Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā 1. sējums
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| Sprache: | Latvian |
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Rīga
Jumava
2016
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā |n 1. sējums |c Inesis Feldmanis, Aivars Stranga, Jānis Taurēns, Antonijs Zunda |
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SUMMARY
The first four decades of the 20th century possess a special role in
the history of Latvia, those years provided for great successes and not-
able achievements, huge metamorphosis occurred in different spheres,
the political framework for the very existence of the Latvian people as
well as international legal status of Latvia changed for several times. In
the very beginning of the century Latvia belonged to the Russian Em-
pire, but in 1918 it obtained political independence, that was lost after
Soviet aggression. The period of three occupations in history of Latvia
continued for fifty years, it was very dangerous turn in life of Latvian
people and their historical destiny. Only in 1991 Latvia and other Baltic
States were able to reestablish independence.
At the beginning of the interwar period Latvia's diplomacy managed
to achieve international recognition of the national statehood. Latvia en-
tered the international community as defender of the new international
peace order (system of Versailles) established by Paris Peace treaties and
supporter of principles of collective security and interstate cooperation.
Together with many other powers it strengthened potential of democ-
racy in Europe, the best guarantee for securing of peace. Latvia did not
belong to the circle of states that bring in destructive factors into interna-
tional relation. Its foreign policy, dictated by its geographical situation,
national and economic interests was not oriented against interests of
other powers and did not cause international tensions.
Latvia supported the League of Nations and principle of arbitration
in cases of international conflicts. Important feature of Latvia's foreign
policy principles was avoiding from mutual conflicts between the other
powers and close contacts with great powers having conflicting interests
535
in the Baltic region. Independent international orientation established
by foreign minister Zigfrids Anna Meierovics was intended to insure
large Baltic States cooperation in order to concentrate their resources
against eventual Russian (Soviet) attempts to their independence pre-
venting its willingness to turn aggressive. The first leader of foreign
policy supported formation of positive relations with the United King-
dom, France, the Soviet Union and Germany. Taking in account the in-
ternational situation of Latvia, one of directions in its foreign policy be-
came dominant. In the first half of the 1920s the "vertical line “in Latvian
foreign policy was the leading, it manifested itself in attempts to create
Baltic Union, but starting from 1925 it was replaced by the "horizontal
line”, attempts to find modus vivendi with Germany and the USSR, in
order to strengthen Baltic States security and improve international situ-
ation in the whole Eastern Europe.
During its first seven years Latvian foreign policy was closely con-
nected with talented Latvian diplomat and influential politician Meiero-
vics. After his tragic passing away in 1925 he was even compared with
foreign minister of Czechoslovakia Edvard Benesh - first class star of
then European diplomacy. His contribution and achievements in Lat-
vian foreign policy were rarely outstanding and doubtless, an evidence of
significance of subjective role of one man in order to neutralize many
negative objective obstacles. His activities also serve as a proof for cap-
ability of little state to obtain importance in Europe, if its foreign policy
is lead and presented by outstanding personality. Meierovics provided
for visible contribution in solution of several significant and difficult in-
ternational problems, demonstrating flexible approach and expressing
himself as a realistic politician, who did not stubbornly support impos-
sible ideas and plans.
Both in period of Meierovics’ foreign policy and whole interwar pe-
riod the problem of international security objectively was the most vital
for Latvia, this situation was determined by geopolitically insecure re-
gion, impossibility to carry out principle of collective security declared
by Allied powers as well as limited capability for Latvia as a little state to
form impressive and effective armed forces. For that reason Latvian di-
plomacy was forced to look for additional guarantees for national inde-
536
pendence in different directions. One of them was the formation of large,
medium or small Baltic Union.
Conflict between Poland and Lithuania as well as negative attitude
from Germany and USSR made the first steps of Latvia unsuccessful -
defense treaty between Latvia and Estonia signed in November 1, 1923
actually was the only real achievement during the 1920s.The great pow-
ers did not allow implementation of several projects presented by East-
ern Europeans that were directed to strengthening of security of Eastern
Europe; mentioned projects offered to attribute to this region special
principles of border guarantees accepted in Locarno Conference (Octo-
ber 1925) that secured borderlines between German -French and Ger-
man Belgian borderlines (guaranteed by Great Britain and Italy). The
most famous project was Baltic Locarno plan elaborated by Latvian
foreign minister Felikss Cielens in 1927.
Latvia was among the 63 states, that joined Paris pact (General
Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy).
Concluded in August 27, 1928, it included norms about peaceful solu-
tion of all international conflicts and problems, but did not contain defi-
nition of aggressor state as well as unfortunately did not defined an insti-
tution responsible for implementation of treaty. Following Moscow’s
proposal the USSR, Latvia, Estonia, Poland and Rumania in February
1929 signed a protocol about anticipatory entry into force of Paris pact
within relations of corresponding nations. This protocol and concluded
in 1932 the USSR non-aggression treaties with Poland, Latvia, Estonia
and Finland together formed important legal foundation necessary to
overcome mutual distrust between the nations and to improve interna-
tional relations. But the sense of security still was relative, even decep-
tive, distrust for Soviet demonstrative peacefulness still dominated. Poli-
ticians of Latvia and other small powers understood that it had not
abandoned its aggressive plans against the closest neighbors.
During the 1920s and the early 1930s it did not managed to Latvia
to achieve formation of multilateral unions, nor conclusion of guarantee
treaties with great powers. It was not able together with other Eastern
European states to address security problems important in the region
and to prevent vacuum of power that was established after geopolitical
537
collapse of German and Russian empires. New states were not able make
use of beneficial situation that provided for handicap towards signifi-
cantly weakened after the WWI potential most important threats - the
USSR and Germany.
During period after 1933 Latvian foreign policy was characterized
by exaggeration of German danger after the National Socialists access to
power, and underestimation or even ignoring of Soviet threats. In situa-
tion when essential escalating of Soviet - German relations seemed inev-
itable, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia established the Baltic Entente,
which limited character prevent it from becoming a factor of stability and
security on a region, nor a force able to influence great powers policy.
Latvian diplomacy also turned significant attention to the Eastern pact
that was considered eventual instrument for consolidation of interna-
tional security in Eastern Europe.
During the authoritarianism Karlis Ulmanis and Vilhelms Munters
(minister of foreign affairs from 1936) had the most important personal
impact to the foreign policy of Latvia. Munters possessed significant
ability for analysis and outstanding competence in international politics.
He was a person with independent viewpoint on international situation
in Europe and the world, role of Latvia in international relations and
main objectives of the national foreign policy. Munters consistently and
justifiedly stood for neutral policy, as far as possible equally balanced to-
wards East and West. His main objective was to obtain international
guarantees for neutrality, actually impossible task. In decisive days for
Latvia's independence Munters committed several unforgivable faults.
One of the most essential - the text of Article 6 of the “base treaty”
signed with the USSR in October 1939 excluded liberation from the
pact.
During the second half of the 1930s European diplomatic circles
characterized Munters as outstanding supporter and ideologist of the
League of Nations. Since October 1936 when Latvia was elected for
non-permanent member of the Council of the League, Munters repre-
sented Latvia there, and fulfilled several important missions. He was
Mandate commission reporter, chaired the Far Eastern commission re-
sponsible for solution of conflict between Japan and China, participated
538
in so called “three men commission” of Palestine problem. In May 1938
after rotation Munters was elected for president of the 101st session of
the League of Nations. In all positions Munters too diligently and com-
pliantly carried out recommendations of Great Britain and France, how-
ever earned general recognition.
During the period when Munters started to work in the League of
Nations Council, the organization went through deep crisis and was in
era of its decline. Many small and medium large European powers had
already lost belief in power of League of Nations and effectiveness of its
actions. Latvia and other Baltic States decided to distance themselves
from international commitments, taken by joining the League of Na-
tions. They declared so called absolute neutrality. In September 1939 in
speech at Assembly of the League of Nations Munters declared aban-
doning of Latvia from commitments of Article 16 of the Covenant to
help another members of the League in case of external threat. This deci-
sion has been frequently assailed in history literature, but offered alterna-
tive solutions are not able to convince.
In spring 1939 new trends in policy of great powers became openly
dangerous for the Baltic States. Berlins decision to solve “Polish ques-
tion” by military instruments caused by Warsaw s fail to find solution
with Germany encouraged by the USA and the United Kingdom, Mos-
cow’s luck of interest in defense of Poland, inability of London and Paris
to offer effective support to Poland led to situation, when aggressive in-
tentions of the USSR of ambitions of Germany became really possible.
Every imaginable policy of the Baltic States, could hardly provide for
maintaining of full profile independence. All possible scenarios of Euro-
pean war were dangerous for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the risk of
partition, becoming of "objects for trade” in power policy or becoming
area of armed confrontation appeared.
The non-aggression treaty with Germany did not improve the posi-
tion of Latvia, Munters' attempts to activate idea about guarantees from
four great powers for Baltic neutrality were unsuccessful. The destiny of
Latvia and other Baltic States was decided in night to August 24 with
illegal agreement of aggressive powers for partition of the Eastern Eu-
rope into Soviet and German spheres of influence. After the conclusion
539
of criminal Molotov - Ribbentrop pact, which caused the Second World
war, Latvian foreign policy moved Eastwards in its “horizontal line" ob-
taining aspects of fatality The choice of political elite for preventive col-
laboration and continuous concessions to Moscow abandoning elements
of sovereignty did not give necessary results. In correspondingly benefi-
cial international situation, the Soviet Union unprovoked aggression
against the Baltic States and occupied them. Six weeks later full destruc-
tion of their independence followed.
Since summer 1940, the Baltic question appeared in international
relations, because international community refused to recognize actions
of the USSR in the Baltic States as legal, but estimated incorporation of
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania into the USSR as violent seizure of foreign
territory and annexation prohibited by the international law. For more
than fifty years the Baltic States continued to exist de iure, did not dis-
appear as subjects of international rights. Policy of non-recognition of
annexation that lasted for half of a century and that does not have an-
other precedent, was very important for the Baltic nations. It constituted
the legal basis for their unceasingly maintained demands for reestablish-
ment of their statehood and fixing of historical injustice.
PERSONU RÄDlTÄJS
Adenauers Konrads (Adenauer Konrad)
90
Akels Fridrihs (Akel Friedrich) 349, 417
Akuraters Janis 133, 134
Albats Hermanis 29-31, 42, 44, 69, 179,
213, 220, 221, 226, 246, 247, 337
Andersons Edgars 21, 22, 48, 49, 53, 59,
63-66, 68, 155, 226, 243, 250, 368,
369,416, 419, 428, 432,453,459,
465
Andrups Janis 86
Apals Gints 96
Aralovs Semjons 47, 51, 52, 207, 212,
226, 229-231, 248
Asars Janis 127
Asmuss Ronalds (Asmus Ronald) 100,
104, 105
Aspazija (Plieksane Elza) 131
Astahovs Georgijs 436
Amanis Rolfs (Ahmann Rolf) 18,19, 58,
382, 432
Balodis Antons 35, 48, 227, 235, 236,
250-252
Balodis Janis 165, 241, 291, 551
Bankavs Janis 133, 134
Baranausks Toms (Baranauskas Tomas)
467
Bartu Luijs (Barthou Jean Louis) 290,
326, 327, 334
Bastjänis Voldemars 136, 137
Batlers Ricards (Butler Richard) 409
Bauers Gustavs (Bauer Gustav) 166
Beksjuzefs (Beck Jozef) 299, 301, 310,
311, 334, 335, 340, 342, 351, 352,
358, 360, 409, 422-424
Belfurs Arturs Dzeimss (Balfour Arthur
James) 147
Beness Edvards (Benes Edvard) 27-29,
37, 348, 530, 536
Bergs Arveds 30, 31, 44, 47
Bermonts-Avalovs Peteris
Bertelo Filips (Berthelot Philippe) 176
Berts Alfreds (Burt Alfred) 251
Berzins Alfreds 287, 348, 438, 459
Berzins Indulis 26, 92
Berzins Janis (ijoizis Peteris) 82
Berzins Rihards 307, 308, 394
Berzins Valdis 142
Bllmanis Alfreds 84, 298, 299, 309,
314-317, 323, 326, 328, 329, 387,
388, 558
Bilovs Bernhards fon (Biilov Bernhard
von) 237, 334, 373, 389, 392, 396
Birkavs Valdis 26, 92, 94-96
Blanks Ernests 133-135, 140
Bleiere Daina 26, 92-94, 462, 465
Blihers Viperts fon (Blücher Wipert von)
391,446
Blodnieks Adolfs 57, 240, 287, 291,
292, 295-297
566
Boldvins Stenlijs (Baldwin Stanley) 245,
252, 404
Bolens Cärlzs (Bohlen Charles) 447
Bone Zorzs (Bonnet Georges) 435
Bosenkets Vivjens (Bosanquet Vivian)
155
Brians Aristlds (Briand Aristide) 34,
78, 176, 178, 222, 232, 381, 443,
445
Brodovskis Stefans 291, 298, 300, 301,
304, 306, 308, 327, 328, 330
Brokdorfs-Raneau Ulrihs fon
(.Brockdorff-Rantzau Ulrich von) 215,
217,218, 220, 230
Bullits Viljams {Bullitt William) 398
Burhards Vilhelms (Bur chard Wilhelm)
162
Butkus Zenons (Butkus Zenonas) 18,
54, 230
Bzezinskis Zbignevs (Brzezihski
Zbigniew) 99, 100
Cehlíns Érihs, fon (Zechlin Erich von)
362, 400
Celmins Hugo 33, 213, 234, 236, 302,
346, 387, 394, 396
Celms Jülijs 240
Cerüzis Raimonds 25
Cieléns Félíkss 29-31, 37, 44, 46-48,
52, 131-134, 138, 142, 143, 145,
156, 157,160,168,170-172, 221-
224, 230, 231, 234, 235, 248-250,
289, 361, 410, 411, 531, 537
Cakstejanis 48, 130, 145, 150, 157,
181
Cano Galeaco (Ciano Galeazzo) 415
Cemberlens Nevils (Chamberlain
Neville) 339, 340, 344-346, 350, 356,
406-409, 427, 428, 433, 439
Cemberlens Ostins (Chamberlain Ostin)
34, 36, 71, 73, 222, 224, 246, 247,
249, 250
Cernihs Aleksejs 212, 213, 226
Cercils Vinstons (Churchill Winston) 8,
36, 244
Cicerins Georgijs 170, 204, 226
Cikonardi Vincenco (Cicconardi
Vincenzo) 434
Dailide Bronus (Dailide Bronius) 377
Danisevskis Jülijs Kärlis 136—138
Dauge Aleksandrs 209
Dale Pauls 133, 134
Deiviss Normans (Davies Norman)
441
Dekanozovs Vladimirs 474
Deksnis Eduards Bruno 103, 104
Delboss Ivons (Delbos Yvon) 348
Dimants Ainärs 98
Dirksens Herberts fon (Dirksen Herbert
von) 222, 223, 227, 434
Dmovskis Romans (Dmowski Roman)
189
Dramonds Eriks (Drummond James
Eric) 180
Drizulis Aleksandrs 40—43, 46
Ducmanis Kärlis 349, 410
Duhanovs Maksims 23
Dukurs Roberts 209
Dunsdorfs Edgars 22, 51—53, 144, 151,
152, 226, 465
Dzoliti Dzovanni (Giolitti Giovanni)
175
Dzordzs VI (George VT) 58, 344, 355,
407, 408
Eberhards Matiass (Eberhardt) 165, 167
Eberts Fridrihs (Ebert Friedrich) 149,
150
567
Edisons Dzozefs (Addison Joseph) 250-
252
Eglitis Viktors 133
Enkels Karls (Enckell Karl) 54
Epiks Oskars (Öpik Oskar) 377
Erko Eljass (Erkko Eljas) 381, 446
Ezergailis Andrievs 136
Elds Ludvigs 352, 357
Erglis Dzintars 25
Felders Bjerns {Felder Björn) 468
Feldmanis Inesis 13, 16, 17, 23, 25, 52,
53, 58, 66, 67, 69, 465
Feldmanis Jülijs 370, 388, 410-414
Ferhoigens Ginters (Verheugen Günter) 98
Fleishauere Ingeborga {Fleischauer
Ingeborg) 469
Folkmans Hanss Erihs {Volkmann
Hans-Erich) 20
Foss Ferdinands {Foch Ferdinand) 208
Friks Vilhelms {Frick Wilhelm) 237
Garlefs Mihaels {GarleffMichael) 21
Gauss Fridrihs {Gaus Friedrich) 431
Gerings Hermanis Vilhelms {Göring
Hermann Wilhelm) 319
Golcs Rldigers fon der {Goltz Rüdiger
von der) 156, 161-165
Goldmanis Jänis 145
Gregorys Dzons {Gregory John) 73, 244,
245, 247
Grins Vorviks {Greene Warwick) 43
Grostins Normunds 96
Grosvalds Olgerds 53, 157-159, 172,
174, 177, 179,291,454
Grundhers Verners fon ( Grundherr
Werner von) 292, 391, 393, 397, 469,
502, 546
Grundmans Karls Heines ( Grundmann
Karl-Heinz) 20, 241
Gulbis Vilis 18, 73-77, 90, 149, 218,
246, 254
Haidens Dzons {Hiden John) 18, 73-
77, 90, 149, 218, 246, 254
Haksels Anti {Hackzell Antti) 293, 294,
299, 316, 340
Hafners Sebastians {Haffner Sebastian)
426
Hartmanis Martins 332, 333, 347, 399,
408
Harvats Franciseks {Charwat
Franciszek) 298
Hendersons Arturs {Henderson Arthur)
252
Hendersons Nevils {Henderson Nevile)
434
Halifakss, lords Edvards {Wood
Edward, Viscount of Halifax) 22, 356,
358, 381, 406, 408, 409, 415, 416,
439
Hens Jirgens fon {Hehn Jürgen von) 21
Hess Rüdolfs {Heß Rudolf) 445
Hibelns Evalds {Hibbeln Ewald) 20
Hindenburgs Pauls fon {Hindenburg
Paul von) 217, 234-236
Hinkanena-Livonena Mer ja Lisa
{Hinkkanen-Lievonen Mer ja Liisa)
72, 76
Hitlers Adolfs {Hitler Adolf) 19, 42,
239, 288, 293, 301, 304, 313, 320-
322, 326, 334, 336-339, 345, 347,
353, 354, 356-358, 361, 362, 371,
378, 380, 386, 387, 389, 393, 399,
405, 420-428, 433, 436, 441, 442,
445, 447, 450, 471, 541, 544, 547
Holcmanis Vilis 32
Holsti Rüdolfs {Holsti Rudolf) 190,
208,210, 390,417
568
Hors Semjuels (Hoare Samuel) 404, 406
HovardsEsme (Howard Esme) 158, 159
Hovi Kalervo (Hovi Kalervo) 70, 77, 78,
80
Hovi Olavi (Hovi Olavi) 70—72
Ilmjarvs Magnuss (Rmjarv Magnus) 18,
54, 55, 61, 62, 382, 439, 453, 458
Idens Antonijs (Eden Robert Anthony)
89, 295, 340, 346,406, 407
Jangs Evanss (YoungEvans) 50
Jakob sens Hanss Adolfs (Jacobsen
Hans-Adolf) 20, 426
Jegorovs Aleksandrs 332, 333, 354, 399
Jelcins Boriss 104, 462
Jekabsons Eriks 53, 87, 377
Jofe Adolfs 198, 199, 204
Jonesku Take (Ionescu Take) 207
Judenics Nikolajs 171
Jundzis Tälavs 67-69, 92, 465
Jurasevskis Peteris 250
Jurgens Igors 461
Jurgutis Vlads (Jurgutis Vladas) 207
Jurkäns Jänis 95, 96
Kalnberzins Jänis 39, 40
Kalniete Sandra 26
Kalnings Ringolds 209
Kalnins Arvids 245, 361
Kalnins Bruno 239, 240, 464
Kalnins Pauls 141,143
Kalinins Mihails 359, 400
Kameneckis Vitolds (Kameniecki
Witold) 179
Kampe Andrejs 448
Karpenters Teds (Carpenter Ted) 100
Karskis Mihails 318, 319, 324, 329,
330
Kasparavics Algimants (Kasparavicius
Algimantas) 421, 437
Kazocins Indulis 86
Kerzons Dzordzs (Curzon George) 169,
175-177
Kesters Adolfs (Köster Adolf) 37, 52,
214, 216, 221, 223, 224, 229-231,
234-236
Kirhensteins Augusts 53, 461, 463, 464,
466
Kisindzers Henrijs (Kissinger Henry)
219, 466
Kleists Bruno (KleistBruno) 439
Klemanso Zorzs (Clemenceau Georges)
157, 158
Klintons Viljams (Bils) (Clinton
William) 100, 101, 104
Klive Adolfs 144, 210
Klopotovskis Jezijs (Klopotowski Jerzy)
62, 358
Koce Ulrihs fon (Kotze Hans Ulrich
von) 61, 379, 380, 395, 397, 427,
439, 446
Kocins Fricis 346, 351, 353, 354, 357,
359, 360, 459
Kolcaks Aleksandrs 151, 158, 164
Koljers Lorenss (Collier Laurence) 16,
335, 341, 356, 402, 405, 406, 408
Kolontaja Aleksandra 299
Kols Helmuts (Kohl Helmut) 104
Kops Viktors (Kopp Wiktor) 50, 81,
191, 204
Kozirevs Andrejs 462
Krastins Jänis 40—44
Krastkalns Andrejs 141, 143
Kreicbergs Jänis 145
Kreimers Marks (Kramer Mark) 102,
103
Krestinskis Nikolajs 232, 328, 331
Kregers Erhards (Kroeger Erhard) 294
569
Krievins Edgars 22, 61, 236, 238, 241,
292, 293, 317, 320, 324, 334, 349,
354, 373, 375-377, 389, 393, 395,
417, 434,445,447, 448, 546
Kulondrs Robers (Coulondre Robert)
354
Kursevics Kärlis 136-138
Kviesis Alberts 29, 253, 312, 405
Kenina Anna 132
Kenins Atis 132, 133, 169, 188, 207,
238
Keruss Janis 25, 218, 226, 279, 379
Kezbers Ivars 95, 96
Kikulis Grigorijs 290, 332
Laicens Linards 133-135
Laidoners Johans (Laidoner Johan) 309,
311, 315, 327, 335, 336, 365, 368,
374, 383
Lange Falks (Lange Falk) 20, 397
Larabijs F. Stivens (Larrabee F. Stephen)
100, 101
Laretejs Heinrihs (Laretei Heinrich)
320, 328, 365, 366, 369, 371
Laurinavics Ceslavs (Laurinavicius
Ceslovas) 467
Lavals Pjers (Laval Pierre) 326, 334,
370
Lacis Vilis 39, 40, 463
Ledeburs Zorzs (Ledebour Georg) 142,
143
Lejins Atis 26, 92, 93
Leopolds, Bavarijas princis (Leopold,
Prinz von Bayern) 143
Lerhis Ainars 53, 87, 88, 145, 149
Liepins Roberts 32, 293, 309, 315, 318,
322, 324, 331, 332, 337, 372, 374,
392
Liepkalns Roalds 97
Linde Andreass (Linde Andreas) 20
Lebers Ditrihs Andre (Loeber Dietrich
Andre) 21,464,467
Loids Dzordzs Deivids (Lloyd George,
David) 157,176, 177, 244
Lorencs Klävs 44, 463
Lozoraitis Stasis (Lozoraitis Stasys) 311,
314,318, 340, 366, 367
Lukasevics Juljuss (Lukasiewicz Juliusz)
188, 301,362
Lenins (Uljanovs) Vladimirs 81, 131
Lipskis Juzefs (Lipski Jozef) 293, 301,
362, 422-424
Litvinovs Maksims 228, 231, 232, 290,
295, 298, 299, 304, 305, 308-310,
314, 321, 325, 328, 330-334, 344,
357, 362, 363,400
Made Vahurs (Made Vahur) 90
Makdonalds Ramzejs (MacDonald
Ramsay) 245, 252, 253, 404
Mandelbaums Maikls (Mandelbaum
Michael) 100
Martiuss Georgs (Martins Georg) 240,
241,293, 300,313
Meierovics Zigfrids Anna 28-38, 42,
44, 46-55, 57, 75, 78, 79, 145-148,
152, 157-160, 165, 167, 168, 170,
173-194, 196, 198, 199, 204, 205,
208-210, 212, 214, 217, 234, 235,
293, 328, 343, 347, 529, 530,
536
Meijers Kents (Meyer Kent) 101
Meisners Boriss (Meissner Boris) 460
Menders Fricis 29, 30, 34, 35, 38, 44,
48, 127, 131, 132, 134,136,138,139,
141, 195, 231, 296,297
Mennings Karls (Menning Karl) 292
Meri Lenarts (Meri Lennart) 104
570
Mikojans Anastass 400
Miljeräns Aleksandrs (Millerand
Alexandre) 175
Millers Hermanis (Müller Hermann)
164, 165, 167
Millers Rolfs DIters (Müller Rolf-Dieter)
426
Milbergs Gotfrids 240, 241
Molotovs (Skrjabins) Vjaceslavs 17, 22,
23, 62, 84, 85, 314, 321, 331, 357,
382, 400, 410, 426, 434, 435, 437,
438, 440-449, 451, 457, 459, 470,
474, 475, 533, 540
Muncingers Ernsts (Munzinger Ernst)
240, 241
Munters Vilhelms 19, 22, 24, 28, 32, 38,
41, 53, 57-59, 61, 62, 67, 228, 239,
287-306, 308-330, 332-360, 363,
364-375, 377-380, 387-392, 394-
402, 404-410, 413-418, 427-430,
434, 437-440, 445-447,450, 453,
454, 458,459, 532, 533, 538, 539,
541, 545, 546
Musolini Benito (Mussolini Benito) 33,
59, 347,405, 427
Nadolnijs Rudolfs (Nadolny Rudolf)
363
Nadziärs Pols Emils (Naggiar Paul
Emile) 435
Necbulls-Hjüdzesens Hjü (Knatchbull-
Hugessen Hughe) 252, 254, 299, 402,
403
Neilands Nikolajs 95
Neiräts Konstantins fon (Neurath
Konstantin von) 242, 317, 320, 334,
342, 362, 363, 371,393
Nefs Hermanis (Neef Hermann) 394
Niedra Andrievs 161, 162, 184
Nikzentaitis Alvids (Nikzentaitis
Alvydas) 467
Niseis Albers (Niessel Albert) 190
Nisa Zuzanna (Nies Susanne) 20, 218
Nuksa Martins 435
Olins Edgars Janis 42
Orde Carlzs (Orde Charles) 247, 408,
409, 437
Ozolina-Krauze Austra 132
Ozolina Zanete 26, 92
Ozolins Ernests 209
Ozolins Voldemars 240
Ozols Janis (Zars) 130
Ozols Karlis 37, 226, 359, 360
Pabriks Artis 97
Paderevskis Ignacijs (Paderewski Ignacy)
173
Paiders Juris 461
Palcmanis Janis 145
Palllns Eduards (Palin Eduard) 293
Partss Juhans (Parts Juhan) 98
Pauluks Karlis Vilhelms 29, 34, 145
Pavlovs Dmitrijs 458
Pelse Arvlds 40-43
Pereti de la Roka Emanuels (Peretti de
la Rocca Emmanuel) 172, 177
Perlmuters Eimoss (Perlmutter Amos)
100
Perna Valerio 59, 432, 459
Peterss Jekabs 133
Petrevics Andrejs 137
Petss Konstantins (Pats Konstantin)
193, 213, 309, 364, 365
Pilsudskis Juzefs (Pilsudski Jozef) 126,
169, 174, 183, 188, 189, 191, 194,
196, 200,202, 204, 206, 227
Pips Antss (Piip Ants) 31, 78, 203, 229,
361
Plesnila Dimitrs (Plesnila Dimitrie) 206,
207
571
Plimuts, lords (Vindzors Klaivs-Aivors,
gräfs Plimuts, Windsor Clive Ivor, Earl
of Plymouth) 390, 407
Poes Kärlis 16, 44
Potjomkins Vladimirs 288, 321, 330,
357, 434, 435
Prestons Tomass (Preston Thomas) 338,
339
Puankare Raimons (Poincare Raymond)
208
Puga Arturs 16
Purickis Jozs (Purickis Juozas) 191
Purkls Andreass (Purkl Andreas) 20, 218
Pusta Karls (Pusta Karl) 31, 75, 201,
211,212
Racinskis Eduards (Raczyhski Edward)
409, 424
Radeks Karlis 304, 305
Radzins Peteris 199, 203, 212
Rainis (Plieksans) Janis 131, 132, 134,
201
Rauhs Georgs fon (Rauch Georg von)
19, 58, 62
Rebane Hanss (Rebane Hans) 453
Redmena Kristina Spora (Readman
Kristina Spohr) 104
Reinebeks Oto (Reinebeck Otto) 315,
392
Reks Nikolajs (Reek Nikolai) 332, 333,
335
Ribentrops Joahims fon (Ribbentrop
Joahim von) 17, 22, 23, 62, 84, 85,
380, 382, 397, 410, 420-426, 439-
449,451, 469, 471, 474, 533, 546
Ritenis Janis 26
Rodzers Hju (Rodgers Hugh) 49-52, 69,
74,79
Rolavs Ernests 124
Ronis Aivis 96
Rozensteins Hugo 347
Rozins Fricis (Azis) 126
Rubulis Janis 145
Rudëvics Ansis 138, 240
Rúzvelts Franklins Delano (Roosevelt
Franklin Delano) 8, 23, 84-86, 90,
427,428
Saimons Dzons (Simon John) 403, 404
Salmons Patriks (Salmon Patrick) 18,
246, 254
Salnais Voldemars 42, 65, 87, 222, 240,
242, 287, 289, 291-293, 295, 298,
299, 361
Sandlers Rikards (Sandler Rickard) 352,
358, 390
Séja Ludvigs 46, 195, 196, 199, 206,
249, 318, 319, 363, 373, 377, 378
Sé)a Peteris 32, 388
Seljamäjülijs (Seljamaa Julius) 302,
309-311, 314, 315, 336, 364, 366,
367
Selters Karls (Selter Karl) 359, 375, 376,
383, 449,452-454
Senoboss Saris (Seignohos Charles) 175
Seskis Janis 159
Sforca Karlo (Sforza Carlo) 174, 176,
177
Silvanders Reino (Sylvander Reino, vins
arl Silvanto Reino) 177
Simpsons Dzeimss (Simpson James) 181
Sidss Viljams (Seeds William) 435
Sipols Vilnis 15, 16, 42-44, 56
Skalbe Karlis 134, 135
Skudra Ojärs 95, 96
Skujenieks Margers 47, 134, 150, 159,
232, 240
Skurbe Arvids 253
Sieze vies Mikols (Slezevicius Mikolas)
184
Smetona Antans (Smetona Antanas) 54,
318,319, 361,377,457
572
Solonins Marks 475
3
Spekke Arnolds 59, 84, 87
Sprogis Aivars 98
Stake Dagnija 98
Stalins (Dzugasvili) Josifs 8, 38, 43, 65,
68, 81, 82, 86, 304, 305, 314, 321,
325, 344, 346, 352, 354, 356, 357,
387, 399, 400, 428, 432, 440-445,
449, 450, 452, 454, 459, 465, 470,
474-476
Stegmanis Artürs 386, 429
Stive Fridrihs {Stieve Friedrich) 236
Stranga Aivars 13, 16, 17, 23, 24, 26, 53,
58, 67, 69, 92, 94, 142, 171, 226, 229,
382, 432, 456, 458, 463, 465
Sträume Aivars 98
Strengs Viljams (Strang William) 434,
435
Strods Heinrihs 455
Stucka Peteris 81, 135—137, 156, 161,
203
Sudoplatovs Pavels 457, 458
Surics Jakovs 357
Saks Ekhards fon {Schack Eckhard von)
388
Scerbinskis Valters 25, 53, 87
Seidemanis Filips {Scheidemann
Philipp) 163
Seils Stefans {Scheil Stefan) 426
Sepetis Nerijs {Sepetys Nerijus) 421
Silde Adolfs 142, 145, 151
Skirpa Kazis {Skirpa Kazys) 421, 546
Sk:ele Andris 95
Slüps Jons {Sliüpas Jonas) 140, 183, 184
Snurre Karls {Schnurre Karl) 471
Sreiners Vilhelms 165
Steinbergs Valentins 43
Strezemans Gustavs {Stresemann
Gustav) 36, 75, 214, 215, 218, 220,
222-224, 232, 234
Suberts Karls fon {Schubert Carl von)
216-218, 226-228, 230, 234
Sulenburgs Fridrihs-Vilhelms fon der
{Schulenburg Friedrich-Wilhelm von
der) 441, 446, 470, 474, 475
Sumanis Vilis 32, 33, 87, 453
Svabe Arveds 84
Talbots Stroubs {Talbott Strobe) 104
Talentss Stlvens {Talents Stephen) 181
Taurens Janis 13, 60
Teilors Alans Dzons Persivals {Taylor
Alan John Percivale) 75
Tenisons Umars {Tonisson Umar) 376
Tenisons Jans {Tonisson Jaan) 31, 128,
130, 376
Tepfers Janis 87, 381
Tipelskirhs Verners fon {Tippelskirch
Werner von) 400
Tofers Karls {ToferKarl) 315, 316
Traubergs Edvards 148
Trautmans Oskars {Trautmann Oskar) 237
Treijs Rihards 54
Trenins Dmitrijs 103
Tripje Zans {Tripier Jean) 291, 305
Trockis (Bronsteins) Levs 200
Ulmanis Guntis 95
Ulmanis Karlis 22, 28, 32, 33, 39, 41-44,
51-55, 63,69, 141, 150-152, 154,
155, 161-164, 177-179, 183, 184,
186, 199, 203, 205, 229, 230, 234,
236, 241, 287, 289,290-292, 295,
296, 299-303, 306-313, 316, 317,
322-324, 327, 328, 331, 333, 336,
337, 342, 343, 349, 351, 355, 358,
360, 364, 365, 368, 376, 377, 388,
394-397, 399, 400, 403, 405, 408,
414, 437, 438, 448, 451, 459, 460,
462-465, 532, 538, 551
573
Urbanovies Janis 461
Urbsis Jozs (Urbsys Juozas) 320, 359,
365, 369,420, 421, 546
Upitis Karlis 133, 140
Valrots Erihs (Wallroth Erich) 217, 220,
221
Valters Mikelis 23, 53, 125, 126, 129,
130,134, 141, 143, 148, 168, 291,
322, 337, 377, 381,429
Varslavans Alberts 16, 23, 44, 69, 249
Veiczekers Ernsts fon (Weizsdcker Ernst
von) 427, 446, 469-471
Veidnieks Kornelijs 456
Veinbergs Fricis 141
Velless Samners (Welles Sumner) 83, 88,
558
Vensitarts Roberts (Vansittart Robert)
294, 335
Vesmanis Fricis 246-248, 250-253
Vefers Valters (Vewer Walter) 179
Vermans Ernsts (Wormann Ernst) 447
Vigrabs Juris 322, 452
Viktors Emanuels III (Vittorio
Emanuelelll) 175,415
Vike-Freiberga Vaira 92, 97
Vileisis Vitauts (Vileisis Vytautas) 369,
371
Vilhelms II (■Wilhelm II) 147
Vilsons Vudro (Wilson Thomas
Woodrow) 157, 173, 183, 244
Vinnigs Augusts (Winnig August) 150,
152-155
Virsis Martins 16, 17, 23, 382, 465
Virza Edvarts 32, 33
Vits Roberts (Vitas Robertas) 23, 85
Vizulis Izidors 84, 85
Voits Oskars 217, 238
Voldemars Augustins (Voldemaras
Augustinas) 187,196, 223, 224
Vons Dzons (Vaughan John) 245, 248-
250
Vorosilovs Kliments 333, 399
Vrangelis Peteris fon (Wrangel Peter von)
42, 174, 205
Vulfsons Mavriks 95
Zalcmanis Janis 22
Zarins Karlis 53, 87, 88, 206, 211, 236,
238, 254, 354, 35S, 388, 402, 404,
409, 439, 459
Zaunus Dovs (Zaunius Dovas) 187, 361
Zalite Peteris 124
Zalitis Janis 154
Zamuels Voldemars 34, 145, 148
Zelgalvis Elmars 98
Zemgals Gustavs 150, 152, 200, 289
Zemite Lilita 25
Zimonss Valters (Simmons Walter) 179
Zotovs Ivans 351
Zubkova Jelena 79-82, 462,465,467,468
Zunda Antonijs 13, 16, 24, 25, 59, 86,
88, 89
Zutis Janis 41
Zalis Vitauts (Zalys Vytautas) 17
Zdanovs Andrejs 398
Zeligovskis Lucians (Zeligowski Lucjan)
174, 202
S
Bayerische
Staatsbibiiothek
München ,
v_'_J
SATURS
Ievads 7
I nodala
LATVIJAS ARPOLITIKA: HISTORIOGRAEIJAUN IZPETES
GALVENAS PROBLEMAS 15
1.1. Galvenie virzieni un koncepcijas historiográfijá 15
1.2. Subjektlvais faktors Latvijas árpolitiká divdesmitajos gados:
nostádnes véstures literatürá 26
1.3. Latvijas árpolitiskás orientácijas problema
trísdesmitajos gados 55
1.4. Vésturnieki par Latvijas droslbas problemas risinájumiem
starpkaru periodá 63
1.5. Baltijas valstu jautájuma historiográfijá 82
1.6. Zinátniskás un politiskás diskusijas par Latvijas
eiroatlantisko integráciju 91
II nodala
LATVIJAS ARPOLITIKA VALSTS TAPSANAS UN
PARLAMENTÁRISMA POSMA 124
2.1. Latvijas valsts idejas izvirzísanás un pirmás
diplomátiskás aktivitátes 124
2.2. Latvijas diplomátija clná par valsts starptautisko
atzísanu 150
2.3. Vertikálá llnija Latvijas árpolitiká: 1919-1925 181
2.4. Horizontálá línija Latvijas árpolitiká: 1925-1933 213
5
Ill nodala
LATVIJAS ÁRPOLITIKA AUTORITARISMA LAÍKÁ 287
3.1. V. Muntera árpolitiskie uzskati (1933-1935) 287
3.2. V. Muntera árpolitiská koncepcija pec Austrumu pakta
projektu neveiksmes 341
3.3. Baltijas virziens Latvijas árpolitiká 361
3.4. Latvija un vadosas lielvalstis (1934-1938) 385
3.5. Latvija un Tautu Savieniba 410
3.6. Latvijas diplomátija Otra pasaules kara prieksvakará
un sákuma posma 420
Nobeigums 529
Summary 535
Dokumenti 541
le tele amás literaturas saraksts 559
Personu ráditájs 566
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UN PERIODIKA
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| geographic_facet | Lettland |
| id | DE-604.BV043533625 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-08T08:22:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789934118609 |
| language | Latvian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028949252 |
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| physical | 573 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen |
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| publisher | Jumava |
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| series2 | Latvijai 100 |
| spelling | Feldmanis, Inesis 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)1089844042 aut Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā 1. sējums Inesis Feldmanis, Aivars Stranga, Jānis Taurēns, Antonijs Zunda Rīga Jumava 2016 573 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Latvijai 100 Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s DE-604 Stranga, Aivars 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)137173806 aut Taurēns, Jānis Verfasser aut (DE-604)BV043533622 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Feldmanis, Inesis 1949- Stranga, Aivars 1954- Taurēns, Jānis Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4074187-4 |
| title | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā |
| title_auth | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā |
| title_exact_search | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā |
| title_full | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā 1. sējums Inesis Feldmanis, Aivars Stranga, Jānis Taurēns, Antonijs Zunda |
| title_fullStr | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā 1. sējums Inesis Feldmanis, Aivars Stranga, Jānis Taurēns, Antonijs Zunda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā 1. sējums Inesis Feldmanis, Aivars Stranga, Jānis Taurēns, Antonijs Zunda |
| title_short | Latvijas ārpolitika un diplomātija 20. gadsimtā |
| title_sort | latvijas arpolitika un diplomatija 20 gadsimta |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Lettland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028949252&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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