Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries
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2003a
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Archaeological Contributions
to Northwestern Romania
during the 7th-11th Centuries.
Researches in Sylvanian Basin
Chapter I. Introduction
a. Purpose. Chronological limits. Methodology
The existence of several studies related to Northwestern Romania in the
early mediaeval period, led to my attention a smaller geographical area, which
is also a part of the Northwestern Romania.
Since Sylvanian Basin is part of Northwestern Romania and the
conclusions also refers to this, we considered as relevant a historical timetable
of research for the entire Northwestern area, in order to highlight the progress
of the investigation so far. The archaeological analysis of Sylvanian Basin took
into account the geographical and geological realities, all contributing to a
better understanding of the evolution of human habitat in this area, during 7th
— 11th centuries.
The present approach is based on all the archaeological artifacts discovered
in Sylvanian Basin, artifacts dating from the second half of the 7th—11th
century. Thus, there were highlighted 93 points of archaeological interest on
the territory of 40 municipalities and each one of them have clarifications about
the place (toponym mention where its known) the archaeological researches
(surface research, rescue research etc.), the authors of the research, the research
results, the timing and place to storage the archaeological material.
Archaeological remains were divided into two groups :
- the first group includes the sites dated in the second half of the 7th —first
half of the 10th century, when the first Hungarians tribes incursions occured
in Transylvania.
- the second group includes the sites dating from the second half of the
10th—11th century, the phenomena generated by the first incursions of the
Hungarians in Transylvania, followed by the conquest of the territory.
b. The geographical frame
The area under discussion is called Sylvanian Basin or Central Sylvanian
Basin. The geographical boundaries are drawn in Northwest by Culmea
Sàlajului, in the east, by Mese§ Mountains and in the west, by Plopif Mountains
and Sylvanian Hills (pi. 1 / 2).
15 7
Modelled by rivers, favored by widespread Pliocene formations (clay, marl, sand) led to
the individualization of the depression, into : Çimleu Basin, Zalau Basin and Sâlaj Basin.
Chapter II. Insights into a history of Northwerstern Romania research during the
7th-11th century. Specal case the Sylvanian Basin
A. Researches regarding 7th-9th centuries
Unfortunately, the archaeological research on early medieval period done so far had and
still have a limited character, so, as a result, the knowledge has a similar level! In addition,
the researches are made just in a few locations and there are cases where the results of older
excavations have not been published yet !
The Northwestern Romania has not benefited yet of intense research regarding the
period of 7th—9th centuries. Most of the sites from this chronological stage were researched
only at a surface research level and only few of them were excavated.
b. Researches regarding 10th-11th centuries
The situation is also the same for the sites datable in 10th—11th centuries, were the
archaeological researches were mainly surface research, very few sites were excavated, most
of them being researched by small archaeological excavations and have not been followed by
extensive research or systematic.
Chapter III. The sites from the second half of 7th - first half of 10th centuries, researched
by archaeological excavations in Sylvanian Basin
Of the 93 archaeological sites dating from the 7th—11th centuries discovered so far in
Sylvanian Basin (pi. 2), only 35 of them were excavated (pi. 3). Of these sites, only 21 of
them are dated to the second half of 7th —first half of 10th centuries.
They are as follows:
1. The settlement from Pericei „Keller Tag “ (pi. 7—9)
2. The settlement from Nusfalau „Tigoiul lui Benedek“ (pi. 10—14)
3. The settlement from Zalau „B-dul Mihai Viteazul, nr. 104—106“ (pi. 15—16)
4. The settlement from Popeni „Pepogor“ (pi. 18—22)
5. The settlement from Panic „ISCIP“
6. The settlement from Zalau „Dealul Lupului/Farkas Domb“ (pi. 23)
7. The cemetery from Zalau „Dealul Lupului/Farkas Domb“ (pi. 24—27)
8. The cemetery from Nusfalau „Vulpi§te/Halmakpataka“
9. The settlement from Cheud „Sub Hij“ (pi. 28—31)
10. The settlement from Cuceu „Valea Bochii“ (pi. 32—35)
11. The settlement from Badon „La rastignire“ (pi. 36)
12. The settlement from Bobota ,,Pe vale/lerta§“ (pi. 37—42)
13. The settlement from Mir§id „Fantana alba“ (pi. 43—48)
14. The settlement from Badon „La Nove“
15. The settlement from Marca „Primaria Nona“ (pi. 49—51)
16. The settlement from Port „La baraj“ (pi. 52—71)
17. The settlement from Aghiref „Subpa§une“ (pi. 72—83)
18. The settlement from Lompirt „Kovicses“
19. The settlement from Boc§a „Dealul Bancului“
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20a. The settlement from Zalau „ Valea rachi§orii / Pdlvar“ (pi. 93—95)
20b. The cemetery from Zalau „Valea rachi§orii/Pdlvar“ (pi. 84—92)
21. The fortress from §imleu Silvaniei „Obsermtor“ (pi. 102—106)
Chapter IV. The sites from the second half of the 10th-11th centuries, researched by
archaeological excavations in Sylvanian Basin
Of the 93 archaeological sites dating from the 7th—11th centuries discovered so far in
Sylvanian Basin (pi. 2), only 35 (pi. 3) were excavated. Of the 35 sites that were surveyed, 14
of them can be dated in the second half of the 10th — 11th centuries.
The sites that were excavated are as follows:
1. The settlemet from Zalau „B-dul Mihai Viteazul, nr. 104—106“ (pi. 17)
2. The settlemet from §imleu Silvaniei „Str. A. Mure§anu, nr. 11“ (pi. 107—108)
3. Funeral discoveries from Guruslau (pi. 109)
4. Funeral discoveries from Badon „Doa§te“ (pi. 110)
5. The settlemet from Zalau „Valea Matii (Baza TCI)“ (pi. 111—112)
6. The settlemet from Badon „Doa§te“
7. The settlemet from Boc§a „Pietri§“ (pi. 113)
8. The settlemet from Aghire§ „Subpa§une“ (pi. 72—83)
9. The settlemet from Ip „Dealul Bisericii“
10. The settlemet from Zalau ,,§coala veche —Valea Matii“ (p. 114—119)
11. The fortress and the cemetery from Ortelec „Cetate“ (pi. 120—121)
12. The fortress from §imleu Silvaniei „Cetate/Vdrhegy“ (pi. 122—124)
13. The fortress from Moigrad „Magura“ (pi. 125—126)
14. The fortress from Zalau „ Valea rachi§orii/Pdlvar“ (pi. 96—101)
15. The fortress from Tusa „La §anturi“
16. The fortress from Marca „Cetate“ (pi. 127)
Chapter V. An attempt to classify the vestiges from the second half of the 7th-first
half of 10th centuries in Sylvanian Basin
Among the sites that were excavated, 21 of them are dated in the second half of the
7th —first half of 10th centuries.
V.l. Settlements
a. Location
The archaeological excavations made so far in Sylvanian Basin have shown habitats from
different historical eras and artifacts dating from the second half of the 7th—first half of 10th
centuries. Some areas were more densely inhabited, due to the existing natural conditions,
but, on the other hand the lack of the findings or to the contrary, their abundance, may be a
result of the stages of research {Bdcuet-Cri§an 2007, p. 12).
Following the results offered by the excavations made so far in the studied area one can
notice that the settlements are located always near the water, on the first or on the second
terrace of the rivers.
159
b. Structure and internal topography
The organization / structure and internal topography of the settlements from the second
half of the 7th—first half of the 10th centuries in Northwestern Romania in general and
Sylvanian Basin, in particular, are two issues that are very little known, because most of the
archaeological excavations carried out in these settlements had a limited character.
The archaeological features researched in these settlements are of several types: dwellings,
households, garbage pits, storage pits and open air fireplaces.
c. Dwellings, household and other types of archaeological features
Dwellings
In the settlements located in Sylvanian Basin had been discovered both types of dwellings:
surface and deepened.
All the surface dwellings that were researched, were provided with fire installation,
placed at one corner of the building. Some houses even had two fire installations.
The deepened dwelling is the most common type in the settlements belonging to this
stage in Sylvanian Basin. In all the deepened dwellings were discovered fire installations,
placed at one corner of the building. Most houses had a single fire installation, but there were
others provided with two fire installations.
Households
This category includes buildings that had a different role than residential. In some of the
settlements have been discovered several archaeological features without fire installations,
surface or deepened and with rectangular planimetry, oval or oval-elongated.
Open air fireplaces
These open air fireplaces were placed among the houses and households without
occupying a special space inside the settlements.
Storage and garbage pits
In most of the early mediaeval settlements were discovered pits with different shapes
and sizes. They were dispersed among houses or households, without occupying a special
space inside the settlements.
d. Archaeological inventory
The archaeological research made in the settlements from the second half of the 7th —first
half of 10tfl centuries in Sylvanian Basin ended with the discovery of a not very large quantity
of archaeological material, but it is interesting and diverse. Of course, pottery is the most
consistent category, which is typical for early mediaeval period.
Pottery
Analyzing all the pottery discovered so far (settlements, cemeteries, fortresses) in the sites
from the second half of the 7th—first half of 10th centuries in Sylvanian Basin, we discovered
that in this period, the following pottery was used: cooking pot (without handles), bell
shaped baking device, baking plate, dish, bowl, jug /amphora type vessel, miniature vessel,
cup, rushlight and lid.
Other artifacts made of clay
This includes spindle whorls and big clay plates.
Metal artifacts
Besides pottery, which is the most common archaeological material in these type of
sites, were discovered archaeological objects made of metal, different in form and utility:
160
knives, buckles, arrows, flint steel, needles, scissor, bucket, woodworking tools, agricultural
tools, nails/iron cramps etc.
Stone artifacts
Objects made of stone have been discovered in the inventory of several archaeological
complexes. Artifacts made of stone are: sharps, grinders and mould.
Bone artifacts
The presence of the tools made of bone is a feature of early mediaeval settlements.
Artifacts made of bone are the piercings.
e. Aspects from economical life
The archaeological discoveries from Sylvanian Basin say a lot about many aspects of
economical life of the human communities living here.
Spinning and weaving are attested by the discovery of the spindle whorls and needles.
Food preparation is evidenced by the large amount of bell shaped baking device and baking
plates and by the presence of ovens for baking bread. We should mention here the grinders,
also used in the preparation of food.
The blacksmith shop discovered in Zalau „Valea rachi§orii/Palvar“ and the fragments
of iron slag, argues another aspect of economic life, the one related to metal working. Also,
this is an issue linked to the existence of the sharps for sharpening the tools.
Livestock is one of the most important activities of human communities, providing food
on the one hand and on the other hand, a number of products necessary for the community.
The presence of great horned, little horned, pigs or birds is evidenced by the osteological
material from the settlements.
Woodworking, required for construction and manufacturing of various objects, is
attested by the presence of iron tools. They also practiced agriculture for food, agricultural
tools were also discovered to argue this.
V.2. Cemeteries
Compared to the settlements and archaeological, material, funerary discoveries are few.
a. General characteristics. Rite and funeral ritual
Untill now, in Sylvanian Basin were researched areas from three cemeteries: Nuffalau
,,Vulpi§te / Halmak Pataka“ (cremation), Zalau „Dealul Lupului/Farkas Domb“ (cremation) and
Zalau „Valea rachi§orii / Palvar“ (inhumation).
b. Archaeological inventory
Of the three cemeteries that were archaeologically researched, the following categories
of artifacts were discovered: pottery, jewelry and metal tools.
V.3. Fortresses
Of all the fortresses surveyed in Sylvanian Bassin, through the archaeological material
and structural characteristics, the fortress from §imleu Silvaniei „ Observator“ is the only one
who can be dated before the first incursions of the Hungarians warriors in Transylvania.
161
Chapter VI. An attempt to classify the vestiges from the second half of the 10th - 11th
centuries in Sylvanian Basin
The catalogue of the discoveries dating from the 7th—11th centuries from Sylvanian
Basin, discovered so far, includes 93 sites, of which 35 were archaeologically surveyed. The
sites from the second half of the 10th— 11th centuries that were archaeologically surveyed are
14 in number.
VI.1. Settlements
The number of the dwellings dating in the second half of the 10th— 11th centuries that
were archaeologically surveyed, is considerably lower than that of the settlements dating in
the second half of the 7th—first half of the 10th centuries. The discoveries show the existence
of areas that were densely inhabited, largely due to the natural conditions that were proper
for habitation. On the other hand, the abundance or to the contrary, the lack of findings in a
given area can be explained to some extent by the intensity of research that has been carried
out.
a. Location
As before, the settlements from Silvania Depression are always located near the water,
rivers, on the first or on the second terrace, on higher terraces or low heights hill. Some
settlements were located at the mouth of the valleys or on the contrary, to the bottom of
the valleys.
b. Structure and internal topography
The settlements from Sylvanian Basin, dated in this chronological stage are quite
unknown. Different types of archaeological features were discovered, but the lack of
systematic excavations prevented the forming of a general, realistic and clear image of the
village of the second half of the 10th — 11th centuries.
Archaeological excavations have revealed different types of archaeological features:
dwellings, pits, households, open air fireplaces, furnace for metal craft.
c. Dwellings, households and other types of archaeological features
Dwellings
Most of the dwellings discovered in Sylvanian Basin are deepened, there is only one
surface dwelling, discovered in Aghiref „Sub pasune“ (Bacuet-Crisan, Sanda Bacuet-Crisan,
Bejinariu, Pop, Matei, 2009, p. 57).
The deepened dwellings were provided with facilities for fire located at one corner of
the building. A single dwelling — at Aghiref „Sub pasune“ — had two installations for fire
(Bacuet-Crisan, Sanda Bacuet-Crisan, Bejinariu, Pop, Matei 2009, p. 30), the others had a single
fireplace.
Open air fireplaces
These archaeological complexes are arranged among houses and households.
Households
Such features have been researched in the settlements from Aghiref „Subpasune“ (Bacuet-
Crisan, Sanda Bacuet-Crisan, Bejinariu, Pop, Matei 2009, p. 57) and Zalau „ Valea Matii — §coala
veche“ (Bacuet-Crisan, Sanda Bacuet-Cri§an, Bejinariu, Pop, Matei 2009, p. 11).
162
Garbage pits
Garbage pits are located among residential buildings and households.
d. Archaeological inventory
Most of the archaeological material dicovered in these settlements consists largely in
pottery.
Pottery
Due to the narrowness of the research, chronological and typological research has been
made on a small amount of archaeological material. The fragmentary pottery did not allowed
to establish typologies, based on whole vessels. The pottery consists in: cooking pot (without
handles), baking plate, bell shaped baking device, grooved neck pot and the cup.
Other artifacts made of clay
Along with the pottery, other artifacts were discovered, like: spindle whorls, weights.
Stone artifacts
Objects made of stone have been found in several archaeological complexes. Artifacts
made of stone are: sharps, grinders.
Metal artifacts
Besides pottery, which is the most common archaeological material in such sites, were
discovered archaeological objects made of metal, different in form and utility: knives, arrows,
nails/cramps etc.
Bone artifacts
Some bone artifacts were discovered in the settlements from Zalau „Valea Matii“ and
Aghirej „Subpa§une“. These are of several types: a needle, a piercing and an ornamented
apply.
e. Aspects of economic life
Spinning and weaving are attested by the discovery of the spindle whorls and loads made
of clay from the loom. Food preparation is highlighted by the vaulted ovens for baking and
by the grinders discovered. The presence of the metallurgical furnace, the pieces of iron slag
indicates activities of processing the metals.
Livestock is highlighted by the osteological material fond in the houses or pits. Animal
leather processing and clothing manufacturing are motivated by the presence of the needle
and the bone piercing.
VI.2. Cemeteries
The funerary findings can be classified into cemeteries and isolated graves. Research
carried out so far show the existence of a single rite of burial: inhumation.
Archaeological inventory
The ar chaeological inventory discovered into the inhumation graves consists in
ornaments and jewelry.
VI.3. Fortresses
Only five fortresses dating from the second half of the 10th—11th centuries were
surveyed so far in the Sylvanian Basin: Zalau „Valea rachigorii/Palvar“, §imleu Silvaniei
„Cetate / Varhegy“, Ortelec „Cetate“, Moigrad „Magura“ and Tusa „La §anturi“.
163
The fortresses are located on high terraces, on the hills or on mountain endings. They
occupy strategic points to control access routes from one area to another. Regarding the
technique of defensive elements, between these objectives there are a number of similarities,
but also differences.
Archaeological inventory
Unfortunately this type of sites offer a very small amount of archaeological inventory.
The pottery is still the most common archaeological material discovered.
Pottery
A very small quantity of pottery was discovered in the fortresses. Most fragments come
from the cooking pots (without handles), slow or fast wheel made. The groove neck pot is
present in one place at §imleu Silvaniei „Cetate / Varhegy“.
Metal artifacts
We mention here the arrow discovered at Ortelec „Cetate ‘ (Cosma 2002b, Pi. 182/10)
and the one discovered in Giurtelecu §imleului „Coasta lui Damian“ (Bacuet-Cri§an 2000c,
pp. 579-580, fig. III).
Chapter VII. Conclusions
This approach is based on the idea that geographical microzones have the ability to
provide scientific data very useful in the understanding of phenomena performed on large
geographical areas. Therefore, studying Sylvanian Basin is a concrete way to understand
historical phenomena and processes developed in the Northwestern Romania.
We tried, as much as possible, to capture the characteristics of the micro-regional mate-
rial culture, highlighting the appearances/disappearances of some types of artifacts and the
changes of the constant ones. This analysis also allow the capturing of essential aspects of
human communities in these places: evolution/involution, conservatism/receptivity. All
data can be compared and combined with those from the Northwestern Romania and with
other various geographic areas in the world.
Setting the ethnicity of the archaeological vestiges remains a goal difficult to establish
in the present state of research. The fact is that some human communities are characterized
by certain types of artifacts and archaeological complexes, but only during certain short
chronological stages, before entering in direct/indirect contact with other human groups,
different in ethnicity.
The chronological stage of the vestiges discovered in Sylvanian Basin start in the second
half of the 7tK century and continues until the 11th century. The archaeological remains were
divided into two large chronological groups, reported to the first incursions of the Hungarian
warriors in Transylvania, followed by its conquest. Therefore, given this historical moment,
the findings were classified into vestiges before (the second half of the 7th—first half of the
10th centuries) and after the first incursions of the Hungarian warriors (the second half of
10th—11th centuries).
VII.a. About the vestiges from the second half of 7th - first half of the 10th centuries
The settlements from Sylvanian Basin have a complex internal structure and topography
and this is not a feature of the microregion, as archaeological research in various areas of
Transylvania revealed the presence of several types of archeological features (Glodariu, Costea,
Ciupea 1980, pp. 70, 83-86).
164
The archaeological inventory found in the various features is diverse, the clay vessel
represents the major artifact — which is typical for early — medieval period. Even though it
is fragmentary, pottery remains the main element for dating the archaeological sites. The
pottery from the second half of the 7th —first half of the 10th centuries includes many types
of pots (cooking pot without handles, bell shaped baking device, baking plate, dish, bowl,
jug/amphora type vessel, miniature vessel, cup, rushlight and lid) a situation which denotes
a diversification/development of pottery craft. The most common form of pottery in the
archaeological inventory is the cooking pot without handles, which was used on the entire
chronological stage.
A special type of pottery is the pottery modeled with the fast wheel, discovered in
Northwestern Romania (implicitly in Sylvanian Basin) and got the attention of the scientific
world from Romania
The pottery modeled with the fast wheel includes a diversity of forms, as: cooking pot
(without handles), jug/amphora type vessel, cup, dish and lid. Recent research conducted
in Northwestern Romania revealed some settlements characterized by the presence of
the pottery modeled with the fast wheel and for a better identification of this type of
discoveries named it Lazuri — Nu^falau pottery type (Bacuet-Cri§an 2005, p. 94; Bacuet-Cri^an
2006b, p. 832).
Summarizing all the data provided by the excavations carried out so far, we try to establish
an evolutionary scheme for the pottery (modeled by hand, slow or fast wheel) discovered in
Sylvanian Basin and belonging to the second half of 7th —first half of the 10th centuries:
• hand made pottery is present in large amounts in the settlements dating from the
beginning of this phase — the second half of the 7th century /first half of the 8th
century, in some sites being present in an amount of 95 %. After this stage, hand
made pottery undergoes a quantitative regression, reaching an extremely low level
(1 % in the first half of the 10th century), but does not disappear completely.
• slow wheel made pottery is almost constant throughout this period.
• regarding the fast wheel made pottery, during the second half of 7th— first half of
8th centuries, we noticed that it is present either a small amount (6%) or in large
quantities, in some settlements reaching values of 41 %. This period is characterized
by the existence of the pottery known as Lazuri-Nujfalau pottery type, pottery that
shows the technological aspects of the ancient world and can be seen as a legacy
of antiquity, preserved and transmitted to the early medieval period. Just after the
middle of the 8th century, the pottery worked by fast wheel registers lower values
than in the past, but by the end of this chronological stage (first half of the 10th
century) knows a constant process of quantitative growth. In the 13th—14th centuries,
this technique of producing pottery will generalize.
Like any artifact, the fast wheel made pottery is studied in technical and technological
terms, but it should be analyzed also in terms of ethnicity. Ethnicity has two main aspects:
the ethnos of the community that produces and uses the artifact and the community ethnos
who just take and use the artifact.
The pottery worked at fast wheel from Northwestern Romania known as Lazuri-
Nu falau pottery type, is fine quality and various forms: cooking pot (without handles),
jug/amphora type vessel, cup, dish and lid. Through its formal, technical and technological
characteristics, it is very close to the roman provincial pottery, indicating that this type
of pottery is a legacy of antiquity. Archaeological excavations carried out so far have not
provided sufficient data to clarify the mechanism/mechanisms by which this technological
165
knowledge has been transmitted from antiquity to the Middle Ages, so future research will
have to clarify this issue.
As we mentioned before, the fast wheel made pottery known as Lazuri-Nu^falau pottery type
is very close to the roman provincial pottery, which leads me to believe that in terms of ethnic
origins it can be attributed to a Romance population. The variety of the models worked by
fast wheel, the different colors, different types of paste used, suggests that vessels of this type
have been produced in this area and not imported, but we do not exclude the possibility that
certain ceramic forms could have been produced in other geographical areas. Unfortunately,
no kilns were yet discovered, findings that could clearly indicate the existence of the centers of
production. More, we do not know yet the cemeteries of the settlements were was discovered
Lazuri-Nu§falau pottery type, their research can provide important data on the ethnos of
the findings.
Compared to the number of the settlements from this period discovered in Sylvanian
Basin, funerary discoveries are extremely rare. So far, there are only three funerary finds
datable to the second half of the 7th — first half of the 10th centureis: the cemetery from Nu§falau
„Vulpi§te/Halmak pataka (cremation), the cemetery from Zalau „Dealul Lupului/Parkas
Domb“ (cremation) and the cemetery from Zalau „ Valea rdchi§orii/Valvar(inhumation).
The status of research on early medieval fortresses from Sylvanian Basin is not satisfactory,
of the few fortresses of this type, only the one from §imleu Silvaniei „Observator“ can be
chronologically classified before the first incursions of Hungarian tribes in Transylvania,
the characteristics of the archaeological material and the defensive elements stand for its
classification to an earlier stage before the middle of the 10th century, at the beginning of the
first half of the 10th century (.Bacuet-Cri§an, Pop 2011 pp. 312—313).
VII.b. About the vestiges from the seconf half of 10th century -11th century
Unlike the previous chronological stage, the discoveries dating from the second half of
the 10th— 11th centuries, are fewer, so the general image on this chronological stages is more
incomplete.
Pottery remains the main artifact in the archaeological inventory. Modeling techniques for
vessels are the same as in the previous chronological stage (pottery modeled by hand, fast wheel
or slow wheel) but quantitatively, the three categories of pottery are quite different, given the
fact that very few vessels modeled by hand were discovered, they practically being extincted.
Pottery consists in: cooking pot (without handles), baking plate, bell shaped baking
device, grooved neck pot and the cup. The most common is the cooking pot (without
handles), present in all the sites. The grooved neck pot was identified in two settlements, the
baking plate, bell shaped baking device and the cup were discovered just in a single settlement.
The quantities of the three categories of pottery discovered in the settlements from
Sylvanian Basin are:
• hand made pottery - between 0 and 6, 98 %.
• slow wheel made pottery = 65 % and 85 %.
• fast wheel made pottery = between 13 % and 35 %.
The figures mentioned above indicate that hand made pottery is almost non-existent, the
slow wheel made pottery is still present in high proportion and the fast wheel made pottery
suffer a slight increase compared to middle of the 10th century. Moreover, the quantitative
decrease of the hand made pottery is a general phenomenon for the whole Transylvania. The
fast wheel made pottery knows a rapid quantitative increase, reaching towards the end of the
13th —early 14th centuries to be used in the whole Transylvania.
166
The pottery suffers a few changes: some of the vessels are almost extincted, like the
baking plate and the bell shaped baking device, a new type of vessel appears: grooved neck
pot. The ornamentations of the vessels are also changing.
The above considerations are the innovations to an earlier chronological stage and
characterize all the Balkan-Danubian pottery during the 10th — 11th centuries (Cornea 1963,
P- 112).
Funeral discoveries in Sylvanian Basin are few in number. The cemetery from Ortelec
„Cetate“, the collective grave from Badon „Doa§te“ and the funerary findings from Gurusláu,
are characterized by practicing inhumation as funeral rite.
The data provided until now by the funeral findings from Sylvanian Basin, coupled with
the situation from Northwestern Romania, require the following notices:
• so far, in this micro-region, no graves/cemeteries with specific inventory for steppe
warriors (Hungarians, Pechenegs) have been discovered (Bacuet-Crisan 2005, p. 100).
• funeral discoveries dating from the second half of the 10th —11th centuries can be
classified into the horizon of Bijelo Brdo type of cemeteries (Bacuet-Crisan 2005,
p. 100).
Fortresses dated in the second half of the 10th— 11th centuries were discovered in §imleu
Silvaniei „Cetate/ Varhegy“ ,Moigrad „Mdgura Marca „Cetate“, Ortelec „Cetate“, Zaláu „ Valea
rdchi§orii/Pálvár“ and Tusa „La §anturi“. These findings raise serious chronological problems,
due to the lack of extensive research, the failure to publish the results of archaeological
excavations or because of the scarcity of the artifacts (Bacuet-Crisan 2005, p. 101).
All the events, phenomena, historical transformations that have occurred in Northwestern
Romania in the second half of the 7th—11th centuries are reflected in the archaeological
remains discovered in the microregion that we have analyzed, so that the membership of
Sylvanian Basin at the Northwestern Romania is not only geographical.
In conclusion, we believe that it is necessary to reaffirm that this approach is just a stage
in the research of historical phenomena and of the archaeological remains discovered in this
microregion. Of course, there are still a number of issues that could not be explained, a
situation largely determined by the reduced amount or lack of scientific data. Certainly,
future research of Sylvanian Basin will provide additional information, confirming or to the
contrary, refuting both the proposed chronology and the ideas expressed on this occasion.
(translated by Catalina Opri§~Cri§an)
Chapter VIII. The catalogue of discoveries from Sylvanian Basin, dating from the
7th-11th centuries
The catalogue contains the archaeological artifacts discovered in Sylvanian Basin,
artifacts dating from the second half of the 7th—11th centuries. Thus, there were highlighted
93 points of archaeological interest on the territory of 40 municipalities.
167
7 Prefatä 5
9 Cuvant înainte
11 Capitolul I Introducere
17 Capitolul II Incursiune ín istoricul cercetárilor arheologice privind nord-vestul Romániei ín sec. VII—XI. Privire specialá asupra Depresiunii Silvaniei
23 Capitolul III Siturile din a douajumdtate a sec. VII—prima jumátate a sec. X din Depresiunea Silvaniei, cercetateprin sápáturi arheologice
41 Capitolul IV Siturile din a dona jumatate a sec. X— sec. XI din Depresiunea Silvaniei, cercetate prin sápáturi arheologice
53 Capitolul V Propunere de clasificare a vestigiilor din a doua jumátate a sec. VII —prima jumátate a sec. X din Depresiunea Silvaniei
95 Capitolul VI Propunere de clasificare a vestigiilor din a doua jumátate a sec. X — sec. XI din Depresiunea Silvaniei
107 Capitolul VII Concluzii
117 Capitolul VIII Catalogul descoperirilor arheologice din Depresiunea Silvaniei, databile ín sec. VII—XI
145 Bibliografie
155 Abrevieri bibliografice
157 Abstract Archaeological Contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th—11th Centuries. Researches in Sylvanian Basin
177 Anexe Explicatia hártilor Plan§e/ Plates
5
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| author | Băcueţ-Crişan, Dan 1972- |
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| era | Geschichte 600-1100 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600-1100 |
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| indexdate | 2025-02-03T17:41:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786065434462 9786068483047 |
| language | Romanian |
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| publisher | Editura Mega Editura Porolissum |
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| spellingShingle | Băcueţ-Crişan, Dan 1972- Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)1101346485 |
| title | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries |
| title_alt | Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries |
| title_auth | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries |
| title_exact_search | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries |
| title_full | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_fullStr | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_short | Contribuţii arheologice privind nord-vestul României în secolele VII-XI |
| title_sort | contributii arheologice privind nord vestul romaniei in secolele vii xi cercetari in depresiunea silvaniei archaeological contributions to northwestern romania during the 7th 11th centuries |
| title_sub | cercetări în Depresiunea Silvaniei = Archaeological contributions to Northwestern Romania during the 7th-11th centuries |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Depresiunea Silvaniei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027711481&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027711481&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027711481&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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