Maniérisme et grotesque

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adam_text Contents List of Illustrations x List of Figures - xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Introduction. Privatizing the State and the Transformation of the Agrarian Landscape 1 Chapter 1. Dragomireşti and Dragova: Two Centuries of Ecological and Socio-economic Transformations 25 Chapter 2. Postsocialism as Neoliberalism: Reorganizing Society and Nature 54 Chapter 3. Bureaucrats, Patronage, Illegal Logging 64 Chapter 4. Contested Forest 95 Chapter 5. Waning Pastures 121 Chapter 6. Fragmented Lands 143 Chapter 7. Wasted Rivers 171 Conclusion: A Disrupted Landscape 189 References 203 Index 223 References Achim, V. 1998. Ţiganii în istoria României [The Place of Gypsies in the Romanian History]. Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică. Agrawal, A. 2005. Environmentality. Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Alexander, C. 2009. ‘Waste Under Socialism and After: A Case-Study from Almaty. In Enduring Socialism. Explorations of Revolution and Transformation, Restora- tion and Continuation, edited by H. G. West and P. Raman, 148-68. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. Alexiu, V., D. Stancu and M. Chiriţoiu. 2011. Arii protejate din Judeţul Argeş [Pro- tected Areas from Argeş County]. Piteşti: Editura Universităţii din Piteşti. ANES. 2007. ‘Cercetarea etnografică privind discriminarea multiplă’ [Ethnographic Research Concerning Multiple Discrimination]. Report Elaborated by the National Agency for the Equality of Chances Between Women and Men (ANES). Bucureşti. Băcanu, S. I. 1999. Monografia comunei Davideşti jud. Argeş [The Monograph of Davideşti Commune, Argeş County]. Piteşti: Cultura. Băia, G. 1972. Alimentaţia animalelor domestice [Fodder for Domestic Animals]. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică. Baiski, D. 2005. ‘Cândva înfloritoare, sericicultura românească se află în agonie’ [Sometimes Ago Flourishing, the Romanian Sericulture is Now Dying]. Agenda 16 (16 April 2005). 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Colliding Understandings of Biodiversity Conservation in Vietnam: Global Claims, National Interests, and Local Struggles’. Society and Natural Resources 18 (8): 733-47. I Index A access to forests, 106-11 agency natural environment changes, 7 of nonhuman actors, 18 state. See state villagers breaking laws, 195 Agency of State Domains (ASD), 61 agrarian landscapes methods for studying, 18-21 transformation of, 1-25 Agrarian Register, 80 agrarian relations, 2 agricultural land, 3, 11, 28, 31, 33, 42, 45, 61, 138, 139, 150, 162, 163. See also land agriculture. See also crops; farms feminization of, 145 new plans for, 55-57 agronomists, 43 Albania, 4, 139 land fragmentation in, 165 state officials, roles of, 14 alcohol, 155-57 alder trees, 67 alfalfa, 162. See also pastures analysis of the state, 191-94 animal farms, 44 animal husbandry, 6, 8, 11, 181 animals, 5, 7. See also specific animals apple trees, 32 Apple Tree Valley, 33 appropriation of forests, 100, 101 archives, 20 Argeş County, 31, 42, 144 Argeş County Police, 85 Argeşelu River, 26, 33, 171-79 Asia, 139 asphalt, 110 associations (întovărăşiri), 43 AT Vs (All Terrain Vehicles), 189 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 38 B băieşi (mining workers), 34 banks, rivers degradation of, 173 property rights, 178 barbell (Barbus fluviatilis), 172 Barca (lake), 177 barley (Hordeum sativum), 154 beans, 11, 32 bear, 98 Carpathian brown bear (Ursus arctos), 18, 103-04 role in economic changes, 197 beech trees, 31 heating houses with, 65 beet (Beta vulgaris), 175 Berlin Wall, collapse of (1989), 4 Białowieża National Park, 114, 115. See also national parks biodiversity, 55, 104 preservation of, 17, 190 Birdlife International, 115 Biser (Southern Bulgaria), 185 Black King (Negru Vodă), 40 black locust trees, deforestation of, 67, 68 blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus), 197 boar in pastures, 129-31. See also wild boar (Sus scrofa) boundaries, 149, 150, 199 Box Thorn Valley, 34 bribery, 73 224 Index Bridge of Dragova, 37 Bucegi Mountain, 37 Bucharest, wood business in, 30 Buiîa-Vanturariţa Park, 114. See also national parks Bulgaria, 89 bureaucracies local state, 12-14 Prussian, 14 bureaucrats, 64-94 disputes with, 104-06 land reform and, 72-77 bushes, 125 C cadastre experts, 162 Câmpulung, 145 Carpathian brown bear (Ursus arctos), 18,103-04 role in economic changes, 197 Carpathian Mountains, 38 Castree, Noel, 56,182 cattle Dragomireşti, 27 economy of, 8 land reform, 29 on pastures, 123-24 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 144 Central Europe, 4 centralization of land management, 4 cereals, cultivation of, 31 Cernea, Michael, 42,45,145 charities, 156 cheese, 160,161 chemical fertilizers, 152, 186. See also fertilizers chestnut forests, 16 chickens, 153 China, 4, 139 Ciocănaş, 37, 108,134 claimants, land, 58 clear cutting, 60,88, 95, 109. See also illegal logging climate change, 100 in Dragomireşti, 27 Coasta Rea (the Bad Slope), 39 coexistence of landowners, 163,164 collective farms, 2,45, 67 collectivization, 42-48 abolishment of, 10 of agriculture, 4 goal of, 42 intercropping, 31 -32 reactions to, 11 reverse, 190 collectivized villages, 43-48 collusion, 45 commodification of natural resources, 182 commodity chain analysis, 85,111 common forests, 88. See also forests common reed (Phragmites communis), 178 communal forests, 108 communal pasture (islaz), 35 communes. See Dragomireçti; Dragova communist trees, 16 conclusions, 189-202 analysis of the state, 191-94 lessons of transformation, 199-201 natures agency, 196-99 reform strategies, 194-96 conflicts (property), 149, 150 pastures, 134-36 Constitution (2003), 180 construction materials of housing, 126 contamination, water, 186. See also pollution contested forests, 95-120 Piatra Craiului National Park (PCNP), 96-102 co-operatives in Albania, 139 farms, 45 Coste§ti, 28,85 land reform, 29 railways in, 30 Rudari in, 36 cost of pasture maintenance, 124 country project, 56 County Department of Statistics, 19 County Land Commission (CLC), 59 Index 225 crayfish (Astachidae sp.), 172 crime prevention, 75 Cronon, William, 7, 18 crops. See also farms disappearance of, 33 diversification of, 11 economy of, 8 Crosgrove, Denis E., 7 eu limbâ de moarte (last words before dying), 149 cultivation plum trees, 156 practices, 154 Cuza, loan Alexandru, 29 Czechoslovakia, 4 Czech Republic, 138 D Dacia car plant, 34, 144, 145, 158 Dacia-Renault car plant, 6, 144, 145 dairy products, 124. See also cattle; milk production dams, 184. See also rivers Danube River, 184 Danube Valley, 185 decentralization, 15 declaration of adherence, 44 decollectivization, 2, 7, 149 distilleries after, 174 policies of, 4 deforestation, 67-69, 191 in Dragova, 192 effect on Dragova River, 182 forest loss mechanisms, 78-80 hills without forests, 69-71 local power relations and, 65 mapping, 87-90 practices, 112-14 in private forests, 72 Rudari role in, 65, 66 Vietnam, 90 dialectical model of interaction, 15 dictators, collapse of regime, 1 diets for livestock animals, 175 disputes with bureaucrats, 104-06 distilleries, 155, 172, 174. See also rivers draft animals, 29. See also horses; oxen Dragomire§ti, 6, 25-34 cattle, 27 climate in, 27 collectivization in, 43 commodity chain analysis, 111 deforestation in, 69-71, 112-14 economies, 26, 48-49 firewood used for cooking, 65 forest holdings distribution, 81 fragmented landscape of, 123 land fragmentation in, 147, 148. See also fragmentation of land land ownership in, 143 land reform in, 29 landscape of, 26 laws, land reform, 69 local history of, 28-34 occupations in, 31 pastures, 121. See also pastures population of, 26 Rudari, 34-36 taxation, 28 trees in, 28 water mills, 172 wild boar in, 129 Dragova, 6 bears in, 103-04 collectivization of, 45 deforestation in, 192, 112-14 economies, 48-49 housing in, 40 landscape of, 37-41 ownership of forests, 39. 40 pastures, 121. See also pastures population of, 37 saw mills, 47 wild boar in, 129 Dragova Creek, 189 Dragova River, 109, 179-83 effect of deforestation of, 182 flow of, 181 drinking water, 178. See also water resources ducks, 178 duckweed (Lemma minorJ, 178 226 Index E Eastern Europe, 4, 139 Eastern Romania, deforestation in, 88 economics damage to by wild boar, 130 Dragomire§ti, 26, 48-49 Dragova, 48-49 effect of rivers on, 172 evolution of, 144 forest roles in, 80-86 of forests, 111-12 moderization of, 9 planned, 54 politics relationship to, 7 transformation of state-controlled, 5 transformations, 8, 56 eel (Anguilla), 172 elite, postsocialist, 12-14 endangered species, poaching, 116 environment, 7-12, 20, 37, 42, 58, 62, 97, 101, 104 Environmental Guard, 134 Enyedi, Marton, 138 erosion of land, 55 ethnic groups, 26. See also population ethnicity and postsocialist transformations, 65-67 Europe, 4 European Union (EU), 189 government negotiations with, 101 euthrophication, 177 F factories, privatization of, 66 farms animal, 44 collective, 2, 45, 67 co-operatives, 45 state, 2 subsidies (EU), 189 feminization of agriculture, 45, 145 fertilizers, 44, 116, 152 after World War II, 153 plum trees, 157 public pastures, 123 Finland, 140 fir bark bugs (Ips typographus), 99 firearms, ability to carry, 60 firewood, 84 flax, 44 flooding, 99 flora and fauna, 97-98 loss of, 140 flow of Dragova River, 181 fodder destruction by wild boar, 130 storage, 46 types of, 121 food safety, 159 forest exploitation, 30, 84, 88 forest guards, 13, 73, 74, 89 Rudari relationship with, 36 forest loss mechanisms, 78-80 forest nationalization, 25 forest people, 34-36 Forestry and Rural Development, 58, 61 Forestry Code (1996), 59, 68, 113, 126 forestry research, 48 forests access to, 66, 106-11 appropriation, 100, 101 chestnut, 16 communal, 108 contested, 95-120. See also contested forests disappearance of, 6 in Dragova, 39 economies of, 111-12 hills without, 69-71 outcomes over restitution, 8 ownership of, 17 patronage, 80 political significance of, 86-87, 111-12 property right claims, 17 restitution laws, 1 roles in economies, 80-86 state control over, 103-04 thinning, 60 value of, 86 fragmentation of land, 10,42, 143-70 benefits of, 166 Index 227 effects în postsocialist Europe» 163-67 impact on markets, 157-61 labour force and, 144-46 landscapes, 162-63 orchards and ţuica, 155-57 practices of worker-peasants, 146-55 Fragrant Orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea), 97 Framework Cadre for Water (FCW) 2000/60, 183 Franklin, Stuart, 115 free landholders, 2 Dragomireşti, 27 fruit trees, 32 furniture makers, 35. See also Rudari G Galicia, 31 garbage disposal, 173, 174 bear deaths, 197 gardens, definition of, 122 gastarbeiters, 4 genetic uniformity, 154 geography (rugged), 134-36 German Agency for Cooperation, 116 Germany, collapse of Berlin Wall (1989), 4 globalization, 42, 140, 141 goal of collectivization, 42 goats deforestation, grazing in, 113 land reform, 29 in national parks, 116 Goldschmidt, Walter, 194 Gorovei, Mihai, 101 re-nationalization of forest, 105 gradualism, 5 grass snake (Natrix natrix), 128 grazing, 99. See also cattle; goats; sheep in deforested areas, 113 in national parks, 115, 118 taxation, 122 great Kaldarara invasion, the, 35 Great Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea), 97 Greece, 102 Grzymala-Busse, 16 guesthouses, 131, 132, 136, 158. See also tourism guidelines (IUCN), 97 H Hann, Chris, 56, 148 Hardin, Garrett, 9 hemp, 33, 44 herons, 178 Hertha Müller, 146 Herzfeld, Michael, 77, 102 hierarchies, state, 13 hills without forests, 69-71 historical justice restitution policy, 66 history, 25 of Dragomire$ti, 28-34 horse carts, importance of, 80 horse-drawn ploughs, 151 horses and land reform, 29 housing building of new, 122-27 construction materials of, 126 in Dragova, 40 guesthouses, 131, 132 illegal construction of, 125, 127 Humboldt University, 19 Hungarian kingdom, 2 Hungary, 4 hybrid seeds, 151, 153 hypermarkets, 138 I ideologies of landscape, 98 mark of, 16 illegal housing, 125, 127 illegal logging, 64-94, 73, 78, 81-82, 88 deforestation, 87-90. See also deforestation National Plan for Fighting Against Illegal Logging, 88 prevention of, 87 228 Index impact studies, 99 Independence from Ottoman Empire (1878), 29 inheritance practices, 33,149 Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, 75 intercropping, 31-32, 152,153 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 9, 54,61 interwar landscapes, 147 întovărăşiri (associations), 43 irrigation systems, 153 islaz (communal pasture), 35 IUCN guidelines, 97 K Kazakhstan, 186 Klooster, Daniel, 104 Kopanari, 89 L labour force, 144-46 lakes, Barca, 177. See also water resources lambs, wool from, 159 land boundaries, 149, 150 chingi (belt), 28 collectivization, 25 erosion of, 55 fragmentation, 143-70. See also fragmentation of land laws, 58. See also laws marketization of, 56 ownership of, 57 privatization of, 9 restitution, 1,146, 147 Land Commissions, 1 land fragmentation, 10, 33, 42. See also fragmentation of land landholders, 2 land management, centralization of, 4 landowners, coexistence of, 163, 164 land ownership, Rudari and, 66 land reform, 7,195 implementation, 16 loan Alexandru Cuza, 29 laws, 65, 69 Local Land Commission (LLC), 15 national policies, 9 outcome of, 12 political economy of, 54-63 postsocialist, 3 reorganization of landscape, 9-12 land reform law (1991), 1 landscape agrarian. See agrarian landscapes consequences of privatization, 15-18 contribution to relationships, 16 Dragomireşti, 26 Dragova, 37-41 fragmentation of, 162-63 ideologies of, 98 interwar, 147 methods for studying, 18-21 reorganization of, 9-12 transformations of, 1-25 land use practices, 28-34 last words before dying (cm limbä de moarte) y 149 laws land reform, 65, 69 Law 1/2000, 61,108 Law 18, 59,61,68 Law 544/2001,19 Property Law (18/1991), 57 shepherds selling products, 160 legislative changes, 56 legitimacy of the state, 57 lessons of transformation, 199-201 lichens, 97 LIF (Ocolul Silvic), 60 Lipsky, Michael, 13 Liquidation Commission, 58 Local Council, 180 local history, 25 of Dragomireşti, 28-34 Local Inspectorate of Forest (LIF), 3 Local Land Commission (LLC), 15 local state bureaucracy, 12-14 Index 229 logging illegal, 64-94 without permission, 99 Luong, Pauline Jones, 16 lynx, 98 M mace reed (Typha angustfolia), 178 mafia, wood and, 89 maize, 11, 175 hybrid seeds, 153 Makine, Andrei, 155 Management Plan, 116 mapping deforestation, 87-90 maps, disappearance of, 15 marc residue, 175. See also rivers marigold (Ligularia sibirica), 101 marketization of land, 56 markets, 4-15, 26, 30, 222 martens, 98 Marushiakova, Elena, 66 mayors, 87. See also politics access to forests, 106-11 disputes with, 104-06 employees of, 13 mayor’s office, 39, 40, 60, 67, 68, 73, 74. See also bureaucracies; mayors meadows, 122. See also grazing; pastures measurements, 195 mechanization, 44 Metzo, Katherine, 117 Mexico, 104 Migdal, Joel S., 12 Military Orchid (Orchis militaris), 97-98 milk, 29. See also cattle milk production, 158, 159, 161, 165 mining workers (baie§i), 34 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 15, 58, 61, 95, 109, 125 models, dialectical model of interaction, 15 modernization, 42,44 Moldavia. See Republic of Moldova Monastery Valley, 33 mono cropping, 41 multispecies ethnography, 18 Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina, 13 Mureş River, 172 N National Agency for the Natural Resources (NANR), 179 National Inspectorate of Forest (NIF), 59 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 178 nationalization, 101 National Liberal Party, 110 National Office of Cadastre, Geodesy, and Cartography (NOCGC), 61 national parks conclusions, 193 cutting trees in, 95 relationships with villagers, 114-18 tourism, 131 National Plan for Fighting Against Illegal Logging, 88 National Police, 85 national policies, 9 National Railway Company, 34 National Society Romanian Waters, 67 natural protected areas, 17 natural resources, commodification of, 182 nature human transformation of, 16 natural protected areas, 17 natures agency, 196-99 Negru Vodă (the Black King), 40 neoliberalism new plans for agriculture, 55-57 new rights and new duties, 58-62 postsocialism as, 54-63 new plans for agriculture, 55-57 Nicolescu, Vasile, 107 non-farm jobs, 43 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 17, 115, 117 nonhuman, 7, 8, 18, 135 non-recyclable disposable materials, 174 Nut Tree Valley, 34 230 Index O oak trees, 31,65 illegal logging, 82 uses of, 69 Obştea Mare (the large collective forest), 105 Obştea Mică (the small collective forest), 105,106 Ocolul Silvic (LIF), 60 officials, state, 13 Once Upon a Time on the Banks of Amur, 155 orchards, 6 in Argeş County, 42 and ţuica, 155-157 orchids, 97-98 Ottoman Empire independence from, 29 products of Dragova, 37 wood shipped to, 40 outcomes of land reform, 12 over forest restitution, 8 overgrazing, 138. See also grazing ownership. See also property rights of Dragova forests, 39, 40 of forest, 17 of land, 57 in national parks, 97 neoliberal language of, 69 Rudari and, 66 oxen, 88. See also transportation land reform, 29 P palincă (plum/apple/pear/maize brandy), 32 Parliament, land reform laws, 69 pastures, 121-142 communal pasture (islaz), 35 Dragomireşti, 26 Dragova, 38, 39 economy of, 8 maintenance of, 123 and politics, 137-38 politics and, 131-34 property conflicts, 135-37 property rights, 136 snakes in, 127-29 tourism, 131-34 transformation of, 125 vanishing, 122-27, 138-41 wild boar in, 129-31 patronage, 64-94 forests, 80 land reform and, 72-77 relations, 17 patron-client relationships, 191, 192 pear trees, 32 Perieţeanu, 29 pesticides, 44, 116 Petrov, Peter, 185 PHARE funds, 135 Piatra Craiului National Park (PCNP), 96-102 pigs, 153 Piteşti, 25 planned economies, 54 Plan of Management, 96 plantations, 48 ploughs, 151 plum/apple/pear/maize brandy (palincă), 32 plum brandy (ţuica), 31 plums, 6, 7 production of, 32 plum trees, 42 cultivation, 156 fertilization, 157 poaching endangered species, 116 Podu Dragovei, 37,40 Podu Dragovei village, 181 Poland, 4,114,115 policemen, 13 Police Special Forces, 75 policies decollectivization, 4 of forest regulation, 98 framework for creation of, 16 historical justice restitution, 66 national, 9 political changes, 56 Index 231 political regimes, changes in, 2 political significance of forests, 111-12 political transformations, 8 politics access to forests, 106-11 access to local resources, 102 of aggression, 41 and pastures, 131-34, 137-38 political economy of land reform, 54-63 relationships to economies, 7 significance of forests, 86-87 pollution, 55, 176 postsocialism effect on rivers, 184-87 in rivers, 173, 174 population of Dragomireçti, 26 of Dragova, 37 ethnic makeup of, 2-3 Roma, 3 Rudari, 34-36 of Transylvania, 3 postcolonialism, 201 postsocialism, 201 definition of, 4 deforestation, mapping, 87-90 effect on Rudari, 67 elite, 12-14 ethnicity (transformations), 65-67 land reform, 3 as neoliberaiism, 54-63 new plans for agriculture, 55-57 new rights and new duties, 58-62 postsocialist changes to rivers, 184-87 potatoes, cultivation of, 154, 155 power, competition for, 13 preservation, biodiversity, 17, 104 Prespa National Park, 116. See also national parks pristine forests, myth of, 100 private forests, deforestation in, 72. See also forests private land owners, 2 private pastures, 122. See also pastures private property rights, 7. See also property rights restoration of, 55 privatization of factories, 66 of land, 9 of states, 1-25, 15-18 profits from wood, 84, 85 property conflicts, 149, 150 pastures, 134-36 Property Law (18/1991), 57 property regulations, rejection of, 68 property rights, 2 changes in, 62 claims, 17 Constitution (2003), 180 elimination of, 3 laws, 58 in national parks, 97 over natural resources, 20 pastures, 136 private, 7 restoration of, 55, 61 riverbanks, 178 protected areas, 199 Protected Landscape Area Bile Karpati (Czech Republic), 117 Protected Landscape Area of the White Carpathians, 139 protected species, 18 protests, 68 Prussian bureaucracy, 14 public pastures, 122. See also pastures maintenance of, 123 pumpkins, 11, 175 Q Quince Tree Valley, 34 quotas, 84 R rachiu (brandy), 36 railways construction of, 31 in Costeçti, 30 Razlog Basin (Bulgaria), 89 232 Index reform strategies, 194-96 Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (RAEP), 101 registers, disappearance of, 15 regulations, 13, 84, 194 avoiding, 161 rejection of, 68 relationships between humans and environments, 7 landscapes contribution to, 16 patron-client, 191, 192 with villagers, national parks, 114-18 Renault, 145. See also Dacia-Renault factory reorganization of landscape, 9-12 reptiles, 128 Republic of Moldova, 3, 164, 185 land reform in, 29 research, forestry, 48 resources, water, 171. See also rivers restaurants, 133, 134. See also tourism restitution historical justice restitution policy, 66 in national parks, 97 reverse collectivization, 190 revolutions, 4 re-Westernization, 124 rights, property. See property rights River Dragova, 37 River Rekijoki valley, 140 rivers, 171-89 Argeşelu River, 33, 171-79 Danube River, 184 degradation of banks, 173 Dragova River, 179-83 euthrophication, 177 garbage disposal, 173, 174 Mureş River, 171 pollution, 55 postsocialist changes to, 184-87 Tisza River, 184 Roma fiddlers, 26 Romania, 4 Romanian Communist party, 144 Romanian Parliament, land reform laws, 69 Romanian Principalities, 2 Roma population, 3 ROMSILVA, 96 Rudari, 34-36, 65 cutting trees, 64 deforestation practices, 112 effect of postsocialist transformation on, 67 forest loss mechanisms, 78-80 garbage disposal, 173, 174 horse carts, importance of, 80 housing, 126, 127 illegal deforestation, 65 land reform and, 72-77 patron-client relationships, 191, 192 as scapegoats, 73 work on public pastures, 123 rules, 13 Russia. See also Soviet Union pastures, vanishing, 138 population in, 2 size of plots in, 164 S sale of trees, 79 Sandrea, 37 saw mills, 30 Dragova, 47 Scott, James C., 9, 10, 12, 41, 45, 99, 193 Second World War. See World War II seeds, 151, 153 serfs, 27, 28-34, 32 benefit of land reform, 29 Severin, 161 sheep, 99 land reform, 29 wool, selling, 159 sheltered crab (Leuciscus cephalus), 172 shock therapy philosophy, 5 Siberian tiger, 116 Sikor, Thomas, 117, 164 silk worms, 44 production of, 33 skills, agricultural, 11 Index 233 slaughter of animals, banning of, 46 slavery, 28, 32 Slitere Reserve (Latvia), 115 Slovakia, 138 small landholders, 28-34 smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), 128 snakes in pastures, 127-129 Social Democrat Party (SDP), 86, 88. 129 social engineering, 41 socialist governments, collapse of, 1 socialist societies, transformations of, 57 social players, forests as, 80-86 soil protection, 58 Soviet Union, 2 collapse of Berlin Wall (1989), 4 cuius region eius religtOy 41 Spain, 139 Stahl, Johannes, 14 staple foods, scarcity of, 47 state agency, 97 analysis of the, 191-94 control over forest, 103-04 farms, 2 forests, deforestation in, 72 investments in forestry, 48 legitimacy of, 57 methods for studying, 18-21 officials, 13 organization, 12-13 privatization of, 1-25, 15-18 property regulations, rejection of, 68 State Forest Company, 47, 48 status, value of forest to, 80 storks, 178 strategies, reform, 194-96 strips of land, ancestral, 28 subsidies (EU), 189 T taxation, 194 avoiding, 161 Dragomire§ti 28 grazing, 122 terraces, 43 theft, 36 of trees, 73-77. See also deforestation thinning forests, 60 tigers, 116 timber deforestation. See deforestation exploitation of forests, 30 transportation, 59 Tisza River, 184 tourism, 158, 160 in Dragova, 40 increase of, 189 national parks, 131 pastures, 131-34 toxic spills, 186. See also pollution tractors, use of, 151 traditional land use, 96 transformations, 25-53 economic, 56 ethnicity and postsocialism, 65-67 lessons of, 199-201 of pastures, 125 socialist societies, 57 transportation horse carts. See horse carts illegal logging, 78 timber, 59 Transylvania, 2 land ownership in, 10 Mureş River, 171 population of, 3 relationship with Dragova, 37 trees in Dragomireştit, 28 in Dragova, 39 fruit, 32 plum, 42 sale of, 79 theft of, 73-77 trucks, 84 ţuica (plum brandy), 31 orchards and, 155-57 water quality issues, 183 two-row barley (Hordeum distichum), 154 234 Index U Uekoetter, Frank, 41 uncollectivized villages, 43-48 underground waters, pollution, 55 USAID, 54 V Valeeni, 28, 29, 147 Valley of Povarna, 32 vegetable gardens, 122, 197 Verdery, Katherine, 10, 15, 16 veterinary care, 46 Vietnam, 4, 139, 140 deforestation, 90 land fragmentation in, 164 villagers, reactions to government rules, 11 villages, collectivized/uncollectivized, 43-48 W wagon wheels, manufacture of, 30 Walachia, land reform in, 29 walnut trees, 32 water fern (Azolla), 178 water mills, 172 water resources, 171. See also rivers capture of, 181 water snake (Natrix tesselata), 128 Weber, Max, 13, 14 Wedel, Janine R., 56 Wegren, Stephen, 164 Western Europe, 4, 189 West Germany, fruit exports to, 44 wild animals, conflict with, 18 wild boar (Sus scrofa), 17, 98 role in economic changes, 197 in pastures, 129-31 willow trees (Salix triandra), 67, 178 Willow Valley, 33 wood mafia, 89 wool, selling, 159 worker-peasants, 144-46 practices of, 146-55 World Bank, 9, 54, 61 World War II, 42, 190 communal forests, 108 fertilization after, 153 industrialization after, 144 World Wide Fund for Nature, 115 Worster, Donald, 7, 152 Y Yugoslavia, 4 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Maniérisme et grotesque Dorothea Scholl
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Maniérisme et littérature / sous la dir. de Didier Souiller Paris, 2014 Seite [35]-78 Universités : Comparaisons (DE-604)BV041655826 978-2-296-08872-6
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028921304&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028921304&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis
Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028921304&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle Scholl, Dorothea
Maniérisme et grotesque
title Maniérisme et grotesque
title_auth Maniérisme et grotesque
title_exact_search Maniérisme et grotesque
title_full Maniérisme et grotesque Dorothea Scholl
title_fullStr Maniérisme et grotesque Dorothea Scholl
title_full_unstemmed Maniérisme et grotesque Dorothea Scholl
title_short Maniérisme et grotesque
title_sort manierisme et grotesque
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028921304&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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