Sisteme de partide contemporane 4 Dinamica sistemelor de partide din Federaţia Rusă, Europa Central-Răsăriteană şi China
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2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Studii de ştiinţe politice
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ABSTRACT
This volume discusses the main issues related to the manifes-
tation of communist parties as permanent parties of government,
as unique parties of political and national integration in the for-
mer Soviet Union, in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe,
in China, etc. The paper aims to analyze: the genesis and the dy-
namics of communist one-party systems; the political and social
essence and the characteristics of the government exercised by
the Communist parties, as leftist totalitarian ; the
periodic crises and the collapse of «real socialism», as Soviet
model of political and social organization; the transition from the
political monolithism and dictatorship to political, ideologically,
cultural, spiritual, programmatic pluralism, therefore, to repre-
sentative democracy, based on regular, free consultation of the
citizens and on respecting of their will, expressed by universal,
equal, direct and secret suffrage.
«Socialist political systems» — designed by communist par-
ties and focused on this type of party, the only relevant political
agent of the whole network of political institutions — were
imposed especially in societies arrears as political and social de-
velopment, that had or have known only weak and ephemeral
democratic experiences in the nineteenth century — „the century
of liberalism“ — when the conservative forces either have
blocked the triggering of the revolutions or have defeated them,
or have refused the modernizing reforms. As a result, on the
background of historical ruptures in the first part of the twentieth
century — when the liberal political order broke down in the
most part of Europe — such societies have rejected not only the
political model, materialized in political rights, in freedom and
tolerance, in institutions of representative democracy, whose me-
SISTEME DE PARTIDE DIN FEDERA ŢIA RUSĂ, EUROPA DE EST, CHINA 465
chanisms of decision-making and decision-influencing allowed
the access of the representatives of all social categories, in all in-
stitutions of power, but also the other directions of moderniza-
tion, that liberalism has credited to. The communism — in its
main hypostases: political party, ideology/project of society, mo-
del of political and social organization — was the protagonist
that triggered «the total revolution» and revived regularly its
spirit. The communism eliminated, usually, the capitalism and
pre-modem systems, especially from non-European spaces, and
experienced «the total society», namely the undemocratic so-
cialism, without democratic principles, without connection with
the values of modem democracy. This socialism without demo-
cracy was tantamount to a project and a set of ideals foreign to
legitimate aspirations of all vulnerable social groups, seeking the
equality and social justice.
The essence of the political systems of socialist countries —
variants without precedent of the dictatorial or tyrannical for-
mulas — was that of leftist totalitarian systems. Relevant ana-
lyzes of political science, political philosophy, sociology of par-
ties — elaborated especially by Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew
Brzeziński, Hannah Arendt, Maurice Duverger, Raymond Aron,
Norberto Bobbio, Jean Ellenstein, Aleksandr Soljeniţîn, Roy
Medvedev, Dimitrie Gusti and others — maintained — as we
shall argue in this book — that the communist party, as perma-
nent ruling party, manifested itself as «totalitarian narty». It has
imposed itself both in the USSR and in other countries of «the
real socialism» as the sole agent and the unique center of politi-
cal and social decisions and control, of initiative and socio-poli-
tical mobilization. As such, the political system, as a whole, had
the same nature as the totalitarian party, because it was his work.
Our analysis — based mainly on the investigation of the rele-
vant official documents issued by the representative bodies of
the communist parties — sought to decode the cryptic messages
of the authorities in the most countries of «the real socialism»
and to highlight the contrast between the self-definition and the
actual essence of communist systems.
The paper approached this goal from primary sources: general
political programs, programs in various fields, directives of so-
cio-economic development, ideological orograms, objectives/prio-
466
CONSTANTIN NICA
rities of the congress, national conferences, plenary of the narrow
decision-making structures of the parties in question. Thus, were
revealed the ambiguities, confusions, inconsistencies of the Le-
ninist and Stalinist projects, of their national variants with res-
pect to the nature of power and to the inseparable relationships
between its essence and that of the party. Likewise, the volume
qualifies the communist mono-parly system as a fundamental
factor — generator and conservative — of the structures and
devices of sociopolitical systems that it designed, imposed and
dedicated from the exclusive logic of the dictatorial running,
logic actually opposite to the messages of the documents, to the
„main“ statements of all communist leaders. This flagrant con-
trast between the statements of the communist coryphaeus, from
V. I. Lenin to Mao, and the substance of the political construction
embodied in the «socialist political systems» is revealed — and
thus exposes his protagonists — even from the evaluation of
the manner in that were established the one-party communist
systems.
The clarifications which paper proposes explain both the
essence and functioning of the systems and their dynamics and
collapse. Thus, through the concentration of power in the party,
both the ordinary members of the party and the political institu-
tions, apparently distinct from the party, remain outside the de-
cision-making mechanism, immortalized by the leading nucleus,
which is directed by the General Secretary. Regarding the dyna-
mic and especially the collapse, it follows that this complex
could not reform itself because any reform would have meant
certain compressions of the party functions and this perspective
would attract diversity, pluralism, alternation. As such, being
unable to reform themselves, the communist systems were
doomed to collapse, to disappear. The failure of the communism
and the collapse of the communist party have made possible the
revival of democracy and the restore of pluralism in Central and
Eastern Europe, the emergence and the consolidation of political
and philosophical pluralism in the Russian Federation and, thus,
the end of the East-West ideological bipolarity — clearly per-
ceived as «the end of history» — and the origin of the rethinking
China’s political and social model.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ...................................... 5
Chapter I
GENESIS OF THE COMMUNIST ONE-PARTY SYSTEMS......... 15
A. THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM.............. 16
Tsarism crisis and the political changes from Russia
in 1917.......................................... 16
The profile of Soviet political system............ 36
B. T HE EXPANSION OF THE SOVIET TYPE POLITICAL
SYSTEM......................................... 46
USSR — global superpower with exclusives „spheres
of influence“.................................... 47
The establishment and the strengthening of the communist
one-party systems in other areas.............. 56
Chapter II
ONE-PARTY SYSTEMS IN THE COUNTRIES OF «REAL
SOCIALISM» — CARACHTERISTICS, COMPONENTS,
FUNCTIONING................................... 72
A. DEFINING FEATURES................................ 76
The socialist option................................ 76
The working class — driving social force .......... 93
The unity and uniqueness of power — reflexes
of the homogeneous social structures............ 102
The limitation of states sovereignty by institutional forms
of integration...................................119
494 CONSTANTIN NICA
The communist ideology — an extremist expose.........137
B. THE COMMUNIST PARTY — FUNCTIONAL
FEATURES...........................................153
THE COMMUNIST PARTY — SINGLE CENTER OF DECISION
AND POLITICO-SOCIAL INITIATIVE.....................157
The communist parties, permanent ruling parties —
politico-ideological arguments.....................159
The communist party — as constitutional category.....170
THE UNIQUE PARTY DOCTRINE AND THE LEADER POLITICAL
ROLE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY........................175
The original vision of the Communist Party...........177
The Stalinist-Bolshevik theory on «the new type party»....182
The theory on party in the leaders’ view from the ruling
Communist parties..................................191
The theory of the Communist Party — the ruling party
in Nicolae Ceau§escu’s work........................198
THE EXERCISING OF THE LEADERSHIP BY THE COMMUNIST
PARTIES «WITHIN» THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
STRUCTURES........................................ 223
The function of coordination and organization of the social
and economic development...........................232
The ideological and educational function, the function
of ideological orientation and development of culture,
of forming the new man.............................237
PHENOMENA OF LEADING AND PERSONALIZATION
OF THE POWER IN PARTY, STATE, SOCIETY..............247
The authoritarian organization and the party oligarchy....250
The Secretary General — headquarters of power
in the party.......................................266
C. THE RADIAL INFLUENCE OF THE PARTY IN THE
POLITICAL UNIVERSE................................. 273
«The socialist state» — «the dictatorship of the proletariat»
and «the state of the whole people»................276
«The socialist state» — «the dictatorship of the communist
arties»...............................................285
SISTEME DE PARTIDE DIN FEDERA TIA RUSA, EUROPA DE EST, CHINA 495
D. THE ORGANIZATIONS OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION
AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION......................291
The social and public organizations — actors subordinated
to the communist parties........................293
The social organizations and «the democratic
formations» — typological structures and functions.299
Chapter III
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRISES AND ATTEMPTS
OF REFORMATION IN THE COMMUNIST SYSTEMS.......313
A. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRISES.......................314
The crises in the ’50s............................314
The crises in the 60s and 80s........................330
B. ATTEMPTS AND PROJECTS OF REFORM................337
De-Stalinization and «democratization»............338
Economic and social reform projects...............344
Chapter IV
THE TRANSITIONS FROM SOCIALISM TO CAPITALISM
AND TO THE ESTABLISHMENTS OF PLURALIST PARTY
SYSTEMS...........................................376
A. THE COLLAPSE OF THE COMMUNIST MODEL
IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND IN USSR ....378
«Perestroika» — content and meaning...............378
The failure of the project of reforming the socialism
in Central and Eastern Europe and in the USSR......389
The collapse of the communist system and of the unique
party in Romania................................405
B. THE GENESIS AND THE DYNAMICS
OF THE MULTIPARTY SYSTEM — CASE STUDIES............417
THE PARTY SYSTEM IN POLAND........................422
The dissolution of the Polish United Workers’ Party
and the re-founding of pluralism................422
The multiparty system — formation and evolutions..425
496
CONSTANTIN NICA
THE PARTY SYSTEM IN RUSSIA — TYPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE ...431
The dominant party — definition and features......431
The party system in Russia — to pluralism with dominant
or quasi-dominant party...........................438
C. THE COMMUNIST PARTY AND „THE CHINESE WAY“
OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MODERNIZATION.............447
Communist Party — the protagonist of „the revolutionary
assaults“ and of the failures of Maoism...... 448
Communist Party — the main agent of modernization
in post-Maoist China...........................456
CONCLUSIONS.................................. ....461
ABSTRACT........................................ 464
NOTES.............................................467
Apărut: 2013
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| spelling | Nica, Constantin Verfasser (DE-588)1036512495 aut Sisteme de partide contemporane 4 Dinamica sistemelor de partide din Federaţia Rusă, Europa Central-Răsăriteană şi China Constantin Nica Bucureşti Inst. de Ştiinţe Politice şi Relaţii Internaţ. 2013 496 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Studii de ştiinţe politice Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Parteiensystem (DE-588)4075906-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Parteiensystem (DE-588)4075906-4 s Geschichte z DE-604 (DE-604)BV040267894 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028194763&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028194763&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nica, Constantin Sisteme de partide contemporane Parteiensystem (DE-588)4075906-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075906-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Sisteme de partide contemporane |
| title_auth | Sisteme de partide contemporane |
| title_exact_search | Sisteme de partide contemporane |
| title_full | Sisteme de partide contemporane 4 Dinamica sistemelor de partide din Federaţia Rusă, Europa Central-Răsăriteană şi China Constantin Nica |
| title_fullStr | Sisteme de partide contemporane 4 Dinamica sistemelor de partide din Federaţia Rusă, Europa Central-Răsăriteană şi China Constantin Nica |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sisteme de partide contemporane 4 Dinamica sistemelor de partide din Federaţia Rusă, Europa Central-Răsăriteană şi China Constantin Nica |
| title_short | Sisteme de partide contemporane |
| title_sort | sisteme de partide contemporane dinamica sistemelor de partide din federatia rusa europa central rasariteana si china |
| topic | Parteiensystem (DE-588)4075906-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Parteiensystem Russland China Osteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028194763&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028194763&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040267894 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicaconstantin sistemedepartidecontemporane4 |