Hemostasis in head and neck surgery

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Weitere Verfasser: Pant, Harshita (HerausgeberIn), Snyderman, Carl H. (HerausgeberIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elsevier [2016]
Schriftenreihe:Otolaryngologic clinics of North America volume 49, number 3 (June 2016)
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adam_text Titel: Hemostasis in head and neck surgery Autor: Pant, Harshita Jahr: 2016 Hemostasis in Head and Neck Surgery Contents Preface: Hemostasis in Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery xix Harshita Pant and Carl H. Snyderman Preoperative Assessment of Risk Factors 517 Andrew Tassler and Rachel Kaye Hemostasis is essential during endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Patients must be adequately assessed for bleeding risk to appropriately consent to surgery. The patient and the surgeon must be aware of the in- dividual bleeding risk for a given procedure. A thorough history and phys- ical examination is the best screening methodology available to determine whether a patient requires further hematologic work-up. Included in this assessment should be any medications and herbals that the patient con- sumes. This ensures a safe evaluation of the patient, streamlines appro- priate consultation and testing when necessary, and confers accurate surgical risk assessment. Anesthetic Techniques in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery 531 Martha Cordoba Amorocho and luliu Fat Endoscopic sinus approach has become one of the most common surgi- cal techniques for endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Anesthetic management has an important impact on the overall patient management, from the preoperative assessment and management to the quality of the surgical field and the postoperative recovery. Hemostasis is critical for adequate anatomical endoscopic visualization. Mild controlled hypoten- sion seems to improve the visibility of the surgical field. Reduction of intra- operative bleeding should be considered during the treatment planning. Preoperative preparations include the optimization of comorbidities and cessation of drugs that may inhibit coagulation. Blood-Sparing Techniques in Head and Neck Surgery 549 Mindy R. Rabinowitz, David M. Cognetti, and Gurston G. Nyquist Given the risks and potential complications of allogenic blood transfusion (ABT), as well as the expanding population of patients for whom ABT may not be an option, it is important for the treating physician, anesthesiologist, and surgeon to be well-versed in various alternatives. A good grasp of the concepts discussed in this article will help to customize a treatment plan that is specific to each patient s underlying disease and personal prefer- ences without compromising appropriate medical care. Quality Control Approach to Anticoagulants and Transfusion 563 Erin McKean Quality can be defined by processes of care and by the characteristics of the care and its outcomes. In terms of blood loss and transfusion, otolar- yngologists should be aware of available guidelines, standards for use of xii Contents blood products, devices and hemostatic agents, outcomes metrics rele- vant to patients, and tools for implementing quality improvements. This article reviews the definition of health care quality, and discusses the data regarding anticoagulant medications (particularly new oral anticoag- ulants) and guidelines for blood product transfusion. A brief outline of qual- ity tools is provided to help otolaryngologists create quality plans for themselves and their institutions/systems. Hemostatic Materials and Devices 577 Henry P. Barham, Raymond Sacks, and Richard J. Harvey Numerous absorbable substances have been introduced to aid hemostasis in sinus and skull base surgery. Within the confines of the sinus and nasal cavities, ideal hemostatic agents must have several qualities. They must provide hemostasis, conform to an irregular wound bed, and enable healing of the traumatized mucosa without additional detriment to the epithelium. Traditional nasal packing has been substituted largely by absorbable ma- terials designed to improve patient comfort and outcomes. Although many promising agents exist, none have become standard therapy. Surgical Adhesives in Facial Plastic Surgery 585 Dean M. Toriumi, Victor K. Chung, and Quintin M. Cappelle In facial plastic surgery, attaining hemostasis may require adjuncts to traditional surgical techniques. Fibrin tissue adhesives have broad applica- tions in surgery and are particularly useful when addressing the soft tissue encountered in facial plastic surgery. Beyond hemostasis, tissue adhesion and enhanced wound healing are reported benefits associated with a decrease in operating time, necessity for drains and pressure dressings, and incidence of wound healing complications. These products are clinically accessible to most physicians who perform facial plastic surgery, including skin grafts, flaps, rhytidectomy, and endoscopic forehead lift. Hemostasis in Pediatric Surgery 601 Soham Roy, Jo-Lawrence Bigcas, and Laura Vandelaar Hemostasis is an important concept in pediatric otolaryngologic surgery. This article details the considerations the otolaryngologist should take when it comes to clinical evaluation and surgical technique. It begins with the preop- erative evaluation, and evolves into the use of different mechanical and chem- ical methods of operative hemostasis. We detail use of different hemostatic techniques in common pediatric procedures, and finally, we discuss indica- tions for intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusion in pediatric pa- tients if the surgeon encounters significant intraoperative hemorrhage. This article gives a comprehensive look into the hemostatic considerations for the pediatric patient through the preoperative to postoperative period. Hemostasis in Tonsillectomy 615 Ryan M. Mitchell and Sanjay R. Parikh Tonsillectomy is a commonly performed procedure with an accepted risk of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) approaching 5%, but catastrophic Contents xiii effects of hemorrhage are exceedingly rare. A variety of surgical tech- niques and hemostatic agents have been used to reduce the rate of hem- orrhage, although none eliminate the risk. Numerous patient, surgical, and postoperative care factors have been studied for an association with PTH. The most consistent risk factors for PTH seem to be patient age and coa- gulopathies. Surgeon skill and surgical technique are most consistently associated with primary PTH. Surgical Management of Severe Epistaxis 627 Giant Lin and Benjamin Bleier Many patients with severe epistaxis benefit from endoscopic intervention for control of bleeding. Critical maneuvers to improve endo- scopic visualization during surgery include head-of-bed elevation, application of topical vasoconstrictors, and local injection of vasonstric- tors. Controlled, hypotensive anesthesia may also decrease intraopera- tive blood loss and improve visualization during surgery. Intractable posterior epistaxis can be controlled with high rates of success with endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation. Although less common, intractable anterior epistaxis may be controlled by anterior ethmoid artery ligation once this artery is identified as the primary source. Less common sources of severe epistaxis are also discussed in this article. Treatment of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia-Related Epistaxis 639 Nathan B. Sautter and Timothy L. Smith Video content accompanies this article at http://www.oto.theclinics. com Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease with an incidence of 1:5000. Recurrent, spontaneous epistaxis is the most common presenting symptom. Severity of epistaxis varies widely, from mild, self-limited nosebleeds to severe, life-threatening nasal hemorrhage. Treatment of HHT-related epistaxis presents a chal- lenge to the otolaryngologist due to the recurrent, persistent nature of epistaxis often requiring multiple treatments. Treatment modalities range from conservative topical therapies to more aggressive surgical treatments. Hemostasis in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery 655 Harshita Pant Intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery poses an addi- tional dimension to an already technically challenging surgical approach because of the narrow sinonasal surgical field, single working hand, and the use of endoscopic instruments. Poor visualization is one of the most important factors that increase the risk of intraoperative complications such as inadvertent injury to major vessels and nerves, and incomplete surgery. This article provides a logical approach to improving the surgical field, minimizing risk of inadvertent vascular injury, and managing intrao- perative bleeding. xiv Contents Hemostasis in Skull Base Surgery Abdullah Alobaid and Amir R. Dehdashti Having absolute hemostasis is crucial in skull base surgery, because bleeding decreases visualization and increases the risk of postoperative complications. Achieving hemostasis starts from the preoperative evalua- tion. A thorough clinical history and routine tests guide the surgeon to mini- mize bleeding risk preoperatively, and comprehensive study of preoperative images helps the surgeon to predict bleeding risk and to consider preoper- ative embolization in suitable cases. Many hemostatic agents are available to control intraoperative bleeding; understanding of their indications and properties is crucial to achieve hemostasis. Whether endoscopic or trans- cranial approach, microsurgical techniques to avoid and control bleeding are the same. Hemostasis in Airway Surgery: Adult and Pediatric 691 Diego A. Preciado Surgical bleeding is an unlikely, but potentially devastating, event during the surgical management of pediatric and adult laryngotracheal disorders. Therefore, an intimate knowledge of the anatomy of the large vessels coursing in the vicinity of the airway is imperative. Anatomic variants in the position of the inominate artery or the superior thyroid artery can place individuals with these variations at particular risk in these cases. Delayed bleeding from an inominate artery fistula is a particularly devastating complication from open airway surgery. A high index of suspicion is neces- sary to allow for early identification and aggressive treatment of this poten- tial complication. Hemostasis in Laryngeal Surgery 705 Theodore Athanasiadis and Jacqui Allen The larynx is a highly vascularized organ supplied by the superior and infe- rior laryngeal arteries. Both microphonosurgery and external laryngeal sur- gery require excellent hemostasis. Topical agents including adrenalin and fibrin-based products as well as surgical instrumentation, such as coagu- lation devices or in some cases embolization, are in the surgeon s arma- mentarium and facilitate efficient and successful surgery. Hemostatic Options for Transoral Robotic Surgery of the Pharynx and Base of Tongue 715 Julia A. Crawford, Ahmed Yassin Bahgat, Hilliary N. White, and J. Scott Magnuson Surgery with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers significant advan- tages compared with traditional open surgical approaches and potentially minimizes the long-term side effects of organ preservation therapy with chemoradiation. Angled telescopes and wristed instruments allow visual- ization and access to areas of the pharynx that are difficult to reach with line-of-sight instrumentation. Although the application of TORS in head and neck surgery has expanded considerably, there are still only limited data available on the postoperative complications and their management. Contents xv As further data become available, it is likely that further risk factors and treatment strategies will become available. Thyroidectomy Hemostasis 727 Russell B. Smith and Andrew Coughlin Total thyroidectomy has significantly changed over the years from a morbid procedure to one that is performed routinely on an outpatient basis. This article reviews the history of thyroid surgery with regard to hemostasis, discusses surgical vascular anatomy, and describes the methods of hemostasis. It compares traditional hemostatic surgical tech- niques with newer techniques such as the Harmonic Scalpel and LigaSure hand pieces. The use of adjunctive hemostatic agents and indications for a drain in thyroid are discussed. Hemostasis in Otologic and Neurotologic Surgery 749 Asmi Sanghvi, Brad Bauer, and Pamela C. Roehm Hemostasis is a critical component of otologic and neurotologic surgery. In these surgeries the surgical field is small; thus, even a small amount of bleeding can obstruct the view of critical and extremely small struc- tures. Additionally, relatively large vascular structures traverse the area; if they are encroached on by trauma or disease, bleeding must be controlled within a very small space in a meticulous fashion that does not encroach on structures of the middle ear and mastoid. The authors discuss several hemostatic agents in the middle ear, mastoid, and lateral skull base, highlighting their origins, mechanisms, advantages, and complications. Hemostasis in Orbital Surgery 763 Solomon S. Shaftel, Shu-Hong Chang, and Kris S. Moe This article highlights the major vascular supply of the orbit and structures supplied by these vessels. Key anatomic principles are then reviewed as they pertain to endoscopic orbital surgery in order to avoid serious orbital hemorrhages. Next, preoperative planning and patient education are outlined as well as description of orbital compartment syndrome. This is followed by discussion of various techniques for managing orbital hemorrhage in the intraoperative and postoperative setting. Managing Vascular Tumors—Open Approaches 777 Cecelia E. Schmalbach and Christine Gourin The most common vascular tumors encountered by the otolaryngologist are rare chromaffin cell tumors termed paragangliomas. Within the head and neck region, they commonly arise from the carotid body, vagus nerve (glomus vagale), and jugular vein (glomus jugulare). Other vascular head and neck tumors include sinonasal malignancies, because of proximity to or involvement of the pterygoid plexus as well as the rich vascularity of the sinonasal mucosa; juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, a xvi Contents vascular tumor of male adolescents; unusual vascular tumors such as he- mangiopericytoma; and metastatic renal cell cancer, which has a proclivity for an unusually rich blood supply. Endoscopic Management of Vascular Sinonasal Tumors, Including Angiofibroma 791 Carl H. Snyderman and Harshita Pant Video content accompanies this article at http://www.oto.theclinics. com The greatest challenge in the surgical treatment of angiofibromas is dealing with the hypervascularity of these tumors. Staging systems that take into account the vascularity of the tumor may be more prognostic. A variety of treatment strategies are used to deal with the vascularity of angiofibromas, including preoperative embolization, segmentation of the tumor into vascular territories, use of hemostatic tools, and staging of sur- gery. Even large angiofibromas with intracranial extension and residual vascularity can be successfully managed by a skull base team using endo- scopic techniques. Management of Major Vascular Injury: Open 809 Samuel A. Tisherman Major blood vessels are in proximity to other vital structures in the neck and base of skull. Infections and tumors of the head and neck can invade vascular structures. Vascular injuries can lead to massive hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, or stroke. Emergency and definitive management can be challenging. Management of Major Vascular Injury During Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery 819 Paul A. Gardner, Carl H. Snyderman, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, and Brian T. Jankowitz A major vascular injury is the most feared complication of endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery. Risk factors for vascular injury are dis- cussed, and an algorithm for management of a major vascular injury is presented. A team of surgeons (otolaryngology and neurosurgery) is important for identification and control of a major vascular injury applying basic principles of vascular control. A variety of techniques can be used to control a major injury, including coagulation, a muscle patch, sacrifice of the artery, and angiographic stenting. Immediate and close angiographic follow-up is critical to prevent and manage subsequent complications of vascular injury. Management of Carotid Blowout from Radiation Necrosis 829 John Gleysteen, Daniel Clayburgh, and James Cohen Although the incidence of carotid blowout has decreased with the advent of better reconstructive techniques, it remains a real risk after major head and neck surgery, especially in an irradiated field. A systematic, multidis- ciplinary approach incorporating appropriate history and physical exami- nation, adequate resuscitation, diagnostic computed tomography, and Contents xvii diagnostic and therapeutic angiography can manage most of these pa- tients in a safe and effective manner. Surgery has a limited role in acute management, although surgical techniques are useful both for prevention of this problem and for wound management after carotid blowout. Endovascular Management of Diseases in Relation to Otolaryngology 841 Tudor Jovin and Amin Aghaebrahim Endovascular techniques can be utilized in many common otolaryngologic conditions. Advancements in these techniques including but not limited to better distal access catheters, new embolization materials, and stents allows this to be a relatively safe and successful procedure. The article highlights a few related procedures. Education and Training in Hemostasis: Perspectives of the Early Practitioner and Expert Practitioner 863 Rebecca Harvey and Kelly Michele Malloy Hemorrhagic emergencies in otolaryngology can present significant challenges to the early practitioner. The development of procedural skills, clinical decision making, effective communication strategies, and leader- ship remain critical to ensuring positive patient outcomes. Procedural task trainers and simulation-based complex scenarios provide safe and effective learning environments for young practitioners to build confidence and develop such skills. This article reviews the principles of managing epistaxis and postoperative neck hematoma geared toward early learners by providing a road map for educators to use in simulation-based curriculums. Simulation Training for Vascular Emergencies in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery 877 Rowan Valentine, Vikram Padhye, and Peter-John Wormald Carotid artery injury during endonasal surgery is a feared and potentially catastrophic complication. Simulation training provides the opportunity for a realistic experience with management of major vascular injuries. The sheep model of carotid artery injury reproduces the challenges of dealing with vascular emergencies during endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery, which include working in narrow nasal confines, high-flow/ high-pressure vascular injury, and the immediately challenging surgical field. Simulated vascular emergencies allow for research and develop- ment; training using various surgical techniques to control the field, including hemostatic products or direct vascular closure techniques; and consequently improved patient care and outcomes. Index 889
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spellingShingle Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
Otolaryngologic clinics of North America
title Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
title_auth Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
title_exact_search Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
title_full Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman
title_fullStr Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman
title_full_unstemmed Hemostasis in head and neck surgery editors Harshita Pant, Carl H. Snyderman
title_short Hemostasis in head and neck surgery
title_sort hemostasis in head and neck surgery
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