Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii 4 Omagiu dedicat istoricului Gelu Neamţu, la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani
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2014
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biografii paşoptiste |b culegere de studii |b = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary |n 4 |p Omagiu dedicat istoricului Gelu Neamţu, la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani |c Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie "George Bariţiu" ; Volum coordonat de Gelu Neamţu |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819751611244740608 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Cuprins
Ela Cosma
Istoricul Gelu Neamtu - Biografia operei..........................................9
Mihaela Bedecean
Cercetätor §tiintific I dr. Gelu Neamtii - BMiografia selectivä a operei .21
Hr
Biografia natiunii - Incepätorii
loan Bolovan
De la Supplex Libellus la programul politic romänesc din timpul de la
1848-1849 din Transilvania: statisticä §i ideologic...................47
*
Doctorii sufietului - Biserica Ortodoxä Romänä
Iosif Marin Balog
Andrei §aguna §i revolutia din Transilvania (1848-1849)................54
Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan
Impactul Revolutiei Pa§optiste asupra Bisericii Ortodoxe din Ardeal....67
*
Doctorii sufietului - Biserica Greco-Catolicä Romänä
Gheorghe Naghi
§tefan Moldovan in revolutia din 1848-1849. Documente inedite..........90
§ipo§ Ibolya
Aloisiu Vlad de Sali§te §i Unirea cu Biserica Romei in lumina unui manuscris din
perioada postpa§optista................................................115
Aurel Pop
Petru Bran, un satimrean ilustru.......................................145
*
Doctorii trupului
Oana Habor
Pavel Vasici, autorul primei reviste romane§ti cu profil medical din Transilvania.176
*
5
Oamenii arme
Nicolae Boc§an
Revolutia romänä de la 1848 in izvoare ruse§ti 1848)...............197
Vasile Tutula
Gubemiul, Dieta §i armata in Transilvania la 1848. De la la räzboi ...210
Vasile Lechintan
Romänii §i revolutia de la 1848-1849 in Tur da.....................226
Bogdan Briscu
Armata populara romäneascä (Landsturm) in Räzboiul National din Transilvania
din anii 1848-1849.................................................252
Varga Attila
Pe camp de glorie. Generalul Henryk Dembin §i asediul Timi§orii - memorii
intime (vara lui 1849).............................................268
Daniela Dete§an, Tatiana Onilov
Generalul Gustav Hristianovici Hasford §i militara rusä in Oltenia
(1848) §i Transilvania (1849)......................................279
Ela Cosma
Editarea critica a manuscriselor lui Avram Iancu in limba germanä. Un raport
necunoscut cätre impärat (4 martie 1850)...........................313
*
Biografía natiunii - Complinitorii
loan Chindri§
Maramure§ul. De la 1848 la Marea Uniré.............................392
Alexandra Päeurar
Ion C. Brätianu, väzut, perceput §idescris de contemporanul sau, George
in revista „Albina Carpatilor .....................................400
Valentin Orga
George Baritiu §i nepotii säi: Aurel §iAlexandra Vlad Victor Bontescu, in slujba
idealului national.................................................416
English Abstracts of the Studies...................................447
Cuprinsul volumelor aparute pana acum in colectia Biografii Istorice
Transilvane........................................................475
6
Summary
Ela Cosma
Historian Gelu Neamtu - Biography of His Works .......................9
Mihaela Bedecean
Senior Researcher PhD Gelu Neamtu - Selective Bibliography of His Scientific
Work..................................................................21
*
Biography of the Nation - The Beginners
loan Bolovan
From Supplex Libellus to the Romanian Political Program during the 1848-1849
Revolution in Transylvania: Statistics and Ideology...................47
*
Doctors for Soul and Mind - The Romanian Orthodox Church
Iosif Marin Balog
Andrei §aguna and the Revolution in Transylvania (1848-1849)..........54
Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan
The Impact of the 1848-1849 Revolution on the Orthodox Church in Transylvania ...67
*
Doctors for Soul and Mind - The Romanian Greek-Catholic Church
Gheorghe Naghi
Stefan Moldovan in the Revolution of1848-1849. Unpublished Documents..90
§ipo§ Ibolya
Aloisiu Vlad de Sali§te and the Union with the Church of Rome in the Light of a
Manuscript from 1855.................................................115
Aurel Pop
Petru Bran, an Illustrious Character from Satmar.....................145
*
Doctors for Soul and Body
Oana Habor
Pavel Vasici, Author of the First Romanian Medical Magazine in Transylvania ...176
7
*
Men-at-Arms in 1848-1849
Nicolae Boc§an
The 1848 Romanian Revolution in Russian Sources (March-August 1848).197
Vasile Tutula
Gubemium, Diet and Army in Transylvania in 1848. From Revolution to Civil
War.................................................................210
Vasile Lechintan
The Romanians and the 1848-1849 Revolution in Turda.................226
Bogdan Briscu
The Romanian Folk Army (Landsturm) during the National War in Transylvania
in 1848-1849........................................................252
Varga Attila
On the Field of Glory. General Henryk Dembihski and and the Siege of Timisoara
- Intimate Memories (Summer 1849)...................................268
Daniela Dete§an, Tatiana Onilov
General Gustav Hristianovich Hasford and the Russian Military Intervention in
Oltenia (1848) and Transylvania (1849)..............................279
Ela Cosma
Critical Editing ofAvram lancu s Manuscripts in German. An Unknown Report
to the Emperor (4 March 1850).......................................313
*
Biography of the Nation - The
loan Chindri§
Maramure§. From 1848 to the Great Union of 1918.....................392
Alexandra Pacurar
Ion C. Bratianu, as Seen, Perceived and Described by His Contemporary,
George Barifiu, in the „Albina Carpatilor Magazine.........400
Valentin Orga
George Baritiu and his Nephews: Aurel and Alexandru Vlad and Victor
Bontescu, in Service of the National Ideal..........................416
*
English Abstracts of the Studies....................................447
Summary of the tomes 0-VII of the series Biografii Istorice Transilvane
(Transylvanian Historical Biographies)..............................475
8
HISTORIAN GELU NEAMTU - BIOGRAPHY OF HIS WORKS
Ela Cosma,
George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
Our volume of studies, no. 4 of the collection of 1848
Biographies , and no. VIII of the series of Transylvanian Historical
Biographies, is an homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamtu at his
75th anniversary.
Gelu Neamtu was bom on 1 March 1939 in the Romanian village
Mintiul Gherlii near Cluj, but as Northern Transylvania was ceded to
Hungary on 30 August 1940, the small child and his family had to take
refuge to Romanian Southern Transylvania and Bucharest, while his
father, professor Gheorghe Neamtu, heroically fought and was wounded
on the Eastern Front in Sevastopol. During the years 1944-1945, the
Neamtu family took refuge in DumbrSveni, a town in Central
Transylvania on the banks of the Tamava Mare. After the war, when
whole Transylvania returned to Romania, Gelu Neamtu s life was tightly
connected to the city of Cluj, as a student of the History Faculty (1957-1961)
and, since 1963, as a researcher at the History Institute of the Romanian
Academy of Sciences, where he earned his PhD in 1975. In 1998 he became
the head of the department editing the collection of Documents regarding the
revolution of1848 in the Romanian Lands. C. Transylvania, and since 2003 until
today he is also a doctoral supervisor at the same institution. At the
beautiful age of 75, Gelu Neamtu enjoys his precious family, formed of his
wife Sisi, 4 children: Gloria,Alina, Gelu, Agata, and 4 nephews: Patricia,
Petru, Vlad and Tudor, but also the results of an imposing work, totalizing
over 9,700 published pages.
The biography of his work reveals a steady preoccupation for
questions regarding the making of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in
the 19th century, with a special view on the turning point represented by
the revolution unfolded during the years 1848-1849 by the Romanians of
die Autonomous Great Principality of Transylvania.
The issues related to the 1848 revolution of the Transylvanian
Romanians are recurrent in 106 studies published by the historian between
1968-2013, 1 chapter of nearly 200 pages in the treaty History of Romania.
449
Transylvania (1997), 10 book reviews, 1 chronology and 1 bibliography of
the 1848 Romanian revolution, 10 for- and afterwords, 10 document
editions in collaboration, 3 volumes coordinated, 4 books written in
collaboration with loan Chindri§, loan Boiovan, Vasile Tutula and Ion
Mazere-Luneanu, and 6 author books signed by Gelu Neamtu.
This impressive list of scientific achievements ensures him a special
recognition in the field. At the moment, both the Romanian and the general
historiography must admit that Gelu Neamtu represents the most
authorized voice as concerns the history of the 1848 revolution of the
Transylvanian Romanians.
Extremely important books, like: din
Transilvania: 1848-1849 (The Romanians Revolution in Transylvania: 1848-
1849, published in 1996), Fata necunoscutd a romane de la 1848-1849
din Transilvania (The Unknown Face of the Romanian Revolution of 1848-
1849 in Transylvania, published in 2004), Momentele zbudumate din
romanilor pentru realizarea Dacoromdniei. 1848-1918 (Frenzy Moments from
the Romanians Fight for the Accomplishment of Dacoromania, published
in 2005), „Documente pentru viitorime” privind genoddul antiromdnesc din
Transilvania 1848-1849 ( Documents for the Future Regarding the Anti-
Romanian Genocide in Transylvania 1848-1849, published in 2009), „
romand in Transilvania: 1848-1918 ( The Romanian Religion in
Transylvania: 1848-1918, published in 2010), Avram Iancu - mit, realitate,
simbol (Avram Iancu - Myth, Reality, Symbol, published in 2012), can
hardly be ignored any longer, and their translation from Romanian into
English has become a deep necessity, in order to ensure them the proper
visibility in Europe and across the Ocean.
As a matter of fact, in virtue of writings like Ciobani romdni in
Montana, Statele Unite ale Ameridi, 1907-1913 / Romanian Sheperds in
Montana, United States of America, 1907-1913 (2002), Gelu Neamtu can be
considered the very historian of the American Romanians. He is promoted
by „Gracious Light Review of Romanian Spirituality and Culture , edited
in New York by the Romanian Institute of Orthodox Theology and
Spirituality, being sustained by dear friends like father Gheorghe Naghi in
Sacramento (California) and historian Paul Michaelson.
*
This volume of 1848 Biographies continues the collection of
Transylvanian Historical Biographies, initiated at the George Baritiu
Institute of History of the Romanian Academy in Cluj-Napoca.
The introductory part of the book is dedicated to the biography
and works of historian Gelu Neamtu, senior researcher at the George
450
Baritiu Institute of History in Cluj-Napoca (Ela Cosrna), including the
impressive bibliography of the historian s scientific works
Bedeceari).
The present studies comply to the proposed title, yet in a larger
time frame and procedure. The history of the 1848-1849 revolution in
Transylvania is comprised and analysed from its preliminaries to its
subsequent effects. Under the heading Biography of the Nation - The
Beginners, the authors of the studies show that the origins of the Romanian
forty-eight revolution and the roots of the Romanians national movement
are to be sought in the dawn of the modern epoch, in the Supplex Libellus
elaborated by fnochentie Micu in 1743 ( Bolovan), whereas the triumph
of the revolution took place only 70 years later, together with
Transylvania s Great Union with Romania in 1918 ( Chindri§), as shown
in the end, in Biography of the Nation - The Accomplishes.
The contents of the book relies on the following biographical
sequences: Doctors for Soul and Mind - The Romanian Orthodox ;
Doctors for Soul and Mind - The Romanian Greek-Catholic ; Doctors for
Soul and Body; Men-at-Arms in 1848-1849.
As seen according to these headings, 1848 biographies of
significant Romanian personalities of the cultural and spiritual life in
Transylvania are portrayed in the studies of Iosif Marin Balog (about the
Orthodox bishop Andrei §aguna), Ela Cosma (about Avram Iancu, prefect
of the Legion Auraria Gemina), Gheorghe Naghi (about the Greek-Catholic
archpriest §tefan Moldovan), §ipo§ Ibolya (about the Greek-Catholic lawyer
Aloisiu Vlad de Sali§te from Banat), Aurel Pop (about the Greek-Catholic
priest and teacher Petru Bran, national militant in Satmar), Oana Habor
(about the doctor Pavel Vasici, author of the first Romanian medical
magazine in Transylvania), Varga Attila (about the Polish revolutionary
general Henryk Dembinski), Daniela Dete§an and Tatiana Onilov (about the
Tsarist general Gustav Christianovici Hasford), Alexandru (about
Ion C. Bratianu seen by George Baritiu).
Biographies and radiographies of certain military and ecclesiastic
structures, and of different national communities are added. Bogdan Briscu
analyses the Romanian folk army in Transylvania during the years 1848-
1849, while Nicolae Boc§an discusses the Russian sources about the Tsarist
intervention army in the Habsburg Empire and Transylvania in 1849.
Vasile Tutula compares the actions and measures taken by Gubernium,
Diet, Austrian Military Command in Transylvania at the outbreak of the
revolution and of the civil war. Vasile Lechintan s study reflects the case of
the Romanians of the Turda county in the revolutionary years. Mircea-
451
Gheorghe Abrudan emphasises the impact of the revolution upon the
Romanian Orthodox Church in Transylvania.
Most of the volume s studies have documentary annexes, that
highlight rare or unpublished archive pieces, now offered to the reader in
full transcription and facsimile. The authors of the studies have often opted
for specific illustrations, too, that make the volume even more attractive.
A special section at the end of the volume includes broad abstracts
in English of each and every study. The summary of volumes 0-VII,
already published in the collection of Transilvanian Historical
conclude the present volume.
The quality of the studies, the interesting questions and stories
regarding the 1848 personalities of the Romanian revolution in
Transylvania highly recommend this book, published under the aegis of
the George Baritiu History Institute of the Romanian Academy in Cluj-
Napoca, by the Argonaut Publishing House from Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
and Symphologic Publishing from Gatineau (Canada).
*
SENIOR RESEARCHER PH-D GELU NEAMTU -
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIS SCIENTIFIC WORK
Mihaela Bedecean,
Library of the George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
The selective bibliography of the scientific work of senior
researcher PhD Gelu Neamtu includes only his works already published,
to the exclusion of unfinished studies and further manuscripts.
The impressive bibliography registers over 365 titles, published by
Gelu Neamtu between 1966 and 2013. The bibliographer thoroughly
checked all these titles one by one, at the History Library of the George
Baritiu Institute of the Romanian Academy, at the Lucian Blaga Central
University Library in Cluj-Napoca and in other libraries, confronting them
with the works that have actually been printed. As regards the scientific
accuracy, the current bibliography of Gelu Neamtu s works is completely
reliable, and it can be expanded only by the author s future publications.
The respective titles represent: 123 studies published in 25
yearbooks and magazines of history and humanities, 80 studies published
452
in 23 culture magazines, 4 studies published in 2 military journals, about 17
articles published in 8 newspapers, then 68 studies published in volumes
of studies, 2 booklets published in the „Bulletin of the Center for
Transylvanian Studies , 3 chapters (of almost 200 pages each) in the
history treaty Istoria Romaniei. Transilvania, coordinated by Anton
Dragoescu, Editura „George Baritiu , Cluj-Napoca, vol. 1/1997 and vol.
13/1999, 50 book reviews and book notes, 14 for words and afterwords in
historical mono graphics or volumes of documents, editor of 15 critical
editions and volumes of documents, coordinator of 7 volumes of
documents, coordinator of 4 volumes of studies, and last but not least: 9
books published in collaboration with another author (1994-2013) and 15
one author books (1995-2013).
The issues reflected in almost 10.000 pages, published by Gelu
Neamtu in four and a half decades of scientific activity, refer exclusively to
the modern history of the Romanians, and especially of the Transylvanian
Romanians, sometimes with reference to their contemporary history.
Gelu Neamtu s interest for the Romanian revolution of 1848 in
/
Transylvania forms the very core of his historical works, also covering the
largest part of them.
*
FROM SUPPLEX LIBELLUS
TO THE ROMANIAN POLITICAL PROGRAM
DURING THE 1848-1849 REVOLUTION IN TRANSYLVANIA:
STATISTICS AND IDEOLOGY
loan Bolovan,
Babe§-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
One hundred years before the outburst of the 1848 Revolution on
the territory inhabited by them, the Transylvanian Romanians shaped their
program of national emancipation according to a factor of huge
significance: demography. To establish a relationship between statistics
and ideology is rather a question belonging to contemporary history, but in
fact it was used in the dawn of the Transylvanian Romanians modern era,
as well.
453
The analysis reveals the first documents containing the grievances
and claims of the Transylvanian Romanians as concerns tire modification
of their political and religious status. The memoir entitled Libellus
was elaborated in 1743 by the Greek-Catholic bishop Inochentie Vlicu-
Klein, who included for the first time the demographic factor in his
argumentation, thus showing the preeminence of the Romanians in
Transylvania, in spite of their unfortunate position as a tolerated, but not
accepted nation.
Hereby, the question of number became, since the middle of the
18th century for the next 150 years, a priority and a vademécum of the
movement of national emancipation of the Transylvanian Romanians.
An interesting document of 1791, called Supplex Libellus
Valachorum, included -besides other ideological arguments specific to
Enlightenment, so strongly expressed by the French Revolution of 1789,
such as the principles of natural law, civil rights and liberties - the recourse
to demography, too. The Supplex authors invoked the data offered by the
Austrian conscription of 1760-1762, by the 1766 conscription realised by the
Transylvanian Orthodox Church, and especially by „Joseph s census , that
is the census of Transylvania s population organised in 1784-1787, during
the reign of Joseph II., Austria s great reformer emperor. Statistics proved
the evidence that, out of a total population of 1.7 million souls in
Transylvania, 1 million Romanians - more than the privileged medieval
estates of the Hungarians, Saxons and Szekler taken together - were
completely excluded from any ethnical and political rights.
Of course, the 1848 revolutionary programs and manifestos of the
Transylvanian Romanians developed these demographic arguments,
updating statistics and radicalising national ideology. The priorities of the
Romanians7 emancipation movement were settled by their main ideologist,
Si mi on Bámutiu, in Provocatiune, his manifesto of 25 March 1848, and in his
faimous speech on „Romanians and Hungarians , held in the Blaj
cathedral on 2/14 May 1848.
Bámutiu s theoretical prolog was implemented by the National
Petition, a program in 16 points, adopted by the Great Romanian Assembly
in Blaj on 3/15-5/17 May 1848.
The demographic supremacy of the Romanians in Transylvania was
also invoked in the memoirs advanced to Habsburg emperor Franz Joseph
by the delegation of the Transylvanian Romanians in the spring of 1849, and
to Kossuth, Hungary s governor, by general Gheorghe Magheru on 4/16
March 1849. The quoted 1849 documents indicated a number of 3.5 - 3.9
million Romanians living deprived of national rights in Transylvania, Banat,
Hungary and Bukovina, territories of Austrian suzerainty.
454
The more and more radical national programs of the Romanian
emancipation movement, that were to follow after the 1848-1849
Revolution, comprised invariably the elements of quantity and number
offered by demography.
The national question of the Transylvanian Romanians, which
meant nothing else than the right of the demographic majority to self-
determination, was finally solved by Transylvania s Union with the
Kingdom of Romania in 1918.
*
ANDREI §AGUNA
AND THE 1848-1849 REVOLUTION IN TRANSYLVANIA
Iosif Marin Balog,
George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
The study points out the main channels of involvement used by
Orthodox bishop $aguna during the revolution and national war in
Transylvania in 1848-1849. Andrei $aguna played a crucial role in all the
turning points of the revolution, beginning with the Great Assembly of the
Romanians in Blaj on 15 May 1848, continuing with the assemblies of
September and December 1848 and, of course, with the war events in 1849.
The attitudes that guided him all along this difficult period were
moderation and balance. If during the first months of the revolution he was
convinced that there were premises for a good understanding with the
Hungarians, the events in the fall of the year 1848 proved the contrary. From
that moment on, bishop §aguna felt certain that maintaining the best relations
with Vienna was the only measure, able to protect the Romanians in front of
the Hungarian state centralism, becoming more and more aggressive.
The subsequent weir events unfolded in the spring of the year 1849
determined the Romanian leader to claim to Vienna larger concessions and
rights for the Romanians. Worth to be mentioned is his approach for the
creation of a special „crown-land , in order to include all the Romanians of
the Habsburg Monarchy. As the Court in Vienna repelled his federation
idea, Andrei §aguna could nothing else but conclude that the Romanians
would receive no gratification at all and, given the probable triumph of
conservatism, the national aspirations of the Romanians had to be adapted
to the political realities of the epoch. Which he actually did after 1849.
455
THE IMPACT OF THE 1848-1849 REVOLUTION
ON THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN TRANSYLVANIA
Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan,
Faculty/of History of the Babe§-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
The goal of the study is to present the positive and negative effects
of the 1848-1849 Revolution upon the Romanian Orthodox Church in
Transylvania.
In order to survey the impact of the revolutionary events on the
mentioned ecclesiastical institution and communities, we must keep in mind
that articles II and XU of die Romanian national program, adopted in Blaj on
3/15 May 1848, included five fundamental ideas concerning the Romanian
Church, ideas which were assumed by the Transylvanian Orthodox bishop
Andrei §aguna during the following two decades: 1) autonomy and
emancipation of the Romanian Church from any foreign hierarchy; 2)
juridical equality with the other Transylvanian chinches; 3) reestablishment
of the metropolitan church ; 4) reorganization of the chinch life on the bases
of the traditional Eastern synodality; and 5) remuneration of the Romanian
clergy from the state funds similar to the clergy of the rest of the
Transylvanian nations.
These beautiful ideals of the Revolution were brutaly crashed by
the civil war in Transylvania. On the Romanians side, 40,000 civilians and
soldiers lost their lifes, and huge damages of 29,268,000 silver florins were
registered. According to contemporary testimonies and documents,
violence, plunders and death stroke especially the Romanian village
communities, their churches and priests, in order to eliminate the elites and
opinion leaders who generated the National Assembly in Blaj.
The study analyses the multiple abuses, persecutions, molestations,
arrest and detention cases suffered by Orthodox priests, their and the
Romanian intellectuals exodus in front of the Hungarian army, the refuge
to Wallachia and Moldavia of dozens of priests in the first months of 1849.
In his opening speech on 12 March 1850 at the gathering ( ) of
the Eastern Church in Transylvania, bishop Andrei §aguna illustrated the
tragic situation of the Transylvanian Orthodoxy. The impressive document
is reproduced in the study, followed by the bishop s provisions, requesting
the archpriests to register the losses of human lifes and damages in each
and every parish. At that moment, 18 archparishes had already reported a
loss of 125,053 florins.
456
In spite of the restrictive neoabsolutist Austrian regime after 1851,
bishop §aguna carried his plan forward, gathering further data from the
church communities. He reported to the Transylvanian governor
Wohlgemuth losses of 2,059,597 florins in the „small half of his bishopric.
The study approaches the reparation measures adopted by the
Vienna cabinet: in 1852 the emperor s gift of 30,000 florins accorded to the
Romanian Orthodox Chinch (from the total amount of 60,000 florins
offered to the Romanian nation), and the reward of 24,500 guldens
awarded to the Romanians leaders who had come into prominence during
the Revolution.
As a matter of fact, not only the Habsburg central fora, but also
ecclesiastical and political authorities from Wallachia and Moldavia
supplied the Romanian Orthodox churches in Transylvania with money,
church vestments and books, with aids for widows and orphans.
*
STEFAN MOLDOVAN IN THE REVOLUTION OF 1848-1849.
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
Priest Gheorghe Naghi,
San Jose, California, USA
According to the ample historiographical referrences presented by
the author of this study, the revolutionary activity of the the Greek-
Catholic archpriest of Mediae, Stefan Moldovan, is broadly known. And
yet, the discovery of unedited documents dating most probably from
October 1849 is shedding new light upon tragic circumstances that occured
in the archpriest s life during the Revolution.
Namely, in mid January 1849, at the imminent approach of the
mercyless Hungarian troops, Stefan Moldovan was forced to leave his
home in Media? and flee, together with his wife and 4 little children. First
the Moldovan family took refuge in the villages Agarbiciu and Seica Mare,
then they left for the town of Sibiu, and finally they arrived in Racovita.
Here, on 23 January 1849, the archpriest s wife Ana gave birth to his fifth
son, Iosif. They remained in Racovita until the beginning of March 1849,
when the proximity of the Hungarian army determined Stefan Moldovan
to take his 4 elder children and head for Wallachia, leaving back his wife
457
with the baby of the family. It was for the last time when he saw them, as
wife and baby boy died before he was able to return from his refuge.
Coming back to Media? in August 1849, in charge with the raising
of the 4 children who had lost their mother, he found his home spoiled and
plundered.
The archpriest addressed a letter of complaint to the Romanian
National Committee in Sibiu, and attached a 6 pages list with the losses he
had suffered, in a total sum of 1,700 florins.
Receiving Moldovan s letter, Nicolae BalS?escu - from the
Romanian National Committee - answered by asking him to make a new
inventary of the losses, and to claim compensatory financing.
That is why §tefan Moldovan required the Magistrate of Media? to
send a commission in order to evaluate the losses on the spot.
The study is followed by three document annexes, comprising the
facsimils and transcriptions of §tefan Moldovan s letter to the Romanian
National Committee, with the complete inventory of losses, dated on
18/30 October 1849 (annex IT), Nicolae Bala?escu s answer (annex HI) and
Moldovan s request to the Media? Magistrate (annex I).
There is no knowing if the archpriest s application was successful,
as no later document has been found on this topic, still the author of the
study is confident that §tefan Moldovan eventually received the petitioned
reparation.
*
ALOISIU VLAD DE SÄLI§TE
AND THE UNION WITH THE CHURCH OF ROME
IN THE LIGHT OF A MANUSCRIPT FROM 1855
§ipos Ibolya,
Tehnological Highschool „Aurel Vlaicu , Lugoj
One of the leading personalities in Banat during the 1848
Revolution was lawyer Aloisiu Vlad de Sali?te (1822-1888). Besides Eftimie
Murgu, and sharing his pro-Hungarian views and political options,
Aloisiu Vlad became later an influent statesman, a deputy of Zorlent from
the Cara? county in the Hungarian parliament. He also sustained the
458
nation he was coming from, namely the Romanian nation, in his
parliamentary speeches and writings. Among the latter, the most
important is the book he signed under Hungarian name, as Wlád Alajos,
román nép és ügye: védelmezve a magyar id sajtó terén, s az
szószéken (The Romanian People and Its Cause, Defended in the Hmigarían
Periodical Press and from the Tribune of the Hungarian Parliament),
published in Lugoj, in 1863.
This article shows Aloisiu Vlad de Sáli§te in a different quality, as a
historian and militant for the Greek-Catholic Church in Banat. It is known
that he is the author of a thousand pages manuscript, Albumul
Bisericei Catedrale greco-catolice din Lugoj (Album of the Chapter of the
Greek-Catholic Cathedral in Lugoj), which unfortunately has gone lost.
The article s contribution resides in the presentation of another
valuable manuscript, written by Aloisiu Vlad in form of a memorandum,
which was addressed in 1855 to the first Greek-Catholic bishop in the
Banat, Alexandru Dobra, in order to support the dissemination of the
religious union in the province.
The manuscript of 19 pages, entitled Memorand in cauza Sfintei
Uniuni cu Biserica Romei intre Romanii din Banatul T O reprivire
la urzirea, inaintarea §i pedecile uniunei cu Beserica Romei in Banatul Temi§ian
(Memorandum concerning the Holy Union with the Church of Rome
among the Romanians from Banatul Temi^an. A Quick View on the
Establishment, Evolution and Impediments of the Union with the Church
of Rome in Banatul Temi§an), hosted at the Archives of the Banat
Metropolitan Church in Timisoara, has been carefully transcripted by
archpriest §tefan Moldovan.
As mentioned in the title of the Memorandum, Aloisiu Vlad
exposed in a chronological order the history of the Greek-Catholic Church
in Banat, the formation of its first parishes, their development and present
condition, as well as the hold backs met by the Greek-Catholic Church on
the Banat territory.
The manuscript has four parts, describing the situation as follows:
I. from 1770 to 1848; 11. from 1848 to 1855; Id. the future of the religious
union; IV. distinguishing features of the people from Banat. The first two
parts present a relevant analysis of the alterities inside the Orthodox block,
the relations between the Orthodox Romanians and Serbians in the Banat,
the Illyrian privileges enjoyed by the latter, in opposition with the much
worse situation of the Orthodox Romanians, misset under the Serbian
ecclesiastical hierarchy. The third part proposes a strategy for the
dissemination of the union with the Church of Rome in the future, while
459
the fourth part includes interesting observations concerning folk culture
and ethnography in Banat, in the middle of the 19th century.
*
PETRU BRAN,
AN ILLUSTRIOUS CHARACTER FROM S ATMAR
Aurel Pop,
Centre for Preserving and Promoting Traditional Culture, Satu Mare
Petru Bran (1821-1877), Greek-Catholic priest between 1844-1850 in
the parishes of Chilioara and Hidig in the former Partes (today Salaj
county), took part at the first and second Romanian assemblies in Blaj on
18/30 April and 3/15 May 1848, leading a delegation of villagers. After the
Revolution, he was vicenotary of the vicarial synod in §imleu Silvaniei,
archpriest and parish priest in Craidorolt, Satu Mare county.
However, his name is bound especially with the promotion of
Romanian language and literature, at the Roman-Catholic College in Satu
Mare.
The territory of the Satu Mare county, belonging to Hungary in the
middle of the 19th century, was inhabited by a large number of Greek-
Catholic Romanians. Yet there existed not even one theological seminary
with Romanian classes. So, the sons of the Greek-Catholic priests, who
were exclusively Romanians in this area, had no other possibility than to
study at the Roman-Catholic Superior Gymnasium. Here the Romanian
students were registered under a foreign religion (as Roman-Catholics)
and nationality (as Hungarus or Transylvanus).
Given the fact that numerous young Romanians applied to the
Roman-Catholic College in Satu Mare, a teacher of Romanian language
and literature was badly needed. But, first of all, a place of a Romanian
teacher had to be approved.
It was precisely Petru Bran, who fought for seven years (1852-
1859), and who won this fight, against the Hungarian management of the
college in Satu Mare and the Imperial Lieutenance in Oradea. By way of
innumerable petitions, withstanding continuous pressures, never giving
up with the price of his health, in 1861 Bran eventually obtained, by order
460
of the Ministry for Cults and Education, the acknowledgement of teaching
the Romanian language in the respective college. He himself was
appointed as the first teacher of Romanian language and literature.
In 1859, the Greek-Catholic priest and teacher Petru Bran also
succeeded in creating a Societate de lepturS a studentilor romani din Satu
Mare (Lecture Society of the Romanian Students in Satu Mare). Under its
aegis the first library with Romanian books in the Satu Mare county was
finally opened.
Petru Bran s steady efforts at the chair of Romanian language, as
organiser of the Lecture Society and of the Romanian library in Satu Mare,
continued until 1876, when he fell ill and, taking advantage of his illness,
the college director dismissed and replaced him with a Hungarian teacher.
The management of the Roman-Catholic College in Satu Mare could not,
however, completely abolish the chair of Romanian language and
literature, which functioned with minor results until 1907.
*
PAVEL VASICI,
AUTHOR OF THE FIRST ROMANIAN MEDICAL MAGAZINE
IN TRANSYLVANIA
Oana Habor,
Museum of the ,,Babe§-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
The main character of the study, Pavel Vasici (1806-1881), who
studied medicine in Vienna and Budapest, was in 1848 contumacy doctor
and director of the Austrian receive point ( Contumaz ) in Timé?, near
Bra§ov. Here he convinced the Orthodox archpriest Popasu to contribute to
the setting up of steam baths, insisting on their healing properties.
The scientific activity unfolded by Pavel Vasici is impressive. He
published numerous studies with medical topics in Romanian magazines
and newspapers, as well as a series of books, inovatory for his times, in
which he also exposed elements of psychology, hygiene, natural sciences,
such as: Antropología sau scurta cun despre om §i insu§irile sale
(Anthropology or abbreviated knowledge about man and his qualities),
1830; Dietética sau invatatura de a pastra intreaga sdnatate, a se Jen de primejdia
mortii §i a semántui dintr-insa (Dietetics or learning how to keep healthy, to
461
prevent the danger of death, and how to escape it), 1831; Cuvantare
incununatoare mediceasca despre ciuma rdsdritului (Corollary medical
discourse on the eastern pest), doctoral dissertation in 1832; Ciuma §i
carantinele (The pest and the quarantines), 1847; Catehism antropologic
(Anthropologic catechism) and Catehismul sdnatatii (Catechism of health),
1870; Difteria §i vindecarea ei naturald (Diphtheria and its natural cure), 1877.
This study highlights the first Romanian medical magazine in
Transylvania, edited by the same Pavel Vasici in the last years of his life
(1876-1880). „Higiena §i gcoala, Foaia pentru Sanatate, Educatiune
bistructiune (Hygiene and School, Newspaper for Health, Education and
Instruction) was not only the first, but also the only Romanian medical
magazine in Transylvania before 1918.
Higiena §i §coala was a real tribune for the editor, who militated
with passion and persuasion for the holy cause of a healthy life. Doctor
Vasici advised and admonished his readership, suggesting the best natural
and genuine therapies. Some of them, such as hydrotherapy and
vegetarian diets, are perfectly valuable until our days.
In this effort to propagate special medical knowledge to a profane
audience, terms of the scientific language were often mixed with folk
notions that were relevant in everyday life. Thus, by means of the
magazine Higiena §i §coala , Pavel Vasici highly contributed to the
shaping of the medical terminology in the Romanian language.
The manyfold roads opened up by doctor Pavel Vasici
undoubtedly recommend him as one of the most original pioneers and
promotors of the Romanian medicine.
*
THE 1848 ROMANIAN REVOLUTION IN RUSSIAN SOURCES
(MARCH-AUGUST 1848)
Nicolae Boc§an,
Facultatea de Istorie a Universitâtii „Babeq-Bolyai , Cluj-Napoca
Russia s role during the revolutionary events in the three
Romanian Principalities was insufficiently known and analyzed by the
Romanian historiography. After the establishment of the Communist
regime, the topic was deliberately avoided and left out Recently, a small
462
group of researchers turned to the capitalization of the sources preserved
in the Russian archives and libraries, revealing Russia s major interest for
the events unfolded in Revolutionary Europe and, especially, in Central
Europe.
The alert was sounded by the manifesto of Nicholas I, on 16/28
March 1848, who warned the inhabitants of Moldavia and Wallachia that,
given the expansion of radicalism in Europe, the tsar had decided not to
tolerate anarchy to penetrate in the states underlying his protectorate. To
that effect, the Russian ministries, diplomatic offices in Europe and
consulates in the Danubian Principalities started an intense informative
activity monitoring the real or presumed dangers threatening the Tsarist
Empire.
The Russian consuls in the Principalities repeatedly drew the
attention upon the danger represented by the dissemination of „Gazeta de
Transilvania beyond the Carpathians, as the Transylvanian paper
published articles against the tsarist protectorate. The extraordinary
Russian commissioner Duhamel charged his Ottoman counterpart Talaat
Efendi to write to general commander of the Austrian army in
Transylvania, Puchner, denouncing a plot carried on by Moldo-Wallachian
refugees, asking him to ban gatherings of armed people at the frontiers.
The rumors, idealism, unrealistic dreams, false estimations, babbles
and impossible projects, that defined the revolutionary atmosphere, easily
got about both among the revolutionaries, and among the authorities. Such
reports and projects, no matter how unrealistic, were used in order to
justify the intervention of the Turkish and Russian armies in the Romanian
Principalities, as well as the intervention of the Hungarian army in
Transylvania to impose by force of arms the latter s union with Hungary.
The Dacian Plan, for instance, that was to become operative in the
whole Romanian area, prefigured the unification of all the territories
inhabited by Romanians. Such a plan certainly represented a serious
menace, which had to be counteracted by the great powers.
The analysis offered by this study concludes that to a great extent it
was precisely the political and military authorities that induced and provoked
the revolutionary plans and projects, as a vindication of their own political and
military actions. This idea was also sustained by the outstanding historian
Silviu Dragomir, when speaking about the Dacian ghost .
Testimonies and data issued by Romanian sources were largely
confirmed by Russian and Austrian consular and military reports, as well
as by the decisions adopted by officials in Turkey, Russia, Austria or
Hungary.
463
The latest volumes of documents from Russian archives provide
useful information in order to understand the background of the
revolutionary events during the months of March-August 1848, when
hopes, fears, illusions and dreams mingled with real facts.
*
GUBERNIUM, DIET AND ARMY IN TRANSYLVANIA IN 1848.
FROM REVOLUTION TO CIVIL WAR
Colonel Vasile St. Tutula,
Romanian Commission of Military History, Cluj-Napoca Branch
The study deals with the major Transylvanian institutions facing
the Romanian Revolution of 1848, on its road leading to the civil war. The
actions of the Gubemium and Diet in Cluj, during the period of March-July
1848, are carefully analysed at the beggining of the study. Then the debate
approaches the military measures undertaken by the General Command of
the Austrian imperial army in Transylvania, located in Sibiu, in connection
with its subordinated units, the national guards, the local authorities and
further institutions, that unfortunately did not succeed to prevent the
destructive effects of the forthcoming civil war among the non-military
population.
Particular aspects regarding the so-called „union of Transylvania
with Hungary, which was the goal of the Hungarian party, are presented
in opposition to the resistance manifested by the Saxons and Romanians,
the latter making up the main demographic element in Transylvania.
The Romanians strongly opposed and refused to comply to the
recruitment inaugurated by the Kossuth government, in summer 1848.
In October of the same year, fieldmarshal-lieutenant Anton
Puchner, commander of the Austrian army in Transylvania, declared the
state of war in the territory of the Great Autonomous Principality.
Nevertheless, by invading Transylvania two months later, at the
beginning of December 1848, the military operations of the Hungarian
army, under command of Polish general Jozef Bern, made the civil war
imminent and unavoidable.
464
THE ROMANIANS AND THE 1848-1849 REVOLUTION IN
TURDA
Vasile Lechintan,
National State Archives, Cluj-Napoca
Besides Cluj, Targu Mure§, ZalSu and Dej, one of the most loyal
„citadels of the Hungarian Revolution was the rich Transylvanian town of
Turda, centre of the county bearing the same name.
According to the Austrian census of 1850, in the town of Turda there
lived 5,900 Hungarians and 1,300 Romanians, but, at the outburst of the
Revolution, such figures were not enough for the Hungarian burgeoisie and
noblemen to feel safe. So, Szekler troops, known for their savage behaviour,
were called to clean out the town of Romanians (March-May 1848).
Ion Ratiu and George Baritiu eyewitnessed and later described
fearful and cruel scenes, with Szeklers insulting both Romanian women
and men by cutting their long hair, which they assimilated with
Romanianhood.
From the Hungarian point of view, the historian Orban Balazs
analyzed the deputy elections in Turda for the Transylvanian Diet; the
evolution of the events during the meetings of the Diet in Cluj (May-June
1848), when the Autonomous Principality s union with Hungary was
unilateraly proclaimed; the organization and arming of 3 companies of
Hungarian national guards in Turda (in April 1848), led by major Kemeny
Farkas; also, the internship of Hungarian volunteers in military camps
located in Turda (August 1848), while the Romanians living in the Turda
county undoubtedly refused the recruitment in the Kossuth army.
In mid November 1848 the town of Turda surrendered in front of
the Romanian Landsturm, commanded by prefect Avram Iancu and
supervised by the imperial high officers Losenau and Gratze. Turda was
saved by this surrender, and no blood was shed, even if Romanian
testimonies (such as Avram Iancu s report to the emperor one year later)
do not harmonize with Hungarian false evidences (Orban Balazs), praising
absent deeds of Hungarian heroism.
At the beginning of December 1848, the Romanians also organised
themselves militarily in Turda and surroundings. The Romanian National
Committee in Sibiu ordered the establishment of the Turda prefecture,
appointing Samuil Porutiu as its prefect.
465
Meanwhile, the Hungarian national guards in Turda, that were
meant to ensure the safety of citizens, set up the so-called blood courts .
Here were sentenced to death and killed with no further trial more than
300 people, the absolute majority among them being Romanians. The
Hungarian hunters that were formed in Turda as quasi-regular troops also
butchered a great number of Romanians, who were buried without priest.
The tragic course of the 1849 war events caused multiple victims
among the civil population of Turda. Nevertheless, neutrality was not
possible for any of the parties involved.
Mid June 1849 the Russians entered Turda, and in August 1849 the
Austrians finally regained the town. The Kossuth tyranny during the
Revolution was replaced in Turda, too, by the Habsburg restoration
afterwards, that punished Hungarian war criminals like Papay Lajos,
Tarsoly Gergely, as well as Romanian traitors and delators.
The history of the years 1848-1849 in Turda unfortunately does not
reflect the fight of the Hungarian Revolution for the generous ideals of
freedom, equality and fraternity. It rather shows ceaseless and useless
reprisals against Romanians, which conducted to great tragedies on both
sides.
*
THE ROMANIAN FOLK ARMY (LANDSTURM)
DURING THE NATIONAL WAR IN TRANSYLVANIA
IN 1848-1849
Bogdan Briscu,
„Datina Strabuna Association of Military History, Cluj-Napoca
We aimed to reveal and characterize the folk army, called
Landsturm in many historical sources, created by Romanian volunteers in
Transylvania in late 1848. The organization of this army, put under the
absolute command of the Motz leader Avram Iancu, proved to be highly
efficient and most redoutable during the armed confrontations of the
National War of the Romanians in Transylvania (1848-1849).
In spite of the fact that the Romanians did not arm themselves from
the beginning of the revolutionary events in March 1848, as the Hungarian
466
and Saxon population of Transylvania did, who formed their own national
guards; in spite of the peaceful raly of the 40,000 Romanians gathered
together at the Great National Assembly in Blaj on 3/15-5/17 May 1848; in
spite of the harsh recruitment inaugurated by the Kossuth regime in
summer 1848; in spite of the slaughters exerted by the Szekler military in
the Romanian villages of Mihalt, Collar (June 1848) and Luna Arie§tdui
(September 1848); in spite of all these facts, the Romanian legions were
organised and armed only after the formal approval of the General
Command of the Austrian army in Transylvania.
Actually, the order published by fieldmarshal-lieutenant Puchner
on 18 October 1848 assented to the general mobilisation and general
arming of the whole Romanian population, which was proclaimed by the
Romanian National Committee, acting as the first Romanian government
in Transylvania.
Thereby, Transylvania s territory was symbolically divided in
military areas called prefectures, each of them forming its own legion
(battalion). 15 Romanian legions were established in October 1848, and
were recruited exclusively among the civilian population, lacking
weapons, military uniforms, food, and enjoying no pays. This folk army of
the Romanians was to be the only one in Transylvania, after the Austrian
army s retreat beyond the South Carpathians in March 1849, able to
withstand the Hungarian military led by Polish general Bern, until the
latter s defeat by the Russians in August 1849.
We aimed to explain the way the military organization of the
Transylvanian Romanians was put into practice, by showing the
recruitment and tactical units, the order of battle and manpower of the
Romanian Landsturm. We insisted especially on the most praiseworthy
legions, such as Legiunea Auraria Gemina, lead by prefect Avram Iancu
(with the rank of a general), Legiunea Prima Blasiana of prefect Axente
Sever, Legiunea Auraria et Salinae, Legiunea de Cdmpie, the legions of Turda
and Zarand, and others.
The military victories of the Romanians against the Hungarian
army cannot be explained by their armed power, as the enemy forces
exceeded those of the Transylvanian Romanians in every aspect. The
resistance and success of the Romanian Landstumi reties in the fact that the
deployment of the military operations comprised the manoeuvring area of
their homeland, revealing the tragic national selfdefense war of the
Romanians made against the foreign occupants coming from Hungary.
467
ON THE FIELD OF GLORY.
GENERAL HENRYK DEMBINSKI AND THE SIEGE OF
TIMISOARA - INTIMATE MEMORIES (SUMMER 1849)
Varga Attila,
George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
The present study aims, first of all, to put forward the precious data
offered by general Dembihski s memories, kept at the Hungarian National
Archives in Budapest.
They include a narrative of almost 300 pages, most of it
unpublished yet, that recreates an interesting and challenging picture of
the Hungarian revolution during its top moments and decline.
Our analysis turns to the siege of the Timisoara fortress, where
general Dembinski directly participated. We focused on this moment of
decisive importance for the fate of the revolution, as it represented the last
confrontation of wide scope and dimension before the final surrender of
the Hungarian army in §iria, on 13 August 1849.
Henryk Dembihski s accounts, proving a special narrative talent,
introduce the reader into the charming but very tense epoch, so that we
can better understand how the Hungarian army really crossed the key-
moments that eventually decided the fate of the revolution.
*
GENERAL GUSTAV HRISTIANOVICH HASFORD
AND THE RUSSIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION
IN OLTENIA (1848) AND TRANSYLVANIA (1849)
Daniela Detesan,
George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
Tatiana Onilov,
George Baritiu Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca
The goals of this essay are to offer data about Gustav Hristianovich
Hasford (1794-1874), an eccentrical and less known general of the tsarist
army, as regards both his personal and military biography, and the special
468
role he played during the Russian armed occupation of the Romanian
Principalities (1848-1851), respectively during the military intervention of
the Russian forces in Transylvania (1849).
Our approach is based primarily on documents from foreign
archives, especially from the Diplomatic Archive of the French Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in Paris, and from the Military Historical National Archive
of the Russian Federation in Moscow. But the investigation necessarily
included also a large number of Romanian and Russian military writings
and publications of the 19th and 20th centuries, approaching this issue.
The study describes and analyzes: I. Hasford s early life and military
career prior to Russia s 1848 campaign in the Romanian Lands; II. Moldavia s
occupation by the tsarist armies (July 1848); HI. general Hasford in Oltenia or
Small Wallachia (September-October 1848); IV. the occupation of the
Wallachian capital, Bucharest (since 28 September 1848); V. the first Russian
intervention in Transylvania (February 1849); VI. the second Russian
intervention in Transylvania and the fights in Southern Transylvania (June-
July 1849); VU. the further Russian military occupation of the Romanian
Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1850-1851); VUI. general Hasford s
general government in Western Siberia (1851-1861). The three final document
annexes show the branches and manpower of the Russian military that
occupied the Romanian Principalities after the defeat of the revolution, in
1849-1851, attached to a highly important report of the French consul general
Eugène Poujade, sent to his minister of Foreign Affairs.
*
CRITICAL EDITING OF AVRAM IANCU S
MANUSCRIPTS IN GERMAN.
AN UNKNOWN REPORT TO THE EMPEROR (4 MARCH 1850)
Ela Cosma,
George Baritiu Institute of History,
In 2014, we celebrate 190 years since the birth of Avram Iancu, the
absolute hero of the Transylvanian Romanians, beloved during his life,
worshiped after his death.
How come that such a man of stature, who s memory is recalled
evermore since one and a half century, does not have, until now, a critical
document edition of his own?
469
Biographies and works of several great Romanians of the 1848
Revolution in Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania have been recovered
by means of critical editions. The last who entered the 1848 Pantheon is
Orthodox bishop and metropolitan Andrei §aguna, not long ago sanctified
by the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Why isn t it the case with Avram Iancu? A few reasons are indicated
in this article, namely both foreign stereotypes and inner inhibitions, as well
as the propensity to biographical monographies dedicated to Iancu, that
may explain why his inheritance of letters, writings, acts, documents has
never been collected and published exhaustively.
After a short presentation of the written testimonies in German
language, belonging or refering to Avram Iancu - of which only a small
number were edited, and even less were translated into Romanian, the focus
turns to an unknown document, discovered by Varga Attila at the National
Archives in Targu Mure§. The document, entitled „AUerunterthänigster
Bericht treugehorsamsten gew. Romanen Laegions-Praefecten Abraham
Iancu über seine Leistungen während des Krieges von 1848-1849 (Humble
Report of the Loyal Former Romanian Legion Prefect Abraham Iancu, on
His Accomplishments during the War of 1848-1849), was elaborated and
signed manu propria by Avram Iancu, in Vienna, on 4 March 1850.
We show the methods we have used for the German transcription and
for the critical editing of this manuscript counting 98 pages, also comparing it
with a previously published version of Iancu s report The comparison reveals
the special value and importance of the Targu Mure§ report
The appendix following the study includes the whole manuscript
transliterated in German, and the Romanian translation of the last pages of
the manuscript, unedited until our days.
*
MARAMURE§. FROM 1848 TO THE GREAT UNION OF 1918
loan Chindri§,
Library of the Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca
The article is focused on the historical province of Maramure§, in
North Transylvania, inhabited by a majority population of Romanians.
Most of them proudly testify throughout the ages their status of free and
470
noble people, as proved by loan Mihalyi de Ap§a in his famous book of
Diplome nmramure§ene, printed in Sighetu Marmatiei in 1900.
The imperative sentence proclaimed at the National Assembly in
Blaj in May 1848: „Noi vrem sa ne unim cii tara! (We want to join the
Country!), which meant the union of the Romanians living in all Romanian
Lands, was certainly an ideal that the Maramure§ inhabitants identified
with.
After 1848, in the middle and second half of the 19th century, the
Maramure§ climate, animated by the Romanian national spirit, gave rise to
personalities, such as Iosif Man, Gavrilá Mihalyi, loan Jurca, Vasile
Mihalca, vicar Mihail Pavel, Mihai Rednic, founders of the
pentru Cultura Poporului Román din Mararnure§ (Association for the Culture
of the Romanian People in Maramure§).
The author s ancestors, as well, namely his grandfather Gheorghe
Chindri§, rich peasant with a sheepskin diploma, killed during the First
World War at the age of 36, and Vasile Chindri§, lawyer with higher
studies, belong to the same lineage of tíre Maramureg fighters for the
Romanian national cause.
The latter, along with Hie Filip, George Bárlea, Vasile Micu and
Mihail Dan, took part, as members of the National Council in Sighet, to the
crowning of the emancipation movement of the Transylvanian Romanians,
represented by the Great Union of 1918. The mentioned intellectuals,
together with further individuals from Maramure§, whose official number
counted 31 (their unofficial number was higher), were delegated to
participate to the Great Assembly of the Transylvanian Romanians, which
was held on 1 December 1918 in Alba Iulia, the symbolic capital of the pan-
Romanian union.
The Assembly adopted its well-known decisions, that were to be
put in practice by the foHowing organs to be constituted: the executive
Consiliul Dirigent (Conducting Council), presided by Iuliu Maniu, and the
legislative Marele Sfat (Great Council), run by George Pop de Base§ti, both
of them outstanding personalities from northern Transylvania.
As members of the Great Council there were elected 5 men from
Maramure§: Vasile Chindrif, Salvator Jurca, Simion Balea, Vasile Filipciuc
and Ionel Comsa, in charge with deciding and implementing the necessary
measures, until the establishment of the consolidated Romanian national
state and the actual coronation of King Ferdinand L, who was sumamed
by his contemporaries „Emperor of the Romanians .
*
471
ION C BRATIANU, AS SEEN, PERCEIVED AND DESCRIBED
BY HIS CONTEMPORARY, GEORGE BARITIU,
IN THE ALBINA CARPATILOR MAGAZINE
Alexandra PScurar,
Babe§-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
A geographer by training, as well as a history enthusiast,
Alexandra Pácurar chose to celebrate the researcher Gelu Neamtu, an
exegete of the 1848 Revolution in Romanian history, with a commentary
on the biography of Ion C. Bratianu, which was published in the Albina
Carpatilor magazine under the signature of George Barijiu. The author
confessed that he decided to write about Ion C. Brátianu because he was
one of the foremost representatives of his 1848 generation, with an
exceptional revolutionary and political activity, who distinguished himself
on a meritocratic basis and managed to polarize the Romanian energies
towards national revival and regeneration, towards the unification of the
geographical-historical Romanian provinces around Wallachia, this
matrix-province of Romanianism, which was meant to be altar of the
entire unification process . The 1848 revolutionaries, amongst whom Ion
C. Bratianu was included, always loyal to their country, persevering in
implementing the political programs they had designed and assumed,
were the citizens with the most ardent and vivid consciousness; they were
the founding fathers of the country, of public institutions, always
concerned to ensure the nation s progress.
The Albina Carpatilor magazine was a fictional, scientific and
literary broadsheet with illustrations published in Transylvania in
Romanian language, one of the most important, substantial and beautiful
Romanian publications of the time, with a fleeting appearance in the
Romanian cultural space (18 August 1877 - 30 September 1880), with a bi-
weekly and, then, a monthly periodicity. It served as a tribune for tire
expression of the Romanians ideals, for the propagation of the Romanians
dreams of political emancipation and national affirmation, as much as this
was possible under the vigilant censorship of the dual monarchy; in fact,
the original proposal was that it should be called Albina Daciei , as
evidence of a pan-Romanian desideratum.
Given the profile of the historian Gelu Neamtu, of George Baritiu,
the Transylvanian historian and journalist whose name was given to the
472
History Institute of the Romanian Academy in Cluj, as well as the idea of
unity, the author believes that Ion C. Bratianu best meets a series of
outstanding characteristics, being convinced that it is imperative that in
this time of dissolution, the great figures and the great projects of the
Romanian people should be brought to the fore and offered as role models.
Commenting on the portrait that George Baritiu made of Ion C.
Bratianu, Alexandra Pacurar highlights the moments representing
biographical thresholds in the life of the illustrious Romanian statesman:
his origin and family ties, his studies, his revolutionary activity and exile in
Paris; his return to the homeland and his unionist activity in the field,
through scientific reports and his lobbying with the European powers; his
decisive role in bringing Prince Carol to the helm of the country; the
successful family he built by instilling in his seven children the work ethics,
modesty and service to the country.
Alexandra. Pacurar confesses that he has appealed to various
writings, including literary ones, when he chose to celebrate the historian
Gelu Neamtu, outlining the exceptional personality of Ion C. Br tianu, and
being a supporter of what Constantin Gane said:
Over the skeleton of History - flow,
Above literary exuberance - the truth.
*
GEORGE BARITIU AND HIS NEPHEWS:
AUREL AND ALEXANDRU VLAD AND VICTOR BONTESCU,
IN SERVICE OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL
Valentin Orga,
Central University Library „ LBlaga , Cluj-Napoca
George Baritiu s ideals as a fighter for the national cause of the
Transylvanian Romanians were carried on by his nephews: Aurel and
Alexandra Vlad, the sons of Aurelia Baritiu (married to Alexandra
Claudiu Vlad from Ora§tie) and Victor Bontescu, the son of Marita and
Mihai Bontescu from Hateg.
Aurel Vlad and Victor Bontescu became lawyers (attorneys), while
Alexandra chose the military career.
Since they were students, Aurel Vlad and Victor Bontescu involved
themselves in the national movement of the Transylvanian Romanians,
473
and after their graduation, they became members of the leadership of the
Romanian National Party. The former was even a deputy (1903-1910) to
the Parliament in Budapest. Both of them made serious efforts, in order to
raise the level of the political consciousness among the Transylvanian
Romanians, by means of political activities, press or political meetings.
They also promoted associationist ideas on a large scale, counting among
the founders and shareholders of certain banks and companies.
Both Aurel Vlad and Victor Bontescu took part, as members of the
leadership of the Romanian National Party, to the Great National
Assembly from Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918, which proclaimed
Transylvania s union with Romania.
Afterwards, they became members of the Ruling Council (Consiliul
Dirigent) that conducted Transylvania right after the union. Aurel Vlad
was responsible for the Finance Department, and Victor Bontescu for the
Agriculture and Commerce Department.
In 1919-1920 they both also became ministers in the government of
the parliamentary block led by Alexandra Vaida Voevod, namely Vlad
acting as a minister of finance, and Bontescu at the Ministry of Agriculture
and Domains.
As he was a military of career, Alexandra Vlad went to the front,
when World War I broke out. Shortly before the events that determined
the act of union on 1 December 1918, Vlad was wounded. During his
recovery, he had the opportunity to join tire Romanian Central National
Committee in Transylvania. His mission was to organize and lead the
Romanian National Guards, that were to defend order and security in
Transylvania.
474
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Cosma, Ela 1969- Cosma, Ela 1969- Cosma, Horia |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1045802948 (DE-588)131606581 |
| author_facet | Cosma, Ela 1969- Cosma, Ela 1969- Cosma, Horia |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042485817 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)957676234 (DE-599)BVBBV042485817 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4016928-5 Festschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Festschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV042485817 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:25:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731094731 9780992014834 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027920701 |
| oclc_num | 957676234 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 496 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Argonaut Publishing ; Symphologic Publishing |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biografii istorice transilvane |
| series2 | Biografii istorice transilvane |
| spellingShingle | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary Biografii istorice transilvane |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016928-5 |
| title | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary |
| title_auth | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary |
| title_exact_search | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary |
| title_full | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary 4 Omagiu dedicat istoricului Gelu Neamţu, la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie "George Bariţiu" ; Volum coordonat de Gelu Neamţu |
| title_fullStr | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary 4 Omagiu dedicat istoricului Gelu Neamţu, la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie "George Bariţiu" ; Volum coordonat de Gelu Neamţu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biografii paşoptiste culegere de studii = Homage dedicated to the historian Gelu Neamţu, at his 75th anniversary 4 Omagiu dedicat istoricului Gelu Neamţu, la împlinirea vârstei de 75 de ani Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie "George Bariţiu" ; Volum coordonat de Gelu Neamţu |
| title_short | Biografii paşoptiste |
| title_sort | biografii pasoptiste culegere de studii homage dedicated to the historian gelu neamtu at his 75th anniversary omagiu dedicat istoricului gelu neamtu la implinirea varstei de 75 de ani |
| title_sub | culegere de studii |
| topic_facet | Festschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027920701&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027920701&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041468442 (DE-604)BV035666522 |
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