Comparative biology of the normal lung
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Comparative biology of the normal lung |c ed. by Richard A. Parent ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Acad. Press |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 815 S. |b graph. Darst. |c 216 x 276 mm | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a lungs |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a lung function |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a respiration |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a anatomy |2 cabt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a cytology |2 cabt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Parent, Richard A. |4 edt | |
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| adam_text | Titel: Comparative biology of the normal lung
Autor: Parent, Richard A
Jahr: 2015
Contents
List of Contributors xv
Section I
Structural and Cellular Diversity of
the Mammalian Respiratory System
Kent E. Pinkerton, Laura S. Van Winkle
and Charles G. Plopper
1 Overview of Diversity in the
Respiratory System of Mammals 3
Kent E. Pinkerton, Laura S. Van Winkle and
Charles G. Plopper
2 Comparative Anatomy and Epithelial
Cell Biology of the Nose 7
Jack R. Harkema
3 Gross and Subgross Anatomy of Lungs,
Pleura, Connective Tissue Septa,
Distal Airways, and Structural Units
Janice L. Peake and Kent E. Pinkerton
1. Introduction
2. Observations
2.1. Pulmonary Pleura
2.2. Segmental and Interlobular Septa
21
21
21
21
22
2.3. Distal Airways
2.4. Structural Units
3. Discussion
4. Summary
References
4 Architecture of the
Tracheobronchial Tree
Kent E. Pinkerton, Laura S. Van Winkle,
Charles C. Plopper, Suzette Smiley-Jewell,
Elvira C. Covarrubias and John T. McBride
1.
2.
3.
3.1.
1. Introduction 7 3.2.
2. Gross Anatomy 7 3.3.
3. Preparation of Nasal Tissues for Microscopic 3.4.
Examination 9 3.5.
4. Histology and Cell Biology of the Nasal Epithelium 10 3.6.
4.1. Nasal Squamous Epithelium 10 3.7.
4.2. Nasal Transitional Epithelium 10 3.8.
4.3. Nasal Respiratory Epithelium 11
4.4. Olfactory Epithelium 12 3.9.
4.5. Lymphoepithelium and
Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 17 3.10.
5. Conclusion 18 3.11.
References 18
4.
24
27
28
29
29
33
Introduction
Trachea and Airways
2.1. Tracheal Dimensions
2.2. Central Airway Branching
2.3. Tracheal Compliance
Intralobar Airways
Early Studies
Wei bel
Horsfield and Cumming
Raabe, Phalen, Yeh et al.
West, Goldberger et al.
Stereological Measures of Bronchiolar
Diameters
McBride and Chuang
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Computed Tomography
Specific Aspects of Intralobar Airway
Morphometry
Compliance of Intralobar Airways
Overall Concepts of Intralobar Airway
Morphometry
Novel Approaches for the Study of the
Tracheobronchial Tree
4.1. Airway Microdissection
4.2. Isolated, Fixed Whole-Mount Airway
Preparations
4.3. Metabolic/Biochemical/Gene
Expression of Isolated Unfixed
Tracheobronchial Airways
References
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
37
39
40
40
41
42
45
45
46
47
47
48
49
v
vi Contents
Secretory Glycoconjugates
of the Trachea and Bronchi
Judith A. St George
8 Architecture of the Gas Exchange
53 Region of the Lungs
Robert R. Mercer and James D. Crapo
93
1. Introduction 53 1. Introduction 93
2. Gel-Forming Mucin 53 2. Definitions 93
3. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 54 3. Methods of Study 95
4. Lectin Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 55 4. Comparisons of Structure Across Species 95
5. Immunohistochemistry 58 5. Variation in Size 97
6. Quantitation 58 6. Vascular Perfusion of the Acinus 99
7. Conclusions 58 7. Size Limitations in Gas Exchange 101
References 59 8. Appendix A 102
Disclaimer 103
Epithelial Cells of Trachea and Acknowledgments 103
Bronchi 61 References 103
Susan D. Reynolds, Kent E. Pinkerton and
Andrew T. Mariassy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Definitions and Nomenclature
2.1. Positional Landmarks
2.2. Structural Landmarks
Airway Regions
3.1. Overview
3.2. Trachea (Tracheal Airway)
3.3. Bronchi (Bronchial Airway)
3.4. Bronchiole (Bronchiolar Airway)
3.5. Terminal Bronchiole (Terminal
Bronchiolar Airway)
3.6. Respiratory Bronchiole (Respiratory
Bronchiolar Airway)
Comparative Structure of the
Tracheobronchial Tree
4.1. Structural Similarities
4.2. Structural Distinctions
Comparative Morphology of the Airway
Epithelium
Morphometry
Epithelial Structure
Nonsecretory Epithelial Cell Types
Chemosensory Epithelial Cells
Secretory Cells
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
References
7 Epithelial Cells of the Bronchiole
Charles G. Plopper and Dallas M. Hyde
61
61
61
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
64
64
64
64
73
75
77
83
9 Architecture and Cellular
Composition of the Air—Blood
Tissue Barrier
Kent E. Pinkerton, Peter Gehr,
Alejandro Castafieda and James D. Crapo
1. Introduction
2. Organization of the Gas Exchange
Region of the Lungs
3. Cellular Composition of the Air—Blood
Tissue Barrier
4. Summary
References
10
Basement Membranes and the
Extracellular Matrix
Jane E. Farrington and Philip L. Sannes
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Methodological Approaches
2.1. General Methods for Staining ECM
2.2. Detection by Charge/Charge Density
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Comparative Mammalian Lung
Primary Surface Epithelial Cell
Culture
105
105
105
111
116
116
119
119
120
120
122
126
127
127
129
1. Introduction 83 Peter F. Bove and Scott H. Randell
2. Microenvironment of Bronchiolar 1. Introduction 129
Epithelium 83 2. Brief History of Lung Epithelial Cell
3. Composition of Bronchiolar Culture 129
Epithelium 85 3. Lung Organ Cultures and In Vivo
4. Ultrastructure of Nonciliated Bronchiolar Grafting 129
Epithelial Cells 88 4. Modern Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures 130
5. Summary 88 5. Modern Alveolar Epithelial Cell Cultures 135
References 91 References 135
Contents vii
Section II
Comparative Respiratory Physiology
of the Normal Lung
Daniel L. Costa and Jeffrey S. Tepper
143
5.
6.
12 Gas Exchange at Rest and during
Exercise in Mammals
Peter D. Wagner, James H. Jones and
Kim E. Longworth
1. Introduction 143
2. Absolute versus Allometric Comparisons
in Physiology 143
3. Demand for Oxygen and Flux through
the Respiratory System 144
4. Measuring Rates of Whole Body Oxygen
Consumption 145
4.1. Resting Rates of Oxygen
Consumption and Body Size 146
4.2. Maximum Rates of Oxygen
Consumption and Body Size 149
Diffusion of Gases 150
5.1. Facilitated Diffusion 154
Alveolar-Capillary Conductance:
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
(Transfer Factor)
6.1. Use of CO to Estimate Dld
6.2. Measurement of Dlco
6.3. Steady-State D|_co
6.4. Single-Breath Dlco
6.5. Rebreathing Dlco
6.6. Relationship between Different
Methods
6.7. Measurement of D|_0 : Steady-
State Dld
6.8. Single-Breath and Rebreathing D[_0
6.9. Morphometric Measurement of Di
O2 and CO2 Uptake Kinetics of
Red Blood Cells
Changes in Pulmonary Diffusing
Capacity (Dl)
8.1. Changes in Di with Exercise:
Physiologic
Changes in D|_ with Exercise:
Morphometric
Changes in D|_ with Body Size
9. Carbon Dioxide Transport
10. Oxygen Transport
11. Capillary Transit (Contact) Time
12. Partial Pressures of Alveolar Gas
13. Blood Gas Values
14. Arterial Hypoxemia
15. Ventilation-Perfusion Distributions
16. Integration of Transport Processes for O2
between the Air and the Muscle
Mitochondria 176
7.
8.
8.2.
8.3.
17. Summary
References
13 Aging of the Normal Lung
Graeme R. Zosky
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Lung Structure
2.1. Basic Patterns in Lung Growth and
Development
2.2. Changes in Lung Structure with Age
Lung Function
3.1. Measuring Lung Function
3.2. Changes in Lung Function with Age
Gas Exchange
4.1. Recent Studies on Gas Exchange
4.2. Changes in Gas Exchange with Age
Patterns of Ventilation
5.1. Basic Patterns in Ventilation
5.2. Changes in Ventilation Patterns
with Age
Concluding Remarks
References
14 Pulmonary Hemodynamics
154 Robert J. Porcelli and Stephen M. Black
155
156 1. Pulmonary Hemodynamics: Historical
156 Perspective
156 2. The Basic Principles of Hemodynamics
156 3. Pulmonary Hemodynamics
4. Effects of Gravity on Pulmonary
157 Circulation
4.1. Zones of the Lung
157 4.2. Zone I
158 4.3. Zone II
158 4.4. Zone III
4.5. Zone IV
160 4.6. Nongravitational Gradients
5. Ventilatory Effects on Pulmonary
160 Hemodynamics
5.1. Positive Pressure Inflation
160 5.2. Negative Pressure Inflation
5.3. Deflation
165 6. Surface Tension Effects on Pulmonary
165 Hemodynamics
168 7. Pressure Effects on Pulmonary Blood
172 Flow
173 7.1. Pressure Pulses
173 7.2. Microvascular Pressures
174 7.3. Interstitial Pressures
174 7.4. Fetal and Neonatal Pressures
175 8. Viscosity Effects on Pulmonary
178
178
185
185
186
186
187
191
191
192
197
197
197
199
199
200
201
201
205
Hemodynamics
9. Pulmonary Blood Volume
205
205
206
207
210
210
211
211
211
212
213
213
213
214
214
215
215
215
217
220
221
222
viii Contents
9.2.
9.3.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
9.1. Quantification of Pulmonary Blood
Volumes
Distribution of Pulmonary Blood
Volume
Determinants of Pulmonary Blood
Volume
Effect of Vascular Compliance on
Pulmonary Blood Flow
Vessel Recruitment versus Distension
Pressure—Flow Relationships
12.1. Curve Shape
12.2. Determinants of Curve Placement
12.3. Hysteresis
Modeling of the Pulmonary Circulation
13.1. Electrical Analogues
13.2. Vascular Capacitance
13.3. Vascular Impedance
Concluding Remarks
References
15 Comparative Control of
Respiration
Mehdi Saeed Hazari and Aimen K. Farraj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Overview of Respiratory Control
2.1. Components of the System
2.2. Central Pattern Generator
2.3. Eupneic Breathing Pattern
Interspecific Constants and Systematic
Variations with Body Size
Measurements of Respiratory Drive
and Ventilatory Responses
4.1. Considerations of Stimulus
Definition
4.2. Measures of System Output
Factors that Alter Breathing Patterns
5.1. Responses to Carbon Dioxide
5.2. Responses to Hypoxia
5.3. Responses to High and Low
Temperatures
5.4. Entrainment of Respiration
to Locomotion
5.5. Anesthesia
Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
16 Mechanical Properties of the Lung
Jason H.T. Bates
Symbols and Abbreviations
1. Introduction
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
229
230
230
231
231
234
235
245
245
245
245
248
250
256
258
258
259
261
261
266
273
277
279
279
280
280
289
289
289
2. Empirical Assessment of Lung
Mechanical Function 290
2.1. Relationships between Pressure,
Flow, and Volume 290
2.2. Spirometry 291
3. Parameters of Lung Mechanical Function 291
3.1. The Single-Compartment Linear
Model 291
3.2. Fitting the Single-Compartment
Model to Data 292
3.3. Physiological Interpretation of the
Single-Compartment Model 292
3.4. Nonlinear Extensions of the
Single-Compartment Model 293
3.5. Multi-Compartment Extensions
of the Single-Compartment Model 293
3.6. Frequency Dependence of
Resistance and Elastance 294
4. Lung Impedance 294
4.1. Forced Oscillation Technique 294
4.2. Physiological Interpretation
of Impedance 295
4.3. Applications of Impedance
Measurement 296
4.4. Comparative Values of Impedance
Parameters Across Species 297
5. Summary and Conclusions 301
References 302
17 Methods, Measurements, and
Interpretation of Animal Lung
Function in Health and Disease 305
Jeffrey S. Tepper and Daniel L Costa
List of Abbreviations 305
1. Introduction 306
2. Measurement Techniques 306
2.1. Basic Principles and Methodologies 306
2.2. Transpulmonary Pressure 306
2.3. Techniques for Measurement of
Volume or Flow 307
3. Indices of Pulmonary Function 310
3.1. Structure/Function Relationships 310
3.2. Static Lung Volume Measurements 311
3.3. Dynamic Lung Measurements 313
4. Caveats 323
4.1. Anesthesia (Chemical Restraint) 323
4.2. Physical Restraint/Activity 324
5. Allometry 325
5.1. Interspecific Allometry 325
5.2. Intraspecific Allometry 327
6. Practical Use and Interpretation of
Pulmonary Function Tests 327
Contents ix
6.1. Ventilation 329
6.2. Irritation 333
6.3. Bronchoconstriction 334
6.4. Obstructive and Restrictive Lesions 336
6.5. Lesions That Alter Diffusion 340
Conclusion 341
References 341
Appendix A. Selected References on
Comparative Mammalian Respiratory
Physiology 350
Section III
Comparative Biology of the
Normal Lung
Debra L. Laskin and Andrew J. Cow
18 Oxygen Metabolism in the Lung 355
Andrew J. Cow and Henry J. Forman
1. Oxygen Chemistry 355
2. Bioenergetics 356
2.1. Reducing Equivalents 357
2.2. Electron Transport 357
2.3. Reduction of Oxygen in Mitochondria 358
2.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation 359
2.5. Regulation 359
2.6. Lung Bioenergetics 360
2.7. Lung Mitochondria 362
2.8. ATP Generation 362
3. Oxygen-Dependent Metabolic Reactions 362
3.1. Mechanisms 363
4. Oxygen-Dependent Reactions in the Lung 364
4.1. Amine Oxidation 364
4.2. Cytochrome-P450 Monooxygenases 365
4.3. Prolyl and Lysyl Oxidases 366
4.4. The NOX Enzymes 366
4.5. Nitric Oxide Synthases 367
4.6. Xanthine Oxidase 367
4.7. Antioxidant Defenses 368
5. Conclusions 368
Acknowledgment 368
References 368
19 The Biochemistry of Endothelial
Cells 375
Rashmin C. Savani
1. Introduction 375
2. NO and NOS 375
3. Endothelial NOS 376
4. The Glycocalyx, Mechanosensation and
Mechanotransduction 378
5. Hyaluronan, HA Receptors,
and Angiogenesis 379
6. Other Signaling Pathways Regulating
Endothelial Functions 381
6.1. Permeability 381
6.2. Leukocyte Recruitment 382
6.3. Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet
Function 382
7. Summary 383
Acknowledgments 383
References 383
20 Comparative Biology of the
Normal Lung Extracellular Matrix 387
Stephanie A. Matthes, Ryan Hadley,
Jesse Roman and Eric S. White
1. Extracellular Matrix Basic Architecture 387
2. ECM Molecules 387
2.1. Fibrous Proteins 387
2.2. Proteoglycans and
Glycosaminoglycans 391
3. ECM in Lung Development 392
4. Compartmentalization of ECM in
the Postnatal Human Lung 394
4.1. The ECM in Airways 394
4.2. The ECM in the Lung Interstitium 395
4.3. The ECM of the Pulmonary Vessels
and Lymphatics 395
4.4. The ECM of the Alveolus 395
5. The ECM of the Aging Lung 396
6. Study of Normal Lung ECM 397
7. Conclusions 400
References 400
Lipid Mediators and Lung Function 403
Barry Weinberger, Daniel Hirsch, Kingsley
Yin and Bernd W. Spur
1. Prostanoids 403
2. Isoprostanes 405
3. Leukotrienes 406
4. Endocannabinoids 408
5. Platelet-Activating Factor 408
6. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated
Receptor-y 409
7. Lipoxins 409
8. Resolvins Ei, E2, and E3 411
9. Resolvins D-i, D2, D3, D4, D5, D ,
Maresin 1, Protect!n D3 411
10. Summary and Conclusions 412
References 414
x Contents
22 Lung Lipid Composition
and Surfactant Biology 423
Aron B. Fisher
1. Introduction 423
2. Lipid Composition 424
2.1. Lipid Classification and
Nomenclature 424
2.2. Methods of Lipid Extraction and
Separation 425
2.3. Lung Lipid Composition 426
3. Lipid Biosynthesis 432
3.1. Biochemical Pathways 432
4. Changes in Lung Phospholipids and
Related Parameters during Fetal
Development 448
5. Regulation of Lipid Biosynthesis 452
5.1. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 452
5.2. Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis 453
6. Lamellar Body Genesis 454
7. Surfactant Secretion 456
8. Surfactant Lipid Recycling 459
Acknowledgment 461
References 461
Additional References 466
23 Regulation of Airway Lining Fluid
in Health and Disease 467
James D. Londino, James F. Collawn and
Sadis Matalon
24 Zinc Homeostasis in Lung 479
Hui-Fiua Li, Kalidasan Thambiayya, Murat Kaynar,
Karla A. Wasserloos, Claudette M. St Croix and
Bruce R. Pitt
1. Introduction 479
2. Molecular Fundamentals of Zinc
Homeostasis 480
3. Zinc as a Signaling Molecule in Lung 481
4. Zinc Toxicity in Lung 484
4.1. Zinc Deficiency and Acute Lung
Injury: Complexities of Integrated
Response 484
5. Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent 485
6. Interactions of Zinc and Other Metals 485
7. Summary 486
References 486
25 Antioxidant Defenses in the Lung 489
Albert van der Vliet
1. Introduction 489
2. Exogenous and Endogenous ROS
Production in the Lung 490
2.1. NOX Enzymes in the Lung 491
3. Antioxidant Defenses in the Lung 492
3.1. Enzymatic Antioxidants: Superoxide
Dismutases 493
3.2. HzOz-Metabolizing Enzymes 495
3.3. Other Redox Regulating Enzymes 497
3.4. Adaptive Responses to Oxidative
1. Overview 467
2. Mucociliary Clearance 467
3. Ion Transport Across Lung Epithelial Cells 467
4. ENaC and CFTR 468
5. Role of Other Ion Channels 469
6. Cystic Fibrosis Disease 469
7. Beta ENaC Mouse 470
8. CF Pig 470
9. Alteration of Ion Transport by Influenza 471
10. Alteration of Fluid Clearance by
Influenza In Vivo 472
11. Alteration of Fluid Clearance
Throughout Infection 472
12. Alteration of ENaC Activity by the
Influenza Ion Channel M2 Protein 473
13. Alteration of CFTR Activity by
Influenza M2 Protein 474
14. Net Effect of ENaC and CFTR
Inhibition? 474
Acknowledgments 475
References 475
Stress: Nrf2 498
3.5. Antioxidant Systems at the
Respiratory Surface 498
4. Summary and Final Conclusions 499
Acknowledgment 500
References 500
Section IV
Physical and Immunological
Defenses of the Respiratory Tract
Gary R. Burleson and Richard B. Schlesinger
26 Comparative Defense Capability
of the Respiratory System:
Introduction and Section
Overview 511
Cary R. Burleson and Richard B. Schlesinger
References 512
Contents xi
27 Deposition of Particles
James S. Brown
1. Introduction
1.1. Size Characterization of Inhaled
Particles
1.2. Structure of the Respiratory
Tract Related to Particle Deposition
1.3. Route of Breathing
1.4. Particle Inhalability
1.5. Dose and Dose Metrics
2. Particle Deposition
2.1. Mechanisms of Deposition
2.2. Deposition Patterns
2.3. Interspecies Patterns of Deposition
2.4. Factors Modulating Deposition
2.5. Summary
3. Disclaimer
References
28 Deposition of Inhaled Gases
and Vapors
John B. Morris
1. Introduction
2. Reactive Inorganic Cases
3. Acetone
4. Ester Vapor
5. Nonreactive Organic Vapors
6. Reactive Organic Vapors
7. Acetaldehyde
8. Conclusions
References
29 Mucociliary Function
W. Michael Foster
1. Introduction
2. Epithelial Membrane Lining
3. Cilium Structure
4. Ciliary Homeostasis
5. Airway Secretions
6. Airway Mucus Transport
7. Biologic Control Factors
8. Cough Clearance of Airway
Mucus
9. Mucociliary Clearance and Airway
Toxicology
10. Integrity of the Epithelial Barrier
11. Conclusions
References
30 Pulmonary Immunology of
Infectious Disease 581
Gary R. Burleson, Stefanie C.M. Burleson
and Florence G. Burleson
1. Introduction 581
2. Pulmonary Immunological Mediators:
Soluble Immune Messengers 582
2.1. Cytokines 582
2.2. Chemokines 583
3. Pulmonary Innate Immunity 584
3.1. Macrophages 585
3.2. Neutrophils 586
3.3. Mast Cells 586
3.4. Natural Killer Cells 587
3.5. Natural Killer T Cells 588
4. Pulmonary Antigen Presentation:
A Gateway to Adaptive Immunity 588
4.1. Dendritic Cells 589
5. Pulmonary Adaptive Immunity 589
5.1. Cell-Mediated Immunity 590
5.2. Humoral-Mediated Immunity 592
6. Alterations in Pulmonary Immunological
Responses 593
7. Comparative Pulmonary Immunology 594
References 596
The Effect of Particle Deposition
on Immunological Response
as Measured by Cytokine
Production 601
Madhuri Singal
1. The Respiratory System and Particulate
Exposure 601
2. Structure and Function of Normal
Respiratory Defenses 604
3. Inflammation in the Lung 605
4. Particle Deposition Kinetics 607
5. Particulate-Induced Inflammatory
Injury in the Lung 608
6. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen-
Dependent Mechanisms of Pulmonary
Injury/Inflammation 609
7. Pulmonary Tissue Repair
Mechanisms 611
8. Model Systems for the Study of
Particulate-lnduced Pulmonary Injury
and Inflammation 611
9. Studying Particulate-lnduced
Inflammation in In Vitro Systems 612
513
513
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
521
524
526
532
533
533
537
537
551
551
557
557
558
558
559
559
561
561
561
562
564
564
567
568
569
570
572
573
574
xii Contents
10.
11.
12.
13.
Role of Type II Epithelial Cells in
Pulmonary Inflammation
Age-Related Immunological
Responses to Particulate Inhalation
Exposure
Conclusions
Future Directions for Particle and
Allergen Inflammation Research
References
32 Pulmonary Macrophages
Debra L. Laskin, Rama Malaviya and
Jeffrey D. Laskin
614
614
614
616
617
629
Interaction of DCs with Other
Cell Types 659
8.1. Interaction of DCs with Epithelial
Cells 659
8.2. Interaction of DCs with T Cells 659
8.3. Interaction of DCs with Neutrophils 659
8.4. Interaction of DCs with Macrophages 660
Summary and Future Directions 660
References 660
34 Pulmonary Mast Cells
Pranita Katwa and Jared M. Brown
1. Introduction
1. Macrophages and Innate Immunity 629 2. Mast Cell Characterization
2. Regulation of Pulmonary Macrophage 2.1. Growth and Differentiation
Activity in the Normal Lung 630 2.2. Mast Cells in Host Tissues
3. Pulmonary Macrophage Receptors 630 2.3. Mast Cell Phenotypes
4. Pulmonary Macrophage Subpopulations 634 3. Mast Cells in Lung Immunology
4.1. Alveolar Macrophages 634 3.1. Mast Cells in Innate Immunity
4.2. Interstitial Macrophages 638 3.2. Mast Cells in Adaptive Immunity
4.3. Pleural Macrophages 640 3.3. Activation Pathways
4.4. Pulmonary Intravascular 3.4. Mast Cells and Aging
Macrophages 640 3.5. Mast Cell and Effector Cell
4.5. Airway Macrophages 641 Interactions
5. Origin of Pulmonary Macrophages 641 4. Mast Cells and Pulmonary Disease
6. Conclusions 642 4.1. Mast Cells in Asthma
Acknowledgments 642 4.2. Mast Cells in Pulmonary Fibrosis
References 642 4.3. Mast Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pulmonary Dendritic Cells 651 5. Mast Cells and lmmunotoxicology
Donald N. Cook and Hideki Nakano
5.1.
1. Overview of Dendritic Cells 651
2. DC Subsets in the Lung 652
2.1. Anatomic Distribution of DCs 652
2.2. Classification by Cell Surface
Markers 652
2.3. CD103+ DCs 653
2.4. CD11 bhl DCs 653
2.5. Inflammatory DCs 654
2.6. pDCs 654
3. DC Development 654
4. DC Activation 655
4.1. DC Activation by TLRs 656
4.2. DC Activation by C-type Lectins 656
4.3. DC Activation by RIG-I-Like
Receptors 656
5. DC Trafficking 657
6. DC-Mediated Induction of T Helper
Cell Differentiation 657
7. Activation of Memory T Cells during
Antigen Challenge 658
6.
35
Exacerbation of Pre-Existing
Pulmonary Conditions
5.2. Exposure to Toxicants
Mast Cell Therapeutics
6.1. Anti-lgE Agents
6.2. Cromoglycate-Based Drugs
6.3. Leukotriene Antagonists
6.4. Histamine Receptor Antagonists
References
The Immune Basis of
Allergic Lung Disease
Stefanie C.M. Burleson, Robert B. Fick,
Mark D. Mannie, Stephen C. Olmstead and
Michael R. Van Scott
1. Introduction
1.1. Historical Perspective
2. Pathophysiology of Allergic Asthma
2.1. Pathogenesis
2.2. Acute/Early-Phase Asthmatic
Response
665
665
665
665
666
666
666
666
667
668
668
669
671
671
672
673
673
673
673
676
676
676
676
677
677
683
683
683
685
685
685
Contents xiii
2.3. Late-Phase Asthmatic Response 685
2.4. Chronic Disease 688
3. The Immune Basis of Asthma 690
3.1. Cell Network 690
3.2. Cytokine Network 693
3.3. General Growth and Acute
Response Cytokines 693
3.4. Canonical Th2 Cytokines 695
3.5. T|_|1 Cytokines 696
3.6. Noncanonical Cytokines 696
3.7. Counterregulatory Mechanisms 698
3.8. Treg Cytokines 700
4. The Environment and Epigenetic
Modulation of Immunity 701
5. Aging and Pulmonary Immune Responses 702
6. Animal Models of Human Asthma 704
6.1. Mice 704
6.2. Rats 709
6.3. Guinea Pigs 709
6.4. Rabbits 709
6.5. Dogs 710
6.6. Sheep 710
6.7. Horses 710
6.8. Non-Human Primates 710
7. Conclusion 711
References 711
36 Role of Genetic Factors in
Pulmonary Disease Susceptibility 721
Berran Yucesoy, Victor J. Johnson and
Michael I. Luster
1. Introduction 721
2. SNP Disease Associations 721
3. Gene—Environment Interactions 722
4. Genetic Susceptibility and
Gene—Environment Interactions in
Pulmonary Diseases 722
4.1. Occupational Asthma 722
4.2. Chronic Beryllium Disease 724
4.3. Silicosis 726
4.4. Coal workers Pneumoconiosis 726
4.5. Lung Function Decline 726
5. Conclusions 728
Disclaimer 728
References 728
Appendices 731
Index 799
|
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| id | DE-604.BV042454240 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:24:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780124045774 |
| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Comparative biology of the normal lung lungs cabt lung function cabt respiration cabt anatomy cabt cytology cabt |
| title | Comparative biology of the normal lung |
| title_auth | Comparative biology of the normal lung |
| title_exact_search | Comparative biology of the normal lung |
| title_full | Comparative biology of the normal lung ed. by Richard A. Parent ... |
| title_fullStr | Comparative biology of the normal lung ed. by Richard A. Parent ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative biology of the normal lung ed. by Richard A. Parent ... |
| title_short | Comparative biology of the normal lung |
| title_sort | comparative biology of the normal lung |
| topic | lungs cabt lung function cabt respiration cabt anatomy cabt cytology cabt |
| topic_facet | lungs lung function respiration anatomy cytology |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027889471&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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