Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Sejmowe
2015
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| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. |
| Schlagworte: | |
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| 020 | |a 9788376664125 |9 978-83-7666-412-5 | ||
| 020 | |a 9788376663630 |9 978-83-7666-363-0 | ||
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| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Rudnicki, Szymon |d 1938- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141918225 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej |c Szymon Rudnicki |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Wydawnictwo Sejmowe |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a 588, [1] s., [20] s. tabl. (w tym kolor.) |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Jews in the Parliament of the Second Republic of Poland | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 546-560. Indeks | ||
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Polska / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922-1939) |2 jhpk |
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Polska / Sejm Ustawodawczy (1919-1922) |2 jhpk |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Polen |b Sejm |0 (DE-588)1222742-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1919-1939 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żydzi / Polska / historia |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Parlamentarzyści żydowscy / Polska / 1900-1945 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Juden |0 (DE-588)4028808-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |8 1\p |0 (DE-588)4135952-5 |a Quelle |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Polen |b Sejm |0 (DE-588)1222742-0 |D b |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Juden |0 (DE-588)4028808-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1919-1939 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Personenregister |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028420826 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909.04924 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 438 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804175332799938560 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TRESCI
Od Autora ...................................................................... 5
Wst^p .......................................................................... 9
1. Liczebnosc i struktura ludnosci zydowskiej ......................... 9
2. Zydowskie partie polityczne............................................. 11
3. Tymczasowa Zydowska Rada Narodowa ...................................... 20
4. Zródla i literatura..................................................... 21
I. Sejm Ustawodawczy 1919-1922
1. W strukturach Sejmu..................................................... 29
Zydzi w wyborach do Sejmu Ustawodawczego................................ 29
Wolne Zjednoczenie Poslów Narodowosci Zydowskiej........................ 37
W Konwencie Seniorów i w komisjach sejmowych........................ 41
Warunki dzialania....................................................... 44
2. Obywatele czy mieszkañcy................................................ 52
Wobec wyst^pien antyzydowskich.......................................... 52
Wobec armii polskiej i wojny polsko-bolszewickiej....................... 58
Wobec Traktatu mi^dzy Mocarstwami Sprzymierzonymi a Polsk^
oraz traktatu ryskiego.................................................. 72
Sprawa polskiego obywatelstwa........................................... 84
3. W Komisji Konstytucyjnej i podczas plenarnej debaty konstytucyjnej ... 89
O ustrój Rzeczypospolitej............................................... 89
O prawa i wolnosci obywatelskie......................................... 94
O zasadf równosci czy równouprawnienia................................. 102
4. W debacie nad ordynacjami wyborczymi do izb ustawodawczych............. 107
5. O organizacji spolecznosci zydowskiej.................................. 111
Wokól organizacji gmin zydowskich...................................... 111
O organizacji szkolnictwa zydowskiego.................................. 113
Wokól j^zyka narodowego Zydów.......................................... 124
6. Wokól problemów gospodarczych.......................................... 129
7. Relacje z rz^dami II Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1918-1922 ......... 137
8. Whioski ogólne......................................................... !51
585
II. Sejm I kadencji 1922-1927
„Sejmokracja”........................................................ 154
1. W strukturach Sejmu............................................... 154
Wybory............................................................ 154
Wewn^trzne spory w Kole Zydowskim................................. 165
W komisjach i na plenum........................................... 184
Stosunki z Blokiem Mniejszosci Narodowych......................... 190
Wobec wyborow prezydenta.......................................... 192
2. Relacje z rz^dami II Rzeczypospolitej............................. 195
Od opozycji do opozycji........................................... 195
„Ugoda” z rz^dem Wladyslawa Grabskiego............................ 210
3. Wokol problemow gospodarczych..................................... 226
4. Wobec dyskryminacji i nietolerancji................................. 238
O zasad^ rownouprawnienia......................................... 238
Wobec obywatelstwa polskiego...................................... 244
Wobec wystQpien antyzydowskich.................................... 249
5. O organizacji spolecznosci zydowskiej............................... 253
Wokol organizacji gmin zydowskich................................. 253
Wobec problemow szkolnictwa....................................... 254
Wokol j^zyka narodowego........................................... 263
Po przewrocie majowym .................................................. 269
1. Relacje z sanacj^................................................. 269
2. Wobec zmian ustrojowych........................................... 282
Wobec nowelizacji konstytucji i ustaw samorz^dowych............... 282
O zasadi rownouprawnienia ........................................ 288
3. Wokol problemow gospodarczych..................................... 290
4. O organizacji spolecznosci zydowskiej............................. 292
Wokol organizacji gmin zydowskich................................. 292
Wobec problemow szkolnictwa....................................... 294
5. Wnioski ogolne.................................................... 296
III. Sejm II kadencji 1928-1930
1. W strukturach Sejmu............................................... 299
Wybory............................................................ 299
Nieustaj^ce spory w Kole Zydowskim................................ 314
2. Mifdzy sanacj^ i opozycji......................................... 329
3. Wokol problemow gospodarczych..................................... 343
4. O konstytucji i rownouprawnieniu.................................. 349
Wokol konstytucji................................................. 349
O zasadi rownouprawnienia......................................... 355
586
5. O organizacji spolecznosci zydowskiej................................ 358
Woköl organizacji gmin zydowskich..................................... 358
O szkolnictwie zydowskim.............................................. 361
6. Wnioski ogölne....................................................... 365
IV. Sejm III kadencji 1930-1935
1. W strukturach Sejmu.................................................. 367
Wybory................................................................ 367
Koto Zydowskie........................................................ 378
2. Relacje z sanacji.................................................... 390
3. Woköl problemow gospodarczych........................................ 401
4. O konstytucji i röwnouprawnieniu..................................... 407
Woköl konstytucji i ustaw umacniaj^cych wiadz^ sanacji................ 407
O zasad$ röwnouprawnienia............................................. 412
Wobec wyst^pien antyzydowskich........................................ 414
5. O organizacji spolecznosci zydowskiej................................ 419
Woköl gminy zydowskiej................................................ 419
O szkolnictwie zydowskim.............................................. 423
6. Wnioski ogölne....................................................... 429
V. Sejm IV kadencji 1935-1938
1. W strukturach Sejmu.................................................. 431
Wybory................................................................ 431
Zydowska Reprezentacja Parlamentarna.................................. 434
2. Relacje z sanacji.................................................... 441
Stosunek poslöw zydowskich do sanacji................................. 441
Stosunek sanacji do Zydöw............................................. 445
Woköl problemow gospodarczych......................................... 454
3. Wobec akcji antyzydowskiej........................................... 463
4. Wnioski ogölne....................................................... 472
VI. Sejm V kadencji 1938-1939
1. W strukturach Sejmu.................................................. 474
Wybory................................................................ 474
Kolo Zydowskie........................................................ 477
2. Relacje z sanacji.................................................... 478
Stosunek do sanacji................................................... 478
Stosunek sanacji do Zydöw............................................. 480
3. Ostatnie posiedzenie................................................. 487
Zakoriczenie................................................................. 489
587
Aneksy
Aneks I
1. Posiowie senatorowie zydowscy w poszczegolnych kadencjach
Sejmu i Senatu................................................... 493
2. Biogramy.......................................................... 495
Aneks II
1. Postulaty delegatow zydowskich rad narodowych 1919
[prawdopodobnie maj], Paryz.......................................... 502
2. Propozycje poslow zydowskich redakcji artykulow 112 i 113
projektu konstytucji................................................. 505
3. Wytyczne Komitetu Politycznego Rady Ministrow w sprawie szkolnictwa
zydowskiego.......................................................... 506
4. Warunki przedstawione przez stronnictwa zydowskie na naradzie
w sprawie ugody polsko-zydowskiej w lipcu 1920 r. ............... 507
5. Dokumenty przygotowane przez rz^d i strong zydowsk^ przed
wznowieniem rozmow w 1921 r.......................................... 508
Zal^cznik nr L Punkty ustalone przez p. wiceprezesa Daszyriskiego
jako najblizszy program Rz^du........................................ 508
Zal^cznik nr 2. W sprawie uregulowania kwestii zydowskiej............ 509
Zal^cznik nr 3. Rozporz^dzenia i zarz^dzenia rz^du projektowane
przez Narodowy Zydowski Klub Poslow Sejmowych przy Tymczasowej
Zydowskiej Radzie Narodowej, niezb^dne w celu uregulowania
sprawy ¿ydow..................................................... 510
Zal^cznik nr 4. Ustawy projektowane przez Narodowy Zydowski Klub
Poslow Sejmowych przy Tymczasowej Zydowskiej Radzie Narodowej,
niezb^dne w celu uregulowania sprawy Zydöw....................... 512
6. Projekt Regulaminu Kola Zydowskiego [kadencja 1922-1927]........ 513
7. Wniosek ministra spraw wewnftrznycb [Wladyslawa Kiernika]
na Komitet Polityczny Rady Ministrow w sprawie polityki rz^du
w sprawie Zydow...................................................... 515
8. Wytyczne na podstawie dotychczasowych konferencji
[Porozumienie polsko-zydowskie z 5 VII 1925]..................... 518
9. [Propozycje Sekcji Komitetu Politycznego Rady Ministrow
do spraw mniejszosci narodowych]..................................... 522
10. Wytyczne w sprawie mniejszosci narodowych (fragment)............. 523
11. Postulaty Kola Zydowskiego przedstawione marszalkow4 Senatu
Szymahskiemu w imieniu Kola [23 marzec 1930]..................... 524
12. Zydowskie Kolo Parlamentarne [X 1935]............................ 525
a) Odezwa Zydowskiego Kola Parlamentarnego [3 X 1935]............ 525
b) Deklaracja posla Mincberga i senatora Trockenheima............ 525
c) Oswaadczenie senatora Schorra..................................... 526
588
13. Projekty ustaw o uboju zwierz^t gospodarczych w rzezniach........
a) Projekt ustawy zlozony przez poseí Janin^ Prystorow^
o uboju zwierz^t gospodarskich w rzezniach......................
b) Sprawozdanie Komisjl Administracyjno-Samorz^dowej o projekcie
ustawy, zlozonym przez pos. Prystorow^ o uboju zwierz^t
gospodarskich w rzezniach (druk sejmowy nr 59)..................
c) Ustawa o uboju zwierz^t gospodarczych w rzezniach...............
d) Pojekt ustawy zlozony przez poseía Juliusza Dudzinskiego w sprawie
zmiany ustawy o uboju zwierz^t gospodarskich w rzezniach.......
e) Sprawozdanie Komisji Administracyjno-Samorz^dowej
o projekcie ustawy, zlozonym przez posla Juliusza Dudziñskiego
w sprawie zmiany ustawy o uboju zwierz^t gospodarskich w rzezniach
(Druk nr 675)..................................................
14. Interpelacja posla dra Emila Sommersteina do Pana Prezesa
Rady Ministrów jako Szefa Rz^du i Pana Ministra Wyznañ Religijnych
i Oswiecenia Publicznego w sprawie zarz^dzeñ rektorskich,
wprowadzaj^cych oddzielne miejsca día studentów Zydów
na wyzszych uczelniach [1 XII 1937]...............................
15. Projekt ustawy zlozony przez posla Stanislawa Józwiaka o ochronie
przyrniotnika „polski” [21 XI1 1938]..............................
16. OZN w sprawie emigracji Zydów [21 XII 1938]......................
a) Interpelacja posla Skwarczynskiego i 116 innych poslów
do Pana Prezesa Rady Ministrów w sprawie srodków zmierzaj^cych
do podj^cia i przeprowadzenia masowej emigracji zydowskiej w celu
radykalnego zmniejszenia ilosci Zydów w Polsce ................
b) Przemówienie radiowe szefa sztabu OZN plk. Zygmunta Wendy . .
c) Odpowiedz P. Prezesa Rady Ministrów Felicjana Slawoja
Skladkowskiego na interpelacja pos. gen. S. Skwarczyñskiego i tow.
w sprawie emigracji zydowskiej.................................
17. Projekt ustawy dra Franciszka Stocha w sprawie zydowskiej........
Wykaz skrótów.............................................................
Bibliografía..............................................................
Jews in the Parliament of the Second Republic of Poland. Summary..........
Indeks nazwisk............................................................
526
526
527
527
529
531
531
534
535
535
536
538
539
544
546
561
574
INDERS NAZWISK
Abrahamowicz Witold 413
Adam Ernest 132
Adus Maurice 61
Ajnenkiel Andrzej 22, 25, 286, 351, 407
Aleksandrowicz Jerzy S. 471
Alter Wiktor 457
Amiel Irit 457
Anusz Antoni 72, 252
Appenszlak Jakub, ps. Politicus 39, 40, 43,
128, 140, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 161,
168, 179, 194, 218, 365, 381
Askenazy Szymon 509
Asz Szlomo 117
Bacon Gershon C. 18, 26, 34, 36, 39, 161, 162,
167, 172, 300
Bakon Jözef 484
Balfour Arthur 12
Balicki Zygmunt 31
Bardach Juliusz 444, 447
Barlicki Norbert 105, 137, 174, 195
Baron Nick 244
Baron S. 456
Bartel Kazimierz 269-272, 274-277, 280, 281,
284, 288, 291, 295, 296, 304, 330, 332,
334, 339, 357, 358, 360, 487
Bauminger Izaak 167, 495
Beck Jözef 400, 431, 449-451
Behrens Eduard 157
Bek Jözef 106
Belmont Leo 468
Belcikowska Alicja 17
Benesz Edward 78
Benoualid Lena 6
Berendt Grzegorz 58
Bergman Stefan 6, 61
Bergmann Olaf 26
Berkelhammer Wilhelm 304, 321, 333, 390,
420
Beseler Hans von 111, 112, 116, 119
Biber Szlome 275
Bielecki Tadeusz 398, 411, 418
Biennenstock Maksymilian Jakub 167, 190,
494, 495
Bierzanek Remigiusz 73
Bilak Stefan 477
Bitner Wadaw 412
Bloch Czeslaw 73
Bodanski Ludwik 477
Bodek Jakub 167,494,495
Boguszewski Stefan 334
Braude Markus 111, 116, 183, 190, 253, 380,
494, 495
Bregman Leon 433
Bronsztejn Szyja 9
Brot Samuel (Szmul) 314, 328, 493, 495
Bryl Jan 57
Buchsbaum Natan 373
Budkiewicz Konstanty 197, 247
Budzyner Salem 314,494,497
Budzyriski Waclaw 444, 463
Bujak Jan 442
Bulak-Balachowicz Stanislaw gen. 68, 69, 159,
165
Bürgin Mojzesz 160
Buzek Jözef 190
Byrka Wladyslaw 397
Cajtlin Hilel 44
Car Stanislaw 344, 393, 408
Castellan Georges 236, 345, 428, 457
Cat zob. Mackiewicz Stanislaw
574
Chaciáski Józef 284
Chahipczak Henryk 452
Chaskieiewicz Jehuda 443
Chelmirski J. 130, 133
Chmielewski Samuel 114, 116, 424, 481
Chojnowski Andrzej 25, 29, 81, 162, 195, 267,
270, 275, 293, 350, 351, 361, 426, 431,
447, 449
Chrucki Sergiusz 192, 203, 216, 241, 258, 284
Chrzanowski Ignacy 216
Cichoracki Piotr 466
Ciolkosz Adam 61
Clemenceau Georges 75
Cohen Israel 53
Courtenay Jan Baudouin de 193
Czajowski Jacek 5
Czapiñski Kazimierz 188, 243, 244, 255, 261
Czechowicz Gabriel 187, 334
Czerniak M. 346
Czerniaków Adam (Abraham) 303,313
Czernichów Josef 373
Czernik Frandszek 466
Czerwiñski Slawomir 392, 416, 420, 421, 423
Czubinski Antoni 348
Dachówna Dina 114
Dal Lazarz 314, 327, 494, 496
Darowski Ludwik 134
Daszynski Ignacy 49, 55, 56, 72, 139, 147-
-149, 193, 282, 330, 336, 337, 508-510,
512
Dawidowicz Lucy 41
Dawidsohn Józef Hersz 160, 314, 323, 340,
345, 347, 359, 413, 494, 496
D^bal Tomasz 40
D ^browska Maria 415
D^browski Jan 58
D^bski Jan 74
Deutscher Mojzesz 190, 494, 496
Dçbski Jan 24
Diamand Herman 37, 40, 44, 57, 77, 327
Dilion Emil J. 142
Dtugosz Waclaw 481
Dmowski Roman 32, 43, 73, 78, 142, 143,
216, 231, 348
Dobija Ludwik 266
Doboszyhski Adam 463
Dobroszycki Lucjan 292
Dobrucki Gustaw 293, 295, 296, 364
Downar Stefan 448, 449, 461
Downarowicz Stanislaw 106
Drozd-Gierymski Jan 469, 470
Drymmer Tomir 449, 452, 486
Dubanowicz Edward 93, 215, 239
Dubnow Szymon 13, 77, 78, 85, 105, 114,
125, 159, 260, 462
Dubois Stanislaw 418
Duch Kazimierz 527
Dudzihski Juliusz 447, 457, 459, 460, 482,
483, 529, 531
Dymowski Tadeusz 66
Dziurzyiiski Mateusz 85
Dzwonkowski Wtodzimierz 38
Eck Nathan 114
Eckert Ludwik 114, 119, 256, 424
Eisenstein Karol 180, 189, 227, 314, 318, 328,
344, 493, 496
Eisenstein Miriam 114,116
Ekies, ps. 115
Eliach YafFa 132, 276
Emes, ps. 175, 205
Engiel Dawid 11, 18
Epsztejn 118
Erlich Henryk 155, 156, 308, 373
Falowski Janusz 26, 36, 67, 104, 131, 192,
369
Farbstein Szyja Hesel 21, 22, 36, 37, 39, 42,
62, 66, 80, 83, 97-99, 133, 134, 144, 167,
176, 180, 187, 209, 214, 221, 227, 229,
233, 251, 254, 272, 273, 276, 278, 314,
319, 322, 323, 326-328, 335, 247, 373,
384, 385, 449, 493, 496
Farys Janusz 154
Federbusch Szymon 227, 259, 493, 496
Feinstein Michnel 192, 493, 496
Feldman Szymon (Simche) 124, 228, 250,
493, 496
Fichna Boleslaw 59
Finkeistein Chaim 132
Fishman Joshua A. 80
575
Frank Hans 458
Frenkiel Aron 106, 112, 242
Frenkiel Jeremiasz 152
Friedman Filip 326
Friszke Andrzej 438
Frostig Mozes 166, 172-174, 180, 185, 192,
200, 202, 206, 217, 226, 227, 232-234,
238, 239, 278, 280, 291, 294, 303, 344,
493, 496
Fuchs Karol 66
Gall Rudolf 37
Galczyhski Konstanty 403
Galecki Kazimierz 127
Garlicki Andrzej 24, 276
Garncarska-Kadary Bina 10, 236, 237, 260,
292
Gatreil Peter 244
Gierymski zob. Drozd-Gierymski Jan
Gitman Joseph 26, 458
Gizycki, sçdzia 377
Gliwic Hipolit 334
Glocer I. 373, 443
Gl^bihski Stanislaw 24, 42, 43, 76, 88, 99,
202, 215, 255, 261, 262, 277, 287, 295,
297, 414
Glowacki Jozef 459
Godlewski Stanislaw 413
Golczewski Frank 53
Goldberg Abraham 313
Goldberg Izydor 242
Gonczarok Mosze 6
Gotard, minister 234
Gottlieb Joszua Heszel 373, 389, 433, 434,
436, 466, 468, 493, 497
Görecki Roman 459
Grabowski Witold 462, 486
Grabscy 24
Grabski Stanislaw 24, 43, 75, 162, 173, 187,
207, 209-214, 216, 219-225, 260, 262,
265, 268, 294, 522
Grabski Wladyslaw 24, 84, 142, 145,146,176,
178, 187, 200, 201-203, 206-208, 210,
211, 218-220, 222, 225, 227, 229-231,
233, 235-237, 240, 243, 262, 265, 268,
272, 274, 291, 292, 297, 399, 509
Grossmann Kurt 85
Grünbaum (Grynbaum, Gruenbaum) Icchak
6, 11, 15, 19, 21-24, 31, 34, 36-49, 51, 53,
55, 68, 72, 74, 75, 80, 82, 83, 86-88, 90-
-95, 97-101, 104, 108-110, 113, 120, 121,
131-133, 137-146, 149, 150, 155-158,
162, 164, 165, 168-172, 174-186, 188-
-192, 195, 201, 203-205, 209, 211-213,
215, 217, 218, 222, 224, 227, 230, 240,
243, 247, 251-256, 258-260, 262, 265-
-267, 269, 271-279, 282-285, 299-304,
308-310, 312-334, 336-339, 341, 342,
344-347, 351-356, 358-365, 368, 369,
372-380, 382-385, 387, 390, 393-395,
397, 398, 407, 408, 411, 413, 416, 424,
426, 427, 432, 435, 436, 449, 450, 491,
493, 497
Gruber Henryk 467
Gruszecka-Nitschowa Aniela 124
Grynsztejn Jakub 359
Grzybowski Stanislaw 462, 472
Gutman Izrael 6, 167
Habsburgowie 11
Hafitka Aleksander 18, 24, 25, 33, 45, 152,
190, 219, 270, 304, 307, 314, 321, 340,
342, 377, 407
Haller Józef gen. 66
Halperin Jechiel 437
Halpern Leopold 19, 25, 36, 42, 57, 59, 98,
100, 130, 155, 300, 302, 307, 321, 434,
436, 475
Halpern Moszek Eliasz 37, 38, 493, 497
Harasz Antoni 130
Hartglas Maksymilian Apolinary 14, 23, 36,
37, 39, 40, 42, 49, 55, 71, 72, 99, 102-104,
106, 107, 115, 126, 129, 131-134, 136,
137, 150, 152, 155, 164, 168, 174, 177,
179-181, 183, 186, 189, 206, 209, 210,
217, 218, 220, 221,225, 236, 239, 240, 242,
243, 248, 249, 251, 266, 269-275, 277,
278, 280, 281, 289-291, 294, 295, 299,
302, 314-316, 326-328, 330-332, 334,
339, 340, 344, 346, 347, 351-353, 355-
-358, 368, 371, 374, 376, 381, 384, 385,
387, 436, 490, 493, 497
576
Hasbach Erwin 157, 301
Hass Ludwik 35, 164
Hauser Przemyslaw 26, 291
Hausner Artur 37, 182, 375
Hausner Bernard 177, 180, 209, 215, 228,
229, 234, 235, 273, 309, 368, 370, 375,
493, 497
Hecht Gedo 114, 426
Heine Heinrich 495
Heller Hersz Luzer 176, 182, 217, 227, 232,
235, 291, 314, 316, 319, 322, 327, 345,
347, 364, 493, 497
Helman Moszek Lejb 182, 493, 497
Hemar Marian 449
Hemmerling Zygmunt 25
Hensel Jurgen 14
Herse Boguslaw 347
Hertz Aleksander 20, 30, 31
Hescheles Henryk 168, 172, 181, 305, 349,
344, 351
Hirsch Maurycy de 114
Hirszberg Adolf 378, 414
Hirszhorn Samuel 37-39, 42, 47, 51, 61, 79,
82-84, 88, 91-95, 98-100, 109, 111, 121-
-123, 135, 159-161, 278, 319, 320, 330,
335, 336, 339, 343, 351, 388-390, 394,
408, 409, 415, 431, 432, 493, 497
Hitler Adolf 386, 388, 394, 399
Hlond August 448
Hoffman Jakub 449
Holzer Jerzy 439
Holôwko Tadeusz 39, 199, 295, 361, 420
Hoppe Jan 199, 444, 452
Hoppen-Zawadzka Jadwiga 30
Hutten-Czapski Emeryk 451
Hübner Zygmunt 248
Hyman Joseph C. 404
Ibsen Henrik 495
Ilski Konrad 246
Insler Abraham 176, 215, 286, 303, 304, 313,
318, 353, 372, 435, 493, 497
Ilköw Mikolaj 241
Jablonowski Marek 53
Jabionski Tadeusz 484
Jaeger Ignacy 360, 375, 378, 383, 404, 493,
498
Janicki Stanislaw 234
Janowski Oscar Isaiah 73, 74, 142
Januszajtis Marian 275
Januszewska-Jurkiewicz Joanna 30, 119
Jaroszewiczowa Halina 463, 464
Jaworski Wladyslaw L. 91
Jaworski Wojciech 16, 17, 26
Jeremicz Fabian 248, 282, 301, 357, 386, 405
Jeziorny Dariusz 74, 79
Johca Karol 453
Jôzwiak Stanislaw 479, 485, 534
Jundzill Zygmunt 413
Kacperski Kamil 35, 287
Kaczmarek Zygmunt 49
Kakowski Aleksander 419
Kamiehski, rabin 68
Kamiehski Antoni 245, 246
Karczewski Eugeniusz 24
Karlebach E. 262
Karliner Marek 6
Karpihski Stanislaw 187
Katelbach Tadeusz 80, 482
Katon Starszy 489
Kawalec Krzysztof 270
Kazdan Chaim 114, 116, 117, 120
Kerner Ignacy 359
Kçsik Jan 71
Kiel Mark W. 17
Kiene Benedykt 484, 485
Kiernik Wladyslaw 198, 247, 265, 515
Kirszbraun Eliasz 59, 144, 155, 156, 161, 167,
172, 176, 180, 214, 223, 250, 258, 271-
-273, 276, 277, 282, 285, 291, 307, 310,
314, 315, 326-328, 370, 375, 493, 498
Kleinbaum Mosze 19, 379, 385, 387, 409,
432
Koerner Mozes Eliasz 167, 176, 185, 190, 196,
201, 205, 206, 218, 225, 238, 271-273,
296, 314, 318, 319, 334, 340, 341, 344,
346, 347, 360, 364, 365, 373, 387, 494,
498
Kohn Bernard 269
Koko Eugeniusz 26, 56, 77
577
Koliszer Henryk 40
Kolodziej Edward 452
Komarnicki Wadaw 25, 37, 83, 86, 93, 99,
284, 349, 350, 429
Kondracka Mariola 164
Konopczynski Wladyslaw 24, 166, 261, 266
Korfanty Wojdech 42, 47, 57, 59, 141
Korol ec Jan 485
Korzec Pawel 80, 211, 269, 274, 311, 404, 443,
467
Koscialkowski Marian 315, 441, 443, 485
Kotowski Albert 275, 300
Kotula Kazimierz 89
Kowalski Jehuda Lejb 167, 495, 498
Kozicki Stanislaw 142, 143, 239, 398, 414
Kozlowski Leon 404
Kozminski Tadeusz 74, 76
Krasowski Krzysztof 111
Kronig Artur 203
Kruk Jözef 373
Krukowski Stanislaw 25, 90, 92-94, 100
Krylow Iwan 180
Krzywicki Ludwik 35, 464
Krzywiec Grzegorz 53
Kucharczak Michal 55
Kucharzewski Jan 119
Kuczynski Jözef 146
Kudelska Stefania 466
Kulisiewicz Wojciech 6
Kulski Witold 72
Kumaniecki Wladyslaw 81
Kuwalek Ryszard 308
Kwiatkowski Eugeniusz 467
Landau-Czajka Anna 26, 439, 487, 489
Landau Jerzy 472
Landau Mosze 159, 163
Landau Zbigniew 26, 129, 200, 229-231, 290,
292, 401, 402, 439, 485, 487, 489
Landsberg Markus 487
Langer Antoni 357
Laskowska-Gielo Justyna 443
Lerski George J. 142
Leser Maurycy Maksymilian 314, 328, 493,
498
Leszczynski (Leszczynskij) Jakub 10, 404, 457,
464, 468
Lesniewski Jözef gen. 60, 67
Lew 373
Lewalski Krzysztof 52, 461
Lewandowski Jözef 60
Lewandowski Zenon 126
Lewicki Dymitr 301, 309, 336, 351
Lewin Aron 176, 258, 259, 293, 296, 378, 380,
383, 386, 392, 394, 403, 418, 432-434,
493, 498
Lewin Isaak 21, 33, 443
Lewin Izaak Meir 437
Lewin Sabina 120
Lewinson Abram 221, 493, 498
Lewite Leon 142, 143, 179, 318, 319, 324
Lichaczow, pik 69
Lichten Jözef 62
Lieberman Herman 24, 40, 77, 248, 261, 279,
327, 351, 357, 358
Limanowski Boleslaw 193
Lindner Menachem 457
Listowski Antoni gen. 60
Litwihski Robert 470
Loewenherz Henryk 201, 289, 326
Loewenstein Natan 40
Lubelski Jözef 135
Lublinski-Stuczyhski Izrael 248, 293, 498
Lubomirski Kazimierz 509
Lutoslawski Kazimierz 37, 44, 48, 76, 82, 83,
93, 94, 98, 107, 108, 120, 166, 185
Lagodzihska Anna 116
Lopuszahski Tadeusz 123, 506
Lubiehski Michal 431
Luckiewicz Marko 192
Luczynski Aieksander mjr 60
Lukasiewicz Jan 471, 532
Lysiak Pawel 114
Macieszyna Wladyslawa 466
Mackiewicz Stanislaw ps. Cat 409, 477
Madajczyk Czeslaw 523
Mahler Raphael 345, 349, 390, 401, 423, 424,
472
Maj Ewa 52
578
Majchrowski Jacek Maria 38, 484, 486
Majcher Piotr 135
Makowski Wadaw 349, 383
Makowski Wladyslaw 44
Malinowski Marian 66
Malinski Kazimierz 44
Manterys Mateusz 266
ManteufFel Ignacy 263
Manko Slawomir 27, 198, 199
Mankowski, urzçdnik 148
Marchlewski Tadeusz 434, 442, 448, 459
Marcus Joseph 9, 405
Markowski Boleslaw 232
Marrus Michael 85
Marshall Louis 56, 142
Matakiewicz Antoni 135
Matfus Izrael 303
Matuszewski Ignacy 338, 350
Mauersberger Stanislaw 114, 116-118, 120,
361, 424, 426
Marylski Antoni 145
Melcerowa Röza z d. Pomeranc 164, 228,
493, 498
Meizer Emanuel 6, 301, 372, 386, 401, 432,
434, 438, 472
Mendelsohn Ezra 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 26,
31, 52, 78, 96, 128, 143, 162, 167, 168,
179, 261, 364, 402, 417, 429, 438, 464,
480, 487, 491
Mendelsohn Uszer 38, 124, 187, 190, 224,
378, 380, 413, 493, 495, 498
Meysztowicz Aleksander 279, 280
Mich Wlodzimierz 25, 32
Michowicz Waldemar 399, 400
Mieczkowski Adam 104
Miedzinski Boguslaw 398, 399, 453, 459
Miklaszewski Boleslaw 254, 259, 520
Milosz Czeslaw 30
Mineberg Lejb Jakub 258, 378, 380, 394, 404,
405, 412, 420, 423, 429, 433-436, 438,
440, 441, 443, 447, 453, 455, 456, 458-
-460, 476, 477, 493, 499, 525, 526
Mintz Mattityahu 13
Mirski, rabin 369
Mlodzianowski Kazimierz 270, 274, 276, 277,
288
Moraczewski J^drzej 37, 64, 65, 235, 261
Morawski Jozef 459
Morawski Kazimierz 194
Mosse George 168
Moszczenska Iza 12
Moscicki Henryk 38
Moscicki Ignacy 272, 435
Motzkin Leo 22, 262
Mrozewski Leonard 130
Mudryj Wasyl 434
Musialik Zdzislaw N. 58
Muzykant Sz. 355
Myslinski Jerzy 336
Nansen Fridtjof 245
Napiörkowski Aleksander 49
Narutowicz Gabriel 193, 194
Nazaruk Serhij 250
Netzer Szlomo 6, 26, 31, 43, 44, 144, 145, 150,
211, 513, 518
Niedzialkowski Mieczyslaw 96, 417
Niesiolowski, plk 67
Niewiadomski Eligiusz 194
Niezabytowski Karol 280
Nomberg Dawid Hirsz 38, 40, 42, 48, 493,
499
Nordau Max 16
Nossig Alfred 144-146
Nowak Julian 141, 150, 154
Ogonowski Jerzy 61, 118, 120, 124, 125, 222,
263, 267, 268, 357, 400, 473
Ohanowicz Alfred 412
Olpinski Karol 242
Olsejko Daniel 301
Olszowski Kazimierz 138
Osiecki Stanislaw 104, 209, 210
Paderewski Ignacy 54, 59, 73-76, 91, 138,
139, 143, 144, 509
Pahlen Konstanty 105
Panner Eisik 308
Papierzyhska-Turek M. 163
Paprocki Stanislaw 289
Paruch Waldemar 26, 270, 310, 446
Paschalski Franciszek 148
579
Patek Stanislaw 142
Peled Yoav 14
Pelczyhska Wanda 448, 455
Penkalla Adam 30
Penkover Monty Noach 400, 464
Perl Feliks 40, 76, 77, 125, 131
Perlmutter Abraham Cwi 18, 37, 38, 46, 59,
61,88, 90, 143, 493, 499
Perlowski Jan 244
Petlura Symon 69, 139, 159, 285, 301, 310
Pçcherski Mieczyslaw 428
Pfeffer Hirsch 46
Piela Michal 25
Piasecki Adam 350
Pieracki Bronislaw 398, 416, 417
Pietruszka Eliasz 487
Pietrzak Michal 25, 49, 140, 278
Pik Aleksander gen. 67
Pilarczyk Krzysztof 30
Pilch Andrzej 470
Pilsudski Jan 340, 394
Pifsudski Jözef 29, 31, 53, 66, 81, 82, 84, 91,
139-143, 192, 210, 253, 269, 271, 272,
275-278, 282, 289, 291, 293, 304, 305,
307, 308, 310, 329, 330, 333, 335-337,
339, 350, 363, 375, 398, 441, 447, 479,
491, 520
Pobög-Malinowski Wladyslaw 163, 165, 308,
309, 337, 339, 367, 376, 402, 404, 443,
449, 450, 474
Podoski Bohdan 383
Poincaré Raymond 262
Polak, rabin 369
Polakiewicz Karol 234, 235, 315
Politicus zob. Appenszlak Jakub
Polonsky Antoni 79
Poniatowski Juliusz 186, 459
Ponikowski Antoni 49, 84, 107, 140, 150, 197,
239
Potoczek Jan 135
Potul icki Michal 72
Pragier Adam 24, 162
Prçdzyhski Jözef 467
Preisic, rabin 68
Proweller Samuel 477
Pröchnik Adam 45
Pruszynski Ksawery 465
Pryc, pik 62
Prylucki Noach 36-39, 43-48, 59, 85, 86, 90,
100, 144, 145, 155, 157, 159, 160, 163,
165, 183, 200, 227, 236, 237, 240, 241,
243, 246, 249, 251, 253, 256, 259, 264,
266, 272, 274, 280, 282, 287, 288, 303,
306, 310, 375, 437, 494, 499
Prystor Aleksander 340, 406
Prystorowa Janina 458-460, 526, 527
Przezdziecki Henryk 63
Pudliszewski Abraham 21
Pulawski L 527
Putek Jözef 247
Raczkiewicz Wladyslaw 150, 442, 445
Radomski Grzegorz 26, 162, 252, 266, 483
Radziwill Janusz 446
Ragula Bazyli 157, 158, 279
Rasner Chaim 38, 51, 303, 314, 328, 494, 499
Rataj Maciej 24, 76, 77, 183, 188, 194, 195,
213, 235, 236, 266, 267, 271, 272, 281
Ratajczyk Stanislaw 485
Ratajski Cyryl 223, 251
Rauch Edmund 40
Reger Tadeusz 236, 247
Regnis zob. Singer Bernard
Reich Leon 16, 22, 37, 74, 79, 126, 127, 165,
168-171, 175-183, 185-188, 196, 197,
199, 200, 203-206, 208, 212-215, 217,
218-223, 231, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243,
244, 253, 272, 275-277, 279, 282, 284, 285,
299, 304, 305, 309, 311, 314-325, 328-
-337, 351, 354, 359, 360, 381, 399, 491,
494, 499
Reinharz Jehuda 167
Reizes Henryk 37, 176, 209, 494, 499
Rembielinski Jan 487
Richter Maurycy 396
Ringel Michal 158, 190, 223, 246, 253, 303,
324, 495, 499
Rolewicz Kazimierz 466
Roman Walery 334
Romanowowie 11
Romantsov Roman 114, 116, 118, 361
580
Rosenblatt Jerzy 37, 40, 130, 145, 251, 273,
314, 379, 385, 386, 494, 499
Rosenfeld Max 13, 37, 38, 494, 500
Rosmarin Henryk 176, 180, 185, 187-189,
202, 204, 215, 221, 231, 234, 278, 281, 314,
315, 318, 320, 323, 327, 338, 339, 342, 347,
368, 371, 373, 378, 379, 382, 383, 391, 392,
397, 403-405, 422, 432, 500
Rostworowski Wojciech 446
Rotfeld Adolf 311
Rothfeld 313
Rottenstreich Fiszel 166, 187, 190, 204, 290,
341-343, 378, 383, 384, 387-389, 392,
395, 396, 398, 403, 405-407, 410, 416,
417, 432, 494, 495, 500
Rottermund Stefan 85
Rozanski Przemyslaw 54
Rubin Jonas Hersz 167, 494, 500
Rubinstein Dawid 288
Rubinstein Izaak (Icchak) 190, 314, 323, 363,
433, 434, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444, 453,
457, 465, 468-471, 477, 494, 495, 500
Rudnicka Milena 425, 426
Rudnicki Jan 47, 241
Rudnicki Szymon 73, 141, 252, 261, 411, 458,
461,466, 468, 513
Rudzinski Eustachy 43, 77
Rundstein Adolf 143
Rusinek Zygmunt 228
Rutkowski Adam 6
Rutkowski Jerzy 448
Rybarski Roman 47, 385, 388, 390, 398, 405,
414, 445, 471
Ryszka Franciszek 25, 242
Rz^dkowski Jan gen. 70
Rzepecki Tadeusz 36
Samus Pawel 35
Sanojca Jozef 418
Sarnecki Adolf 449
Schiper (Szyper) Ignacy 10, 37-40, 42, 56, 78,
93, 94, 97, 117, 122, 123, 131, 176, 180,
186, 213, 217, 231, 237, 241, 246, 265-
-267, 286, 287, 468, 494, 500
Schmorak Emil 16, 299, 303, 311, 318, 324,
370,372-374
Schorr Mojzesz 183, 318, 435, 436, 438, 440,
441, 447, 450, 451, 460, 466, 467, 495,
500, 526
Schramm Tomasz 64, 80, 282
Schreiber Dawid 181, 183, 188, 189, 293, 232,
259, 272, 275, 279, 282, 284, 314, 316,
323, 324, 326, 328-331, 360, 370, 373,
494, 495, 500
Schwarz Kopel 167, 494, 500
Schwarzbard Szlomo 301
Schwarzbart Ignacy 24, 161, 314, 321, 324,
369, 370, 372, 393, 432, 474-479, 491,
494, 501
Seidenman Salomon 373, 474, 476, 479, 486,
487, 494, 501
S^dzimir Zygmunt 58
Shapiro Robert Moses 440
Shmeruk Chone 167
Sieczkowski Stefan 357
Sieradzki Wlodzimierz 263
Sikorski Brunon 457
Sikorski Tomasz 154
Sikorski Wladyslaw 184, 191, 195-198, 208,
210, 227, 229, 245, 246
Silber Markus 53, 79
Silberschein Adolf Henryk 182, 214, 494,
501
Singer Bernard ps. Regnis 48, 266, 389, 396,
400, 408, 454, 459, 475
Sioma Marek 470
Sirkis Lejzor 22, 494, 501
Skaradzihski Boh dan 68
Skirmunt Konstanty 212
Skladkowski Felicjan Slawoj 268, 279, 288,
289, 313, 322, 367, 420, 421, 442, 443,
448, 449, 452, 453, 463, 464, 466, 467,
478, 483, 538
Skrzyhski Aleksander 76, 181, 187, 202, 208-
-214, 219, 220, 222, 224, 237, 238, 256
Skulski Leopold 89, 93, 139, 144, 145, 509
Skwarczyhski Stanislaw 477-479, 481, 535,
537, 538
Slawek Walery 309, 336, 338, 340, 341, 347,
350, 368, 375, 391, 433
Smolka Franciszek 102
Smölski Stefan 222
581
Smulikowski Julian 261
Sobczak Mieczyslaw 26, 143
Sokolow Nachum 212, 213, 219, 317, 326,
346, 432
Soltan Wladyslaw 247
Solzenicyn Aleksander 70, 462
Sommerstein Emil 180, 185, 187, 227, 234,
237, 253, 263, 264, 271, 285, 312, 378, 382,
383, 389, 392, 395, 407-409, 412, 416, 418,
420, 425-427, 429, 432-445, 451, 453,
456, 457, 459, 460, 462, 465, 466, 468, 470,
471, 477-480, 487, 494, 501, 531
Sonnenschein Dawid 115
Sorocki 373
Sosna O. 346
Sosnkowski Kazimierz gen, 61, 63, 67, 71,
146, 200, 210
Spickermann Josef 87
Spira Leopold 433, 434
Stahl Zdzislaw 439
Staniszkis Teofil Witold 249
Stankiewicz Witold 24
Stawecki Piotr 53
Steczkowski Jan Kanty 105, 149
Steinhaus Ignacy 40
Stempel Fajwel 494, 501
Stern Abraham 449
Stoch Franciszek 442, 484, 485, 539
Stofypin Piotr 322
Stpiczyhski Wojciech 348
Streich Stanislaw 466
Strohski Stanislaw 215
Stuczyhski Michal zob. Lublihski-Stuczyhski
Izrael
Stupnicki Szmul 390
Styczyhski Tadeusz 134
Stypihski J. 429
Suchenek Henryk 315
Sudnik Wanda 6, 359
Sujkowski Antoni 276, 294
Sukiennik Jan 443
Suryc 373
Szabad Cemach 17, 160, 259, 392, 314, 316,
323, 495, 501
Szaflik Jozef Ryszard 24
Szapira Meir 167, 172, 251, 494, 501
Szapiro Chaim 68, 508
Szczepahski Janusz 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 68, 468
Szczepahski Wlodzimierz 478
Szechter Jankiel 355
Szel^gowski, kurator 427
Szembek Jan 451
Szenirer Sara 116
Szereszewski Rafal 190, 204, 237, 238, 309,
373, 377, 495, 501
Sztern Bernard 40
Szujski Józef 102
Szumilo Miroslaw 26, 302
Szwalbe Natan 161, 179, 180, 201, 203, 209,
214, 259, 313, 335, 336, 338, 340, 342,
343, 345, 369, 386, 389, 390, 417, 433,
454
Szwarz Kopel 167
Szymahski Julian 328, 334, 340, 524
Sleszynski Wojciech 466
Sliwa Michal 164
Sliwihski Artur 141,150
Smigly-Rydz Edward 536
Swi^tek Maciej 428
Swida Adolf 47, 137, 145
Swiderski Stefan 119
Swiezyhski Józef 137
Swiçtek Ryszard 24
Swiçtoslawski Wojciech 467, 469-471, 486
Switalski Kazimierz 24, 309, 333, 338, 382,
383
Tabaczynski Tadeusz 249
Taraszkiewicz Bronislaw 235, 265
Tarnowski Artur 449
Tartakower Arie 9, 85, 114, 116-120, 134,
260, 426, 437
Teiteîbaum Józef 305
Terlikowski Konstanty 446
Thon Abraham Ozjasz 23, 32, 37-42, 46, 47,
49, 53, 55, 56, 60, 74, 78, 81, 90, 97, 103,
126, 130, 131, 138-141, 152, 165, 166,
168, 171, 175, 176, 184, 194, 196, 204,
205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 216-218, 220-
-222, 260, 262, 269, 278, 280, 285, 293,
304, 305, 314-316, 321, 323, 324, 327-
582
-329, 333, 338, 343, 351, 360, 370-374,
378, 379, 382, 383, 385, 387-400, 402,
404, 405, 411, 419, 420, 422, 428, 432-
-434, 457, 471,491,494
Thugutt Stanislaw 174, 186, 203, 213, 222,
255, 256, 265
Tolischus Otto D. 464
Tomaszewski Jerzy 6, 18, 21, 26, 60, 80, 84,
85, 129, 200, 207, 211, 212, 229-231, 242,
265, 288-290, 292, 293, 401, 402, 421,
450, 452, 453, 455, 481, 485, 487, 518
Tomczyk Ryszard 301
Torunczyk Barbara 32
Tr^mpczynski Wojciech 41, 42, 46, 90, 194
Trockenheim Jakub Jankiel 289, 314, 435-
-437, 457, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466, 476,
478, 480, 482, 494, 495, 501, 525, 526
Truskier Abraham Adolf 155, 176, 190, 217,
221, 237, 272, 306, 309, 312, 495, 502
Trzeciak Stanislaw 486
Tuwim Julian 449
Tych Feliks 14
Tygiel Zelig 443
Urban Jan 80
Urb ahski Zygmu nt 117
Urynowicz Marcin 133
Utta August 386
Vago Bela 168
Wadawski Stanislaw 415
Walczak Zygmu nt 154
Walewski Jan 446, 451
Wandycz Piotr 96
Wapihski Roman 29, 58, 65, 216
Wasilewski Leon 142, 270
Wasiutyhski Wojciech 416, 439, 483
Wasyhczuk Antoni 216,265
Wawrzyhski Tadeusz 53
W^tor Adam 154
Weeks Theodore 12
Weinbaum Laurence 16, 346, 449, 450, 486
Weinzieher Salomon 37-39, 42, 90, 120, 129,
131, 135, 177, 178, 189, 213, 240, 272,
290, 494, 502
Welykanowicz Dymitr 426
Wenda Zygmunt 453, 481, 482, 486
Wieczorek Wojciech 30
Wierzbicki Andrzej 228, 241
Wierzbinski M. 46
Wierzbowski, referent 242
Wilson Woodrow Thomas 73
Winiarski Bohdan 350
Wise Stephen 450
Wislicki Waclaw 182, 187, 227, 237, 289-291,
309, 310, 327, 328, 331, 344, 373, 375, 378,
383, 385, 386, 433-435, 494, 497, 502
Witos Wincenty 24, 41, 42, 59, 60, 131, 139,
146, 147, 149, 191, 198, 199, 202, 210,
215, 229, 233, 239, 240, 397
Wlodarski Szczepan 25
Wodzicki Roman 486
Wojciechowski Bronislaw 447
Wojciechowski Stanislaw 54, 127, 145, 193,
194
Wojciechowski Wojciech 451
Wojtacki Maciej 353
Wolf Aron 324
Wolf Luden 212,213,244,245
Wolkonowski Jaroslaw 118
Wolkowicz Samuel 428
Wröbel Piotr 73, 308
Wroblewski Boleslaw 150
Wroblewski Wladystaw 145, 146
Wurzel Juliusz Artur 190, 196, 201, 204, 230,
253, 269, 276, 495, 502
Wydra Wojciech 479
Wygodzki Jakub 23, 163-169, 178, 184, 188,
191, 193, 196, 214, 236, 259-261, 266,
293, 296, 314, 316, 318, 325, 328, 335,
352, 362-364, 494, 502
Zaklenmann M. 237
Zaleski August 339
Zalewska Gabriela 144
Zamorski Kordian Józef 470
Zamoyski Maurycy 193
Zarychta Apoloniusz 449
Zarzycki Ferdynand 406
Zawadzki Wladystaw 400, 403, 405
Zdanowski Juliusz 52, 154, 216, 439
583
Zdziechowski Jerzy 210, 237, 238
Zellermayer Karol 477, 487
Zerbe Emil 291
Zernack Klaus 52
Zglinski Tadeusz 21, 487
Zieleniewski Leon 350
Zielinski Konrad 30, 53, 114, 115, 117, 118,
244, 247
Zielinski Zygmunt 73
Ziemiçcki Bronislaw 209
Zineman Jakub 13
Zundulewicz Bernard 433
Zwierzyriski Aleksander 358
Zabotynski Wlodzimierz 16, 449, 450
Zebrowski Rafal 98, 111, 112, 423, 458
Zeligowski Lucjan gen. 83
Zmigryder-Konopka Zdzislaw 477, 482, 495,
502
Zongollowicz Bronislaw 459
Zulawski Zygmunt 483
Zyndul Jolanta 13, 21, 80, 94, 114
JEWS IN THE PARLIAMENT
OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF POLAND
SUMMARY
The book is devoted to the activity of the Jewish members of parliament in
the period of the Second Republic of Poland. Therefore, the author does not
make more specific references to Deputies Jews or Deputies of Jewish origin,
who represented Polish political parties. Only to a small extent he acknowledges
the extra-parliamentary activity of Deputies, and he does so solely in the
scope related to their performance of Deputies duties. This is an exclusively
historical monograph, as opposed to a legal-historical work; hence, the author
is less interested in the legal aspect of the Deputies activity, although, due to its
importance, this, too, is taken into account whenever possible.
The research revealed that in the Sejm there had been reflected all the
fundamental problems troubling the Jewish community in Poland. Hence, a
broader description of particular phenomena and matters referred to by the
Deputies proved indispensable, as otherwise a reader would not have always
comprehended what they fought for in the Sejm. The debates pertaining to Polish-
Jewish relations, the position of the Jewish community in independent Poland, its
legal and economical situation, its future in Poland - those matters were crucial
during all the terms of the parliament. Jewish issues arouse not only during
debates devoted specifically thereto, but also during pronouncements not related
to them in any way. They were brought up by both Polish Deputies - whose
pronouncements were usually not free from anti-Semitic accents - and Jewish
Deputies, participating in the debates, attempting to determine effects which
particular bills would have on Jews.
In the monograph, the discussions in the Senate are regarded as supplementary
to Sejm debates. The Senate played a much less important role in both political
game and the legislative process. It was not vested with the legislative initiative,
and only considered acts passed by the Sejm, while the Sejm could reject the
Senate s amendments with the majority of 11/20 votes, i.e. a majority not much
larger than ordinary. During the debates held in the Senate, there were usually
evoked arguments similar to those already discussed in the Sejm. Also, the debates
in the Senate were not generally as heated as the ones in the other chamber. An
issue in itself became the relations within the Jewish Group, formed by MPs of
both chambers. Without the knowledge of them, it would be much more difficult
to understand the MPs behaviour and the strategy they chose to adopt.
561
Besides introduction, where the number and structure of the Jewish pop-
ulation, Jewish political parties, as well as sources and literature are discussed, the
work is divided into six chapters, in accordance with the number of the terms of
the Sejm. Each chapter treats of another term of the Sejm. Of six terms, three were
shortened. Two - due to political reasons; shortening of the third was a direct
result of the outbreak of the war.
All chapters are similarly structured. The description of elections is quite
elaborate, and provides a detailed illustration of the manner of becoming an MP,
as well as a depiction of persons who represented the said community. Further,
there are discussed the relations within the Jewish Group, and as regards Deputies
who were not members thereof - also their attitude, conditions for undertaking
actions and successively, the most important problems characteristic for each
term. Every chapter includes subsections on Jewish community - related mostly
to Jewish communes and education - as well as the reflection thereof in the Sejm.
Problems related to education were particularly complex, not only because of
policies pursued by the government, but also because of the complicated structure
of schooling, language-related problems, and interests of particular parties.
Therefore, in each chapter this issue is relatively broadly discussed. In each chapter
there are also presented economical problems and relations with the governments.
In order to enable readers to confront the contents of the book with the actual
state, 17 documents are included in the Annex, illustrating the most important
matters, primarily subsequent negotiations between the Jewish Group and the
government and the bills directly related to the Jews.
The Legislative Sejm (1919-1922). The first elections in independent Poland
were universal, secret, direct, equal and proportional. Womens suffrage was
introduced. The elections were held on 26 January 1919. The electoral geography
itself was to the disadvantage of the Jews. Towns with large Jewish populations
were a part of electoral districts dominated by rural population. The Jews could
independently acquire mandates only in large cities, primarily in Warsaw, Lodz,
Krakow, Lviv and Vilnius. There, however, they faced an obstacle in the form of
numerous lists and voting for the lists of Polish political parties. For the first time
in the history of Poland, Jews had their own representation in the Sejm. They
searched for their own place in independent Poland, whose development majority
of them attempted to loyally support. This was made difficult by the national
camp, both around the country, and in the Sejm.
In the Legislative Sejm, 11 Jewish Deputies split into three fractions: Zionist
(six Deputies), orthodox and folkist. Generally, the fractions cooperated within
the Free Union of Deputies of Jewish Nationality. Considering the party division
of the Jewish community, the cooperation of the three Jewish fractions proceeded
quite well. Retaining their independence, they formed a joint club and in most
matters were able to present a common front. This was particularly express in the
first period of the activity of the Sejm.
562
Jewish Deputies tried to reconcile the national interest with the raison detat
of the Polish State. A fundamental task was to ensure security and equality to
the Jewish population. The first pogrom took place in Kielce on 11 November
1918. Afterwards, there occurred a few dozen others. Pogroms in Lviv and Vilnius
cost lives of a few dozen victims. The Sejm dealt with those riots on numerous
occasions. During the term of the Legislative Sejm, Jewish Deputies represented
interests of Slavic minorities. The latter did not have their own representations, as
the elections had not been organized in the territories of Eastern borderland due
to ongoing war.
Jewish Deputies were decidedly in favour of the democratic state. Hence, they
most often voted similarly to parliamentary left parties. A few times, the enactment
of particular acts relied on their votes, e.g. the agrarian reform. Their attempts at
convincing the chamber to their opinions were only rarely successful. From the
very beginning of the struggle for power and influence, they supported Pilsudski.
In the Sejm, they took to cooperation with the left clubs representing Polish
Socialist Party (PPS) and Polish Peasant Party “Wyzwolenie.55 They considered
National Democracy hostile, as it pursued the national state, which assumed
inequality of citizens and limitations to participation of national minorities in the
affairs of the state.
The most important task of the Legislative Sejm was the passing of a
constitution. Jewish Deputies fought for a complete and actual guarantee of
equality, which they understood as: 1. Annulment of limitations introduced by
legislation of the occupant states; 2. Guarantees of equality included in the laws
passed in independent Poland; 3. Observance of the existent law. Along with the
central left clubs, they fought for a democratic nature of the state. They bestowed
most attention to articles specifying citizens rights and duties and proposed i.a.
adding a sentence “nationality or religion may not in any case be an obstacle in
exercising citizens5 rights, particularly the right to hold public and state offices.55
All their amendments securing rights of national minorities were rejected. Herein,
the great effort of the Jews is discussed, both during the constitutional debate and
the enactment of individual acts, to provide the laws passed with the form closest
to their ideas of the democratic Poland, treating all citizens equally. A great help
in this aspect were the provisions of peace treaties.
The peace treaty commonly referred to as the Treaty of Versaille vested the
states with the duty to protect rights of national minorities, also as regards the
freedom of religion and education. It also regulated the issue of citizenship. Its
interpretation became problematic - arguments ensued whether the treaty refers
to “permanent residence55 or “settlement.55 During the discussions on the act on
citizenship, the first interpretation was adopted. Thousands of Jews (600 000
according to endeks - members of the National Democracy), despite having lived
in the Kingdom for many years, did not have a registration of residence. Those
people became deprived of citizenship, and consequently - of numerous rights
enabling a normal life, e.g. the right to work. Also, they did not have voting rights.
563
In the words of Deputy Samuel Hirszhorm, “the act which we are proposed, is not
an act on Polish citizenship, but an act on oppressing members of different tribes.”
The said group was deprived of citizens’ rights until Pilsudski reinstated them after
the May Coup d’Etat (about 30 000 Jews received citizenship for the first time).
The issue of national and cultural autonomy was raised solely due to program
considerations. Those attempts were doomed to failure. The Polish State ultimately
acquired the features of a national state, although one third of its population
were national minorities. Such situation was a forecast of permanent conflicts
pertaining thereto, both in the Sejm and outside of it. In addition, Zionists and
folkists struggled for the Jews to be recognized as a nation, as this is indeed how a
part of the Polish society (including the national camp) perceived them.
An important element influencing Sejm debates were the fights continuing on
all Poland s borders, particularly the Polish-Soviet war which lasted a considerable
part of the term of the Legislative Sejm. The battles which took place in the years
1918-1920 evoked a surge of patriotism within the Polish society, but they also
strengthened the reluctance towards “others,” towards those, who did not show
enthusiasm or maintained indifference towards Poles’ pursuit of independence.
Although the Jewish people were not the only ones whom such accusations were
formulated against, the existent reluctance and hostility towards them escalated.
Announcements delivered by Jews on their loyalty to the state were not acknowl-
edged by the right, which accused them of treason. Numerous times Deputies
brought attention to the issue of army’s attitude towards the Jews, as well as the
discriminating attitude of army authorities. This was reflected in the debates on
acts specifying principles of military service.
Objections were raised by pronouncements, acts and resolutions which -
according to Jewish Deputies - harmed the Jews or violated the principle of equality
in any way Besides their forceful effort for the benefit of civic equality, the Jews
also struggled for economic equality. The act of 1919 on the labour time established
Sunday as the day off. As the Jewish holy day was Saturday, Jewish Deputies
suggested the possibility of choosing the day off, but their proposal was rejected.
Due to this, the Jews could not work two days a week, which lowered their income
and their competitiveness in relation to Christians. Attempts which the Jewish
Deputies made to amend this act continued in subsequent terms of the Sejm.
Efforts made during the term of the Legislative Sejm to obtain an agreement in
Polish-Jewish relations did not yield expected results, although at times it seemed
within reach, especially because the government acknowledged the necessity or
even the compulsion to realize some of the Jewish postulates. However, successful
negotiations were prevented by both consecutive changes of the government, and
before that - by concerns voiced by some politicians, sometimes strengthened by
anti-Semitic sentiments and attitudes within the Polish society, that the agreement
may lead to the fall of the cabinet, as well as by political opportunism of the
authority representatives. Actions undertaken by Jewish politicians also had an
impact. There became apparent the ideological and political division, the lack
564
of programme and strategy cohesion resulting therefrom, and also - occasional
making of unrealistic demands. It was believed that the Jewish problems could
be solved as a whole, and thus the attempts of obtaining partial solutions were
neglected.
The Sejm of the first term (1922-1927). Before the elections of 1922, na-
tional minorities formed the National Minorities Bloc. Zionist leader, Deputy
Icchak Grunbaum, wrote: “The Bloc is a historic event of crucial importance. [...]
Therein united are all those threatened in their rights to undertake a constitutional
battle - a battle for the right to live and develop freely against all oppression.” The
Bloc brought together Belarussians, Germans, Ukrainians from Volhynia (those
of Eastern Galicia boycotted the elections) and Jews (Zionists of Eastern Galicia
took part independently), hence - communities of dissimilar everyday interest.
From among the Jewish parties, Zionists and Aguda joined the Bloc. “Finally,
the Jewish street understood - as Apolinary Hartglas wrote - that party benefits
which the Jewish street obtains by fighting other Jewish factions, come at a too
great cost of external weakness.” All Polish parties disapproved of establishing the
Bloc. Objectively, the Bloc could be threating for the state, but its critics refused to
recognize the state policy towards the minorities as a reason for its establishing.
As a result of the elections, minorities received 22% of the mandates, which
included 8% (35 mandates) for the Jews. However, the strength of the Bloc was
weakened by disputes between minorities. The Sejm of the I term was the one
with the most numerous Jewish representation. It was the fifth largest club.
Isolated by Polish parties, it was not always able to sufficiently take advantage
thereof. Relations with minorities clubs were better, as in some matters they
proceeded jointly, but such a cooperation was far from what many Jewish
Deputies expected.
In the Sejm of the I term, the Jewish Group was one of the largest, and
against the general break-up of the Sejm, it extorted others to seek its support on
particular occasions. Generally, its programme was set by the Zionists. However,
the clubs influence was considerably hampered by its internal division into
fractions which continuously fought with one another. It seemed that within the
Jewish Group a conflict may arise between Zionists and non-Zionists. However,
a fundamental argument ensued between Zionist Deputies of Galicia and their
counterparts of the former Russian Partition. It was personfied by their leaders:
Leon Reich and Icchak Grunbaum. The disputes cost much time and effort, and
on a few occasions they made it impossible to agree on the content of both policy
and strategy of the Group in the Sejm. One side assumed that the situation of the
Jewish community shall improve by means of an agreement with the government,
while the other considered this approach purposeless, serving solely to disrupt the
cohesion of the Jewish community and to isolate it from other national minorities.
Therefore, the discussion referred to the fundamental principles of policy, the
methods of its realizaton, as well as political alliances.
565
The policy of the government and the stance of the Sejm are distincly different
before and after the Coup d’Etat of 1926. Before the Coup, the decisive influence
in the Sejm was exerted by the central left, which had not always been able to form
a government, but whose influence on the legislation was nevertheless significant.
Socialists, on the other hand, supported equality of the Jews, but due to doctrinal
reasons did not consider Jews a nation and were for an assimilation; hence, they
opposed Jewish postulates, especially as regards education.
The government of Wladyslaw Grabski took an attempt to regulate the relations
with national minorities. With reference to Jews, the talks with Deputies Leon
Reich and Ozjasz Thon were conducted by Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aleksander
Skrzynski. The government seeked support of the large Jewish Group in the Sejm
and also of American Jews in getting a loan. The Jews postulated: 1. Discontinuance
of economic restrictions; 2. Actual equality; 3. Tending to cultural needs. Reaching
the agreement was announced on 4 July 1925. The Jews declared “to be standing
firmly on the grounds of inviolability of the borders and defence of world-power
interests of Poland.” The government was ready to fulfill the postulates referring to
religion and some postulates related to education. However, it withheld its support
for all the other postulates. The agreement between the government and the Jewish
Group was questioned by both the Polish right and a part of Zionists. For various
reasons and only with small exceptions, the government did not fulfil the terms of
the agreement, but the very fact of obtaining an agreement proved that a settlement
was possible, provided good will on both sides.
Both before and after the Coup d’Etat, economic issues were commonly referred
to in the pronouncements by Jewish Deputies. A stance had to be taken on foreign
currency and tax reforms by Wladyslaw Grabski. A difficult economic situation of
Poland was taking its toll on all of the society. Jewish Deputies notoriously brought
attention to unequal treatment of urban and rural populations, arguing that the
first incommensurably bears the cost of the reforms. From this perspective they
also attacked the tax system and economic policy of the government, recognizing
the impoverishment of a mass of their voters most of whom had already been
living in indigence. They pointed to unjust repartition of state income, to
discrimination of the Jewish community by individual ministries, particularly
by the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment. They
defended their community not only from acts they considered faulty, such as the
act on Sunday rest, but also from actions of administrative and fiscal authorities,
frequently interpreting those acts to the disadvantage of the Jewish people. Only
rarely such actions yielded concrete results.
From the onset of independence, state and local administration adopted the
policy of restricting the economic role of the Jewish people, which was vigorously,
but futilely opposed by Jewish Deputies. As an immediate result of the takeover of
Galician railway, a few thousand Jewish railwaymen were laid off. Similarly, Jews
employed by state and self-government administration were dismissed. Economic
policy of the state was that of statism, which was expressed i.a. in establishing state
566
monopolies. At the end of 1920s, state factories were no longer available to Jewish
physical and clerical workers; e.g. past the introduction of the tobacco monopoly,
12 000 Jews were dismissed. At the same time, in 1925 about 30 000-40 000 Jewish
families who had the license to sell tobacco products, became deprived of work.
The restrictions affected not only state establishments or establishments in which
the state had its shares. An industrial act was passed, which practically precluded
young Jewish craftsmen from performing any professional activity.
The May Coup d*Etat is a mark line dividing the history of Polish parlia-
mentarism into two parts. Past the Coup, the authorities consequently pursued
the restriction of parliaments role. Jewish politicians, who understood equality
to be possible solely in a democratic system, faced a dilemma: defend democracy
or try to communicate with an authoritarian government. In a long run, any
attempts at reconciling those two contradicting aims had to fail. However, as long
as the pretenses of democracy were kept up, most Jewish Deputies made efforts
to communicate with the government. Cooperation was induced by pragmatism
resulting from historic experience and the fact that Sanation - which in the first
period of its rule solved a few issues important for the Jews, including the matter
of formal equality and citizenship - seemed an effective dam against national
democracy. During this time, the more radical and opposition-prone faction led
by Grunbaum experienced a downfall.
After the May Coup d’Etat, Jewish MPs found themselves in a difficult situation.
At first, they approved of Sanations policies with no major reservations. As time
passed, however, in view of restricting democracy, their reservations towards the
government grew stronger. Turning into opposition was aggravated by the fact
that the opposition stand was already taken by the national democracy, and also
by the divergence of opinions within the Group itself. Hence, the inconsistent
pronouncements and votings. For some this resulted in joining the opposition, for
others - in cooperating with the government This was the beginning of an end of
the Group uniting different options. However, the general outcome was positive for
the Jews. Before the Coup, an agreement with the government was concluded, and
afterwards - a few problems were solved, which were of importance for the Jewish
community. Nonetheless, this occurred not through the legislative activity of the
parliament, but by means of regulations passed by administrative authorities. The
input of energy of Jewish Deputies had to reflection in effects thereof. Neither the
Sejm, nor the governments took into account the demands formulated thereby,
and rejected all bills, motions and interpellations. The only period of a rather
meager success in economic policy were the last months of Grabskis cabinet and
the first months of Sanations rule.
The Sejm of the II term (1928-1930). Efforts exerted by Zionists of the former
Russian Partition to recreate a national minorities bloc in the form guaranteeing
the Jews a considerable representation proved futile. 12 Jewish electoral lists were
submitted. The Jewish group decreased threefold in comparison to its number in
567
the previous term. Throughout the term it was torn by internal quarrels between
Zionists from Galicia and the former Russian Partition. Those disagreements made
joint pronouncements of the already small Jewish representation difficult. Galician
Zionists were for cooperation, other Zionists had their grave reservations. In
addition, Jewish representatives were for the first time members of a Polish club,
moreover - a club of the governing party.
The Sejm of the II term was characterised by the establishment a united anti-
-government opposition, which was formed by six left parties and the centre,
forming the so-called Centrolew, central-left bloc. This was not a favourable
situation for the Jewish Deputies. Generally, they were ready to cooperate with
the government, on condition that it realized at least a part of their postulates.
One of them was “not resigning from democratic-parliamentary grounds.” The
government, however, was concerned with its contest with the opposition, and
not with the Jewish postulates. Centrolew, on the other hand, did not manifest
any will to cooperate with the Jews, who were also not eager to cooperate with it,
fearing the anti-Semitic National Alliance, remaining outside Centrolew, may gain
power in case the Sanations rule is overthrown.
The Group submitted motions, interpellations and memorials; it postulated,
asked, announced and appealed, but besides making Jewish matters heard, it did
not obtain any significant effects. During the two-year term, the Jewish Deputies
did not manage to realize a single postulate. The Sejm did not even pass an act
annulling legal restrictions from the period of partitions, although this matter was
very close to finalization.
The situation of the Jewish community not only did not improve, but outright -
as in the case of Jewish education - at all levels and spheres. After a short economic
recovery, the Jewish community felt the first results of the crisis, similarly to the
rest of Polish citizens. On the positive side, it shall be noted, that there were no
active anti-Semitic incidents. This was the only term of the Sejm when this issue
was not evoked in the pronouncements delivered by Jewish Deputies. A remark
by Jakub Appenszlak, a renowned commentator of “Nasz Przegl^d,” may serve as
a summary of the role of the Jewish Group during this term of the Sejm: “The
role of our representation in legislative bodies is so minute, that assuming a the
greater extent of influence of the Sejm and the Senate, the strength of the Jewish
representation, broken up and divided by its internal matters, would still almost
not count at all.”
The Sejm of the III term (1930-1935). The key issue during this term of
the Sejm was the economic crisis. Its effect on the Jews was grave, since “all
the problems were double-reflected in the Jewish community,” as a renowned
historian Rafael Mahler put it. This was the third and the last complete term of the
Sejm, as envisaged by the Constitution. An absolute majority of the government
Nonpartisan Bloc for the Cooperation with Government (BBWR) significantly
limited, and in many cases altogether annulled, the influence of other clubs on
568
the form of the acts passed. Hence, even the constitutional debate did not cause a
tension comparable to the one from the period of passing the March Constitution.
In this situation, for the opposition the Sejm became the forum of manifesting
views, another opportunity to refer to the public opinion. The government, on the
other hand, passed numerous acts aimed at ensuring its influence in the future
and limiting the role of other political parties.
The Jewish Group further eroded. The diminishig influence of Jewish parties
was the result of their mutual competitiveness and intra-party quarrels, BBWR
propaganda, the pressure of administrative authorities and, as may be suspected,
the voters general despondency. Other minorities suffered similar losses. As the
number of votes for all the Jewish parties diminished, mutual relations of influence
changed. Bund got 10% of the Jewish votes, i.e. 2% more than in 1928, and this
would soon prove to be an increasing tendency. Agudas influence also rose from
17.7% to 20%, while the Zionists of Galicia’s rose by 3%. Influence of the Zionists
of the former Russian Partition dropped by 8%.
The Jewish Group was becoming gradually less numerous, but it was more
unified as regards its composition. Generally, this accounted for the lack of internal
quarrels, which to a large extent paralised its activity in the previous term. As a
result of amending the Standing Orders of the Sejm, representatives of the Group
became members of specific Sejm committees only upon a consent of BBWR. In
its activity at the forum of the Sejm, the Group was torn between the necessity
to defend democracy and the will to retain good relations with the government.
At first, some Deputies were deluded into thinking that good relations with the
government will allow at least a partial realization of Jewish posulates. When they
became disillusioned, it turned out that the government was the only force able
to defend the Jews from the growing aggression of the increasingly more radical
national camp. In view of what was happening in Germany, the very idea of
the camp obtaining power proved the most effective at causing the Jews not to
criticize the sanation. It was during this term that the act was finally passed - late
by 10 years - annulling restrictions imposed on Jews by foreign administration
past partitions.
From the early 1930s, economic issues gained gravity. For a while they domi-
nated all others. Economic crisis had a much greater impact on Poland than it did
on more developed countries. This was due to a relatively low industrialization,
backwardness and fragmentation of agriculture, as well as overpopulation of rural
areas. The whole term was marked by concentration on the economic situation.
Deputies pointed to the tragic situation of the Jewish people. They brought attention
to the fact that the percentage of Jewish population relying on welfare was gradually
increasing, as the commerce came to a stand still, the craftsmen had no work, and
the rate of unemployment among Jews was much larger than among other groups.
They demanded the “right to work” to be realized with reference to the Jews.
Besides the aforementioned act annulling restrictions imposed on the Jews, the
government also partially realized another of Jewish postulates - the possibility to
569
publicly use the Jewish language. In 1934 the governement denounced the treaty
on the protection of national minorities. The Groups attitude towards the Sa-
nation was still dual - fighting the Sanation seemed pointless, as it appeared to
be the only force able to protect Poland from the rule of the national democracy.
At the same time, it was obvious for the Group that the Sanation has no intention
to undertake actions aimed at improving the situation of the Jewish people. This
duality was present with various intensity all throughout this term of the Sejm. It
was during the third term that the new constitution was passed. Already during
the discussions on the draft, Deputy Emil Sommerstein pointed that the new reg-
ulation demotes the Sejm to the role of a docile tool of the executive. The consti-
tution formally liquidated the system of parliamentary democracy and by i.a. an-
nulling the proportionality of elections, it automatically diminished the chances of
the dispersed Jewish population to introduce at least the same number of Deputies
into the Sejm as it has heretofore. Galician Deputies, contrary to the Groups reso-
lution, withheld their votes. Indeed, there remained the articles of the March Con-
stitution guaranteeing the right to retain nationality and minority rights.
During this term, the threat posed by the national camp was gradually rising,
not only as regards the propaganda, but also with reference to physical violence.
One of the leaders of the national camp announced in the Sejm that there is
no room for Jews in Poland and emphasized that the Jewish issue trangresses
economy and is a “fundamental issue of the Polish culture.” There rampantly rose
the number of active anti-Jewish incidents. There, the higher schools were the
most active. A commentary published in “Czas” could serve as a recapitulation
of the circumstances: anti-Semitism in Poland is “incredibly strong, incredibly
deep,” and the National Democracy only takes advantage of popular sentiments.
Jewish Deputies protested against the propaganda and anti-Semitic incidents. The
workers5 movement reacted thereto and so did, quite energetically, the public
administration.
The Sejm of the IV term (1935-1938). Electoral ordinance in force during
the elections of 1935 allowed the Sanation to control the composition of the Sejm.
The Jewish Group voted against the ordinance. All oppositional Polish parties
announced the boycott of the elections. Due to the new electoral ordinance, Jewish
parliamentary representation shrank to a symbolic size. It did not have any chance
to exort any sort of influence on the acts passed. Once more, its priorities changed.
Again, the issue of personal security and property security was considered crucial.
Very soon after obtaining the formal equality, the Deputies were forced to protest
against - rathern than actively fight - imposing statutory limitations on Jews and
against the anti-Jewish propaganda.
Aguda and some Zionists called for participating in the elecitons. Ultimately,
the club was composed solely of four Deputies and two Senators, nominated by
the President. They were aware of the fact, that they would have no influene on the
content of resolutions passed. However, “we decided we could not resign from any
570
outpost, any tribune - Emil Sommerstein said - from which our voice could be
heard to make our situation known and our detriments retorted.” Introducing the
new electoral ordinance resulted in a drastic reduction of the Jewish representation
in the parliament. In view of an increasingly difficult situation, they acted jointly,
regardless of their political stance.
During this term, it became obvious that the Sanation does not intend to or will
in any way improve the situation of the Jewish community. This was reflected in
the manner the Jewish Deputies voted on particular bills, but at the same time the
Deputies were absolutely aware that only the Sanation may actually suppress the
active anti-Jewish incidents. Jewish Deputies could do nothing but protest against
them, such as they demurred to acts limiting the possiblity to conduct business
activity, to find jobs or limiting the rights of Jews as citizens. Also, for the first
time they could count on the general and organized support of the Jewish society,
significantly affected by the introduced changes. Jewish Deputies continuously
opposed increasing authority of the administration, they defended the remains of
democracy or proposed democratic solutions in their bills submitted to the Sejm.
The relations with the Sanation may be divided into two stages, demarcated
by the death of Pilsudski. In its search for ideology, the Sanation more and more
often reached for nationalist slogans. At the same time, the anti-Jewish campaign
launched by the national camp was becoming increasingly more aggressive - the
national democracy regarded it as a means of influencing the masses and a chance
to compete with the Sanation. The 1930s, especially the second half, were the worst
period in the history of Polish-Jewish relations, as this is when the anti-Jewish
campaign was at its peak - indeed, with the Sanations participation. According
to the concordant opinion of the leaders of the two political movements, the
campaign was met with support among the Polish society, although the extent of
it can not be specified.
Until 1935, Aguda supported the governments. Also, some Zionists were ready
for constructive opposition. They were so inclined not only by the policy pursued
by the government, but also by their fear of the national camp. After the May
Coup d’Etat, the government solved a few issues of importance for the Jewish
people. As opposed to the actions undertaken by the central right, no anti-Jewish
agitation was conducted. This changed after 1935, as the Sanation was gradually
taking over the slogans and demands od the national democracy. In 1936, Prime
Minister Felicjan Skladkowski declared a “‘yes to the economic struggle, but
a ‘no’ to the harm.” There appeared appeals claiming Jews must leave Poland and
a few acts restricting the Jews were passed. In 1937, a new government party was
etablished - Camp of National Unity (OZN), whose programme included the
demand for expelling Jews from Poland. Anti-Semitic agitation was taking place
all throughout the Second Republic of Poland, most intensely in its first and last
years. Anti-Semitic rhetoric was first employed by the government camp already
during the previous term of the Sejm.
571
Intensified anti-Jewish propaganda in 1930s brought about a series of anti-
Jewish manifestations in higher schools, including incidents with fatalities. Prime
Minister Felicjan Skladkowski reported in the Sejm, that in 1936 in Bialystok
Voivodeship there took place 348 anti-Jewish incidents (21 of which were
mass events), 99 assaults (including three fatal assaults). Pogroms broke out in
Bialystok, Minsk Mazowiecki, Przytyk and other towns. The struggle for the safety
of Jewish people become the fundamental task of Jewish Deputies. Active anti-
Semitic incidents were undesirable from the point of view of state authorities, but
they fit in the general policy conducted by the national camp and the Sanation
which kept growing similar thereto.
The government adopted a different approach than the national camp - the
legistlation. It passed acts which did not explicitly mention the Jews, but in
reality were aimed at restricting their participation in the economic life, and in
the long run - at exiling them, which seemed to be the ultimate goal of the anti-
Jewish actions. A consent to economic boycott was convenient for the national
democracy, for which the slogan of boycott and supporting “Polish” commerce
served to organize its propaganda and actions in the field, thus mobilizing masses
for the anti-Sanation action. Sanation leaders also used anti-Jewish slogans in their
propaganda ever more often. They introduced them into the official circulation via
the OZN programme and its publications.
In 1936, the economic situation in Poland generally improved, but commerce
and craft, where most Jews were employed, suffered greatly during the crisis and
the effects thereof were lingering. A serious problem was the boycott conducted
by the national camp. Beginning with 1936, a number of bills was submitted to the
Sejm, aimed at eliminating Jews from various fields of business activity. The first
and the most notorious was the bill on prohibition of the ritual slaughter.
The act on prohibition of ritual slaughter directly affected both the religious
principles and the very existence of Jews. In 1936, an act was passed which
fundamentally restricted this sort of slaughter, and its subsequent amendments
led to its total prohibition. As Jewish Deputies pointed, the act violated the
Constitution, as it interfered with religious principles. Jewish religion introduced
very strict provisions as regards the preparation of meat for consumption.
Therefore, the slaughter was conducted by specialized ritual slaughterers. As a
result of passing the accompanying acts, they were the ones who lost their jobs,
along with thousands of other workers.
The Sejm, at times in defiance of the government’s opinion, began to pass acts
aimed at limiting the role of the Jews in economy. This goal was not concealed in
the Sejm, but in the acts themselves it was not expressly formulated. Subsequent
acts of this kind were the act on the production of objects of worship and the act
on the system of the Bar, which was not solely of enonomic nature. Other actions
directed against at the Jews undertaken by some city governments included
moving the marketplaces outside of city limits, as well as organizing market days
on Saturdays. With reference to higher education, the government allowed schools
572
to introduce Ghetto benches. Also, a few other anti-Jewish bills were submitted,
but the government did not refer those for a debate.
Economic anti-Semitism lasted the full two decades. Agitating for economic
boycott transformed into aggression. Deputy Emil Sommerstein pointed, that this
sort of prejudice “has continued for many years, by means of acts, regulations,
statism and rationalisation, a faulty tax system, and a unilateral method of its
execution via regimentation, rationing, licenses, sindicates and central offices,
refusing Jewish economic and cooperative agencies the credit from public funds,
as well as government and territorial government deliveries.” Deputy Mincberg
posed a question: “In the atmosphere of instilled and fed anger, can the Jewish
people undertake any gainful employment which would allow them to normally
perform enonomic functions?”
The Sejm of the V term (1938-1939). This term of the Sejm, which lasted
only a few months, continued under the threat of imminent war. Neither the
size, nor the policy or tasks of the Jewish Group have essentially changed. Jewish
Deputies were practically active only during the spring budget session. They spoke
numerous times, both before the whole Sejm, and before Sejm committees, trying
to prove that speakers submitting postulates to restrict the Jews economically,
provide inflated data as regards participation of the Jews in the economy.
The Sanation additionally strengthened its anti-Jewish rhetoric. A few further
Deputies’ bills were submitted, which included the “solutions” to the Jewish
issue, some of which were directed at separating Jews and Poles. In this term of
the Sejm, none made it past the Sejm committees. It shall be emphasized that
the government and parliamentary majority did not succumb to the pressure
of individual Deputies and until the very last moments any attempts at formal
restriction of citizens, including their segregation into separate categories, were
rejected. No acts or regulations referred specifically to the Jews. The problem of
emigration became the leading slogan for both the Sanation and the national
democracy, which were indifferent as to where the Jews go, as long as they leave
Poland. The only considered the methods of enforcing the emigration and the
costs thereof. This problem was often referred to in the pronouncements by Jewish
Deputies, who outright persuaded the authorities to help organize the emigration
to Palestine.
The last sitting of the Sejm was already held after the bombardments began.
On behalf of the Jewish Group, Salomon Sejdenman announced once more that
the Jewish people in Poland remain, with no reservations, at the disposal of the
High Command and answer the appeal, ready to take any sacrifice which the
historic moment requires. He was applauded by the Chamber. This was the only
applause a Jewish Deputy received during this term, and there were but a few such
occasions in previous terms.
Translated by Katarzyna Bartuzi
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|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rudnicki, Szymon 1938- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141918225 |
| author_facet | Rudnicki, Szymon 1938- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rudnicki, Szymon 1938- |
| author_variant | s r sr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042995458 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)958158562 (DE-599)BVBBV042995458 |
| edition | Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. |
| era | Geschichte 1919-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1919-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042995458 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:14:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376664125 9788376663630 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-028420826 |
| oclc_num | 958158562 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 588, [1] s., [20] s. tabl. (w tym kolor.) 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Sejmowe |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rudnicki, Szymon 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)141918225 aut Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej Szymon Rudnicki Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. Warszawa Wydawnictwo Sejmowe 2015 588, [1] s., [20] s. tabl. (w tym kolor.) 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: Jews in the Parliament of the Second Republic of Poland Bibliogr. s. 546-560. Indeks Polska / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922-1939) jhpk Polska / Sejm Ustawodawczy (1919-1922) jhpk Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1919-1939 gnd rswk-swf Żydzi / Polska / historia jhpk Parlamentarzyści żydowscy / Polska / 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 b Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1919-1939 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rudnicki, Szymon 1938- Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej Polska / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922-1939) jhpk Polska / Sejm Ustawodawczy (1919-1922) jhpk Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Żydzi / Polska / historia jhpk Parlamentarzyści żydowscy / Polska / 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1222742-0 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_auth | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_exact_search | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_full | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej Szymon Rudnicki |
| title_fullStr | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej Szymon Rudnicki |
| title_full_unstemmed | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej Szymon Rudnicki |
| title_short | Żydzi w parlamencie II Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_sort | zydzi w parlamencie ii rzeczypospolitej |
| topic | Polska / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922-1939) jhpk Polska / Sejm Ustawodawczy (1919-1922) jhpk Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Żydzi / Polska / historia jhpk Parlamentarzyści żydowscy / Polska / 1900-1945 jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polska / Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922-1939) Polska / Sejm Ustawodawczy (1919-1922) Polen Sejm Żydzi / Polska / historia Parlamentarzyści żydowscy / Polska / 1900-1945 Juden Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028420826&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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