Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
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Elsevier
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volume 49, number 3 (June 2016) |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hemostasis in head and neck surgery |c editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman |
264 | 1 | |a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |b Elsevier |c [2016] | |
300 | |a xx Seiten, Seite 517-898 |b Illustrationen | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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490 | 1 | |a Otolaryngologic clinics of North America |v volume 49, number 3 (June 2016) | |
490 | 0 | |a Clinics review articles | |
700 | 1 | |a Pant, Harshita |4 edt | |
700 | 1 | |a Snyderman, Carl H. |0 (DE-588)101710901X |4 edt | |
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adam_text | Titel: Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
Autor: Pant, Harshita
Jahr: 2016
Hemostasis in Head and Neck Surgery
Contents
Preface: Hemostasis in Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery xix
Harshita Pant and Carl H. Snyderman
Preoperative Assessment of Risk Factors 517
Andrew Tassler and Rachel Kaye
Hemostasis is essential during endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery.
Patients must be adequately assessed for bleeding risk to appropriately
consent to surgery. The patient and the surgeon must be aware of the in-
dividual bleeding risk for a given procedure. A thorough history and phys-
ical examination is the best screening methodology available to determine
whether a patient requires further hematologic work-up. Included in this
assessment should be any medications and herbals that the patient con-
sumes. This ensures a safe evaluation of the patient, streamlines appro-
priate consultation and testing when necessary, and confers accurate
surgical risk assessment.
Anesthetic Techniques in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery 531
Martha Cordoba Amorocho and luliu Fat
Endoscopic sinus approach has become one of the most common surgi-
cal techniques for endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Anesthetic
management has an important impact on the overall patient management,
from the preoperative assessment and management to the quality of the
surgical field and the postoperative recovery. Hemostasis is critical for
adequate anatomical endoscopic visualization. Mild controlled hypoten-
sion seems to improve the visibility of the surgical field. Reduction of intra-
operative bleeding should be considered during the treatment planning.
Preoperative preparations include the optimization of comorbidities and
cessation of drugs that may inhibit coagulation.
Blood-Sparing Techniques in Head and Neck Surgery 549
Mindy R. Rabinowitz, David M. Cognetti, and Gurston G. Nyquist
Given the risks and potential complications of allogenic blood transfusion
(ABT), as well as the expanding population of patients for whom ABT may
not be an option, it is important for the treating physician, anesthesiologist,
and surgeon to be well-versed in various alternatives. A good grasp of the
concepts discussed in this article will help to customize a treatment plan
that is specific to each patient s underlying disease and personal prefer-
ences without compromising appropriate medical care.
Quality Control Approach to Anticoagulants and Transfusion 563
Erin McKean
Quality can be defined by processes of care and by the characteristics of
the care and its outcomes. In terms of blood loss and transfusion, otolar-
yngologists should be aware of available guidelines, standards for use of
xii Contents
blood products, devices and hemostatic agents, outcomes metrics rele-
vant to patients, and tools for implementing quality improvements. This
article reviews the definition of health care quality, and discusses the
data regarding anticoagulant medications (particularly new oral anticoag-
ulants) and guidelines for blood product transfusion. A brief outline of qual-
ity tools is provided to help otolaryngologists create quality plans for
themselves and their institutions/systems.
Hemostatic Materials and Devices 577
Henry P. Barham, Raymond Sacks, and Richard J. Harvey
Numerous absorbable substances have been introduced to aid hemostasis
in sinus and skull base surgery. Within the confines of the sinus and nasal
cavities, ideal hemostatic agents must have several qualities. They must
provide hemostasis, conform to an irregular wound bed, and enable healing
of the traumatized mucosa without additional detriment to the epithelium.
Traditional nasal packing has been substituted largely by absorbable ma-
terials designed to improve patient comfort and outcomes. Although
many promising agents exist, none have become standard therapy.
Surgical Adhesives in Facial Plastic Surgery 585
Dean M. Toriumi, Victor K. Chung, and Quintin M. Cappelle
In facial plastic surgery, attaining hemostasis may require adjuncts to
traditional surgical techniques. Fibrin tissue adhesives have broad applica-
tions in surgery and are particularly useful when addressing the soft tissue
encountered in facial plastic surgery. Beyond hemostasis, tissue adhesion
and enhanced wound healing are reported benefits associated with a
decrease in operating time, necessity for drains and pressure dressings,
and incidence of wound healing complications. These products are
clinically accessible to most physicians who perform facial plastic surgery,
including skin grafts, flaps, rhytidectomy, and endoscopic forehead lift.
Hemostasis in Pediatric Surgery 601
Soham Roy, Jo-Lawrence Bigcas, and Laura Vandelaar
Hemostasis is an important concept in pediatric otolaryngologic surgery. This
article details the considerations the otolaryngologist should take when it
comes to clinical evaluation and surgical technique. It begins with the preop-
erative evaluation, and evolves into the use of different mechanical and chem-
ical methods of operative hemostasis. We detail use of different hemostatic
techniques in common pediatric procedures, and finally, we discuss indica-
tions for intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusion in pediatric pa-
tients if the surgeon encounters significant intraoperative hemorrhage. This
article gives a comprehensive look into the hemostatic considerations for
the pediatric patient through the preoperative to postoperative period.
Hemostasis in Tonsillectomy 615
Ryan M. Mitchell and Sanjay R. Parikh
Tonsillectomy is a commonly performed procedure with an accepted risk
of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) approaching 5%, but catastrophic
Contents xiii
effects of hemorrhage are exceedingly rare. A variety of surgical tech-
niques and hemostatic agents have been used to reduce the rate of hem-
orrhage, although none eliminate the risk. Numerous patient, surgical, and
postoperative care factors have been studied for an association with PTH.
The most consistent risk factors for PTH seem to be patient age and coa-
gulopathies. Surgeon skill and surgical technique are most consistently
associated with primary PTH.
Surgical Management of Severe Epistaxis 627
Giant Lin and Benjamin Bleier
Many patients with severe epistaxis benefit from endoscopic
intervention for control of bleeding. Critical maneuvers to improve endo-
scopic visualization during surgery include head-of-bed elevation,
application of topical vasoconstrictors, and local injection of vasonstric-
tors. Controlled, hypotensive anesthesia may also decrease intraopera-
tive blood loss and improve visualization during surgery. Intractable
posterior epistaxis can be controlled with high rates of success with
endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation. Although less common,
intractable anterior epistaxis may be controlled by anterior ethmoid
artery ligation once this artery is identified as the primary source.
Less common sources of severe epistaxis are also discussed in this
article.
Treatment of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia-Related Epistaxis 639
Nathan B. Sautter and Timothy L. Smith
Video content accompanies this article at http://www.oto.theclinics.
com
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant
disease with an incidence of 1:5000. Recurrent, spontaneous epistaxis
is the most common presenting symptom. Severity of epistaxis varies
widely, from mild, self-limited nosebleeds to severe, life-threatening
nasal hemorrhage. Treatment of HHT-related epistaxis presents a chal-
lenge to the otolaryngologist due to the recurrent, persistent nature of
epistaxis often requiring multiple treatments. Treatment modalities
range from conservative topical therapies to more aggressive surgical
treatments.
Hemostasis in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery 655
Harshita Pant
Intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery poses an addi-
tional dimension to an already technically challenging surgical approach
because of the narrow sinonasal surgical field, single working hand, and
the use of endoscopic instruments. Poor visualization is one of the most
important factors that increase the risk of intraoperative complications
such as inadvertent injury to major vessels and nerves, and incomplete
surgery. This article provides a logical approach to improving the surgical
field, minimizing risk of inadvertent vascular injury, and managing intrao-
perative bleeding.
xiv Contents
Hemostasis in Skull Base Surgery
Abdullah Alobaid and Amir R. Dehdashti
Having absolute hemostasis is crucial in skull base surgery, because
bleeding decreases visualization and increases the risk of postoperative
complications. Achieving hemostasis starts from the preoperative evalua-
tion. A thorough clinical history and routine tests guide the surgeon to mini-
mize bleeding risk preoperatively, and comprehensive study of preoperative
images helps the surgeon to predict bleeding risk and to consider preoper-
ative embolization in suitable cases. Many hemostatic agents are available
to control intraoperative bleeding; understanding of their indications and
properties is crucial to achieve hemostasis. Whether endoscopic or trans-
cranial approach, microsurgical techniques to avoid and control bleeding
are the same.
Hemostasis in Airway Surgery: Adult and Pediatric 691
Diego A. Preciado
Surgical bleeding is an unlikely, but potentially devastating, event during
the surgical management of pediatric and adult laryngotracheal disorders.
Therefore, an intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the large vessels
coursing in the vicinity of the airway is imperative. Anatomic variants in
the position of the inominate artery or the superior thyroid artery can place
individuals with these variations at particular risk in these cases. Delayed
bleeding from an inominate artery fistula is a particularly devastating
complication from open airway surgery. A high index of suspicion is neces-
sary to allow for early identification and aggressive treatment of this poten-
tial complication.
Hemostasis in Laryngeal Surgery 705
Theodore Athanasiadis and Jacqui Allen
The larynx is a highly vascularized organ supplied by the superior and infe-
rior laryngeal arteries. Both microphonosurgery and external laryngeal sur-
gery require excellent hemostasis. Topical agents including adrenalin and
fibrin-based products as well as surgical instrumentation, such as coagu-
lation devices or in some cases embolization, are in the surgeon s arma-
mentarium and facilitate efficient and successful surgery.
Hemostatic Options for Transoral Robotic Surgery of the Pharynx and
Base of Tongue 715
Julia A. Crawford, Ahmed Yassin Bahgat, Hilliary N. White, and
J. Scott Magnuson
Surgery with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers significant advan-
tages compared with traditional open surgical approaches and potentially
minimizes the long-term side effects of organ preservation therapy with
chemoradiation. Angled telescopes and wristed instruments allow visual-
ization and access to areas of the pharynx that are difficult to reach with
line-of-sight instrumentation. Although the application of TORS in head
and neck surgery has expanded considerably, there are still only limited
data available on the postoperative complications and their management.
Contents xv
As further data become available, it is likely that further risk factors and
treatment strategies will become available.
Thyroidectomy Hemostasis 727
Russell B. Smith and Andrew Coughlin
Total thyroidectomy has significantly changed over the years from a
morbid procedure to one that is performed routinely on an outpatient
basis. This article reviews the history of thyroid surgery with regard to
hemostasis, discusses surgical vascular anatomy, and describes the
methods of hemostasis. It compares traditional hemostatic surgical tech-
niques with newer techniques such as the Harmonic Scalpel and LigaSure
hand pieces. The use of adjunctive hemostatic agents and indications for a
drain in thyroid are discussed.
Hemostasis in Otologic and Neurotologic Surgery 749
Asmi Sanghvi, Brad Bauer, and Pamela C. Roehm
Hemostasis is a critical component of otologic and neurotologic surgery.
In these surgeries the surgical field is small; thus, even a small amount
of bleeding can obstruct the view of critical and extremely small struc-
tures. Additionally, relatively large vascular structures traverse the area;
if they are encroached on by trauma or disease, bleeding must be
controlled within a very small space in a meticulous fashion that does
not encroach on structures of the middle ear and mastoid. The authors
discuss several hemostatic agents in the middle ear, mastoid, and lateral
skull base, highlighting their origins, mechanisms, advantages, and
complications.
Hemostasis in Orbital Surgery 763
Solomon S. Shaftel, Shu-Hong Chang, and Kris S. Moe
This article highlights the major vascular supply of the orbit and
structures supplied by these vessels. Key anatomic principles are then
reviewed as they pertain to endoscopic orbital surgery in order to avoid
serious orbital hemorrhages. Next, preoperative planning and patient
education are outlined as well as description of orbital compartment
syndrome. This is followed by discussion of various techniques for
managing orbital hemorrhage in the intraoperative and postoperative
setting.
Managing Vascular Tumors—Open Approaches 777
Cecelia E. Schmalbach and Christine Gourin
The most common vascular tumors encountered by the otolaryngologist
are rare chromaffin cell tumors termed paragangliomas. Within the head
and neck region, they commonly arise from the carotid body, vagus nerve
(glomus vagale), and jugular vein (glomus jugulare). Other vascular head
and neck tumors include sinonasal malignancies, because of proximity
to or involvement of the pterygoid plexus as well as the rich vascularity
of the sinonasal mucosa; juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, a
xvi Contents
vascular tumor of male adolescents; unusual vascular tumors such as he-
mangiopericytoma; and metastatic renal cell cancer, which has a proclivity
for an unusually rich blood supply.
Endoscopic Management of Vascular Sinonasal Tumors, Including Angiofibroma 791
Carl H. Snyderman and Harshita Pant
Video content accompanies this article at http://www.oto.theclinics.
com
The greatest challenge in the surgical treatment of angiofibromas is
dealing with the hypervascularity of these tumors. Staging systems that
take into account the vascularity of the tumor may be more prognostic.
A variety of treatment strategies are used to deal with the vascularity of
angiofibromas, including preoperative embolization, segmentation of the
tumor into vascular territories, use of hemostatic tools, and staging of sur-
gery. Even large angiofibromas with intracranial extension and residual
vascularity can be successfully managed by a skull base team using endo-
scopic techniques.
Management of Major Vascular Injury: Open 809
Samuel A. Tisherman
Major blood vessels are in proximity to other vital structures in the neck
and base of skull. Infections and tumors of the head and neck can invade
vascular structures. Vascular injuries can lead to massive hemorrhage,
cerebral ischemia, or stroke. Emergency and definitive management can
be challenging.
Management of Major Vascular Injury During Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base
Surgery 819
Paul A. Gardner, Carl H. Snyderman, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, and
Brian T. Jankowitz
A major vascular injury is the most feared complication of endoscopic
sinus and skull base surgery. Risk factors for vascular injury are dis-
cussed, and an algorithm for management of a major vascular injury is
presented. A team of surgeons (otolaryngology and neurosurgery) is
important for identification and control of a major vascular injury applying
basic principles of vascular control. A variety of techniques can be used to
control a major injury, including coagulation, a muscle patch, sacrifice of
the artery, and angiographic stenting. Immediate and close angiographic
follow-up is critical to prevent and manage subsequent complications of
vascular injury.
Management of Carotid Blowout from Radiation Necrosis 829
John Gleysteen, Daniel Clayburgh, and James Cohen
Although the incidence of carotid blowout has decreased with the advent
of better reconstructive techniques, it remains a real risk after major head
and neck surgery, especially in an irradiated field. A systematic, multidis-
ciplinary approach incorporating appropriate history and physical exami-
nation, adequate resuscitation, diagnostic computed tomography, and
Contents xvii
diagnostic and therapeutic angiography can manage most of these pa-
tients in a safe and effective manner. Surgery has a limited role in acute
management, although surgical techniques are useful both for prevention
of this problem and for wound management after carotid blowout.
Endovascular Management of Diseases in Relation to Otolaryngology 841
Tudor Jovin and Amin Aghaebrahim
Endovascular techniques can be utilized in many common otolaryngologic
conditions. Advancements in these techniques including but not limited to
better distal access catheters, new embolization materials, and stents
allows this to be a relatively safe and successful procedure. The article
highlights a few related procedures.
Education and Training in Hemostasis: Perspectives of the Early Practitioner
and Expert Practitioner 863
Rebecca Harvey and Kelly Michele Malloy
Hemorrhagic emergencies in otolaryngology can present significant
challenges to the early practitioner. The development of procedural skills,
clinical decision making, effective communication strategies, and leader-
ship remain critical to ensuring positive patient outcomes. Procedural
task trainers and simulation-based complex scenarios provide safe and
effective learning environments for young practitioners to build confidence
and develop such skills. This article reviews the principles of managing
epistaxis and postoperative neck hematoma geared toward early learners
by providing a road map for educators to use in simulation-based
curriculums.
Simulation Training for Vascular Emergencies in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base
Surgery 877
Rowan Valentine, Vikram Padhye, and Peter-John Wormald
Carotid artery injury during endonasal surgery is a feared and potentially
catastrophic complication. Simulation training provides the opportunity
for a realistic experience with management of major vascular injuries.
The sheep model of carotid artery injury reproduces the challenges of
dealing with vascular emergencies during endoscopic sinus and skull
base surgery, which include working in narrow nasal confines, high-flow/
high-pressure vascular injury, and the immediately challenging surgical
field. Simulated vascular emergencies allow for research and develop-
ment; training using various surgical techniques to control the field,
including hemostatic products or direct vascular closure techniques; and
consequently improved patient care and outcomes.
Index
889
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spelling | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elsevier [2016] xx Seiten, Seite 517-898 Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Otolaryngologic clinics of North America volume 49, number 3 (June 2016) Clinics review articles Pant, Harshita edt Snyderman, Carl H. (DE-588)101710901X edt Otolaryngologic clinics of North America volume 49, number 3 (June 2016) (DE-604)BV000003387 49,3 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029089763&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery Otolaryngologic clinics of North America |
title | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery |
title_auth | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery |
title_exact_search | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery |
title_full | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman |
title_fullStr | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman |
title_full_unstemmed | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman |
title_short | Hemostasis in head and neck surgery |
title_sort | hemostasis in head and neck surgery |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029089763&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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