUBLIC FUNDING 179
4.3.9. SURROGACY 181
4.4. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 184
4.4.1. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER ABORTIONS 184
4.4.1.1. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT FROM GERMANY 184
4.4.1.2. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT TO GERMANY 188
4.4.2. STATISTICS AND REPORTED CASES ON CROSS-BORDER REPRODUCTIVE CARE
. 188
4.4.3. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY 189
4.5. GERMAN ABORTION AND AHR LEGISLATION AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 189
4.5.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ABORTIONS AND AHR TREATMENT OBTAINED
ABROAD 190
4.5.2. PUBLIC FUNDING FOR TREATMENT OBTAINED ABROAD 191
4.5.3. CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY UNDER GERMAN LAW 192
4.6. CONCLUSIONS 196
CHAPTER 5.
IRELAND 199
5.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 199
5.1.1. THE MARITAL RIGHT TO PROCREATE 199
5.1.2. THE STATUS OF THE UNBORN UNDER IRISH LAW 200
5.1.3. THE RIGHTS OF THE (FUTURE) CHILD 201
5.1.3. THE RIGHT TO KNOW ONE'S GENETIC ORIGINS 203
5.2. IRISH ABORTION LEGISLATION 203
5.2.1. THE SUCCESS OF PRO-LIFE CAMPAIGNERS 206
5.2.1.1. THE GROGAN CASE (1991) AND ITS AFTERMATH 207
5.2.2. THE XCASE (1992) AND ITS AFTERMATH 208
5.2.3. THE 1992 ABORTION REFERENDUM AND THE 1995 ABORTION
INFORMATION ACT 212
5.2.4. (TOWARDS) THE 2002 ABORTION REFERENDUM 214
5.2.5. ABORTION IN CASE OF LETHAL FOETAL ABNORMALITY? THE CASES OF D. V.
IRELAND AND MISS D. 215
5.2.6. THE ECTHR JUDGMENT IN A, B AND C V. IRELAND (2010) AND ITS
FOLLOW-UP IN IRELAND 217
5.2.7. TOWARDS ABORTION LEGISLATION 219
5.2.8. THE PROTECTION OF LIFE DURING PREGNANCY ACT (2014) 221
5.2.9. CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS FOR ABORTIONS IN IRELAND 223
5.2.10. PUBLIC FUNDING FOR ABORTIONS IN IRELAND 224
5.3. (THE ABSENCE OF) IRISH LEGISLATION ON ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTION
AND SURROGACY 225
5.3.1. THE ROCHE V. ROCHE CASE (2006 AND 2009) 227
XN
CONTENTS
5.3.2. DEVELOPMENTS SINCE ROCHE V. ROCHE 229
5.3.3. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 230
5.3.4. DONATION OF GAMETES AND EMBRYOS 231
5.3.4.1. POST-MORTEM REPRODUCTION 235
5.3.5. GENDER SELECTION 236
5.3.6. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD) 236
5.3.7. VITRIFICATION OF EGG CELLS 237
5.3.8. AHR TREATMENT AND PUBLIC FUNDING 238
5.3.9. SURROGACY 238
5.4. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 244
5.4.1. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER ABORTIONS 244
5.4.2. (INSUFFICIENT) STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER REPRODUCTIVE CARE 245
5.4.3. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY 247
5.5. IRISH ABORTION AND AHR LEGISLATION AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 248
5.5.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ABORTIONS AND AHR TREATMENT ABROAD? 248
5.5.2. PUBLIC FUNDING FOR TREATMENT OBTAINED ABROAD 248
5.5.3. INFORMATION ABOUT TREATMENT ABROAD AND FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT .
249
5.5.4. CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY UNDER IRISH LAW 250
5.6. CONCLUSIONS 254
CHAPTER 6.
THE NETHERLANDS 257
6.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 257
6.1.1. THE RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE (ARTICLE 10) AND THE RIGHT
TO
INVIOLABILITY OF THE PERSON (ARTICLE 11) 257
6.1.2. THE RIGHTS OF THE (FUTURE) CHILD 258
6.1.3. THE STATUS OF THE UNBORN UNDER DUTCH LAW 259
6.1.4. THE RIGHT TO KNOW ONE'S GENETIC PARENTS 260
6.2. DUTCH ABORTION LEGISLATION 261
6.2.1. EARLY LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS 262
6.2.2. THE PREGNANCY TERMINATION ACT (1981) 265
6.2.2.1. THE SCOPE OF THE PREGNANCY TERMINATION ACT 267
6.2.2.2. EMERGENCY SITUATION 269
6.2.2.3. FIVE-DAY REFLECTION PERIOD 269
6.2.2.4. LICENSING AND REGISTRATION 270
6.2.3. RECEPTION OF THE PREGNANCY TERMINATION ACT 270
6.2.4. CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS FOR ABORTIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS 271
6.2.5. ABORTION AND PUBLIC FUNDING 271
6.3. DUTCH LEGISLATION ON ASSISTED HUMAN REPRODUCTION AND SURROGACY 272
6.3.1. THE EMBRYO ACT (2002) 272
6.3.2. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 274
6.3.3. DONATION OF GAMETES AND EMBRYOS 275
6.3.3.1. POST-MORTEM REPRODUCTION 280
6.3.4. GENDER SELECTION 281
6.3.5. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD) 282
XLLL
CONTENTS
6.3.6. VITRIFICATION OF EGG CELLS 286
6.3.7. AHR TREATMENT AND PUBLIC FUNDING 287
6.3.8. SURROGACY 290
6.4. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 295
6.4.1. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER ABORTIONS 295
6.4.1.1. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT TOWARDS THE NETHERLANDS 295
6.4.1.2. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT FROM THE NETHERLANDS 297
6.4.1.3. WOMEN ON WAVES 297
6.4.2. STATISTICS ON CROSS-BORDER REPRODUCTIVE CARE 298
6.4.2.1. CROSS-BORDER DONATION OF GAMETES AND IMPORT OF GAMETES 299
6.4.2.2. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT FOR PGD 301
6.4.2.3. MISCELLANEOUS 301
6.4.3. CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY 302
6.5. DUTCH ABORTION AND AHR LEGISLATION AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 303
6.5.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ABORTIONS AND AHR TREATMENT CARRIED OUT
ABROAD 303
6.5.2. PUBLIC FUNDING FOR TREATMENT OBTAINED ABROAD 304
6.5.3. INFORMATION ABOUT TREATMENT ABROAD AND FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT * 307
6.5.4. ACCESS TO ABORTION FOR FOREIGN WOMEN 308
6.5.5. (NON-)APPLICABILITY OF THE DUTCH DONOR INFORMATION ACT
IN CROSS-BORDER SITUATIONS 308
6.5.6. CROSS-BORDER SURROGACY UNDER DUTCH LAW 310
6.6. CONCLUSIONS 313
CHAPTER 7.
CONCLUSIONS CASE STUDY I 317
7.1. THE INTERNAL PICTURE - HOW ARE REPRODUCTIVE MATTERS DEALT WITH IN
THE
VARIOUS JURISDICTIONS? 317
7.1.1. BALANCING; THE SAME INTERESTS BUT DIFFERENT WEIGHTS 317
7.1.2. ROOM FOR BRIGHT LINE RULES 321
7.1.3. CONSISTENCY OF LAWS REQUIRED 322
7.1.4. IMPORTANCE OF PROCEDURES ALLOWING FOR CAREFUL DECISION-MAKING.
322
7.1.5. FRAGMENTED REGULATION 323
7.1.6. HOW WAS CHANGE BROUGHT ABOUT? A TYPIFICATION OF (LEGISLATIVE
AND JUDICIAL) PROCESSES 324
7.1.7. RESUME AND OUTLOOK 326
7.2. THE CROSS-BORDER PICTURE - LEGAL RESPONSES TO CROSS-BORDER
MOVEMENT. 327
7.2.1. WARDING OFF 328
7.2.1.1. TRAVEL BANS AND CRIMINAL PROSECUTION UPON RETURN 329
7.2.1.2. BANS ON INFORMATION ABOUT FOREIGN SERVICES 329
7.2.1.3. REFUSALS TO PROVIDE FOLLOW-UP CARE 330
7.2.1.4. REFUSALS TO REIMBURSE TREATMENT AND PRIOR AUTHORISATION
REQUIREMENTS 331
7.2.1.5. NON-RECOGNITION OF LEGAL EFFECTS 331
7.2.1.6. WARDING OFF BY COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION 332
7.2.1.7. OBSERVATIONS 332
XIV
CONTENTS
7.2.2. ACCOMMODATION 334
7.2.2.1. RECOGNITION OF LEGAL PARENTHOOD IN CROSS-BORDER
SURROGACY CASES 334
7.2.2.2. INFORMATION, REIMBURSEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP CARE 335
7.2.2.3. OBSERVATIONS 337
7.2.3. ADAPTATION 337
7.2.4. OUTSOURCING 338
7.2.5. RESUME AND OUTLOOK 343
CASE STUDY II - LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX
RELATIONSHIPS 345
CHAPTER 8.
ECHR 347
8.1. FRAMEWORK OF ECHR RIGHTS 347
8.1.1. SEXUAL ORIENTATION AS MOST INTIMATE ASPECT OF PRIVATE LIFE
(ARTICLE 8 ECHR) 347
8.1.2. SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS AND THE RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE AND
FAMILY LIFE (ARTICLE 8 ECHR) 349
8.1.3. THE RIGHT TO MARRY (ARTICLE 12 ECHR) 351
8.1.4. DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION 353
8.2. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ECHR 354
8.2.1. EARLY CASE LAW ON TRANSSEXUALS' RIGHT TO MARRY 355
8.2.2. THE CASE OF SCHALK AND KOPFV. AUSTRIA (2010) 359
8.2.2.1. THE COURT'S EXAMINATION OF THE COMPLAINT UNDER
ARTICLE 12 ECHR 359
8.2.2.2. THE COURT'S EXAMINATION OF THE COMPLAINTS UNDER
ARTICLES 8 AND 14 ECHR 361
8.2.2.3. AFFIRMATION OF THE SPECIAL STATUS OF TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE
IN SUBSEQUENT CASE LAW 364
8.2.3. SPOUSES, REGISTERED PARTNERS AND STABLE PARTNERS COMPARED UNDER
ARTICLE 14 ECHR 365
8.2.3.1. SPOUSES COMPARED TO UNMARRIED PARTNERS 365
8.2.3.2. SPOUSES COMPARED TO REGISTERED PARTNERS 368
8.2.3.3. REGISTERED PARTNERS COMPARED TO UNMARRIED PARTNERS 372
8.2.3.4. SAME-SEX UNMARRIED PARTNERS COMPARED TO
DIFFERENT-SEX UNMARRIED PARTNERS 373
8.2.4. PARENTAL RIGHTS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES 377
8.2.4.1. ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX PARTNERS OR COUPLES 379
8.2.4.1.1. SINGLE-PARENT ADOPTION 379
8.2.4.1.2. SECOND-PARENT AND SUCCESSIVE ADOPTION 382
8.2.4.1.3. JOINT ADOPTION 386
8.2.4.2. LEGAL PARENTHOOD BY OPERATION OF THE LAW 387
8.2.4.3. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 388
8.2.5. THE ROLE OF EXISTING ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF REGISTRATION IN THE
COURT'S CASE LAW 389
XV
CONTENTS
8.2.6. (TOWARDS) A RIGHT TO SOME FORM OF LEGAL RECOGNITION OF
(SAME-SEX) RELATIONSHIPS? 393
8.3. CROSS-BORDER CASES 397
8.3.1. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN SAME-SEX MARRIAGES AND PARTNERSHIPS * 398
8.3.2. REFUSAL OF A RESIDENCE PERMIT TO A SAME-SEX PARTNER 398
8.3.3. CROSS-BORDER CASES INVOLVING CHILDREN 398
8.4. CONCLUSIONS 399
CHAPTER 9.
EU 403
9.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 403
9.1.1. RELEVANT CHARTER RIGHTS 403
9.1.2. RELEVANT EU COMPETENCES 404
9.2. THE EU STAFF REGULATIONS AND SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS 405
9.3. EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW AND SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS 411
9.3.1. THE GRANT CASE (1998) 412
9.3.2. THE INCLUSION OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN THE TREATIES IN 1999 414
9.3.3. THE EMPLOYMENT EQUALITY DIRECTIVE AND RELEVANT CASE LAW 416
9.3.3.1. THE MARUKOJUDGMENT (2008) 417
9.3.3.2. THE ROMER JUDGMENT (2011) 421
9.3.3.3. THE HAY JUDGMENT (2013) 422
9.3.4. POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN EU NON-DISCRIMINATION LAW 424
9.3.4.1. PROPOSED HORIZONTAL EQUAL TREATMENT DIRECTIVE 424
9.3.4.2. NON-DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AS
A GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF EU LAW? 426
9.4. LGBT RIGHTS IN THE EU'S FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AGENDA 426
9.5. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT OF RAINBOW FAMILIES IN THE EU; SOME
STATISTICS. 429
9.6. FREE MOVEMENT LAW AND RAINBOW FAMILIES - OPEN QUESTIONS 431
9.6.1. REGULATION 1612/68 AND WORKERS WITH RAINBOW FAMILIES 433
9.6.2. THE FREE MOVEMENT DIRECTIVE AND EU CITIZENS WITH RAINBOW
FAMILIES 435
9.6.2.1. SAME-SEX SPOUSES 438
9.6.2.2. SAME-SEX REGISTERED PARTNERS 444
9.6.2.3. SAME-SEX STABLE PARTNERS 447
9.6.2 A. CHILDREN OF SAME-SEX COUPLES 448
9.6.3. THE FREE MOVEMENT OF RAINBOW FAMILIES UNDER PRIMARY LAW 449
9.6.4. THE FAMILY REUNIFICATION DIRECTIVE AND THIRD-COUNTRY NATIONALS
WITH RAINBOW FAMILIES 453
9.7. EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RAINBOW FAMILIES 455
9.7.1. THE BRUSSELS I AND BRUSSELS II BIS REGULATIONS AND SUBSEQUENT
EU PIL INSTRUMENTS 456
9.7.2. PROPOSALS FOR REGULATIONS ON PROPERTY REGIMES (2010) 459
9.7.3. GREEN PAPER ON RECOGNITION OF CIVIL STATUS RECORDS (2010) 462
9.8. CONCLUSIONS 455
XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 10.
GERMANY 469
10.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 469
10.1.1. ARTICLE 3 BASIC LAW: EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW 469
10.1.2. ARTICLE 6(1) BASIC LAW: SPECIAL PROTECTION OF MARRIAGE AND THE
FAMILY 471
10.1.2.1. DEFINITION OF 'MARRIAGE' AND 'FAMILY' IN ARTICLE 6(1)
BASIC LAW 473
10.1.2.2. THE MEANING OF'SPECIAL PROTECTION' IN ARTICLE 6(1)
BASIC LAW 473
10.1.2.3. THE RELATIONSHIP OF ARTICLE 6(1) TO OTHER PROVISIONS OF
THE BASIC LAW 475
10.1.2.4. ARTICLE 6(1) BASIC LAW AS EXPRESSION OF A CULTURAL
IDENTITY 475
10.2. (DE-)CRIMINALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITIES 476
10.3. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS UNDER GERMAN LAW 477
10.3.1. EARLY (LEGISLATIVE) DEVELOPMENTS 477
10.3.2. THE CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS ACT (2001) 480
10.3.3. THE 2002 BVERFG JUDGMENT UPHOLDING THE CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS
ACT 483
10.3.4. FURTHER EQUALISATION OF THE CIVIL PARTNERSHIP WITH MARRIAGE 488
10.3.4.1. EMPLOYMENT LAW 490
10.3.4.2. THE LEGAL POSITION OF CIVIL SERVANTS 491
10.3.4.3. TAX ISSUES 494
10.3.5. PARENTAL RIGHTS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES 499
10.3.5.1. 2004: INTRODUCTION OF SECOND-PARENT ADOPTION 500
10.3.5.2. 2009 AND 2010: PRINCIPLED BVERFG RULINGS 500
10.3.5.3. 2013: SUCCESSIVE ADOPTION 501
10.3.5.4. EXCLUSION OF CIVIL PARTNERS FROM JOINT ADOPTION 508
10.3.5.5. LEGAL PARENTHOOD BY OPERATION OF THE LAW 508
10.3.5.6. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 510
10.3.6. TOWARDS ACCESS TO MARRIAGE FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES? 510
10.4. SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 512
10.4.1. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT; SOME STATISTICS 513
10.4.2. (DEVELOPMENT OF) THE RELEVANT GERMAN CONFLICT-OF-LAWS RULES .
513
10.4.3. ACCESS TO REGISTERED PARTNERSHIP FOR FOREIGN SAME-SEX COUPLES
. 514
10.4.4. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVES 2004/38 AND 2003/86 IN GERMAN
LAW 516
10.4.5. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN SAME-SEX REGISTERED PARTNERSHIPS UNDER
GERMAN LAW 520
10.4.6. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN SAME-SEX MARRIAGES UNDER GERMAN LAW.
523
10.4.7. 'DOWNGRADING' AND FREE MOVEMENT LAW ACCORDING TO THE GERMAN
COURTS 525
10.4.8. CROSS-BORDER PARENTAL ISSUES 527
XVU
CONTENTS
10.4.9. RECOGNITION OF GERMAN CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS IN OTHER MEMBER
STATES 529
10.5. CONCLUSIONS 529
CHAPTER 11.
IRELAND 531
11.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 531
11.1.1. EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW 531
11.1.2. THE RIGHT TO MARRY AND THE PROTECTION OF FAMILY UNDER THE IRISH
CONSTITUTION 531
11.2. (DE-)CRIMINALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITIES 534
11.3. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS UNDER IRISH LAW 536
11.3.1. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS LEGAL RECOGNITION 537
11.3.2. THE ZAPPONE & ANOR JUDGMENT (2006) 541
11.3.3. TOWARDS A CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 543
11.3.4. THE CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2010 545
11.3.5. PARENTAL RIGHTS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES UNDER IRISH LAW 547
11.3.5.1. MCD V.L& ANOR (2009): NO CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION
OF SAME-SEX DE FACTO FAMILY LIFE 548
11.3.5.2. LIMITED CHANGE BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE 2010 ADOPTION
ACT AND THE 2010 CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 550
11.3.5.3. THE CHILDREN AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS BILL (2014) 552
11.3.6. TOWARDS ACCESS TO MARRIAGE FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES? 554
11.4. SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 556
11.4.1. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT; SOME STATISTICS 556
11.4.2. ACCESS TO CIVIL PARTNERSHIP FOR FOREIGN SAME-SEX COUPLES 557
11.4.3. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVES 2004/38 AND 2003/86 IN IRISH LAW .
558
11.4.4. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN PARTNERSHIPS AND MARRIAGES UNDER IRISH
LAW 560
11.4.5. PARENTAL ISSUES 561
11.4.6. RECOGNITION OF IRISH CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS IN OTHER MEMBER
STATES. 561
11.5. CONCLUSIONS 562
CHAPTER 12.
THE NETHERLANDS 565
12.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 565
12.1.1. EQUAL TREATMENT (ARTICLE 1) 565
12.2. (DE-)CRIMINALISATION OF HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITIES 566
12.3. LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS UNDER DUTCH LAW 567
12.3.1 THE 1990 SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE 567
12.3.2. THE FIRST LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES TOWARDS LEGAL RECOGNITION OF
SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS 570
12.3.3. THE ACT INTRODUCING REGISTERED PARTNERSHIPS (1998) 571
12.3.4. TOWARDS THE OPENING UP OF MARRIAGE 573
XVM
CONTENTS
12.3.5. THE ACT OPENING CIVIL MARRIAGE TO SAME-SEX COUPLES (2001) 577
12.3.6. PARENTAL RIGHTS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES 578
12.3.6.1. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS; SINGLE-PARENT ADOPTION 581
12.3.6.2. 2001: JOINT ADOPTION OF CHILDREN FROM THE NETHERLANDS;
SECOND-PARENT AND SUCCESSIVE ADOPTION AND JOINT
PARENTAL AUTHORITY 582
12.3.6.3. 2009: INTERSTATE ADOPTION BY SAME-SEX SPOUSES AND
SIMPLIFICATION OF SECOND-PARENT ADOPTION 585
12.3.6.4. 2014: LEGAL PARENTHOOD BY OPERATION OF THE LAW FOR
FEMALE COUPLES 586
12.3.6.5. ACCESS TO AHR TREATMENT 589
12.4. SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT 590
12.4.1. CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT: SOME STATISTICS 590
12.4.2. (DEVELOPMENT OF) THE RELEVANT DUTCH CONFLICT-OF-LAWS RULES 592
12.4.3. ACCESS TO MARRIAGE AND REGISTERED PARTNERSHIPS FOR FOREIGN
SAME-SEX COUPLES 597
12.4.4. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVES 2004/38 AND 2003/86 IN DUTCH
LAW 599
12.4.5. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN REGISTERED PARTNERSHIPS AND MARRIAGES
UNDER DUTCH LAW 600
12.4.6. PARENTAL ISSUES 602
12.4.7. RECOGNITION OF DUTCH PARTNERSHIPS AND MARRIAGES IN OTHER
MEMBER STATES 602
12.5. CONCLUSIONS 604
CHAPTER 13.
CONCLUSIONS CASE STUDY II 607
13.1. THE INTERNAL PICTURE - WHAT DO THE VARIOUS JURISDICTIONS PROVIDE
IN RESPECT OF LEGAL RECOGNITION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS? 607
13.1.1. DIFFERENT PATHS, DIFFERENT PACES, BUT SIMILAR DIRECTION 607
13.1.2. EQUAL TREATMENT VS. TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF MARRIAGE AND THE
FAMILY 608
13.1.3. THE COMPARABILITY ISSUE AND THE EQUALISATION IMPERATIVE 610
13.1.4. PARENTAL RIGHTS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES: GRADUAL SHIFT TO BEST
INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 612
13.1.5. HOW WAS CHANGE BROUGHT ABOUT? TYPIFICATION OF (LEGISLATIVE AND
JUDICIAL) PROCESSES 614
13.1.6. RESUME AND OUTLOOK 616
13.2. THE CROSS-BORDER PICTURE - LEGAL RESPONSES TO CROSS-BORDER
MOVEMENT. 616
13.2.1. WARDING OFF. 617
13.2.1.1. RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO MARRIAGE AND CIVIL
PARTNERSHIP 618
13.2.1.2. NON-RECOGNITION OR DOWNGRADING OF FOREIGN CIVIL STATUS
AND PARENTAL LINKS 619
13.2.1.3. OBSERVATIONS 621
XIX
CONTENTS
13.2.2. ACCOMMODATION 622
13.2.2.1. PROVIDING ACCESS TO MARRIAGE AND REGISTERED
PARTNERSHIP 622
13.2.2.2. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN CIVIL STATUS AND PARENTAL LINKS. 623
13.2.2.3. OBSERVATIONS 625
13.2.3. OUTSOURCING, ADAPTATION AND BACKING OUT 626
13.2.4. RESUME AND OUTLOOK 627
CONCLUSIONS 629
CHAPTER 14.
CONCLUSIONS 631
14.1. MORALLY SENSITIVE ISSUES AND CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT IN THE EU 631
14.1.1. BALANCING EXERCISES IN MORALLY SENSITIVE ISSUES 631
14.1.2. LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL PROCESSES IN MORALLY SENSITIVE ISSUES *
634
14.1.3. MORALLY SENSITIVE ISSUES BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURTS 635
14.1.3.1. VERY CAREFUL, AT TIMES EVASIVE, COURTS 635
14.1.3.2. THE 'IN FOR A PENNY, IN FOR A POUND' APPROACH 637
14.1.3.3. VARIATIONS ON THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION IN THE
ECTHR'S CASE LAW 639
14.1.3.4. RESUME AND OUTLOOK 640
14.1.4. LEGAL RESPONSES TO CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENT IN RESPECT OF MORALLY
SENSITIVE MATTERS 640
14.2. OBSERVATIONS 642
14.2.1. LIMITED SUBSTANTIVE EUROPEAN STANDARD-SETTING, BUT
NONETHELESS. 642
14.2.2. IMPLICATIONS FOR (THE VARIETY IN) NATIONAL MORAL CHOICES 644
14.2.3. REALITY OUTPACES AND DICTATES THE LAW, PARTICULARLY IN
CROSS-BORDER CASES 646
14.2.4. THE CROSS-BORDER DIMENSION OF MULTILEVEL JURISDICTIONS 647
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 649
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (IN DUTCH) 657
BIBLIOGRAPHY 667
TABLE OF CASES 701
INDEX 715
CURRICULUM VITAE 723
XX |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Koffeman, Nelleke 1984- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1097628248 |
| author_facet | Koffeman, Nelleke 1984- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Koffeman, Nelleke 1984- |
| author_variant | n k nk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043714191 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KJE1105 |
| callnumber-raw | KJE1105 |
| callnumber-search | KJE1105 |
| callnumber-sort | KJE 41105 |
| classification_rvk | PU 1534 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)973023044 (DE-599)BVBBV043714191 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Europe / European Union countries fast Deutschland Europa Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Irland Niederlande Europe Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd Irland (DE-588)4027667-3 gnd Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europe / European Union countries Deutschland Europa Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Irland Niederlande Europe |
| id | DE-604.BV043714191 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-03T11:40:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781780683492 1780683499 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 016295536 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029126397 |
| oclc_num | 973023044 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | xx, 725 pages 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| series | School of Human Rights Research series |
| series2 | School of Human Rights Research series |
| spelling | Koffeman, Nelleke 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1097628248 aut Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships Nelleke Koffeman Cambridge Intersentia [2015] xx, 725 pages 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier School of Human Rights Research series volume 72 Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)...Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 2015. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 667-699) and index Dissertation Leiden University 2015 With summaries in English and Dutch Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Human rights fast Reproductive rights fast Same-sex marriage / Law and legislation fast Menschenrecht Recht Domestic relations European Union countries Same-sex marriage Law and legislation European Union countries Reproductive rights European Union countries Domestic relations Netherlands Domestic relations Ireland Domestic relations Germany Human rights European Union countries Human rights Reproductive rights Same-sex marriage Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft (DE-588)4648252-0 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd rswk-swf Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe (DE-588)7688356-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4269896-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe / European Union countries fast Deutschland Europa Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Irland Niederlande Europe Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Irland (DE-588)4027667-3 gnd rswk-swf Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe (DE-588)7688356-5 s Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft (DE-588)4648252-0 s Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Irland (DE-588)4027667-3 g Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 g Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4269896-0 s School of Human Rights Research series volume 72 (DE-604)BV012740005 72 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029126397&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Koffeman, Nelleke 1984- Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships School of Human Rights Research series Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Human rights fast Reproductive rights fast Same-sex marriage / Law and legislation fast Menschenrecht Recht Domestic relations European Union countries Same-sex marriage Law and legislation European Union countries Reproductive rights European Union countries Domestic relations Netherlands Domestic relations Ireland Domestic relations Germany Human rights European Union countries Human rights Reproductive rights Same-sex marriage Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft (DE-588)4648252-0 gnd Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe (DE-588)7688356-5 gnd Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4269896-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4648252-0 (DE-588)4134078-4 (DE-588)7688356-5 (DE-588)4269896-0 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4027667-3 (DE-588)4042203-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships |
| title_auth | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships |
| title_exact_search | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships |
| title_full | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships Nelleke Koffeman |
| title_fullStr | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships Nelleke Koffeman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships Nelleke Koffeman |
| title_short | Morally sensitive issues and cross-border movement in the EU |
| title_sort | morally sensitive issues and cross border movement in the eu the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same sex relationships |
| title_sub | the cases of reproductive matters and legal recognition of same-sex relationships |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Human rights fast Reproductive rights fast Same-sex marriage / Law and legislation fast Menschenrecht Recht Domestic relations European Union countries Same-sex marriage Law and legislation European Union countries Reproductive rights European Union countries Domestic relations Netherlands Domestic relations Ireland Domestic relations Germany Human rights European Union countries Human rights Reproductive rights Same-sex marriage Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft (DE-588)4648252-0 gnd Rechtsstellung (DE-588)4134078-4 gnd Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe (DE-588)7688356-5 gnd Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung (DE-588)4269896-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Human rights Reproductive rights Same-sex marriage / Law and legislation Menschenrecht Recht Domestic relations European Union countries Same-sex marriage Law and legislation European Union countries Reproductive rights European Union countries Domestic relations Netherlands Domestic relations Ireland Domestic relations Germany Human rights European Union countries Same-sex marriage Rechtsvergleich Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft Rechtsstellung Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe Geschlechtliche Fortpflanzung Europe / European Union countries Deutschland Europa Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Irland Niederlande Europe Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029126397&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012740005 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koffemannelleke morallysensitiveissuesandcrossbordermovementintheeuthecasesofreproductivemattersandlegalrecognitionofsamesexrelationships |