Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
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Simferopolʹ
"Nasledie tysjačeletij"
2015
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| 020 | |a 9785990698802 |9 978-5-9906988-0-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)951734892 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kizilov, Michail Borisovič |d 1974- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)137757131 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Krymskaja Gotija |b istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith |c Michail Kizilov |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Crimean Gothia |
| 264 | 1 | |a Simferopolʹ |b "Nasledie tysjačeletij" |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 351 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten, Faksimiles | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 546 | |a Text russisch | ||
| 546 | |b Kyrillische Schrift | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Goten |0 (DE-588)4021650-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Krim |0 (DE-588)4033166-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028927484&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819643816419786752 |
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| adam_text | CoAepJKaHHe
ycjioBHbie coKpam,eHHH ....................................................... 10
Bse^eHHe...................................................................... 11
Diasa 1. Iotm, CTpaHa JXopu n KHHHcecTBO OeoAopo (MaHryn)..................... 27
- TIomneHue zomoe na ucmopuuecKoü apene.............................. 27
- IJpoHUKHoeenue zomoe e KpuM....................................... 35
- Fomu eo epeMsi zynnacozo emopwenua................................ 39
- 3azadna zomoe-mempancumoe (mpane3umoe)............................. 45
- Fomu e Kpu.uy e paHHeeu3anmuücKuü nepuod ......................... 49
- Bmopotcenue xa3ap u eoccmauue Hoatma FomcKozo...................... 55
- 06pa3oeanue FomcKOÜ enapxuu....................................... 64
- Fomun eo epeMR mamapo-Monzojibcnozo namecmeun..................... 67
- CPeodopo u Fomun e XIV eene........................................ 70
- B3Jiem u nadenue nnsutcecmea Oeodopo e XVeene...................... 75
Diasa 2. KpbiMCKan Tothb h ee oóiiTarejm no /jaHHbiM iiOBecTBOBarejibUbix
HCTOHHHKOB 3IIOXH cpeßHeBeKOBbH h paHHero PeHeccaHca................. 83
- Ce. KupuJiJi (KoHcmanmuH ujioco(p) u npuMcnue zomu................ 83
- «3anucKa zomcKozo monapxa»: n ucmopuu oduoü (pajibcucpunayuu....... 90
- Fombi e «Bejiecoeoü Kuuze»........................................ 93
- «FomcKue deeu» e «Cnoee o nojiKy Hzopeee».......................... 96
- «40 Kpenocmeü» jueotcdy XepconoM u Cojidaüeü: ceedenun BujibzejibMa Pyöpyna. .101
- Fomu u mamapu: nauajio npoyecca mmpnueayuu zomcKozo nacenenun......106
- Fomu u mamu: ceudemejibcmea XVeeica...............................109
- Fomu u ananu: ceudemejibcmea Hocacpama Bapoapo
u Bepmpandoua de jia BpoKbepa...................................... 116
- «CaMuúpoManmuHecKuú omuem»: Bujiuóajibd IhipKxaÜMep................ 118
- Fomu u nadenue nnnoicecmea Oeodopo no ceedenunM Mameen MexoecKOzo.121
- rpeKUy apMmte, zomuy aduzu: yuenue e noucnax smuuuecnux Kopneü
ucue3nyetueü dunacmuu................................................126
- Cydbóa ManzyncKux nnn3eú nocjie 1475 zoda...........................142
- KpuMCKO-zomcKUÜ n3UK nociie ocmühckozo 3aeoeeanun KpuMa:
npodojijfcenue npoyecca mtopnu3au,uu.................................148
Diana 3. CbKbe TncjieH^e Eycôeic, npoöjieMa KpwMCKO-roTCKoro H3biKa
H HCTOMHHKH paHHerO HOBOrO BpeMeHH.....................................153
- Tpydu u dnu Owbe rucjieua de Bycöena................................153
- Hemeepmoe «mypeynoe nucbMO» Bycöena u npuMcnue zomu.................158
- Flpoöjieua ucmunnocmu ceudemejibcmea OMbe de Bycöena................163
- Mnmepnpemayun ceudemejibcmea Bycöena................................168
- FIpoöJieMa ucmojiKoeanuH necnu-nanmujienu...........................173
- Ceedenun un(popManmoe Bycóeua o npuMcnux zomax u mamapax........... 174
- romu u mamu: ceudemeJibcmeo Bejiuu ^ejieöu......................... 181
- Eeponeücnue ceudemejibcmea XVII eena.............................. 183
- Tenu 3aöbimux npednoe: meedcnue yuenue e noucnax npuMcnux zomoe.....185
- romu, xa3apu u 3anopoMcnue na3anu.................................. 194
- Hcmopun Fomcnoü (Fomo-Ka(pcKoü) Mumponojiuu epannee noeoe epeMx
u ucxod xpucmuan U3 KpuMa..........................................195
- nocjiednee ceudemeJibcmeo o npuMcnux zomax u ux st3une.............199
rjiasa 4. «Totckhh aonpoc» b Hayice h HfleojiorHHx XIX - XXI bckob..........203
- Hcmopun u3yueuux KpuMcnux zomoe e Konmexcme udeojiozuu
namepManu3Ma u nojieMunu nopMauucmoe c anmunopManucmaMu...........203
- Dmnozpacpu u cmmponojiozu e nouacax nomoMKoe kpumckux zomoe......211
- romu u «zomcKan npo6jieMa» c Konya XIX eeica u do nauana
Bmopou Mupoeou eounu.............................................. 219
- KpuMocue zombi u KpUM e nayucmacou udeonozuu.....................235
- Hdeojiozuueacan 6opb6a c «zomacou npodjieMou» e nocjieeoennoM
CoeemcKOM CoK 3e...................................................259
- 3apy6ejfCHaji nayna o kpumckux zomax..............................265
- romu e nayne nepecmpoeuuou u nocmnepecmpoenuou onoxu.............266
- «Pyuuueacan nadnucb» c zopu Onyx..................................272
- Eepeuaco-zomacue dmHOKyjibmypnue Koumaicmu........................274
- O npoucxoofcdenuu cpedneeeKoeozo eepeucicozo nonsimun «AiuKena3»..287
- Yuenue e nouacax zomcKux zeozpacpuuecicux na3eanuu................294
- O 3Haueuuu mononuMa «Manzyn»......................................300
- yuenue e nouacax zomacou anmponouuMUKu........................... 306
3aKJnoMeirae.................................................................309
XpoHOJiorHHecKaa Ta6jinu,a ochobhmx co6biraH.................................331
Cbo/jus# Ta6jiHii,a onpe/iejieHHM KpMMCKO-roTCKoro #3MKa
aBTOpaMH XIII - XVIII bb.....................................................333
IIPIIJT02KEHHEI: hctohhhkh b nepeBOAe Ha pyccKHH H3mk........................334
IIPHJI02KEHHEII: BbmepiKKH H3 hctohhhkob Ha H3biice opHrmiajia...............340
Summary......................................................................347
Table of contents
List of abbreviations....................................................................... 10
Introduction............................................................................... 11
Chapter 1. The Goths, the region of Dory and the principality of Theodoro (Mangup) 27
- The Goths appear on the historical scene...................................... 27
- The Goths invade the Crimea.................................................... 35
- The Goths at the time of the Huns invasion.................................... 39
- The riddle of the Goths-Tetraxites (Trapezites)................................ 45
- The Goths in the Crimea in the early Byzantine period.......................... 49
- Invasion of the Khazars and the rebellion of John of Gothia.................... 55
- Establishment of the Gothic eparchy........................................- -.. 64
- Gothia at the time of the Tatar-Mongol invasion................................ 67
- Theodoro and Gothia in the fourteenth century................................. 70
- Rise and fall of the principality of Theodoro in the fifteenth century......... 75
Chapter 2. Crimean Gothia and its inhabitants according to the narrative sources
of the medieval and early Renaissance period..................................... 83
- St. Cyril (Constantine Philosopher) and the Crimean Goths..................... 83
- “Report of a Gothic Top arch : the history of one falsification............... 90
- The Goths in “The Book of Veles”............................................... 93
- “The Gothic maids in “The Lay of Igor s Campaign ............................. 96
- “40 castles between Cherson and Soldaia: testimony of Wilhelm Rubruck.........101
- The Goths and the Tatars: beginning of the process of Turkidzation of
the Gothic population...........................................................106
- The Goths and the Tats:fifteenth-century sources...............................109
- The Goths and the Alans: testimonies of Giosafat Barbaro and
Bertrandon de la Broquière.................................................... 116
- “The most romantic account : Wilibald Pirckheimer.............................118
- The Goths and the fall of the principality of Theodoro according to Matthias de Miechow 121
- Greeks, Armenians, Goths, Adygs: scholars in search for the ethnic roots of
the lost dynasty.............................................................. 126
- Fate of the dynasty of Mangup princes after 1475............................... 142
- The Crimean Gothic language after the Ottoman conquest: continuation
of the Turkidzation process.....................................................148
Chapter 3. Augier Ghislain de Busbecq, the problem of the Crimean Gothic
language, and early modern sources................................................153
- Life and labours of Augier Ghislain de Busbecq.................................153
- Busbecq s “The Fourth Turkish Letter and the Crimean Goths....................158
- The problem of authenticity of Busbecq s data..................................163
- Interpretation of Busbecq s data...............................................168
- The problem of the Gothic cantilena...........................................173
- Busbecq s informants about the Crimean Goths and Tatars....................... 174
- The Goths and the Tats: testimony of Evliya Çelebi............................181
- European accounts of the seventeenth century...................................183
- In search of the lost ancestors: Swedish scholars study the Crimean Goths.....185
- The Goths, the Khazars, and the Zaporozhian Cossacks.......................... 194
- The history of the Gothic (Gotho-Caffa) metropolitan see in early modern time,
and exodus of the Christians from the Crimea...................................195
- The last testimony about the Crimean Goths and their language.................199
Chapter 4. “Gothic problem” in scholarly disciplines and ideologies
of the twentieth and twenty first centuries......................................203
- The history of studying the Crimean Goths in the context of the ideology of
Pan-Germanism and polemics between Normanists and Anti-Normanists..............203
- Ethnographers and anthropologists in search for the descendants
of the Crimean Goths...........................................................211
- The Goths and the “Gothic problem” from the end of the nineteenth
century and until the beginning of the Second World War........................219
- The Crimean Goths and the Crimea in Nazi ideology.............................235
- Ideological campaign against the “Gothic problem” in the post-war Soviet Union.259
- Foreign scholars about the Crimean Goths......................................265
- Studies regarding the Goths during Perestroika period and afterwards...........266
- “Runic inscription” from the mount of Opuk.....................................272
- Judeo-Gothic ethnocultural contacts.........................................274
- On the origin of the medievalJewish term “Ashkenaz”............................287
- Scholars in search for Gothic geographic names.................................294
- On the meaning of the toponym “Mangup”........................................300
- Scholars in search for the Gothic anthroponymy..............................306
Conclusion..............................................................................309
Chronological table of the most important events .........................................331
Table of the characterization of the Crimean Gothic language by the authors of the
XHIth - XVIIIth centuries ........................................................... 333
Appendix I: sources in the translation into the Russian language .........................334
Appendix II: excerpts from the sources in the original languages..........................340
Summary (in English)....................................................................347
347
PS
Mikhail Kizilov
CRIMEAN GOTHIA
History and Fate
(Summary of the book)
The main aim of this book is to present and analyze a corpus of little known late medieval
and early modern sources about the Crimean Goths - a most interesting ethnic group which
lived in the Crimea from the third century A.D. until the sixteenth (or perhaps even until the
eighteenth) century. Many of these sources remain hardly known to students of Crimean and
Gothic history. The book also surveys the history of the study and perception of the Crimean
Goths from the nineteenth century until today. The author placed special emphasis on the
political and ideological misinterpretation of this academic problem in the twentieth century.
Special attention was given to the use and abuse of the “Gothic question” by the Soviet and Nazi
historians and ideological leaders.
The Goths and other Germanic tribes invaded the south-western and south Crimea and
Bospor not later than the 250s. In the 260s and 270s they carried out a number of raids which
devastated the south coast of the Black Sea and Asia Minor. In the 370s the Goths were attacked
by the Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes of the Hunns who destroyed the empire of the Gothic
king Ermanaric and forced the Goths into the south-western part of the Crimea. This region,
subsequently called Crimean Gothia, was destined to be the homeland of the local Goths.
In the second half of the fifth century the Goths who remained in the Crimea had the second
clash with the Hunns. It is not entirely clear where this event took place - either in the narrow
part of the Kerch peninsula between Theodosia and Arabat gulfs, or in the area adjacent to
Perekop isthmus. As a result of this battle the Goths were divided into two large groups: Tetraxite
(Trapezite) Goths, who moved to the Taman peninsula, and their brethren, who decided to
remain in the south-western Crimea. While the further destiny of the Tetraxite (Trapezite)
Goths remains virtually unknown, the history of the Crimean Goths is documented in numerous
written, archaeological, and epigraphic sources.
Already in the fifth century A.D. the Crimean Goths stopped cremating their dead. It seems
very likely that by the middle of the sixth century many Crimean Goths converted to the
Byzantine Orthodox Christianity; the earliest evidence to this fact date back to the fifth century.
In the early medieval period the Goths who lived in the Crimea were under the military and
political dominion of the Byzantians. Crimean barbarians (first of all, the Goths and the Alans)
were often hired as military federates, especially during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor
Justinian I (527-565). According to Procopius of Caesarea the Crimean Goths, who provided
Byzantians with an army of 3000 men, lived in the “country of Dory” located apparently in the
Crimea’s south-west. Medieval town of Doros (a.k.a. Dory / Theodoro / Mangup / Mangup-
Kale) was apparently its capital. Political situation in the Crimea considerably changed after
the invasion of the Khazars at the end of the seventh century. At the end of the eighth century
the Khazars invaded also the south-western part of the Crimea. According to the Vita of St.
John of Gothia the Khazars conquered the town of Doros (Mangup) in 787. In response to this
conquest, bishop John and kir (lord) of Gothia organized an uprising and expelled the Khazars.
Unfortunately, inhabitants of a local village seized the bishop and delivered him to the Khazars.
This was the end of the rebellion. Bishop John (St.John of Gothia) spent some time in the prison
in the town of Phullae (Qirk Yer / Qufut-Qale?); at some point, however, he managed to escape
and according to the Vita was buried in a church in Parthenit (the South Crimea).
348
PS
It seems that the Gothic eparchy was organized after the end of the uprising. Its boundaries
were limited by Aluston (Alushta / Lusta) in the east, Kalamita (Inkerman) in the west, and
Kacha valley in the north; bishop s residence was apparently in Doros. The Gothic eparchy
of the Crimea received the status of a metropolitan see in the thirteenth century. In 1678 the
Gothic see was connected to that of Caffa. This joint Gotho-Caffa see existed until the death
of its last metropolitan, Ignatius, in 1786. In the mid-ninth century Doros and apparently the
whole of Gothia was again subjected to the Byzantine jurisdiction. Nevertheless, from the tenth
to the fourteenth century the town was practically abandoned. It is only in the second half of the
fourteenth century that Doros (now called Theodoro) became repopulated.
Scholars have only a precious few early medieval written sources about the Crimean Goths.
One of them, Vita of St. Cyril (Constantine the Philosopher), briefly mentioned the fact that
the Goths used their own language for liturgical purposes. It seems very likely that “the people
of Phullae,” who abandoned their pagan practices under the influence of St. Cyril, also were the
Goths. “The Tale of the Host of Igor,” a Russian source which dates back to the end of the twelfth
century, briefly mentions “the fair maidens of the Goths” who sang on the shore of the blue sea
“tinkling in Russian gold.” Some think that these maidens were in fact Crimean Gothic captives
brought by the Kypchaks to the Azov region. In 1253 William de Rubruquis visited the Crimea
and mentioned that the numerous Goths, who lived between Soldaia (Sudak) and Cersova (Cher-
son / Chersonesos), spoke “the Teutonic tongue.”
In 1223 the Tatars for the first time invaded the Crimea; they had subsequently settled down
in the eastern part of the Crimea, having made the town of Solhat (Qinm / Eski Qirim) their first
capital. It is very likely that during the reign of Batu khan (lived from 1209 to 1255/1256) the
Tatars subjugated Crimean Gothia and made the Goths pay them tribute.
In the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth centuries the town of Doros (Theodoro)
seemed to be in the state of decline. It is apparently only from the 1360s that the life in the town
resurrected. The Genoese document from 1382 provides us highly important information about
the fact that not later than 1381 there had already existed the principality of Theodoro; the same
document mentions that the name of the local prince was Affendizi (apparently a corruption of
the Greek avcpsvrrjq or the Turkic effendi). This highly important document was overlooked by
most students of Gothic history. Greek inscriptions from Mangup and some other documents
allow one to suggest that in the second half of the fourteenth century there also were representa-
tives of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde living in Theodoro and sharing their power with
the local princes.
Genoese documents mention the name of Alexis, the prince of Gothia, in 1411. He ruled until
1446; it is only during his rule that the principality of Theodoro became a strong and independent
political power. The principality included the lands from Cherson to Alushta, including Cherson,
Calamita (Inkerman), and Funa, but excluding the territories belonging to the Genoese (the
port of Cembalo / Balaklava and capitanateus Gothiae). It is not entirely clear what was the
ethnic origin of the principality’s ruling dynasty. Sources and secondary literature suggest that
the princes of Theodoro could possibly be of Greek, Armenian, Gothic, and Cherkessian (Ady-
gian) origin. The theory about their Cherkessian (Adygian) origin seems to be the most plausible
because two independent sources of the fifteenth century called “Cherkessians” two members of
the local ruling dynasty.
The Goths, who settled in the Crimea in the third century, originally spoke the East-
Germanic Gothic tongue. From the sixth century onwards they were culturally and linguistically
Hellenized (Byzantinized). Nevertheless, under the influence of the Turkic environment they
349
PS—-
apparently began to speak also the Tatar language. Byzantine historian George Pachymeres
mentioned ca. 1290 the fact that the Goths had adopted customs and the language of the local
Tatars. Thus, we may assume that starting from this period onwards many Goths were trilingual
and were able to speak the Gothic, Greek, and Tatar languages. Tatar and Greek were used as
the languages of communication with other peoples while Gothic remained to be the language
for internal community use.
There are three sources on the Crimean Goths from the beginning of the fifteenth century
(Johannes de Galonifontibus, Johannes Schiltberger, and anonymous Venetian merchant).
The Goths are mentioned in these sources alongside the Tats (this Turkic term designated a
conglomerate of different Greek-speaking Christian peoples living in the Crimea’s south) with
whom they shall be assimilated in the early modern period. Especially important is the travel
account by Iosafat Barbaro who testified that in the mid-fifteenth century the Goths still spoke
the Gothic language. Furthermore, he mentioned that by the time of his visit the Crimean Goths
together with the local Alans had become a unified ethnic group called Gothalani. The ethnonym
Gothlans was also employed by another fifteenth-century traveller, Bertrandon de la Brocquiere,
to designate the Crimean “rude Christians”. Highly romantic and imprecise story related to the
Crimean Goths was left ca. 1475 by Wilibald Pirckheimer. According to this story, the traveller
met near Bospor (unclear whether it was Crimean or European Bospor) a Gothic youth who was
singing the song with “Germanic words.”
From 1434 to 1458 Theodoro was governed by prince Olobei (his name is apparently a
corruption of the Turkic Ulu Bey, i.e. “great / grand prince;” until 1446 Olobei ruled together
with prince Alexis). From 1458 to 1459 (?) the town of Theodoro was ruled by prince Alexis II;
from 1459 to 1465 (?) - by prince Cheyhibi (Kahya Bey?); from 1465 to 1475 - by prince Isaac
(Isaiko of Russian chronicles). Prince Isaac, who understood the danger of the growing power of
the Ottomans, tried to improve relations with his political neighbours. This is why in 1472 Maria
Asanina Paleologhina, the princess of Mangup, was married to Stefan III, the king of Moldavia
(1429-1504). In 1475 Isaac also tried to marry off his daughter to the son of the Russian Tsar Ivan
III. Unfortunately, this matrimonial project has never been accomplished because of the drastic
events that followed soon after. In May-June 1475 prince Isaac, who was friendly inclined to the
Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, was overthrown and killed by his own brother Alexander. Alexander,
who arrived to Theodoro from Moldavia with the army of 300 armed “Siculi” lent him by Matthew
Corvinus and Stefan III, made the principality of Theodoro member of the anti-Ottoman league
consisting of several European states. Nevertheless, the Ottoman army turned out to be too strong
for the small Christian principality. In December 1475, after the prolonged sixth-month siege, the
town of Theodoro (Mangup) was seized by the army of the Ottoman vizier, Gedik Ahmed pa§a.
This event signified the end of the political independence of the principality. Since then its
capital ceased to be called Theodoro; Mangup (Menciib / Mangup Qale) became its new name.
Mangup became the centre of the large Ottoman administrative unit - qadihk. Christian
population began to gradually abandon Mangup; in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
its main inhabitants were the community of the Turkic-speaking Karaite Jews (Karaites) and a
small Ottoman garrison.
According to two sixteenth-century authors (Jakob Ziegler and Georgius Torquatus), after
1475 the Goths continued using the Greek and Tatar languages to communicate with their ethnic
environment while employing the Gothic language for the internal community use. The best
source of information about the Crimean Gothic language is the Fourth Turkish letter composed
by the Flemish diplomat Ogier Ghislain de Busbecq. Between 1560 and 1562 Busbecq met in
350
PS=--—
Constantinople two ambassadors from Crimean Gothia ~ the Greek and the Goth. Somewhat
surprisingly, the Goth was unable to speak Gothic and spoke only Greek, while the Greek was
fluent both in Greek and Gothic. Busbecq wrote down as many as 101 Gothic words including
nouns, numerals, adjectives, some expressions and the beginning of the song-cantilena.
As has been mentioned above, starting from the fourteenth century on the Crimean Goths
began to be associated with the Tats. Seventeenth-century Ottoman traveller Evliya (Jelebi
mentioned that the Crimean Tats had “a special language” different from the languages of
their ethnic neighbours; it seems very likely that this “special language” was Crimean Gothic.
European authors continued writing about the Crimean Goths and their language in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Joseph Juste Scaliger stated that the Crimean Goths read
the Bible in Wulfila’s alphabet. Juste Schottel quoted several other authors who mentioned the
fact that die alte Teutsche Sprache was still in use in the Crimea in the seventeenth century. Quite
a few Swedish authors (Swen Lagerberg, Olaus Rudbeck, Johan Sparvenfeldt, Olaf Verelius,
Johannes Peringskiold, and some others) wrote about the Crimean Goths in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries because of the general wave of interest in Gothicism in early modern
Sweden. Stanislaw Jan Siestrzehcewicz-Bohusz was chronologically the last author to claim that
he personally met the Crimean Goths. In 1783 he visited the Crimea and in 1817 he wrote that
the Tartatized remnants of the Goths, who lived in the vicinity of Sevastopol and in Mangup,
spoke the language similar to Plattdeutsch. This was the last testimony about the existence of
the Crimean Goths as an ethnos; Hellenized and Tartarized remnants of the Goths were finally
assimilated by the local Greeks and Tatars at the end of the eighteenth century. In 1778/1779
most of them emigrated together with the Greeks to the Azov region.
In spite of the fact that the earliest studies on the history and language of the Crimean Goths
appeared already in the early nineteenth century, the ideologization of this topic began perhaps
only in the 1870s as a reflection of the controversy between the Normanist and anti-Normanist
scholars. The earliest studies on the Crimean Goths were published by Arist Kunik and F.K.
Brun. One should also mention such important works as Wilhelm Tomaschek’s Die Goten in
Taurien (Wien, 1881); Fedor/Friedrich Braun’s Die letzten Schicksale der Krimgoten (St. Peters-
burg, 1890); Richard Loewe’s Die Reste der Germanen am schwarzen Meere (Halle, 1896). Many
scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries attempted to trace Gothic anthropological
features which were, in their opinion, preserved among those peoples who assimilated the Goths
- the Azov and Dobruca / Dobrudzha Greeks, and the mountain Tatars of the Crimea. In spite
of the fact that many Greeks and Tatars indeed possessed “Germanic” anthropological features
(blue eyes, light hair, fair complexion etc.), ethnographers were unable to find any remaining
Gothic loanwords in the Crimean and Azov Greek and Tatar dialects. The only exception is the
word razan (razn) which, according to B.A. Kuftin, was used by some “Tatars” (remnants of the
Goths?) to designate a special type of the wooden houses in the mountainous Crimea.
The earliest archaeological excavations of Mangup and Eski-Kermen at the end of the
nineteenth - early twentieth century did not provide scholars with much information on the
Goths. On the other hand, the cemeteries of Suuk-Su and Bal-Gota excavated between 1903 and
1905 by N.I. Repnikov provided important data on the Gothic and Alanian funeral tradition.
The situation with the study of Gothic history in the Crimea considerably changed after 1917.
Soviet scholars initially also tried to study the history of the Crimean Goths. One of them, famous
Byzantinist Alexander Vasiliev, published in 1921 and 1927 important study on the Crimean
Goths in Russian; later he reprinted its enlarged version in English as the monograph The Goths
in the Crimea (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1936). Unfortunately, most Soviet scholars who were
351
engaged in the study of Crimean Gothia in the 1920s and 1930s did not manage to avoid Stalinist
purges. If Braun and Vasiliev managed to leave the country in time, other scholars (N. Ernst, A.
Mehrwart, F. Schmit, S. Platonov, and some other) were repressed and arrested; some of them
were executed. In 1930, in order to control the study of the “Gothic question,” Soviet scholars
decided to organize within the State Academy of the History of Material Culture the so-called
Gotskaia gruppa (Gothic group), a sort of think tank which was supposed to carry out research on
the history of the Crimean Goths. This group, headed by V.I. Ravdonikas, somewhat surprisingly
turned out to be rather “anti-Gothic”: most studies written by its members declared the Goths to
be descendants of the local Irano-speaking peoples (the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans). Thus,
in their opinion, the Crimean Goths in fact had nothing in common with Germanic peoples apart
from the ethnonym “the Goths;” the ethnonym itself was understood in this context as a misnomer.
The “Gothic problem” was heavily abused by the Nazi authors, “scholars”, and ideological
leaders during the Second World War. Historical presence of the Germanic Goths served them
as a good pretext for proclaiming the Crimea genuine “German land.” The Crimea was supposed
to be renamed Gotenland and populated by the Germans from South Tirol. This project was
elaborated by famous Nazi ideological leaders such as Alfred Rosenberg and Alfred Frauenfeld;
it was personally authorized by the Führer. The Nazi Ahnenerbe society planned to undertake
serious archaeological study of several Crimean Gothic settlements and cemeteries. Fortunately,
they did not managed to do this because of the activity of the local partisans and the general
retreat of German armies from the occupied territories in the east.
In order to erase all traces of German presence in the post-war Crimea, Soviet scholars con-
tinued to ignore Germanic nature of the Crimean Goths. This was clearly seen in May 1952,
during the joint session of the Department of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences
of the USSR and the Crimean department of the Academy of Sciences. Scholars, who took part
in the session, received a directive to “Russify” the history of the Crimea; as a result, it became
even more difficult to study the Crimean Goths. Nevertheless, Soviet scholars continued actively
excavating the Crimean settlements and cemeteries whose history was related to the Goths.
A number of articles and monographs related to this topic were published in the Soviet Union
from the 1960s through the 1980s. Unfortunately, in these publications many Gothic historical
monuments were characterized as belonging to the Crimean Alans or Gotho-Alans, but not to the
Goths. At the same time western scholars (M. Stearns, F.I. Nucciarelli, V.R. Solari, O. Gronvik,
M. M. Székely, §.S. Gorovei, and others) published a number of important studies related to the
Crimean Goths devoid of any ideologization of this scholarly problem.
Situation with the study of the “Gothic problem” in the Soviet Union drastically changed in
1990, when it finally became possible for local scholars to write studies without any ideological
preconceptions. From the 1990s on a few important studies on the Crimean Goths were
published by Russian-speaking authors such as A.G. Gertsen, I.S. Pioro, A.I. Aibabin, V.L. Myts,
N. A. Ganina, and H.-V. Beyer (the last author is a German-speaking scholar who published
in 2004 a large monograph on the Crimean Goths in Russian). On the other hand, absence of
Soviet censorship opened the road to numerous pseudo-scholarly publications which seriously
misinterpreted this problem.
Today quite a few western and Russian-speaking scholars continue studying the history,
archaeology, language, and epigraphy of the Crimean Goths. The author of this study hopes that
his book shall persuade even most sceptical readers that the Goths, whose presence in the Crimea
can be traced at least from the third through the sixteenth / eighteenth centuries A.D., represent
one of the most interesting pages in the multiethnic and multicultural history of the Crimea.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kizilov, Michail Borisovič 1974- |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV043511303 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:59:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785990698802 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028927484 |
| oclc_num | 951734892 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
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| physical | 351 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Faksimiles |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | "Nasledie tysjačeletij" |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Kizilov, Michail Borisovič 1974- Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith Goten (DE-588)4021650-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021650-0 (DE-588)4033166-0 |
| title | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith |
| title_alt | Crimean Gothia |
| title_auth | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith |
| title_exact_search | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith |
| title_full | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith Michail Kizilov |
| title_fullStr | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith Michail Kizilov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Krymskaja Gotija istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith Michail Kizilov |
| title_short | Krymskaja Gotija |
| title_sort | krymskaja gotija istorija i sudʹba crimean gothia history and faith |
| title_sub | istorija i sudʹba = Crimean Gothia : history and faith |
| topic | Goten (DE-588)4021650-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Goten Krim |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028927484&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028927484&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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