Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Illustrations xi
Acronyms in Archival Citations xiii
A Note on Names and Transliteration xv
Introduction: Making their Revolution 1
1. Revolutionary Beginnings 25
2. Socialism in One Dormitory: Student Communes 49
3. Socialism in One Apartment: Byt Communes 79
4. Socialism in One Factory: Production Communes 105
5. Early Stalinism and the Urban Communes 131
Conclusion: The Commune is Dead, Vive le Communard! 157
Bi bliography 171
Index 191
Bibliography
ARCHIVES
GARF—State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi
Federatsii)
f. A. 2313—Peoples Commissariat of Education, RSFSR
£ 3469—Union of Metalworkers
f. 3513—Peoples Commissariat of Labour
£ 7952—History of Factories and Plants (Gorky Archive)
MRGPU im. Herzen—Museum of History, A. I. Herzen State Pedagogical University
(Muzei istorii Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet im. A. I. Gertsena)
B-5—Personal file of Stepan Afanas’evich Baiezin
K-38—Personal file of Ofga Sergeevna Komova
Pedvuzovets—Student newspaper
Muzei istorii SPbETU—Museum of History, St Petersburg State Electro-technical
University, ‘LETT (Muzei istorii Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo elektrotekh-
nicheskogo universiteta, ‘LETT)
KP. osn. 4711—Personal file of Ali lanbulat
KP. osn. 4712—Ali lanbulat on the LETI communes
Pamphlet collection
OKhDOPIM—Divisional Repository of the Social-Political History of Moscow (Otdel
khraneniia dokumentov obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii Moskvy)
f. 459—Sverdiov Communist University
RGASPI—Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi
arkhiv sotsiaTno-politicheskoi istorii)
M.l: Division of Youth Organizations
f. M.l op. 3—Meetings of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist
Youth League, including materials provided
£ M.l op. 4—Meetings of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist
Youth League, including materials provided
f. M. 1 op. 23—Documents of the Communist Youth League
TsAG Moskvy—Central State Archive of the City of Moscow (Tsentral’nyi arkhiv goroda
Moskvy)
f. 415—History of the Factories and Plants, Automobile Society of Moscow (AMO)
TsDAHOU—Central State Archive of Public Organizations of Ukraine (Tsentral’nyi der-
zhavnyi arkhiv hromads’kykh ob’iednan Ukrainy)
f. 3198—State Political Directorate
TsGAMO—Central State Archive of the Moscow Oblast (Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi
arkhiv Moskovskoi oblasti)
f. 2614—Department of National Education
f. 6769—Department of Regional Education
LIBRARIES
British Library (BL)
Russian State Library (Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka)
172 Bibliography
State Public Historical Library of Russia (Gosudarstvennaia publichnaia istoricheskaia
biblioteka Rossii)
UCL, School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library (UCL SSEES Library)
JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
Bol’shevik
Ekonomicheskaia gazeta
lunyi kommunist
Iunyi proletarii
Izvestiia
Kommunar
Komsomolskaia pravda
Krasnaia letopis
Krasnoe studenchestvo
Krasnyi student
Leningradskii Universitet
Molodaia gyardiia
Partiinoe stroitelstvo
Pedvuzovets
Pravda
Proletarskaia kuVtura
Rabochnaia gazeta
Ratsio nalizMtsiia proizvodstva
Revoliutsiia i kuPtura
Smena
Sovetskii uchiteV
Stroitelstvo Moskvy
Trud
Voprosy truda
Za industrializatsiiu
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Index
NOTE:
Specific urban communes are denoted in bold type.
Individual communard names are listed alphabetically, and followed by ‘(communard)5.
Page numbers in Italic type indicate illustrations.
abortion, see pregnancy
accommodation, see barracks; dormitory, student;
hostels; living space (zhilploshchad0
see also ‘house question/problem5, the
adolescence, see youthful
enthusiasm; Komsomol
agitation campaigns:
Komsomol, of the 51, 105, 121, 168
political and cultural-enlightenment 63
worker, working, labour 164
party, of the 4, 11, 13,51, 110, 132
Red Army, of the 35, 121
see also cultural revolution
see also rationalization
see also self-criticism (samokritika)
see also shock work
see also socialist competition
agrarian economy 25
see also rural, village life
agricultural-labour communes 160
model rules for agricultural-labour
communes 41
Akulina (communard) 92, 94
Alexei (communard) 153
alcohol:
drinking parties 6, 52, 57
restrictions 70, 87, 88, 117
see also drunkenness
see also beer
see also vodka
‘alliance of proletarian labour
students’ 53-4
All-Union Congress of Communes and
Collectives (January 1930) 123, 125,
132, 134, 140
All-Union Congress of the Soviet, Fifth (20-8
May 1929) 110
AMO commune(s), the 30-1,33,79-81,
87-8
Andrei (communard) 90
Anikeev (communard) 13, 111-12
animals:
adopted pig (communard)
anti-racism 44
anniversaries, see commemorations
appropriation, popular:
revolution 1, 29
revolutionary discourse, meaning,
messages 117, 122, 167
socialist ideology 14
architecture:
activism, of 74
competitions 45—6
‘social condenser5, theory 146
Armenia:
Armenians 43
artel(s) 27-8,36-7, 151
communes identifying as artels 39, 64,
66, 86
as inspiration to urban communes 36, 45,
47, 55, 107, 121, 164
Arushanova, Marusa (communard)
118-19, 120
apsiration, popular:
ideological, revolutionary, socialist
aspiration(s) 1, 51, 58, 160-6, 167
modern aspiration (s) 41,91
syndicalist aspiration(s) 26
total equality 154
aspirational committees5 (komitety),
grassroots 63, 91, 93
commune committees’ 70
‘accounting committee’ 60
clothing committee’ 91
‘finance committee’ 91
‘housekeeping committee’ 91
‘hygiene committee’ 91
‘political committee’ 91
as the language of modernity 91, 93
see also mimicry
see also modernity
Assembly of Russian Factory Workers 37
authoritarianism 19, 109
autarky 40
see also autonomy
autocracy:
French 43
Tsarist 34
Automobile Society of Moscow (AMO) 13, 30,
31-3, 36, 38, 80-1, 87-8, 118, 120-1,
124, 146
autonomy 113, 144, 151, 156
in-between authority and autonomy 2, 120
Avrashkov (communard) 117
192
Index
Avtostroi, Nizhnii Novgorod 119—20
awards, see honours, state
Azerbaijan:
Azerbaijanis 43
baba 100-1
baba-like behaviour 101, 103
see also habits
backwardness 6, 81, 88, 100, 126, 154
Bakery commune, the 128-9
Baku 43-4
Baku Commune 44
martyrs, The Twenty-six Baku
Commissars’ 44
Balezin, Stepan Afanas’evich (1904-1982,
communard) 36—7, 39—41, 62—6,
68-70, 72-3, 75-6, 118, 162, 168
caricature and photo of 67
Baltic;
Baltic coast, the 65
Bal’tsev, Z. (communard) 65—6, 75
Barkov (communard) 142
barracks 7, 10,44,46, 83, 101, 105, 106-8,
115, 117-18, 121, 143, 159, 160,
162, 165
barracks cell 121
tent-barracks 119
beer 65
behaviour, standards of 15—16, 41, 69, 81—2,
85, 87, 100, 121, 125, 136, 143, 146
philistine’ {meshchanstvo), relating to 88,
95, 99
see also baba
Belozerova, Paisa Pavlovna (teacher) 63
Birsk 63
Bogdanov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
(1873-1928, Bolshevik) 32,98,164
Bolshevik Plant, Kiev 116—17
Bolshevik Party, see Communist Party
books:
commune, in the 28, 30, 32, 52, 58, 62-3,
82,91, 102, 109, 161
Lenin’s writings 152
bourgeoisie, Russian 84
Brover (communard) 117
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888—1938,
Bolshevik) 16, 32
Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1895-1975,
Bolshevik) 115
bulletin board, noticeboard 9, 18, 128, 137
see also Taylorist timetable, time management;
internal noticeboard
bureaucracy:
anti bureaucracy drive 111, 123, 126,
131, 145
bureaucrat, Soviet 135
red tape’ 124—5
Bychkov, A. (communard) 120—2
byt (way of life) 46, 48, 56, 81, 83-9, 99-103
collectivization of 145
definitions 15-16
see also byt commune
see also byt communard
see also lifestyle
see also novyi byt (new way of life)
see also production-^yf-commune
see also zhizri (life)
byt communard:
definition, label 108
byt commune:
definition, label 23, 33, 79, 82, 86-9, 103,
124, 135, 152, 161, 164
cabaret, see New Economic Policy (NEP):
NEPification (oneprivanie)
canteen (stolovye) 8, 9, 12, 16-17, 64—5, 70,
77, 137
commune canteens 9, 70, 72, 73, 77, 143
factory-based canteens 76
see also shared/collective: dining,
eating, food
capitalism 2, 127
profiteering 85
careerism 107
Caucasus 118-19
Cement (1925) 32
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860—1904, writer,
playwright) 157
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828—1889,
socialist philosopher) 1,18, 23, 30—5,
41,42, 47, 48,82, 108, 163
communards as the children of
Chernyshevsky’ 31
Chinese commune movement 160
chistka (cleansing/purge) 54
cigarette smoking 70, 153
cinema 17
see also excursions: commune trips
circus, Soviet 21
civic activist (obshchestvennik):
as a category, definition, label 5, 109
civic mindedness (obshchestvennost*) 17—18, 24,
34, 48, 64, 74, 76-7
civic work, social work (,obshchestvennaia
rabota) 18, 38, 54, 65, 69, 168
as ‘extracurricular activism’ 72—5
public burden {obsbchestvannaia
nagruzka) 76
civil war 7-8, 27, 45, 49, 53, 62-3, 103, 155
class war 26, 103, 107, 111, 121, 126
class education {klassovoe vospitanie) 121
cleanliness 17, 29, 31, 55-6, 57-8, 62, 72, 81
cleaning in the commune 59, 81, 87, 92,
95, 106
cleaning teeth, tooth powder 91, 93
soap 91
see also health
see also hygiene
Index
193
dub, workers’ 17, 25, 63, 85, 108, 120
commune clubs’ 77, 90-1, 96
coercion 133
see also authoritarianism
collectivism {kollektivizm):
advocates, advocacy of 45, 47, 79, 92—3, 98,
117, 118, 123, 132, 141, 163
as asceticism, self-denial 18, 48, 103
best examples of 51
as brotherhood 18
as a code of behaviour 25
as common good, common interest 18, 85
craze 146
conversations, discussions about 50, 80
as description of the future society 27
domestic 11, 121, 164
failure, failings, failed 135, 140, 153
‘hill’, ‘total’ 34, 164
modern socialist, rational 18, 26
party view of 48
populist 18
post-1917 discourse^) of 1, 7, 9, 11, 27,
41-2, 47—8, 50, 54, 167
pre-1917 discourse(s) of 26, 28, 41—2
‘revolutionary’ 40
in teamwork or labour 108, 113, 122, 164
as a principle 4, 28, 58
collective (kollektiv)
as Russian vision of alliance, association,
group, team, unit 37, 40-2, 44,
47-8, 53, 54, 59-60, 69, 73-4, 76,
90, 96, 107-11, 115, 117-19, 121,
123—5, 127, 131—4, 138-40, 144,
148, 151, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164,
166-7
collectivization:
countryside, in the 110, 121, 132, 139,
145, 147
see also Five-Year Plan, First
commemorations:
October Revolution 110,142
Paris Commune 44
see also Paris Commune (1871): myth and
memory
see also street performances, parades
common pot {obshchii kotel) 3, 28, 29, 34, 50,
53, 62, 68, 81, 87, 91, 106, 115, 118,
146, 149, 153, 157, 163
budget, budgeting 62, 70, 72, 91
contributions, weekly or monthly 68,
92, 134
percentage-based 60, 81, 106
other accounts of pooled money 12, 38, 81,
112, 142
communard (kommunar*):
as a category, definition, label 5-6, 9-10,
11-14, 16-20, 144, 157
communard movement, of the 1950s and
1960s 169
communard nicknames, derogatory:
‘academic fledglings’ (akademiata) 64
‘Kommunar Kommunarovich
Kommunarov 158
‘peasant ideologue’ (kresfianskii ideolog) 41
commune (kommuna) .
as a journey of discovery 32, 106, 144, 166
as a modish development 48
as a revolutionary meme 81
historiographical definitions 156, 160—1
total’, ‘full’ commune 35, 73, 106
Commune 133 35, 57—9
commune, journalistic critiques of 137—41
‘false paths’ (lozhnyeputi) 139
commune, derogatory descriptions:
‘cosy tea-drinking session’ 35
‘do-good sons of bitches’ 14
‘harmful dreams’ 137
komu-na, komu-ne (to some—it’s here you go,
to others—nothing at all) 136
komu-na, komu-net (for some its commun-is,
. for others it’s commun-isn’t) 136
‘little more than warm company 134
‘self seeking’ 136—7
‘womanly 101
commune arguments, bust-ups,
disagreements 9, 59, 69, 99, 154
‘bickering in the commune’ 134—5
‘chubby, curly toed... lazy’ 135
internal factions 106-7
‘ You... fathead’ 92
see also disband
see also gender: ‘Venus and Mars’, dispute
commune materials:
amateur lecture manuals, textbooks 65
see also wall-newspapers (sten-gazety)
commune pranks:
dummy-egg 39
Commune of the Student Water-Transport
Workers 60—2
commune surveys 10, 21, 54, 74, 140, 151
communism 154—5, 156, 157, 159, 160—1
‘monastic communism’ 47
Communist Party:
as a body, organ, organization 9, 12, 14, 18,
20, 36, 41, 52, 64, 80
cell(s) 13, 27, 40, 111, 113, 119, 121
Central Committee 10
members/membership 1, 5, 13, 56, 72,
88, 112, 119, 133, 141, 145, 148,
153-5, 160
raikom 105, 107
representatives, officials, leadership,
delegate 13, 36, 45, 52, 63, 64, 70,
110, 113, 120, 122-3, 125, 127, 132,
134, 139, 142, 145-7, 151, 156,
163-4, 166-7
Second Party Conference/Programme (March
1919) 83
194
Index
Communist Party ( vont.)
Seventeenth Party Conference/Programme
(January 1932) 133
Sixteenth Party Congress (26 June-13 July,
1930) 134
Tenth Party Congress (March 1921) 84
Communist Youth League, see Komsomol
companionship:
as sexual relationship 91, 94
see also love
competition (s):
commune, in the 57-8, 68
see also socialist competition
concert halls 17, 62
see also excursions
consciousness 46, 115
class 26, 74, 98, 108, 124, 148
political 18, 37, 56, 108, 143
revolutionary 68, 76, 82, 97, 122
socialist 34, 73, 82, 115, 121, 126
consumerism 47, 85, 144
continuous production (nepreryvka) 128
see also socialist competition
cooperative movement 8-9
cooperatives 8-9, 81
cost-accounting brigades, units
(khozraschety) 24, 133, 149-52, 166
Council of Peoples Commissars (Sovnarkov) 41
crèche 17
crime 164
areas of 88, 90
cultural revolution {kuVtumaia revoliutsiia) 10,
12, 17, 19, 23, 32, 55-9, 60, 74, 109,
120, 143-5,161, 163, 167
cultural campaigns {kuVtpokhody) 17, 62,
121, 128, 162
‘cultural failings’ 55
cigarette butts (as a signifier) 56, 57
cultural hearth 22, 57
cultural hegemony 84
cultural level 52—7, 62, 77
‘socialization
in education 68
in everyday life 22, 47, 146
third front, cultural 33, 55, 61
working culture, shop floor culture 13, 23,
106, 114, 124, 126-8
as ‘proletarian perestroika’ 120-2
culturedness (kul’tumost’) 144
Daring (1930) 157-9, 160, 166
DasKapital{ 1867) 53
David-Fox, Michael 88
destalinization 168—9
diary:
commune diaries 69-70, 76, 90, 92-3, 96,
135, 141
Soviet school diaries and autobiographies’ 76
‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ 42
dignity 47-8,49,77
Dinamo Electro-machine Plant, Moscow
118, 146
direct democracy 28, 42, 47
dirt 30,57,81, 141, 144
dirty dishes 56, 92
see also cultural revolution (kuVtumaia
revoliutsiia) . ‘cultural failings’
disband:
commune votes to 9, 59, 135, 148, 152-6
see also commune arguments, bust-ups,
disagreements
discipline:
ill-discipline 88, 102
labour discipline 88, 107, 109, 115,
117, 148
revolutionary discipline 27, 56, 61-2,
77, 101, 118, 125, 142, 163
disease, see health
divorce:
in the commune 97, 99
see also marriage
Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine 9, 89, 112
domesticity 13, 16, 48, 85, 87
Donbass 107
dormitory, student 3, 7, 9, 36, 40, 46,
48-5, 52-60, 62, 72-4, 76-7, 90,
160-2, 168
dorm room(s) 3, 8, 35, 38, 51, 57, 59,
65,77
dormitory inspections/cultural-life
commissions 56
‘organized dormitory’ {organizovanoe
obshchezhitie) 70, 72
see abo cultural revolution (kuVtumaia
revoliutsiia)
see abo dormitory-communes
{obshchezhitiia-kommuny); floor-
communes (etazhi-kommuny); room-
communes (komnaty-kommuny)
Herzen dorm no.3 72
Krasnyi Rassvet Ulitsa dorm 57
Medved dorm 56-7
Mytninskaia dorm 36
‘organized dormitory’ 70-2
Roshal Embankment dorm 69—70
Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikailovich (1821—81,
writer) 26, 31
drunkenness 57, 72, 88, 95, 99, 115, 122
‘booze’, ‘debauchery’, and girls’ 136
as hooligan behaviour 89
see abo hooliganism
youth 88
Dubelirov, G. D. 45
Dubroliubov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich
(1836-1861, literary critic) 87
Durand, Dominique 160
Index
195
education {obrazovanie) 17, 27, 48,
52, 77
egalitarianism 9, 13, 27, 40, 163
elder, peasant 40
electricity 81, 108
electric light 87—8,108
electrification 115
Elektrozavod, Moscow 114—16, 126, 131, 135,
140, 147
emotion:
as anti-bourgeois, anti-kulak, anti-property
mood 27, 126, 147, 148, 154
as construction fever 108
as class war, proletarian, socialist mood 32,
99, 103, 127-9, 164
as militancy 77, 103
history of, emotional/affective
turn 126
Engels, Friedrich (1820—1895,
philosopher) 146
enlightenment {prosveshchenie) 6, 17, 51
personal 31, 64, 75
political-cultural 32, 33, 51, 55, 57, 63,
143-5,167
as self-assessment 19, 21, 60, 68, 76, 92,
100, 103, 109
as self-improvement, self-regulation,
self-denial 27, 30-1, 34, 48, 137,
143-4, 157, 165-6
‘open and frank letters’, as group
assessment 68—9
entertainment, see leisure; excursions
ethics:
socialist/proletarian 15, 100, 106
street’ 99
Eugene Onegin (1833) 87—8, 103
Europe 32
European ideas 42
European Russia 10, 113, 119, 140
Everyday Housing Commune (ZhBK) 62,
66-72, 72-7, 138
ZhBK communards, ‘zhebekovtsy 66—7’,
69-70, 76
excursions:
commune group trips 50-1, 62, 143
see also leisure
expulsion:
commune, from the 4, 39, 101, 118
factory deputies 56
family 13, 16, 30, 34, 39, 46, 48,61, 80, 90-1,
98, 103, 162
communards’ old family/family life, the 40,
49,63,101,143
new socialist, the 30, 82, 85, 96, 99,
143, 162
see also parenthood
February Revolution 63
femininity 101, 103
see also baba
see also gender
Filimonov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich
(communard) 52—3
fine dining, see New Economic Policy (NEP):
NEPification (oneprivanie)
finance:
financial competence 55
see common pot (obshchii kotel)
Five in Four commune, the 125
Five-Year Plan, First 10, 23, 56, 76, 110-15,
123-9, 132, 136, 138, 143, 151, 155,
156, 158, 164, 165
lack of planning 110-12
targets, quotas 106, 109, 112, 115, 125,
147, 149, 164
flirting:
commune, in the 91
see also sex
‘founding agreement’, ‘charter’ {ustav) 4, 74,
90-1, 94-5, 102, 106, 108, 138,
153,161
commune pledges 92, 108, 128
commune vows 5, 68—9, 98, 107, 115, 128,
140, 163
Ford, Henry (1863—1947, industrialist) 20
Fordism, see industrialization
‘Frunzenskaia kommuna 169
Gadkov, Feodor Vasil’evich (1883—1958,
writer) 32
Gapon, Gerogii Apollonovich (1870—1906,
radical priest) 37
garden plots, city 38—9
communards planting beet and potato
seeds 38
gender 16, 99—104, 167
assumptions and boundaries in
communes 80, 100, 102
gendered space 16
patriarchy, patriarchal 2, 31, 41, 100
roles 91, 99
ironing, chopping wood 94
‘trying to turn women into men’ 101
‘Venus and Mars’, dispute 59
see also femininity
see also masculinity
gerontocracy 108
Gulf of Finland 65
Goncharov, Ivan Aleksandrovich (1812—91,
writer) 31, 87, 163
Gooderham, Peter 85
Gordeeva, Irina 160
gradualism, revolutionary 126
grain requisitioning 84
grassroots 2, 44, 58, 110, 169
democracy 38
196
Index
Great Break (Velikiperelom) 24, 110, 112,
144, 156
‘Great Men theory, the 21
generation:
first Soviet, the 26, 30, 34—5, 40, 49, 51, 59,
77, 88, 102-3, 168
generational tensions 14, 44, 106, 107, 115,
117, 120, 136-7, 159
previous, the 16, 35, 84, 169
see also workers, adult*
guardians (opekuny) 50
guardianship (shefitvo):
through direct sponsorship, example,
exemplary practice, know-how 76,
121, 168
guilds 27, 47
habitat 51,81
habits 15-16, 25, 39, 41, 46, 48, 56, 58-9, 61,
70, 76, 80, 82, 86-8, 102-3, 105, 122,
126, 136, 143, 157
baba,, of the 100
dandy, of the 87
misogynist, of the 68
worker, of the 113, 115, 118, 125, 127,
142-3, 148, 167
habitus 21
Hain (communard) 117
Hammer and Sickle Steel Plant, Moscow
118-19, 125, 146, 150
hard work, graft’ 23, 49, 77, 119, 144
health 17, 29, 70, 79, 91, 98, 117, 145
dietary, nutritional 16, 31
ill, poor 63, 83, 88
mental 158
typhus 94
see also cleanliness
see also hygiene
see also Komsomol: summer camps
Hermitage 50
see also excursions
heroism:
Paris Communards, of the 44, 47
shock worker, of the 110, 113
Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich (1812—70, socialist
philosopher) 26
homelessness 125
Hobbes, Thomas (1588—1679, political
philosopher):
Hobbesian 15
honours, state:
Hero of the Soviet Union 168
Order of the Red Banner for Labour 120
hooliganism 95, 102
hooligans {khuligany) 88—9, 99
horse racing, see New Economic Policy (NEP):
NEPification (oneprivanie)
hostel 7, 82—3, 162
Hotel Astoria 45
Hotel de 1’Europe 45
house-communes (doma-kommuny) 45—6
housekeeper 92
Houses of the Soviets (Doma Sovetov) 45
The Housing Question (1872) 45
‘housing question/problem’, the 8, 45, 87, 121
housing stock 161
human sciences 103
Hutterites 5
hygiene 17, 29, 81, 91, 93-4
see also cleanliness
see also health
Ianbulat, Ali (communard) 40—1, 49-52, 60,
62, 64, 76-7, 118, 162, 167
on the ‘traditions’ of the communes 74
Il’ich commune, the 117
immoral environments 34
imperialist war 50
incentives, monetary 154, 156
see also piece rates
indeterminacy:
in policy, in practice 11, 132, 151, 167
individualism 3, 26, 57, 98, 164
industrialization 9, 20, 23, 25, 103, 108, 110,
122, 125, 128, 133, 137, 157
see also Five-Year Plan, First
inebriation, see drunkenness
initiative:
activist, local, self- 1, 8-10, 18, 21, 38, 53,
82, 84-5, 106, 110, 112-13, 122-3,
125, 132-4, 144, 149, 155-6, 157-8,
160, 164, 169
improvisation 54, 111, 119, 151
see also volunteer/volunteerism
intelligentsia, pre-1917 18, 31, 34, 40
internal walls:
removal of 3, 48
internationalism 50
international, global revolution 45, 50
understood as diversity 44, 50
see also anti-racism
Iunyi kommunist (Young Communist) 12, 23,
79, 82, 124
Ivanov, N. (communard) 65—6, 75
juvenile detention 45
Kaganovich, Lazar’ Moiseevich (1893—1991,
Bolshevik) 145—6, 147
Karelina, Vera Markovna (1870-1931, textile
worker and pre-1917 collective
activist) 34
Karpenko, Z. (journalist) 86
Katia (communard) 97—9, 158
Kauchuk commune 30—1, 33, 37—8,
42-3, 81
Kauchuk communards, ‘kauchukovskie
81-2, 88
Index
197
Kerzhentsev, Platon Mikhailovich (1881—1949,
Bolshevik) 61
Kharkov, Ukraine (Kharkiv) 117
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1894—1971,
Bolshevik) 160, 168
Kiev, Ukraine (Kyiv) 9, 116—17
kiosk 2
kitchen:
commune kitchens 77, 81, 91—2, 115
private kitchens 16, 146
public kitchens 45, 108
see also dirty dishes
see also primus stove
Klavdiia, N. (journalist) 137—8, 140
Kochergii, K. I. (forerunner to Petrograd
communards) 53—4, 55, 62, 64
Kochetov (communard) 105—8,109—11
Koenker, Diane P. 19
Kogodova, Shura (communard) 135
Kollontai, Aleksandra Mikhailovna (1872—1952,
Bolshevik) 16, 32
Kommunar (The Communard) 44—5
Komsomol:
activists 118, 133
age, ages 83
apparatus 156
as a body, organ, organization 65, 86, 102,
121, 127, 146, 151, 155
candidate(s) 142
cell(s) 9, 12, 40, 55-6, 63-4, 69, 77, 100,
108, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123,
125, 135, 137, 142, 160, 165
cell secretary 168
Central Committee 113,122—3
events 49
Fourth Congress (21—8 September 1921) 46
local or district committee 50, 63, 70, 77,
105, 115, 150, 168
local meetings, discussion groups, community
18,25,38,91, 120, 128, 142
members/membership 1, 5, 13, 25, 33, 44,
49, 81, 84, 86, 90, 112, 114, 117, 137,
141, 151, 159, 160, 163, 166
membership cards 118, 119, 121, 148, 154
public activities, work 64, 66, 85
raikom 107
rank-and-file, see Komsomol members/
membership
representatives, officials, leadership,
delegate 13, 55, 63, 64, 67, 72, 80,
102, 103, 123-5, 127, 139, 167
study, survey, report (on urban
communes) 72, 83
summer camps 79, 80
Third Congress (2—10 October 1920) 12, 46
Komsomolskaia pravda {Komsomol Truth) 22,
76, 113, 123, 134, 137, 141, 148
komsomoTty, see Komsomol members/
membership
Komova, Olga (communard) 66-7, 68-9, 75,
162, 168
Konecny, Peter 58
Kosarev, Alexander (1929—1938, General
Secretary of the Komsomol Central
Committee) 13, 122—3
Kovalevskaia, Sofia Vasifevna (1850—91,
mathematician) 34
Krasnoe studentchestvo ( The Red Student
Body) 22,76
Krasnyi elektrik {Red Electric) 50
Krasnyi proletarii {Red Proletariat) 13, 111
Krasnyi student {Red Student) 22, 60—1, 76
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna
(1869-1939, Bolshevik) 27,47-8,105,
108-9, 134
favourable description of communes,
‘kommunki 27,47-8,105,134
kruzhki (discussion circles) 2, 23, 27—8,
30, 34, 35-7, 51-3, 58, 63, 75,
109, 120
kulak 88, 103, 144
Kulikov, Arkady (communard) 37
labour studies 128
landlords, private 84
language:
as contemporary discourse 12, 19, 62, 68,
91, 107, 117, 121, 126-8, 142
as revolutionary jargon, lexicon 37
see also swearing, foul language
Larin, Iurii Aleksandrovich (1882—1932,
Bolshevik) 145
Larionova, Ninka (communard) 66, 68
laundry:
central 17, 108
commune 34, 91
Chinese 89, 94
League of Time {Liga vrement) 61
see also Nauchnaia organizatsiia
truda (NOT)
leather jacket 25
lectures 52, 65
public 51
leisure:
leisure time and recreation, in the
commune 26, 51, 61, 70, 73, 162
chess and checkers 62
see also excursions
Lelia (communard) 94
Lena (communard) 94
Lenin, Vladimir Ifich (1870—1924, Bolshevik)
on occasion of his death 43, 65, 69, 87
descriptions 18
Lenin enrolment 113
prints/posters 152
references to/of 9, 10, 17-18, 31-2, 36, 39,
43-5, 84, 87-8, 110, 115, 138, 145,
146, 154
198
Index
Leningrad Electro-technical Institute
(LETI) 22, 35, 39-40, 50, 74
Leningrad flood (1924) 65-6, 162
commune salvage operations 65
Leningrad Oblast’ 151
Leningrad State Herzen Pedagogical
Institute 22, 54, 68, 72-3, 77
as First, Second, or Third Pedagogical
Institutes (consolidated 1925) 7, 53
as Social Education Institute (consolidated
1925) 64
student newspaper, Pedvuzovets 54, 56-7,
73,77
Leningrad State Polytechnic Institute 22, 61
as Petrograd Peter the Great Polytechnic
Institute (1914—22) 3, 6—7, 52-3
as First Petrograd Polytechnic Institute
(1922-23) 60
as Petrograd Polytechnic Institute
(1923-24) 60-1
Leninism 163
life-newspaper (zhivgazeta)
news items performed by communards 68
lifestyle:
aspiring socialist 4, 45, 50, 76, 87, 115-16,
120, 157, 160, 164
austere 30, 120
vigilant 77
see also shared/collective
see also Taylorist timetable, time management
literature, see books
living space (zhilploshchad’) 7—8, 12, 16, 48,
55, 72, 79, 83-4, 95, 98, 157, 161
‘housing question’, the 8, 87
love:
and relationships in the communes 91, 94,
97, 99, 105-6
self-love, primitive egoism’ 92
Lunacharskii, Anatolii Vasilevich (1875-1933,
Bolshevik) 50
luxury 30, 68, 84-5
see also New Economic Policy (NEP):
NEPificadon (oneprivanie)
Magnitogorsk 141
Mai (communard) 61-2
maid, see housekeeper
managers, factory 119, 131-3, 136, 148-9
foreman, the factory 9, 13, 158
managerial turn, the 147, 150
Manziuk (communard) 117
Mao Zedong (1893-1976, Chairman of the
Communist Party of China) 160
marriage:
subject to class compatibility 98
commune, in the 96-9, 101, 105
see also divorce
Marx, Karl (1818-1883, philosopher), 11,
30-1, 32, 37, 42, 107, 114, 146, 154
Marxism 3-4, 12, 17, 23, 26, 30, 32, 46-7, 74,
103, 124
‘From each according to this ability’ 4, 124
Russian Marxism 31
‘The individual is a social being’ 74
vulgar Marxism’ 154
Marxism-Leninism 163
masculinity 101-2
as bravado 88, 95, 100
see also gender
see also ‘steeliness’ (zakalnnost’)
materialism/materialist thinking 3,46, 103
Max Holtz commune, the 115—16
‘maximalist socialist administration 43
Mayakovsky, Vladimir (1893-1930, poet) 15,
51, 159
media, see press
Mehnert, Klaus (1906-1984, commune
visitor) 22,91,93, 101, 152-5
as ‘Kolia Germanski’(nickname given by
commune) 152
Miliutin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1889-1942,
Bolshevik) 146
mimicry:
mimicking contemporary political
structures 63, 73, 93, 102
see also aspirational ‘committees’ (komitety),
grassroots
mir (peasant, village commune) 40—1
see also obshchina
Misha (communard) 141
mobilization, mass 35,65, 109-1L 113,
122-3, 131, 147, 151, 156, 159-60,
164-5
modernity 19, 28, 38, 46, 55, 91
socialist modernity 55, 93, 157, 162
Mokrinksii Lane Commune 89-92, 93-4,
95-6,, 97-9, 100-2, 152-6
Molchanova, Tania (communard) 135
Molodaia gvardiia ( Young Guard) 100
Molodtsov, Vladimir (communard) 141-5,
165, 168
monasteries 27, 106
monitoring:
commune, in the 31, 51—2, 60-1, 72, 77,
81,91,99, 121, 158, 162
targeted accusation, as group
assessment 59, 68, 75, 101
see also lifestyle: vigilant
see also panoptic
economic 150
see also cost-accounting brigades, units
(khozraschety)
see also Norm-Setting Bureau (TNB)
party 20
Mosbassa mines 141—5,168
Moscow 6, 7, 9, 13, 21, 27-8, 38-9, 49, 52,
54, 80-1, 88-9, 105, 113, 114, 116-20,
122, 123, 128, 134, 145, 150,163
Index
199
Basmannyi district 27, 80, 108
Baumanskii district 125
Kaluzhskaia district 38
Kitai-Gorod district 89, 152
Rogozhsko-Simonovskii district 119
Moscow Electric Factory 88
Moscow State University (MGU) 59
museums 22, 51, 68
see also excursions
see also Russian Museum
mutual cooperation 3, 26, 40, 42
Nauchnaia organizatsiia truda (NOT) 60-2,
109, 125, 162, 166
everyday life as a science’ 20, 47, 93, 165—6
see also League of Time {Liga vremeni)
Nazi forces 168
New Economic Policy (NEP) 8, 9, 23 84—8,
95, 99, 102-4, 106-7, 108, 109, 111,
115, 121, 125-6, 127—8, 155, 159,
163, 164
negative cultural surplus of, 85—7, 103, 163
NEPification (oneprivanie) 85, 163
NEPmen 88, 103, 163
NEP specialists, technocrats 108, 111
see also specialists (spetsy)
New Harmony 8
see also utopia
New Lanark 8
see also utopia
Nevsky Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 3, 65
Nina (communard) 91—2, 94
Norm-Setting Bureau (TNB) 135
Notes from the Underground (1864) 31
Novosibirsk, Siberia 112
novyi byt (new way of life) 23—27, 85—9, 90,
92-4, 98-103, HI, 136, 143, 157,
162-3, 167
definitions 15—19
see also lifestyle
novyi chelovek (new person) 19, 32-3, 44,
46-7, 74, 82, 167
novye liudi (new people) 31, 101
Oblomov (1859) 31,87
Oblomov, Ilia Il’ich 31, 87-8, 103, 163
Oblomovshchina 79, 87
obshchina 42
see also mir (peasant, village commune)
Odessa 168
Olga (communard) 99
one-person management ( edinonachalie) 36,
149, 165
oppositionists 17, 125
‘leftist’ 146, 147
ornaments:
anti ornamentation, bric-a-brac 3, 87
Our Frenzy and Labour Front commune,
the 125
orphanage 45, 137
Owen, Robert (1771-1858, social reformer)
8, 18
Pankov, Semen (communard) 105—6
panoptic 123, 167
see also monitoring
Panova, Vera Fedorovna (1905—73, writer,
playwright) 8
Paris Commune (1871):
myth and memory of 28, 42-8, 114, 160
parenthood:
collective parenthood 98
communards and their parents 39-40,
90, 101
rejecting parents, parental authority 2, 30,
34, 80
see also family
Partiinoe stroiteTstvo (.Party Construction) 23,
137, 148
party, see Communist Party
‘party maximum’ 153
party-mindedness ipartiinosf) 48, 75
party-state:
apparatus 55, 59, 112, 156, 166
ideology 24, 109, 137, 145, 149, 156
party maximum, wage limit 153
Pavlovna, Vera (literary character) 30, 108
Pavlovsk 63-4
People s Commissariat of Agriculture 41,
160-1
Peoples Commissariat of Enlightenment 50
Perm 40
Perm Oblast’ 40, 62
Volodinsk 62
personal responsibility (obezlichka) 147
Petrograd institute of Civil Engineers 51
Petrograd Medical Institute 51
physical culture {fitzkuPtura) .
collective exercise in the commune 85,
87, 138
piece rates 141, 151, 153—4
Piir, Aleksandra 162
Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich (1856-1918,
Russian Marxist) 31
Pogodin, Nikolai Fedorovich (1900—62, writer,
playwright) 158-60, 160, 166
police 6
political culture 1, 18
poor 38,41, 50, 125
districts 83
rural 39, 50
Populism (narodnichestvo) 26, 127
positive discrimination (vydvizhenie) 7
power struggle, the 69, 75
Pravda {Truth) 123, 148
pregnancy:
contraception and avoiding unwanted
children 98
200
Index
Preobrazhenskaia Gate (now Square) 6
press:
advice literature 30
local 9, 18, 22, 44, 50-1, 54, 57, 64, 68-9,
71 y 73, 77
subscriptions, to 28, 91, 109
Soviet 4, 5, 10, 11-12, 22, 25, 32-3, 45, 49,
56—8, 60, 72, 74, 77, 86-7, 88, 93, 95,
98, 103, 107, 112-13, 116-17, 119,
127, 131, 132, 139-40, 148, 152, 155,
159, 160, 163-4, 165, 169
youth 9, 13, 27, 51-2, 56-7, 61, 76,
80-2, 117
see also Iunyi kommunist
{Young Communist)
see also KomsomoVskaia pravda
(Komsomol Truth)
see also Kommunar {The Communard)
see also Krasnyi proletarii (.Red Proletariat)
see also Krasnyi student {Red Student)
see also Molodaia gvardiia {Young Guard)
see also Pravda ( Truthi)
see also Smena (Change)
Priestland, David 165
primus stove 81, 152
see also kitchen
‘principle of compulsory self-enforcement’,
the 162
production commune {proizvodstvennaia
kommuna):
definition, label 23, 113, 120—1, 124,
142, 165
shock commune (udamaia kommuna)
106-7, 108, 116
‘the highest form of collective labour7‘highest
form of socialist competition 131,
138, 141
professi onalization:
co-opting practices from below 21, 23, 110,
122, 127, 165
state apparatus and organs, of 23, 58, 127,
132-3, 149-52, 155, 166
Proletarian Cultural-Education Association
(Proletkult) 25
proletarian ‘revival’ (ozhivlenie) 113
propaganda 19,34,113
apparatus, mechanism 59, 168
materials, pamphlets 41, 109
posters, ‘illustrative design’ 66
regional 64
teams, work 11, 69
psychology:
‘ideology’ vs ‘psychology’ 143—4
‘psychology’ at work 117
see also revolutionary identity
public—private, see zhizn (life)
public reception/popular reception 2, 14,
19, 20
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeevich (1799—1837,
poet, playwright) 87
quarrels, see commune arguments, bust-ups,
disagreements
radio 17, 87
Rakhmetov (literary character) 30
Rakhmetovian 31,48, 82
rationalization:
everyday domestic life, in 1, 4, 19, 32, 45,
60-1, 72-3, 82, 85, 91, 109, 128
rational time management 3, 61—2
see also common pot (obshchii hotel):
budget, budgeting
see also Nauchnaia organ izatsiia truda (NOT)
see also Taylorism
space, of 73, 87
work, labour methods, in 121, 132, 140,
149, 164
anti-absenteeism 115, 117, 125, 128, 142,
147, 149
anti-waste drive 117, 128, 149
see also cost-accounting brigades, units
{kkozraschety)
see also socialist competition
workplace ergonomics, in 117
recruitment:
commune, to the 60, 69, 76, 90, 92, 97, 162
interviews 60, 92
Red Army:
collective camaraderie 54
communards with experience of Red Army
service 40, 53, 55, 63, 66, 105
returning soldiers 7, 162, 164
Red Artel / Artel ‘Red Student’ 36, 64—6
Red Banner Factory, Kiev 117, 135
red corner {krasnyi ugolok) 17, 109
commune ‘red corners’ 17, 32, 33y 62
Red Proletariat Factory, Moscow 13, 111
Red Star (1908) 32,98
see also science fiction
Reed, John (1887—1920, journalist) 18, 70
religious colonies see Hutterites
renovation:
communes, by the 6, 45, 56, 92, 96, 146
dilapidated conditions 83-A
rent 12,25,80, 84, 153
Retish, Aaron 41
revolution of 1905:
legacy, memory of 2, 35, 37—8, 127
Revolutionary Dreams (1989) 4
revolutionary identity 11, 13, 25, 41,47, 58,
60, 63, 143
as ‘subjectivity’ 18—19
see also psychology
revolutionary housing repartition
{revoliutsionnyi zhilishchnyi peredel)
7-8, 84, 162-3
see also urbanization
rituals:
internal, commune 69
political 52
Index
201
Rom, M, A. (forerunner to Petrograd
communards) 53-4, 55, 62, 64
Romanov, Panteleimon Sergeevich (1884—1938,
writer) 32
romanticism:
bourgeois, accusation of 99
revolutionary, accusation of 75
rural, village life 25-6, 38—9, 40—1, 122, 144
rural migrant habits 122, 126, 140
unskilled peasant workers 131, 141,
147, 153
Rubber Factory, Moscow 28, 30, 81
Russian Museum 50
see also excursions
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
(RSDRP) 49
see also Communist Party
Russo-Japanese War (1904—5) 63
Sabsovich, Leonid Moiseevich (1896—1937,
urbanist) 146
Saint Petersburg/Petrograd/Leningrad 3, 6-7,
9, 34, 36-7, 39,40-1, 45, 50-2, 54,
57, 64-5, 77, 80, 89, 106, 113,
116-18, 128, 131, 169
Dvorianskaia Street (Grazhdanskaia Street) 80
Mariinskii Palace 80
Moika Canal 68—9
Neva Rivier 65
port 65
see also Nevsky Prospekt
Saint-Simon, Henri de (1760—1825, utopian
socialist) 18
see also utopia
samovars 2, 34
Saratov 40, 49
Schmittian 166
school 32, 38, 45, 49, 50, 61, 63, 76, 108, 168
science fiction 98, 144
scientific management, see Nauchnaia
organizatsiia truda (NOT); Taylorism
scissors crisis 145
self-censorship 52
see also revolutionary identity: as ‘subjectivity’
self-contracting (samokreplenie) 107
self-criticism (samokritika) 123-4
Semion (communard) 97
Sergei (communard) 90,99—100
sex 16,91,93,94-5,167
promiscuity 6, 88
sexual depravity 99—100
paedophilia 102
sexual equality 39, 68, 80, 82, 93, 99-100,
102, 163
sexual exploitation, unsavoury favours’ 57, 95
sexual liberation 95
‘sexual question 94, 96, 97—8
sexual restrictions 95
see also companionship
see also pregnancy
Shakhty Trial 107
shared/ collective:
clothes 3, 91, 93, 96, 106, 161
dining, eating, food 3, 16, 31, 34, 61, 68,
81, 143
duties, chores, cleaning, housework 3, 31,
34, 59, 68, 81, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95-6
106
facilities 45
housing, living 18, 27, 44, 48, 51, 121
labour, work 11, 25-7, 30-1, 36, 38-9,
40-1,44,49, 53, 55, 65, 76, 80-1,
85-6, 92, 105-8, 110-20, 121-3,
127-8, 131—4, 138-9, 144-9, 156,
158,164-5
library 34
meetings 59, 65, 94
note-taking, study 3, 33, 53, 55, 57, 62,
64-5,70, 73, 87, 119
see also commune materials
resources 6, 53, 141
shoes 68, 91
underwear, underclothes 3, 93, 95
Shaumian, Stephan Georgevich (1878-1918,
Bolshevik) 43-4
‘a republic of communes’ 44
shock work 23,44, 106, 109—10, 112—14,
115-20, 121-2, 127-8, 133, 149, 165
All-Union Shock Workers’ Congress
(December 1929) 105, 123, 133
shock brigades (brigady) 76, 110, 114—15,
119-20, 121, 133-5, 148-51, 156, 164
shock workers (udamiki) 10, 105, 120, 144,
146, 149-50, 164
see also storming’ (sturmovshcbina)
Silin, Kolia (communard) 39—41
see also animals
see also communard nicknames, derogatory
see also commune pranks
skhodky (debating assemblies) 35, 51
Skorokhod Shoe Factory, Leningrad 124
Sleptsov, Vasilii Alekseevich (1836—78, social
reformer) 34
slogans 57, 124-5, 159, 164, 169
commune slogans 64—5, 90
Smena {Change} 86—7
Smith, Stephen A. 100
socialist competition 105, 122, 124, 131, 138,
149-50
‘daily exchange’ 127
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) 43
Sorokin (communard) 119—20, 122
space:
reappropriating, reimagining 3, 20, 71
see also architecture: ‘social condenser’,
theory
see also gender: gendered space
see also renovation
see also revolutionary housing repartition
{revoliutsionnyi zhilishchnyi peredel)
202
Index
specialists (spetsy):
new 168
old, bourgeois 77, 125, 153, 159
Spielberg (communard) 117
spontaneity 6, 36,44, 59, 79, 114, 163
Spark (Iskra) 44
Socialist League of Young Workers, see SSRM
Soviet citizen, citizenry 3, 11, 15, 17, 32, 42,
69, 74, 167,168
Soviet Detroit, see Avtostroi, Nizhnii Novgorod
squalor, see urbanization: deprived areas,
concern about
SSRM 80
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich (1878-1953,
Bolshevik) 4, 16, 23, 27, 69, 97, 103,
110, 112, 132-4, 139, 147, 152, 156
Stalingrad Tractor Factory 44
Stalinism 23-4, 61, 112,143-5, 151, 153,
156, 169
command structures 13, 111, 127, 132, 149,
151, 156, 165
‘dizzy with success 139,149
overzealous management 136, 148
new conditions’ speech 150
‘socialism in one country’ 69
top-down management 114, 127, 129, 147
see also one-person management
(edinonachalie)
State Electro-technical Factory, Ukraine 117
state interventionism 7, 111, 127, 151
State Planning Commission (Gosplan) 112,
134, 139-40, 145
State and Revolution (1918) 43
Straus, Kenneth M. 110, 149
‘steeliness’ (zakalnnosf) 102—3
see also gender
see also masculinity
Steinberg, Mark D. 19, 37
Stites, Richard 4, 6
stipend:
Komsomol 64
student 50, 60, 64r~5, 73
trade union 64
storming {sturmovsbehind) 106-7, 114,
115, 164
‘the logic of storming’ 156
student communard:
definition, label 36-7, 60, 73, 76
student commune:
definition, label 3, 7, 13, 22, 28, 35-6, 46,
49-55, 58-62, 73-5, 161-2
dormitory-communes
(obshchezkitiia-kommuny) 55, 74
floor-communes {etazhi-kommuny) 55,
73, 74
room-communes (komnaty-kommuny) 54,
57, 59, 72, 74
street performances, parades 43, 154
subbotniki 9
Sukhachev, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1880-1967,
professor) 51
summer break, vacation 70, 90
see also Komsomol: summer camps
Supreme Council of the National Economy
(Vesenkha) 112,132,134,150
swearing, foul language 16, 88, 91, 100, 141
Slavic/Russian 7% gesture, the 136
sons of bitches’ 14
‘what bastard did this?’ 39
Tamarkin, M. (communard) 89
Tandit, L. (journalist) 138-9
Taylor, Fredrick Winslow (1856-1915,
engineer) 20, 60—1
Taylorism 109,114-15,117
Soviet Taylorism, see Nauchnaia organizatsiia
truda (NOT)
Taylorist efficiencies 72
Taylorist timetable, time management 20,
61-2, 68, 72-3, 85
‘clocking-in 61
‘daily routines’, ‘regimens’ 59, 61—2, 72,
77-8, 81-2, 85-6, 91, 93, 99, 143, 162
‘daily schedules’, in the communes 4, 61—2,
70, 166
internal regulations, in the communes 53,
60, 99
internal noticeboard, ‘duty board’ 61, 68,
152
rotas 62, 106
mealtime 31, 61, 68, 81
sleep, in the communes 59, 81, 114, 118
wake-up call, in the communes 51, 59, 114
see also diary: commune diaries
terror 133
Tomsk 84—5
totalitarian 133, 167
trade unions 21, 37, 73, 102, 113, 123, 125
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions
(VTsSPS) 132, 134, 150
Metalworkers’ Union 118
Moscow Trade Union Council 150
Transcaucasia 43
Trotsky, Lev Davidovich (1879-1940,
Bolshevik) 16, 24, 32, 46, 69, 97
‘left-deviation, Trotsky-ist levelling
mania’ 154
‘pure Trotskyism]’ 159
see also oppositionists
Ufa 63
Ul’ianova, Mariia Il’inichna (1878-1937,
Bolshevik) 49-50
unfortunate incident, stolen utensils 8-9
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 168
upbringing (vospitanie) 17, 98
urbanization 9, 20, 25, 27, 39-40, 41
Index
203
deprived areas, concern about 7, 12, 83—4,
89-90, 103
urban planning 146
urban population 10, 39, 120, 127
utopia:
as accusation, negative 5, 10, 132—3,
140, 154, 159
as idyll, islet 5, 74, 124, 155
utopian literature 18, 30—4
utopian studies 19
utopian thinking/thinkers 43, 164
utopianism 4, 6, 18—19, 20, 24
values:
ascetic 30
collectivist 45, 84, 98
non-socialist, bourgeois, tsarist 31, 87, 97, 100
proletarian 13, 107, 122
socialist, revolutionary 17, 45, 85, 125
statist 20
see also lifestyle
vanguard/vangardism 31—3, 58, 75, 157, 162
‘moral vanguard’ 37
‘bearers’ (;nositeli) of proletarian values 107
Vassia (communard) 153-4,155
Vladimir, a.k.a Valodia (communard) 94, 97,
99, 152
vodka 117
Volga, the 40, 49, 125
volunteer/volunteerism 9—10, 31, 54, 55, 65,
74, 109, 122, 142, 145, 147-8, 154,
157, 159, 162, 164, 166
see also initiative
Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich (1881—1969,
Bolshevik) 152
wage levelling 132-3, 140, 147-9, 153-4
walkouts:
from commune 92, 101, 134
see also commune arguments, bust-ups,
disagreements
wall-newspapers {sten-gazety) 18, 64, 68, 69,
77, 73, 158
Kommunar (The Communard), (amateur,
student commune production) 73
war scare 107, 164
watches 68
Weiding, Wilhelm (1808—71, social theorist) 18
Wesson, Robert 160
What Is to Be Done? (1863) 18, 30-3, 82,
108, 163
‘common apartment’, as the first urban
commune 30, 33-4, 108
as the ‘handbook of radicalism’ 31
wife-beating 30
Winter, Ella (1898—1980, commune visitor) 6
Without Cherry Blossom (1927) 32
Womens’ Division of the Bolshevik Party
(Zhenotdel) 102
womens divisions, womens commissions
in the commune 102
‘Womens Poster Army’ (Plakatzhenarmiia)
66-7, 68, 70
worker qualifications 140-41, 143
workers, adult’, older generation 14, 44,
105-6, 115-17, 136, 159
‘closed-shop apprenticeship system’
106, 155
as conceited blockheads’, resisting
change 116—17
as ‘dead souls’ 120
resentment of 14, 107, 132, 135-6, 148
see also generation
workers’ committees 2, 8, 13, 111, 121
workers’ control 2, 36, 114
worker faculty (rabfak) 38, 49, 108, 154
workplace, the 14, 36, 39, 69, 107, 114, 123,
128, 136, 160
‘wreckers and saboteurs’ 107
xenophobia, see anti-racism
youth, see Komsomol
youth communes {kommuny molodezhi)
definition, label 86, 108
youthful enthusiasm 50, 52, 59, 61, 115, 135,
152, 155
Zaichuk (communard) 106
Zaitstev (communard) 142
zemstvo 63
Zinoviev, Grigorii Eevseevich (1883-1936,
Bolshevik) 75
zhizn (life) 17, 84-5
new life (novaia zhizn) 16—17, 19, 24, 32,
47, 79, 82, 84, 87, 102-3
personal life {lichnaia zhizn) 74y 166-7
private life ( chastnaia zhizn) 20, 27,
60, 73-4, 81, 85, 94, 155, 163, 166-7
see also lifestyle
Zlatoust Machine Works, Urals 125, 131
Znamenskaia discussion circle, the 34
Beyeriscne
Staatsbibliothek 1
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Willimott, Andy |
| author_facet | Willimott, Andy |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Willimott, Andy |
| author_variant | a w aw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV043512886 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5055 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)967355749 (DE-599)BVBBV043512886 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1932 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1932 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043512886 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:59:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198725824 0198725825 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028929026 |
| oclc_num | 967355749 |
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| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | viii, 203 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford studies in modern European history |
| spellingShingle | Willimott, Andy Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Aktivist (DE-588)4434804-6 gnd Kommune (DE-588)4031882-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4434804-6 (DE-588)4031882-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 |
| title_auth | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 |
| title_exact_search | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 |
| title_full | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 Andy Willimott |
| title_fullStr | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 Andy Willimott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Living the revolution urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 Andy Willimott |
| title_short | Living the revolution |
| title_sort | living the revolution urban communes soviet socialism 1917 1932 |
| title_sub | urban communes & Soviet socialism, 1917-1932 |
| topic | Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Aktivist (DE-588)4434804-6 gnd Kommune (DE-588)4031882-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stadt Aktivist Kommune Sowjetunion |
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