Veli Rat

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Croatian
Veröffentlicht:	Zadar Sveučilište 2013
Schlagworte:	Heimatkunde Veli Rat Aufsatzsammlung
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adam_text	Sadržaj Ante Uglešić Predgovor Prirodoslovlje Alan Moro, Damir Stanković i Marko Kudrna Prášek Sanja Lozić, Denis Radoš, Ante Šiljeg i Kristina Krklec Sanja Lozić, Ante Šiljeg i Denis Radoš Josip Terzić i Nicoletta Berović Stjepan Husnjak Marija Pandža i Milenko Milovic Gornjokredni padinski vapnenci na području Veloga Rata 11 Geomorfometrijske značajke šireg područja Veloga Rata i njihov 19 utjecaj na tradicionalni kulturni krajobraz suhozida Klimatske značajke šireg područja Veloga Rata na Dugom otoku 45 Hidrogeološka obilježja sjeverozapadnog dijela Dugoga otoka 69 Pedološke značajke sjeverozapadnog dijela Dugoga otoka 83 Flora i vegetacija na području Veloga Rata (Dugi otok) 93 Arheologija i povijest Dario Vujević Ante Uglešić i Mate Parica Kristijan Juran Tado Oršolić Vladimir Uglešić Josip Faričić Mithad Kozličić Mithad Kozličić Damir Grbas i Josipa Grbas Grozdana Franov Živković Sanda Uglešić Pavao Kero Prapovijesni ostatci na sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dugoga otoka 131 Antička, srednjovjekovna i ranonovovjekovna 147 arheološka baština Veloga Rata Povijesna građa i napomene о Velom Ratu od 14. do 16. stoljeća 161 Društvene okolnosti u Velom Ratu od druge polovine 173 19. do početka 20. stoljeća Stradanja Veloga Rata tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata 187 Stari kartografski izvori geografskih podataka о Velom Ratu 201 Veli Rat u Pm Reisovom Plovidbenom priručniku 245 Sredozemlja s početka 16. stoljeća Veli Rat i njegovo značenje u dužobalnim i prekomorskim 251 plovidbama Jadranom u peljarima 17.-20. stoljeća Opće značajke svjetionika Veli Rat i njegova uloga 281 u sigurnosti plovidbe Uloga crkvenih bratovština u svakidašnjem životu Veloga Rata, 291 Verone i Polja u 17. i 18. stoljeću Pučka škola u Velom Ratu 309 Župa Veli Rat 325 Stanovništvo Grozdana Franov Zivković Ante Bralić Vera Graovac Matassi i Dolores Baric Vladimir Uglešić Vladimir Uglešić Stanovništvo u Velom Ratu, Polju, Veroni i Solinama od početka 17. do sredine 19. stoljeća Demografski razvitak Veloga Rata od 19. stoljeća do 1948. godine Stanovništvo Veloga Rata poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata Iz prošlosti velarskog stanovništva Rodoslovlje Veloga Rata 365 409 423 435 463 Gospodarstvo Anica Čuka Roman Segarić Roman Segarić Ana Pejdo i Ante Blaće Razvoj poljoprivrede i promjene krajolika sjeverozapadnog dijela Dugoga otoka Pomorstvo Veloga Rata Ribarstvo Veloga Rata Preobrazba Veloga Rata pod utjecajem turizma 541 569 603 649 Kulturna baština Josip Lisac Ante Jurić Vladimir Skračić Nikola Vuletić Jasenka Lulić Storie Govor Veloga Rata 667 Toponimija Veloga Rata 673 P. Alega, Puncta, Puncta Alba, Puncta Magna, Punte Bianche 721 і Veli Rat - šest imena za jedno naselje i rt Talasozoonimija sjeverozapadnog dijela Dugoga Otoka 735 О tradicijskoj nošnji u Velom Ratu 753 Zadarski nadbiskupi Velarćani Pavao Kero Život i djelovanje zadarskoga nadbiskupa Mate Garkovića 769 Eduard Peričić Nadbiskup Marijan Oblak 787 Sažetak na engleskom jeziku 803 Ante Uglešić INTRODUCTION A scientific monograph about Veli Rat located on the island of Dugi Otok is a result of systematic efforts of the University of Zadar and collaborating institutions to thoroughly investigate the area of Croatian islands, and to ensure a platform for an appropriate contemporary socio-economic evaluation of this part of Croatia. Unlike the previously published university works which comprehensively analyzed the islands of Rava, 1st, Škarda and Silba, together with the monographs dedicated to the island of Pasman, Ugljan, Vrgada, Murter, Pag and Kornati that greatly exceeded their toponomastic core, this book is not dedicated to an entire island, but only to a part of it instead. A multidisciplinary approach was used to analyze the space of Veli Rat, additionally emphasized through its geographical location in the northwestern part of the island, next to Maknare, and as a part of Sedmovraće, functioning as a key link between the Zadar archipelago and northwestern part of the Adriatic for centuries. Due to its favorable geographical location, large horizontal and vertical separation of coastal karst topography, and rich wildlife of the island and the corresponding sea area, this region was already inhabited by man during the Paleolithic era, while, with the advent of the Iron Age, the value of this space was gradually intensified. A diverse cultural heritage is an adequate indicator of the correlation between man and nature, which in the case of Veli Rat resulted in the formation of a dynamic island community and a specific cultural landscape. Many relevant aspects about natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences regarding the development of Veli Rat are presented and evaluated within the monograph, which could, in turn, contribute to the design of future zoning of a small, but in terms of regional and national significance - important island segment. The presented researched material covers almost the entire northwestern part of the island of Dugi Otok, particularly Veli Rat and Verona, together with the hamlet Polje. This spatial segment, a logical unit that persisted for centuries, represents a geographical frame for many aspects of the social and economic life of the island. This is an area with a cadastral municipality and a Roman Catholic parish, and until recently, before the separation of Verona, an area with a settlement. The village Soline also belonged to this region and settlement until the early 19th century. In order to achieve optimum clarity of presentation and to get closer to the researched space, to explain certain facts, structures and processes, the local toponymy was used, together with the resulting ktetics and ethnics that are somewhat different from the names and adjectives used in official documents. For instance, for a village which is named Verunić using oykonyms (place names) the geographical name used for it is Verona - also used by residents of the village, as well as all other islanders living in neighboring villages. The book uses speech ktetics velarski and verunski and ethnics Velarćani(n) , Velar ka, Veronjani(n) and Verunka, and not the standardized veloratski, verunićki and Veloraćanin, Veloraćanka, Yerunićanin and Verunićanka, which are not used in everyday speech. Alan Moro, Damir Stanković and Marko Kudrna Prášek THE UPPER CRETACEOUS SLOPE LIMESTONE IN THE AREA OF VELI RAT The succession of the upper cretaceous limestone of the area of Veli Rat in the NW part of the island of Dugi Otok (Croatia) was deposited on the slope, a platform for the transection of the confluence from shallow water to deep water environments of the Adriatic carbonate platform. The environment of deposition is a slope with pelagic and re-deposited limestone of the slope mantle. The researched area is Veli Rat, which is built from carbonate sediment from the Upper Cretaceous age, a chronostratigraphic span of turon-sanon, which is designated by the foundation of planktonic foraminifera. This limestone belongs to the compressed part of the Adriatic carbonate platform, with reverse faulting and folding, as well as with a Dinaric (NW-SE) strike. 803 Sanja Lozić, Denis Radoš, Ante Šiljeg and Kristina Krklec GEOMORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE WIDER AREA OF VELI RAT, AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE TRADITIONAL CULTURAL DRYWALL LANDSCAPE Relief is an important natural factor in shaping the natural landscape. A detailed analysis was conducted on the geomorphological, or more precisely of the geomorphometric features and their representative value, together with their interaction with the elements of the traditional cultural drywall landscape in the wider area of Veli Rat. During the historical and geographical development of the area both aspects were inextricably and causally linked, which in turn reflected on the current appearance of the landscape. The problem is therefore analyzed at the level of the studied area as a whole, and through locally based research levels focused on the settlements of Veli Rat, Verona and part of Soline, in order to obtain a comparative analysis and a more accurate interpretation of the results. The wider area of Veli Rat or more precisely, of all three settlements are characterized by a complex geological, structural and tectonic relationship. Under the influence of strong tectonics during morphogenesis, the carbonate base became fragmented, rifted and later remodeled through exogenous geomorphological processes, which created the relief as it is today. Karst relief was created through the corrosion of the carbonate base, while the morphological depressions were filled with insoluble residues (terra rossa), which was the basis for the emergence of anthropogenic soils. In addition to endogenous and exogenous geomorphic processes, humans influenced the shaping of the researched landscape for thousands of years, transforming it into a specific cultural landscape within which, particularly in the areas of emphasized relief dynamics, drywalls play an important role. Functionally, they represent an ecologically important element of the landscape as they protect the thin layer of soil from erosion (particularly on steeper slopes), as well as reduce the power and wind speed, having in turn as a result higher average daily temperatures in areas covered by drywalls. In addition, their importance also lies in their aesthetic value, and its touristic potential. A detailed geomorphometric analysis can serve as the basis for a synthetic approach, with the aim of establishing a hierarchical typological structure that would allow a differentiation between demanding and less demanding areas for the restoration or rehabilitation of agricultural production and their subsequent maintenance. For such reasons, such an analysis is a very useful tool in making the appropriate evaluation and preservation strategies of traditional cultural landscapes. Sanja Lozić, Denis Radoš and Ante Šiljeg CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WIDER AREA OF VELI RAT (DUGI OTOK) The climate is a developmentally important natural-geographic factor for Veli Rat. A detailed analysis of climatic features, together with the knowledge of geological, geomorphological, pedologie and bio-geographical processes is required as an essential prerequisite for a rational managing of space. A comparative analysis of available data from the closest weather stations has provided a more detailed insight into the main climatic features of the wider area of Veli Rat. Due to the geographic location of the researched area, and the emphasized importance of maritime influences, the meteorological stations in Božava, Silba, Vela Sestrica and Zadar were selected as being the most relevant in terms of research, while the station in Kukljica was selected for the recording of meteorological elements (fog) that are not recorded on other stations. Conducted research required the analysis of climatic data regarding insolation, temperature, fog, precipitation and wind. Statistical methods were applied for the analysis of climate indicators. Due to a depleting series of data gathered on the station in Božava, which is the closest to the region of Veli Rat, the climatic characteristics of the selected region were analyzed using the data obtained from three meteorological stations closest to the researched area (Silba, Vela Sestrica and Zadar). 804 Analyzed climatic elements (insolation, temperature, fog, precipitation and wind) are important because of the impact on the natural and cultural landscape of Veli Rat as well as surrounding areas. Specific maritime characteristics of Veli Rat and surrounding region predominantly affect the thermal and pluviometrie features. In general, the wider area of Veli Rat has a Mediterranean climate or a Csa climate according to the Koppen classification. The insolation in the region of Veli Rat can be estimated at about 2650 h/per year, which stems from its distance from the coast (and hence higher values compared to the station Zadar), which is of significant influence for the heating surface, evaporation, flora and fauna characteristics and in turn the use of agricultural land use as well as other social and economic activities. The average monthly temperatures throughout the year are higher than 8 °С (except in February at the station in Silba, when the average temperature was 7.9 °С, and in Zadar, where the average temperature in January and February is 7.3 °С), and the yearly rainfall shows a striking asymmetry between the warm and cold periods of the year. The complex impact of the geographic location, as well as the position of the analyzed stations, can be observed through the increase of the recorded amount of precipitations moving from South-East towards South-West (V. Sestrica 584 mm, Božava 804.4 mm, and Silba 883 mm). The deficiency of rain during the summer months, as well as substantial variations in the annual rainfall affects the duration and the intensity of the corrosion of the limestone substrate, as well as the development of specific vegetation acclimatized to such conditions. Although small amounts of precipitation during the summer act as a limiting factor in relation to the agricultural use of the land, they are simultaneously a positive precondition for the tourism-oriented development of the area. The analysis of linear trends revealed an increase in annual temperatures within the researched area, except for the station in Božava where a temperature decline was observed (it is necessary here to take into account a much shorter time period which reflects on the obtained data). Simultaneously, precipitations are increasing, which is of great importance because it compensates for the negative effects of the rise in temperature, or more precisely reduces the degree of aridity in the area. It is also of crucial importance for the island s vegetation as it contributes to the process of succession within the researched area. Contemporary socio-geographic trends of abandonment or conversion of agricultural land also contribute. Specifically, due to long-term human activities during the historical and geographical development, the initial plant population was replaced by crops, degraded or supplemented with imported new species. Alongside natural vegetation, Mediterranean cultures are also widespread, which were an important element of the recognizable insular cultural landscape. However, due to the accelerated process of deagrarianization and deruralization, arable land with cultivated species is increasingly being reduced at the expense of natural vegetation (garrigue, macchia and forests in particular). This process of natural reforestation of Veli Rat (as well as throughout Dugi Otok) presents itself on a large area, much like on other islands of Zadar, directly indicating the intensity of the rural emigration, the accompanying reduction of anthropogenic impacts on the natural and cultural landscape, as well as the strengthening of natural-geographic influences, one being the crucially important climate. Josip Terzić and Nicoletta Berović HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF DUGI OTOK In the northwestern part of Dugi Otok (in the wider area of Božava), built mostly of karstified carbonate rocks of Cretaceous age, extensive research was performed with the aim of extraction of groundwater from freshwater or brackish lens. This research included geological and hydrogeologie field mapping, geophysical surveys (using geoelectric tomography, electrical probing and refractive seismic), exploratory drilling with coring, hydrochemical in situ and laboratory research and pumping tests with calculating parameters of rock mass. Based on the results, it was concluded that it is 805 possible to exploit groundwater with flow rates of approximately 5 L/s without significant intrusion of seawater into fresh water lens. By selecting a pumping regime based on the parameters of the aquifer and parameters of the well, the possibility of the seawater intrusion has been reduced to a minimum. Conducted research can serve as a model for this kind of research works on other karst islands. Except for the area of Božava, a wider area of northwestern part of Dugi Otok has been reviewed from the hydrogeological point of view. Marija Pandža and Milenko Milovic FLORA AND VEGETATION IN THE REGION OF VELI RAT (DUGI OTOK) During 2012 and 2013, a survey of ferns and spermatophyte was conducted in the northwestern part of Dugi Otok. The survey covered the wider area of Veli Rat and Verona, including the reefs Oključić and Baričevac. 463 species were listed, 395 of which are self-growing and sub-spontaneous, while 68 are a product of cultivation. The dominant species, according to numbers, are Asteraceae (12.15 %), Fabaceae (11.65 %) and Poaceae (10.64 %). Therophytes are the most common forms of life (44.81 % ), and among the geo-elements the most common are plants of the Mediterranean regions (44.55 %). Three endemic species were recorded, together with 26 endangered and 71 protected species. Among the endangered plants two were critically endangered species (Calystegia Soldanella and Vaccaria hispanica), four were endangered (Carex divisa, С. extensa, Glaucium flavum and Hibiscus trionum) and seven were categorized as sensitive (Allopecurus rendlei, Desmazeria marina, Ophrys bertolonii, Parapholis incurva, Salsola kali, S. soda and Suaeda maritima). Of particular importance is the discovery of six species of orchids (orchid, 1.52 % of the self-grown flora): Anacamptis pyr amidalis, Ophrys bertolonii, O. lutea ssp. minor, Orchis tridentata ssp. commutata, Serapias lingua and S. parviflora. An invasive spread of certain neophytes was observed throughout the rudera! vegetation as well as the cultivable land of Veli Rat and Verona: Amaranthus sp., Broussonetia papyrifera, Carpobrotus sp., Conyza bonariensis, Helianthus tuberosus and Robinia pseudoacacia. According to the existing data and the insights obtained through field research, an outline of the main types of vegetation surrounding the region of Veli Rat is presented. Stjepan Husnjak PEDOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF DUGI OTOK Dugi Otok, as a whole, and especially its north western part with settlements Veli Rat, Verona, Soline and Božava, is characterized with the permanent emigration of its population ever since the 19th century. A very high intensity of emigration happened after the Second World War. Because of that, only 330 inhabitants live in these settlements today. Searching for a way to sustain life in the area of Veli Rat, this paper presents the basic features and the possible application value of soils as natural resources of great importance for the development of agriculture, thereby ensuring the basic living conditions of inhabitants, with special emphasis on the area of Veli Rat. In the researched area, six types of soils were found, the predominant ones being anthropogenic soils, red soil {terra rossa) and brown soils on limestone. Taking into account the properties of systematic and mapped soil units, relief and climate characteristics, as well as field crop requirements, land suitability for agricultural production was evaluated. It was found that suitable soils take up a very small area, or barely 1.3% of agricultural lands, moderately suitable soils take up 47.4% and restricted suitable soils only 1.3%. Permanently unsuitable soils take up the most (50.3%) of the total agricultural land area. The development of agriculture should be focused on the revitalization and expansion of cultivation of olives, figs, vine and then other agricultural crops. Anthropogenic karst soils and colluvial soils should be protected from any conversion within the framework of spatial planning because they are a valuable resource. 806 Dario Vujević AN OVERVIEW OF PREHISTORICAL TIMES IN VELI RAT ON DUGI OTOK The wider area of Veli Rat was attractive to different human communities from the earliest times, and they used it, in accordance with the circumstances of the time, for various purposes. Ever since the Paleolithic era, rich deposits of chert attracted smaller Mousterian and Aurignacian groups, which made the necessary tools using the deposits of raw materials. With the arrival of more advanced prehistoric periods, Veli Rat became the peripheral zone of activity. The question of how much this is a reflection of the real situation, and how much the limited studies of this subject influence our understanding of the use of that space, still remains unanswered. Specifically, prehistoric periods relating to the area of Veli Rat, apart from the significant scientific publications focused on the Paleolithic, are today still poorly researched. The potential is certainly there. Therefore, future studies should bring new data, provide a more complete picture and show the real significance of Veli Rat in shaping the life of prehistoric communities on Dugi Otok. Ante Uglešić and Mate Parica ANTIQUE, MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF VELI RAT Knowledge on the archaeological heritage of the wider area of Veli Rat, from antiquity to early modern times, is mainly the result of a field survey which was conducted on several occasions since the 1980s to the present. The result of that is the fact that most of the proposed ideas in this article can be mainly limited to a number of assumptions - some of them lacking an adequate argument. By all accounts, the most significant complex in Roman times was the villa rustica at the location of Ćune/Grusi with which the ruined remains of the church of St. Jelena above Polje are most likely related, as well as possibly other fortified sites from that period. Smaller salt works had an important economic meaning for that area to which we attribute the submerged archaeological constructions located in the bays of Most/Mostić, Cune and in the bay Soline. Archaeological findings of the medieval period are almost completely unknown and potential sites of that time have been more the result of assumptions rather than confirmed archaeological facts. Findings from the early modern times are somewhat more familiar, primarily due to fragments of ceramic and glass objects found in the bay Lučica. There is no doubt that a more significant understanding of the archaeological heritage of historical and present-day area of Veli Rat, from antiquity to the early modern times, can be obtained only by a systematic research of potential archaeological sites. What also regretfully has to be stated is the fact that part of the sites located on land will never be researched properly due to the devastation caused by the clearing of the ground in order to obtain arable land, and the thorough looting of the underwater archeological sites. Kristij an Juran HISTORICAL MATERIALS AND REMARKS ABOUT VELI RAT FROM THE 14th TO THE Іб 1 CENTURY The present-day settlements of Veli Rat, Verona and Soline during the medieval and early modern period formed a territorial and administrative unit. This unit was denoted in documents with the toponyms Puncta and Puncte until the middle of the 15th century, and since then with names Puncta Alba and Ponta Biancha and their plural forms Puncte Albe and Ponte Bianche. In documents from the 14th and 16th century, five villages were mentioned in this area: Veli Rat, Soline, Cune (today 807 Polje), Mali Rat (today Verunić) and Dolci. Because the village Dolci was not pinpointed so far, according to the context presented in the mentioned documents, we pinpointed it on the site of Dolac in Solina. Zadar nobility, as well as the Church, owned all the villages. The oldest data show that in the early 14th century the Archdiocese of Zadar owned Mali Rat, while Soline belonged to the family Fanfogna. During the first half of the 15th century, most lands in Veli Rat and Solin became the property of the Begna family. During the late Middle Ages, Veli Rat, together with the neighboring villages and islands (Dragove, Božava, Olib, Silba, Premuda Molat, Ist, Vir), in a certain sense can be regarded as one demographic and economic entity. It was characterized by frequent internal micro-migrations and the necessity of almost everyday intra-island navigation conditioned by the structure of existential activities of its inhabitants. Thus the members of a rural community often cultivated land in other communities, together with frequent intra-village and inter-island marriages. Despite the relatively high mobility of the population, some families were even then already firmly rooted and they survived for centuries in one place. Their genealogy is difficult to track due to the incomplete data and the fact that surnames of the researched period do not have the required continuity. However, the continuity of some families is visible. For example, Červarovi, mentioned in the population census in 1608 derived from Juraj Pavlić reč. Červar, who lived in the mid 15th century, while Galošići, found on the same list, derive from Franul Pavlić reč. Galoš, Červar s contemporary and probably a close relative. Tado Oršolić SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES IN VELI RAT FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY The past of Veli Rat, from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning the First World War, was marked by an oscillating socio-economic development. The population was mostly engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and fisheries as the main industries until the last decade of the 19th century. Although, unlike other island settlements, Veli Rat had arable land suitable for growing crops and vines, still, due to successive years of drought, disease of grapevines and other calamities, part of the population of the region was on the brink of existence. The sea, as an inexhaustible source of food (fish) was often the only salvation during such disasters. With the development of navigation and steamships a lot of young people from Veli Rat left by the end of the 19th and early 20th century to become sailors on ocean liners, and some of them, temporarily or, in most cases permanently settled in different immigrant destinations in North America. The trend of emigration from this area reached its highest point in the period from 1905 until the beginning of the First World War. After a very difficult economic period that has significantly affected the population of Veli Rat, first in the mid 19th century, when the grapevine disease broke out, then during the famine and drought years from 1877 to 1881, and again with the appearance of grapevine disease (phylloxera in 1894), and after the implementation of the wine clause (1891), there comes a time of recovery from all these misfortunes. Therefore, the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century is marked by a significant economic, demographic and overall development and prosperity. Veli Rat counts about 500 inhabitants at the time, has oil and fishing cooperatives, a steamship connection with Zadar, an elementary school, traders, two stores and a mailman. The rapid population growth appears as a result of a general economic development, trade (fishing) develops intensively, particularly marine affairs (140 seafarers with matrikule (seaman s book)). The First World War briefly interrupts the forceful overall progress of Veli Rat. The early years of the 20th century, despite the emigration, can be characterized as the most advanced period in the history of this small settlement of Dugi Otok. 8ο8 Vladimir Ante Uglešić THE DEVASTATION OF VELI RAT DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR This paper analyzes the events from the beginning of the Second World War, the Italian occupation and annexation, initial, militarily and useless revolutionary diversions that led to severe Italian reprisals, with the most severe consequences for the inhabitants of Veli Rat (from which the first hostage was taken in Sestrunj), especially for those in the hamlet Polje, where the members of the Voluntary Anti-Communist Militia (MVAC), actually chetniks from the Dinara Division led by the priest Momčilo Dujić, under the Italian command, brutally killed all men from Polje, ranging from 16 to 60 years of age (15 of them), shot the Veli Rat village elder and burned almost all the houses in Polje and 8 houses in Veli Rat. Thanks to the country priest Don Joso Marcelle, who offered his life in pledge for his parishioners, most of the men in Veli Rat was spared, but two days later they were taken to a concentration camp at Molat (that day all the people gathered in the church and vowed to the Lady, and even today they cherish that vow), where all of them would stay entrapped and in danger of dying from hunger and disease if Italy had not capitulated soon. After the capitulation of Italy war changed completely; a double crosswise logistic war started, in which the Germans supplied their units along the coast and its hinterland through maritime routes, and partisans and allies interfered with their attempts (where in the bombings the city of Zadar was practically levelled to the ground being an important German strategic point in the Croatian part of the Adriatic); on the other hand, the allies supplied partisans from Bari to Vis (a well fortified partisan and allied strategic point), and the received weapons, ammunition and other supplies were transferred across Kornati and Dugi Otok to the mainland, which Germans tried to prevent with naval patrols and raids on the islands. Thus, Dugi Otok (the only major island in the Adriatic, except Vis, which was not occupied by the Germans) became a tactical path on the strategic axis between Zadar and Vis. The events of the war that are described in that period grazed Veli Rat, and particularly painful were the losses of the recruited untrained men in the final stage of the war, in which four men from Veli Rat and Verona died. At the end of the war, there have been two successful escapes of the recruits in small rowing boats toward Ancona, in which five people from Veli Rat rescued their own lives. Josip Faričić OLD CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ON VELI RAT Old geographic and navigational maps have a special place among the sources for the study of Veli Rat. They often reflect the degree of geographical knowledge about the Croatian coastal area within which Veli Rat, due to its geographical location, had a prominent place. Namely the location at the intersection of two important navigation routes (the longitudinal northeastern Adriatic one and the transversal one which connected to this route Zadar - one of the most important Croatian ports), the horizontally indented aquatorium Sedmovraće and the spacious cove of Veli Rat have awaken the interest of seafarers, and with it the one of cartographers as well. The space of Veli Rat has been generally represented in overview small-scale maps from the end of the 13th century to the early 19th century. On these maps, apart from the generalized view of the coastline and one or, rarely, a few toponyms, there were no other spatial data regarding Veli Rat. In this regard, maps are a poorer historical source in comparison with numerous archival documents. Nevertheless, they have greatly contributed to the establishment of the basic spatial relationships within which Veli Rat was situated, and within which a socio-economic development of the northwestern part of the island took place. 809 Mithad Kozličić VELI RAT IN THE NAVIGATION MANUAL OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 16th CENTURY, BY PÎRÎ REIS A research of the extensive Navigation Manual of the Mediterranean (Kitab-i bahriye) from the beginning of the 16th century by Pîrî Reis, at least when the Croatian part of the Adriatic is being discussed, is still in its beginnings. Therefore, through the use of this work as a scientific observation of Veli Rat, it was asserted that not only it was mapped, but it is also described in the accompanying text, something that previous similar historical sources, at least those who have been known to scientists so far, did not contain. From the nomenclature it is clear that Pîrî Reis used the knowledge of his predecessors, but it is also obvious that his achievement is substantially of higher quality than the one the former naval cartographers and writers of navigational manuals wrote about the Adriatic as a whole, and about Veli Rat. Thereby the millennial exceptional importance of Veli Rat was confirmed all over again, not only in relation to coastal navigation in the northeastern Adriatic aquatorium, but also in relation to overseas navigation on the route Ancona - Zadar. Mithad Kozličić VELI RAT AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN COASTAL AND OVERSEAS NAVIGATION IN THE ADRIATIC IN PILOTS FROM 17th TO 20th CENTURY Veli Rat, the promontory of Dugi Otok, as a navigational landmark, is situated in an optimal geographical position for trans-Adriatic navigation Zadar-Ancona and vice versa. The distance Veli Rat-Ancona, of about 60 nautical miles since Prehistory until today could have been traveled within a day from mid-spring to mid-autumn, when a day lasted for a minimum of 12 hours. That was not an impediment for the relatively low speed of ships in prehistory and antiquity of about an average of five knots, which would mean 12 hours of navigation, so that from the modern era it increased significantly, even up to 10 knots, allowing for the ferryboat to be even more favorable. From Veli Rat to Zadar, whether the ship traveled on the coastal or overseas route, the distance is only about twenty nautical miles, therefore, for both kinds of routes, if there was an intention to continue the travel to Zadar, the metropolis of old Dalmaţia from Liburnian an Roman times until today, from that promontory and its environment with extraordinarily safe anchorages, made not only an important navigational landmark, but a shelter as well (especially in the case of adverse weather or unfavorable winds to continue navigation). A particularly important fact is that the route Zadar - Veli Rat, in the old days, implied the navigation of 4-5 hours, which means that one could not travel further because any destination, along the eastern or western Adriatic, implied an all-day navigation. That is why the Brguljski bay and the ports Solišćica and Velarska vala (Pantera), in the immediate proximity of Veli Rat, is the reason that gave that promontory an additional importance. That fact is crowned with an early construction of a lighthouse oí the same name, which additionally confirms these conclusions. The name itself, during the historical period most often given in plural (Punte Bianche), found its justification in the earlier centuries in the fact that it became the name of that promontory, the peninsula, the settlement and, in the end, the lighthouse. It is believed that Veli Rat is unique in relation to the Adriatic and the wider Mediterranean context precisely due to the use of the same name for four completely different toponyms. For all this, through an academic analysis, scientifically based conclusions are given in this paper, which arose from the results of scientific research of the pilots of the Adriatic as monographic works and these same pilots of that same sea visualized as a part of the larger context of the pilots of the Mediterranean. In doing so, the attention was focused on printed editions of these kinds of works that appeared during the modern era and contemporary times. In the period considered here, 17th and 20th century, the importance of Veli Rat is particularly evident because large ships started to navigate more often. For their safe navigation, they needed 8io sea passages of a relatively large width along with adequate depth. That is what Sedmovraće, in the continued navigation from Veli Rat enabled, at the same time offering optimal shelters in case of bad weather or adverse winds for further navigation (Solišćica, Bruguljski bay, the shelter between Sestrunj and a string of smaller islands Tri Sestrice). On the other hand, the analysis of a relevant number of pilots navigating in the Adriatic, starting from Seller in the 17th to Botrić in the 20th century, shows a continuing interest of European sailors of the period, so one could see Italian, English, French, German, Spanish but also Croatian pilots highly valuing Veli rat as a particularly important navigational landmark. They represent, until the beginning of the 19th century, the dominant sums of experiences in maritime practice, and from multidisciplinary researches in the first two decades of the 1 9th century, they represent the sum of scientific knowledge as well. Navigation experience was not neglected, as it can be observed in Marieni s Pilot of the Adriatic from 1830, which at the time represented a navigational guide of a highest quality. In the decades that followed, even before Marieni, many more or less successful compilations emerged, a part of which relied in part on unpublished results of the early scientific studies. After the new scientific research of the Adriatic in the seventh and the eighth decade of the 19th century, a new, Austro-Hungarian The Pilot of the Adriatic was written and published in 1893, thus defining a new foundation for all subsequent pilots up to Botrić from 1952 and 1953. In all of them, Veli Rat as a peninsula, a promontory, a lighthouse and a settlement occupies a place of importance. Some pilots, as well as other essential navigational landmarks, bestow it with extensive descriptions, while others with concise ones, sometimes so succinctly that it almost loses its true meaning. The difference lies in the preferences of the authors. Damir Grbas and Josipa Grbas GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIGHTHOUSE IN VELI RAT AND ITS ROLE IN THE NAVIGATION SAFETY The lighthouse of Veli Rat is one of the oldest structures constructed for the safety of navigation in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It was built in 1849 on a position which is extremely important in the Adriatic maritime and geographical system. This importance derives from the fact that in the aquatorium of Veli Rat the coastal eastern Adriatic and transversal navigational route from Zadar to Ancona intersect. Due to the lowland characteristics of the location which was selected for building and the simultaneous need to see the light of the lighthouse from a great distance, the height of the lighthouse tower is big (it is 36 meters), so that the amount of light cast is 41 meters over the medium sea level. The lighthouse is therefore one of the highest in the Croatian part of the Adriatic. In modern times characterized by stressed tourist validation of various coastal resources, the basic function of the lighthouse in Veli Rat is complemented by the one of tourism, since there are furnished apartments for rent in one part of the main building. Grozdana Franov Živković THE ROLE OF CHURCH CONFRATERNITIES IN EVERYDAY LIVES OF INHABITANTS IN VELI RAT, VERONA AND POLJE IN THE 17th AND 18th CENTURY There are records or individual records about ten confraternities in the parish of Božava. The main parochial church is dedicated to St. Nicholas in which the corresponding confraternities were active, as well as few other confraternities around church altars, eg. Confraternity of Our Lady of the Rosary in the church of St. Nicholas and the confraternity of The Blessed Sacrament. In Božava there is a church of the Holy Spirit together with the confraternity of the same name, and the church of St. Dominica with the confraternities of St. Dominica and St. Bartholomew. A Confraternity of St. Anthony was active in Veli Rat, and the confraternities of St. James and smaller confraternities of Holy Cross and The Blessed Sacrament were active in Soline. Those confraternities recruited brothers and sisters from all the surrounding villages and nearby islands, although they had a confraternity in the places where they lived. Apart from the villages that belonged to the parish of Božava (Veli Rat, Verona, Polje, Soline, Zverinac and Božava), brothers and sisters who were registered in the confraternity of the parish of Božava were from the following villages: Savar, Brbin, Dragove, Molat, Brgulje, Zapuntel, 1st, Silba, Premuda, Sestrunj and Rivanj. Of all the aforementioned confraternities, the parish of Božava preserved records only of confraternity of St. James from Soline and confraternity of St. Dominica, St. Bartholomew and Holy Spirit in Božava. Chapters (rules) are preserved only for the confraternity of St. Bartholomew in Božava and the confraternity of St. James in Soline. Confraternities played an important role in the cultural, religious, social and economic development of these places and in the improvement of living standards. Because of that, a large number of locals became members of a confraternity in their own and in neighboring villages and many of them were at the same time members in several other confraternities. Pavao Kero THE PARISH OF VELI RAT The parish of Veli Rat, which is located on Dugi Otok in the Zadar archipelago today, comprises of Veli Rat, a small village Polje and the settlement Verona. This area was a part of the parish of Božava until the 1863, and has been since then singled out into a separate parish in the Archdiocese of Zadar. The parish operates as a religious community that brings together almost all the inhabitants of Veli Rat. In addition to a rich spiritual life, the parish has certain movable and immovable material goods. In relation to religious life, it was emphasized that religion was an essential component in the ongoing life of this parish and a summary of the facts which confirm that was given: a regular reception of the sacraments, singing beautifully, well-prepared liturgical celebrations, folk piety, and, above all, a number of priestly vocations, including two priests from Veli Rat who became archbishops of Zadar. Of the material goods that the parish possesses, the described ones were the following - churches, houses, liturgical objects, liturgical books, liturgical vestments, office records and cemeteries. The parish church of St. Anthony in Veli Rat, the church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Verona and the chapel of St. Nicholas near the lighthouse of Veli Rat are particularly interesting. An inventory list of parish property is detailed in three annexes. These annexes in a special way shed light on some events from the history of the parish, especially because the participants themselves of the respective events wrote them. This paper shows appreciation to all those who had contributed to the life of this parish, working for the good of man and showing the meaning of existence given to man through faith. Sanda Uglešić PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN VELI RAT There are two periods in the development of public school education in Veli Rat. The first period began with the. running of an assistive public school, and the other by establishing regular public schools. Assistive public school in Veli Rat began working in 1870, and it was active in the parish house until its closure in 1896. Teachers in the school were local priests who received compensation from the government for their work. The contribution of the public school in Veli Rat was significant 812 when the literacy of the population is being discussed. At a time when there was no model of popular education in major towns and places with more population, in a small island village like Veli Rat, an additional public school operated from 1870. A key event for the education in Veli Rat was certainly the decision of the Regional School Council in Zadar regarding the introduction of a mixed public school in 1895. Despite the difficulties, it is necessary to emphasize that in Veli Rat from the running of the assistive school to the founding of a mixed public school (if we skip a brief interruption of the closing of the assistive school in order to run a public school) the educational process took place there for 120 years. Unfortunately, that time continuity was interrupted at the end of the 20th century when, due to intensive depopulation, and respectively, because of a smaller number of students, the school closed. The government did not allow the framework for the development and to keep the population on the island, so a longtime negligence led to the gradual extinction of small island places, including Veli Rat. The closing of the school in Veli Rat is precisely the consequence of such a policy. Grozdana Franov Živković THE POPULATION IN VELI RAT, POLJE, VERONA AND SOLINE FROM THE EARLY 17th TO THE MID 19th CENTURY The analysis of population trends in the 17th, 18th and at the beginning of the 19th century was based on three different sources: the official lists ordered by the Venetian civil and military authorities, the list Broj duš and the registers of births and deaths. All three sources mainly indicate the same curve of population change. Considering that in the period under review Veli Rat had its own parish, all entries were entered in common registry books for the parish of Božava. Thus births, marriages and deaths of Veli Rat were conducted together with the records of surrounding settlements. The population of Božava, Zverinac, Veli Rat, Soline, Verona and Polje was entered in the registers. Because of that, it is often not possible to extract relevant information for Veli Rat, and respectively it is not possible to consider the basic indicators on which historical demography of Veli Rat could be edited. However, it is possible to reconstruct the context of demographic changes and some demographic structures, particularly frequent fluctuations in population trends, general high rates of fertility and mortality, a significant proportion of the young population and families with a lot of members. The highest mortality rate was around 1736 (only according to the official lists), from 1773 to 1776, and then in 1802 and 1803 as well as from 1815 to 1817, based on the list and the books of souls. In the register of deaths, increased mortality was recorded in the period from 1769 to 1776, and the situation was similar in the period from 1802 to 1803 when famine appeared in Veli Rat, and from 1815 to 1817. Ante Bralić DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF VELI RAT FROM THE 19th CENTURY TO 1948 Over the observed 135 years (1813 - 1948), Veli Rat experienced a distinctive demographic development. In the first half of the 19th century, although it was in the pre-transition phase, the birth rate was lower than the usual birth rate for this phase. Throughout the period, the mortality rate was significantly lower than the expected mortality rate. From the mid-19th century, the average age of deceased women was higher than the average age of deceased men, which indicates the processes of modernization on Dugi Otok. The beginning of demographic transition can be dated sometime before 1880, which corresponds to the beginning of transition in the coastal region and on the islands in Dalmaţia. First of all, life expectancy was increased, and the birth rate increased as well in accordance with the results for the entire Dalmaţia. The most powerful demographic growth was achieved in the period from 1910 to 1921 when, in spite of the First World War, the population reached its historical 813 maximum. Population growth is associated with a substantial decline in infant mortality, which was evident in significant increase in the average age of the deceased in this period. Unfortunately, this demographic trend did not continue, primarily due to emigration that, in the period from 1921 to 1948 reached almost % of birth rates. Intensive emigration had long-term negative consequences on the demographic development of Veli Rat, which was evident in the further depopulation and extremely negative age structure of the remaining population. Vera Graovac Matassi and Dolores Baric THE POPULATION OF VELI RAT AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR In the demographic sense, Veli Rat shares the fate of most small Croatian islands and small island settlements. The long-lasting process of emigration of young active working population in childbearing age had a negative impact on the natural and general movement of population, as well as on the economic development of settlements. Obviously, the development of Veli Rat cannot be examined separately from the development of the whole Dugi Otok, which has also been affected by the negative socio-economic changes. Inadequate transport connections with the mainland and poor intra-island transport connections have been and remained a significant thrust factor, because they hindered everyday circulation of population between a place of residence - a place of work or education (mainly on land). In the second half of the 20th century, underlying demographic process in Veli Rat is depopulation, which had a negative effect on the age and sex composition of the population in which the aging population prevails today. The depopulation and prolonged low fertility rates had a negative effect on economic activities, and today about 75% of the population consists of people with personal income (mainly pensioners) and dependents. Despite the long and drastic reduction of the number of inhabitants in Veli Rat, there was an increase in the number of apartments for temporary housing, at the same time followed by the reduction of the number of permanently occupied dwellings (in 2011 only 42% of the total housing fund consisted of permanently occupied dwellings). The obvious fact is that Veli Rat is, unfortunately, slowly losing its residential function and is increasingly becoming an occasional residence. Accordingly, current demographic resources in Veli Rat are extremely weak and, regrettably, insufficient for the demographic and economic revitalization of the settlement. Vladimir Ante Uglešić FROM THE PAST OF THE POPULATION OF VELI RAT This paper describes the oldest surnames and household names of Veli Rat, the custom in which the son in law by matrilocal marriage accepts the woman s last name and gives his last name to the genus as a household name, which was valid until the end of the Venetian Republic; the emergence of new family names through matrices, by matrilocal marriage and even through adopting foundlings and orphans, who sometimes inherit the property of their adoptive parents; it explores the origin of some surnames; and describes individual clans and their development. The influence of military service in the Imperial and Royal Navy on demographic trends is researched, and the sacrifices made by Veli Rat in the First and Second World War, various immigration processes are described that eventually resulted in striking depopulation: job searches in Zadar, education, employment on domestic and other lighthouses, marine affairs, emigration to overseas countries, especially in California (San Pedro), Texas (Corpus Christi, Ingleside, Aransas Pass and Galveston) and Washington (Bainbridge Island, Port Blakely, Hoquiam, Seattle), marrying soldiers and immigrants, family reunification, working in the oil industry, placement of seafarers on yachts etc. 814 Also discussed was the paradoxical phenomenon of economic and cultural progress, which distinctly facilitated the position of the woman on the island, and led to an accelerated outflow of families from the island, where only the elderly and unmarried men stayed, who are not prepared to leave the traditional island life (fishing, olive growing, etc.) and to look for a job on the coast or in the interior, where it would be easier for them to start a family. Vladimir Ante Uglešić THE GENEALOGY OF THE POPULATION OF VELI RAT The data acquired from the 17th century onward from narrative Glagolitic matrices of Božava, Soline, Veli Rat, Dragove, and Molat, and tabelary Latin matrices of Božava, Veli Rat, and Zadar, Veli Rat ancestral memorial books, and Veli Rat parish anagrapha, as well as from other secondary sources, genealogie descendant charts were constructed for 23 family groups of Veli Rat, divided into 71 descendant A3 form charts, as well as 4 smaller charts of extinguished families. The data was elaborated with FileMaker Pro 10 Advanced lO.Ovl - International Version, and Reunion 9 for Mac OS X was used in the process of construction of genealogie descendants charts. Genealogie descendants charts were described starting with the original families from the beginning of the 17th century, and ordered within four parts of the village (northwestern part, southeastern part, Polje and Verona); footnotes were used for some individuals to add historic data, which were acquired from the Glagolitic fraternity of the Saint Domenica of Božava, the court minutes of Veli Rat and Iž fishermen acrimonies, the reverend Ante Uglešić s Family History, the Vienna War Archives, and the Immigration Office of Ellis Island. The elementary data of families, which were transferred from Veli Rat to Božava (Uglešić and Crvarić families) or Soline (Frakić family), as well as those transferred to Molat (Stamać family) and 1st (Herman family), were added, although their genealogy was not given. Family genealogies were constructed using the principle that the descendants of transferred persons (women wedded out of the family, or men wedded into the family) is given only within the family into which the person entered. Only with a few families this principle was not used due to technical difficulties. Anica Čuka THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN VELI RAT AND VERONA In the last two centuries, the wider landscape of the area of Veli Rat experienced a significant transformation which is the result of various sociological and geographical changes and processes. During the 19th century agriculture has reached its peak, and given that Velar cani and Veronjani (inhabitants of Veli Rat and Verona) have largely been engaged in viticulture, it can be assumed that peronospora, in the middle of the 19th century, and particularly phylloxera in the late 19th and 20th century, influenced mass emigration that characterized this area throughout the whole 20th century. Unfavorable socio-economic circumstances, the depopulation and aging of the population have led to the fact that in modern times the settlements on the verge of extinction are analyzed due to which the landscape of rural settlements changes. On the other hand, deagrarianization and tertiarization determined the abandonment of agricultural activity and led to significant changes in the agrarian landscape of this part of Dugi Otok. While the total population is constantly decreasing, the number of newly constructed buildings is growing. However, the expansion of settlements and newer construction are determined by the development of tourism activities, which is purely a seasonal characteristic. 815 Since the observed settlements are rural, the landscape that is prevalent in this part of the island c-,. be classified as rural. Even in the first half of the 19th century the space was dominated by landscape of pastures, as indicated by a relatively large area covered with pastures and the total number of small livestock as evidenced by the archival sources. In the most fertile areas (fields) the landscape of arable land dominated, on which grains were sowed, while the area around the arable land up to the settlement offered the landscape of vineyards. Natural landscape was spatially much less represented than in modern times. Because of neglecting the agriculture and cattle breeding, agrarian landscape had nearly vanished. Landscapes of pastures, vineyards and arable land completely disappeared, since the agricultural production was reduced to olive growing and to a lesser extent, vegetable crops that were represented few and far between in the most fertile fields, but often surrounded by overgrown, formerly cultivated plots. Although in this part of the island there is almost no space that in the past did not experience some kind of anthropogenic influence, most of the landscape of the northwestern part of Dugi Otok can be characterized as natural. In fact, the very definition of landscape says it is the way people sensuously; often visually perceive a certain space. Surfaces covered with macchia and Aleppo pine forests, which dominate even in the most fertile areas, visually can be perceived as natural since the anthropogenic influence is hardly noticeable in a space. The disappearance of the agrarian landscapes and complete neglect of the old rural cores, island area loses a significant part of its cultural heritage, and given the current social and geographic processes, it is clear that this space is in the near future threatened by the loss of function of a permanently populated space and the transformation into an occasional, seasonally inhabited area. Roman Segarić MARITIME AFFAIRS IN VELI RAT Agriculture, cattle industry and fisheries were pivotal economic activities in Veli Rat and Verona for centuries. In the late 19th century viticulture developed in particular, which further contributed to the orientation of Velarćani and Veronjani (inhabitants of Veli Rat and Verona) toward primary activities, designed to enable the supply of a sufficient amount of food and various raw materials for household needs. These were the main reasons because of which Velarćani and Veronjani had no need to intensively engage in other activities, including maritime affairs, although to do so, and given the indented coastline and associated maritime zone, as well as the position of the eastern Adriatic sailing route, they had good natural prerequisites. From the standpoint of economic development, and especially bearing in mind maritime affairs, one could distinguish between three periods. The first period marked a stronger development of cattle industry, agriculture and fisheries, and it lasted from the beginning of the systematic management of natural resources until the early 20th century. During this period, but not until the mid-18th century, there were registered ships of small capacity which served primarily for fisheries and for local transportation (to distant estates, surrounding islands, etc.). In the 19th century, fewer Velarćani sailed on ships with small coastal navigation, and there were individuals who sailed as sailors and pilots on foreign sailing ships along the coasts of Italy and the French Mediterranean coast. The second period began with the appearance of phylloxera, which destroyed the vineyards, and with the disappearance of small pelagic species (especially mackerel) in the early 20th century. Then Velarćani and Veronjani began emigrating overseas, and some of them opted for the maritime vocations. In Veli Rat in the interwar period, there was only a small coaster, and later in 1930, Velarćani were no longer engaged in shipping. In the mid-thirties of the 20th century, a large amount of small pelagic species appeared, which has contributed to a stronger development of fisheries. Velarćani continued to engage in intensive fishing of small pelagic fish after the Second World War. They were catching large quantities of small pelagic species (sardines), a fishing cooperative movement was active, saltery and station for fish purchase were working as well. In the mid-fifties of the 20th century, once again the small pelagic fish began disappearing, which continued in subsequent periods, fishing cooperative movements collapsed, farming was neglected, and gradual emigration of the inhabitants of Veli Rat and Verona began (primarily in Zadar, then in other places in Croatia and abroad), as well as 8i6 redirection to other vocations. Then began the third period of economic growth in Veli Rat and Verona, during which many young Velarćani and Veronjani decided to acquire maritime professions. Some of them have acquired the highest naval vocations; so today these two small places on Dugi Otok have five sea captains, five deck officers, one commander of a foreign ship and six commanders of foreign yachts. In addition to the naval officers who today still sail or have sailed until retirement, a certain number of seafarers are employed on ships and yachts in other vocations (electrician, waiter and cook). Today, from the total of 67 seafarers of Veli Rat and Verona, most of them are retired or engaged in some other activities, and only 26 of them are actively navigating, four of which have a permanent residence in their native place. It is obvious that, in accordance with the depopulation and the aging of the island s population, maritime affairs in Veli Rat and Verona, which significantly contributed to the economic progress of the northwestern part of Dugi Otok, weakened as well. Roman Segarić FISHERIES IN VELI RAT A small arable land, and relatively large population forced the locals in Veli Rat to engage in fishing very early, and the sea was their best and most generous arable land where for centuries they harvested wild grown fruits. This primarily refers to the bay Sakarun, where the small pelagic fish gathered until the early 20th century (especially mackerel) which provided an important and secure source of food and income for Velarćani (inhabitants of Veli Rat) and surrounding places. Over the centuries of fisheries in Veli Rat, much time and energy was spent on fishing disputes and less on improving fishing techniques. These disputes were first led with the monastery of St. Grisogonus in Zadar, and after with Rani (inhabitants of the island of lì), who subsequently joined forces with Molaćani (inhabitants of the island of Molat). Minor disputes were also led with other fishing villages on the northwestern islands of Zadar archipelago. With the disappearance of large quantities of small pelagic fish in the late 19th century, the disputes also stopped. However, the disappearance of fish with almost simultaneous appearance of phylloxera in the early 20th century resulted in the emigration of inhabitants to overseas countries, and employing those men who remained on the island in various maritime professions. In the period between the two world wars, especially in the second part of the decade before the beginning of the Second World War, fisheries were again revived, as there appeared a big mass of small pelagic fish. Velarćani continued with the intense fishing even in the postwar period because at the time, large shoals of fish penetrated into the surrounding aquatorium. Therefore, the fishing activity extended to the activities of the newly established fish purchase stations and saltery of pelagic fish (sardines). However, in the sixties of the 20th century the catch of small pelagic fish reduced abruptly, fish purchase stations stopped working and saltery and fishing cooperative movement were closed. First trade fishermen emerged, whose number gradually increased, in order to decrease in the last decades of the 20th century, in accordance with the strong depopulation and aging. In 2012, there were only three other fishermen who engaged in trade fishing. Fisheries in Veli Rat has been reduced to the activity of those who engage in a small-scale coastal fishing using nets, long lines, traps and various tunas. Likewise, a number of locals and weekenders have permits for recreational fishing, which is a part of their active vacation, but they are also supplying their households with fresh fish and other marine organisms. This form of fishing could be more closely connected to tourism. It would be interesting to connect all villages in the former rich fishing pool of Božava, Veli Rat, Soline, Molat and 1st with Škarda, with the aim of organized recreational fishing tourism, which would enrich the tourism offer and present the traditional methods of fishing and fishing tools with which marine organisms will not be exploited nor the biodiversity of a complex marine ecosystem will be violated. 8l7 Ana Pejdo and Ante Blaće THE TRANSFORMATION OF VELI RAT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TOURISM This paper provides an analysis of development of tourism in Veli Rat - a settlement in the northwestern part of Dugi Otok. At first, physical and social preconditions for development of that tertiary activity are explained, especially climate and natural landscape, transport connections to the mainland and demographic features. Further on, the official statistical data regarding number of beds, tourist arrivals and overnight stays in Veli Rat and in all other settlements of Dugi Otok have been analyzed and compared. Greater attention has been given to nautical tourism, due to its impact on the overall tourism in Veli Rat during the last decade. Discussion included the following: indicators of tourist development in the years 1972 and 2009, environmental protection of the Sakarun beach and the perspective for the extension of the tourist season by introducing new activities such as cycling tourism. Although tourism has become the most important activity in Veli Rat, it is still underdeveloped and seasonal and, therefore, unable to change negative demographic and social trends. Josip Lisac THE VERNACULAR OF VELI RAT The vernaculars of Dugi Otok, in particular the idiom of Sali, have had a considerable tradition of research, whereas in this sense Veli Rat has been significantly neglected. It is a Chakavian speech, which belongs to the Middle Chakavian dialect, ikavian-ekavian. Veli Rat, as well as Božava and Soline, is different from other, more southeastern villages on the island in that the vowel-sounding r invariably gave ar. The speech of Veli Rat is with two accents, without an acute accent, but with a pre-accentual length. In this speech, northwestern Chakavian characteristics prevail, there are also southeastern ones, and in some features there are fluctuations among these, all in accordance with the usual linguistic phenomena in which isoglosses overlap. This is also consistent with the language changes that naturally occur due to the geographical position of Veli Rat, at the center of Chakavian area. Ante Jurić THE TOPONYMY OF VELI RAT A field toponomastic research of Veli Rat, the results of which are presented in this paper, was conducted in late June of 2012, in the villages Soline, Vëlirat, Verona and Polje. Toponymie syntagm Veli Rat is used for the final appointment of the northwestern part of Dugi Otok, an area between two promontories within which four historical villages are settled: Soline, Vëlirat (today officially Veli Rat), Verona (today officially Verunić) and Polje. Veli Rat is a syntagm used on a daily basis by immediate and wider local population and which is, from a historical point of view, arguably: 1 ) the original form of the name of the village Vëlirat, 2) the name of the whole southwestern promontory on which the village is situated, and very often 3) the name of the whole northwestern part of the island, together with the Solin territory as a unique territorial and administrative unit through a well regarded part of the history. Phonological systems of speech in Veli Rat are exemplified in the toponomastic material collected in the paper. The material is described and classified in the indexes and located on toponomastic maps. 8i8 Vladimir Skračić P. ALEGA, PUNCTA, PUNCTA ALBA, PUNCTA MAGNA, PUNTE BIANCHE AND VELI RAT - SIX NAMES FOR ONE SETTLEMENT AND A PROMONTORY Polinymia is a well-confirmed occurrence in the Adriatic nesonymia, and is usually caused by changing the language practice and the coexistence of two or more communities with different linguistic provenance on the same territory. Toponymie form Veli Rat, in documented certificates, cartographic and archival, appears as recently as the 18th century, although it can be determined by indirect methods that it is in use since the 15th century at least. Latin forms Puncta, Puncta Alba, Puncta Magna and Venetian Punte Bianche regularly denote a village, not a promontory, as the meaning of the word punta might suggest, although it is quite certain that the appointment process is prompted by the existence and navigational importance of the promontory and the cove guarded by it. The author tries to answer the question why there has been a change in names, how and under which circumstances the semantic content of white in Roman names has been transferred to the semantic content of great in the Croatian name, and if there has been any change at all. Since there is no acceptable linguistic, primarily phonetic explanation for this change, the author believes that, from the beginning, both contents expressed in the name coexisted: great as well as white , provided that the characters with semantic value of white have long been in official use, used by more prestigious language community for their own needs. Introducing written documents, primarily matrices in the local community, activated the local name that has always lived in the nation. The same explanation can be offered to change the grammatical number in the names Punte Bianche (always in plural), Veli Rat (always in singular). Nikola Vuletić THALASOZOONYMY OF THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF DUGI OTOK Geographical features and vacancy space between Savar and Luka have the impact on the dialectal landscape of Dugi Otok. Except on the phonological level, a division of speech in Dugi Otok on the northwestern group, which also includes central speech (Dragove, Bribinj, Savar), and southeastern group can also be substantiated on the level of vocabulary. This, we believe, clearly follows even from this brief study of the spatial distribution of names for fish and other marine animals (thalasozoonimic lexis) on Dugi Otok. Speech in the northwestern part of Dugi Otok differs from the one in the southeastern part by a number of names for the same referents. In the context of Dugi Otok, part of that vocabulary is Umited to the extreme southwestern part of the island. Such names are: p iklja (Božava) pîkalj (Soline), p ìkalj (Verona) for small catfish, the one we find on Rava (pîkalj) mütra (Verona) and mûtra (Veli Rat) for the type of pigeon Myliobatis Bovina; inküc (Veli Rat) and gùc (Soline) for awl (Sygnathus acus) könj for species Corvina nigra and Umbrina cirrosa which in the central speeches on Dugi Otok coexists with southeastern lexemes kaval / kavala; lïnac for the smaller Labridae in Veli rat and Verona, as well as the southeast representative of the lexical type well represented in Kvarner, Croatian coast and on the island of Pag, andel (Verona) and andel (Veli Rat), as can also be found on Silba and Olib, while in the southeastern speeches on Dugi Otok we have anzulëta; gara (Verona) and gara (Veli Rat) for prawns; čavok (Božava) for Maia squinado, recorded only on Lošinj, Susak and Uovik; pâlj (Veli Rat) and pâlj (Verona) for clam (Area noae); The second group of lexemes can be found in the extreme north and in central speeches on Dugi Otok, but not in the southeast. Such names are: ringa for the type of pilchard Ciupea Feint (Božava, Dragove, Soline, Veli Rat, Verona); babínja for forkbeards, which, except in Veli Rat, Dragove and Brbinj, we record on Premuda, Silba and Ist, but also on Unija and Ilovik; sêkulica (Božava) and sêkulica (Dragove) for a young handbreadth, which, along with a slight voice and prosodie deviations, we record on 1st, Molat (Brgulje) Zverinac, Rava and across Pag; gira and girica for manul (småris Alcedo), as recorded in all northwestern speeches on Dugi Otok, except in Savarska, as well 819 as on Ist, Molat Zverinac, Rava and Iž; ježić for Scorpaena ustulata in Soline, Brbinj and Savra; ráca (Bribinj, Dragove) and račina (Božava, Soline, Veli Rat, Verona) for monkfish, which mostly link the northwestern speeches with the speeches of 1st, Molat, Rava, Sestrunj and Rivanj; gargôska (Soline), karkôska (Božava) kikirüska (Dragove) for prawns, as they can in different variants be found only on the northwestern islands of Zadar and the Kvarner islands; resâlj (Dragove), rosâlj (Verona), rosâlj (Veli Rat) grasâlj (Soline ) for crab Maia crispata, as we can find ín Brgulje (Molat) and Rava; mosün (Božava, Brbinj, Soline, Veli Rat, Verona) and mušun (Dragove, Savar) as the name for the octopus, with rare parallels in the rest of the archipelago (Brgulje, Zverinac, Rivanj, village Ugljan on the island of the same name). On such a limited corpus, as thalasozoonimic lexis, this is still about a considerable number of lexical differences between the northwestern and southeastern speech of Dugi Otok. As shown in the chapter Analiza građe, but also in this final review, the majority of these mentioned lexical types, absent not only in the southeastern part of the island, but also generally in the southeastern part of Zadar archipelago, connect northwestern insular speech with speeches of marginal northwestern islands of Zadar (Premuda, Ist, Molat, Silba, Olib, Pag, depending on the case), of course, and with nearby islands Zverinac, Rava and, in rare cases, even with speeches of Kvarner islands. As a kind of a working conclusion, we would like to offer the following mindset: this arrangement of thalasozoonimic lexis is probably related to the different orientation of northwestern and southeastern settlements on Dugi Otok. A commonplace in the history of fishing in the eastern Adriatic is that fishing in Sali is oriented mainly on the southeastern edge of Zadar archipelago, which historically includes Kornati as well. On the other hand, settlements in the northwest of Dugi Otok naturally depended on fishing in the northwestern edge of the archipelago. Local speeches, with the speeches of smaller islands inhabited at a later date make a solidly defined specific lexical zone, probably as a result of intensive contacts associated with the fishing industry. Ornitonimic and phitonimic research conducted today in Zadar archipelago by Mateja Vidov and Ivan-Bosko Habuš, doctoral students at the University of Zadar, will show whether the lexical division of Dugi Otok is thus expressed in other semantic fields. Preliminary results of the research of colleague Vidov in Veli Rat, Brbinj, Savar, Žman, Zaglav and Sali show that the names for birds in Dugi Otok speeches are much more balanced than the names for sea animals. Jasenka Lulić Storie ON THE TRADITIONAL COSTUMES IN VELI RAT Clothing is the most powerful means of non-verbal communication and the most obvious symbol of identity of a specific community. In order to obtain the most complete information on a specific costume, it is necessary to perform a thorough observation through the basic developmental stages of a person during his/her lifetime in context of daily life or holidays, respectively. However, the research on the costumes in Veli Rat is based on family photographs from the end of the 19th century to the period after The Second World War, on finding the links in the fragmented memories of the surveyed inhabitants of Veli Rat that were questioned during this research as well as on the comparison of these findings with the findings regarding Dugi Otok that are kept in the Ethnological Department of The National Museum Zadar. The collected data reveal the ever-quicker dynamics of abandoning the male traditional costumes (at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century) and the pattern of changes in female costumes that took place during the 20th century. The earlier abandoning of male costumes is connected with the patriarchal system of values in which men are primarily oriented to the outer world, while women are focused on their families. Thus, the earlier men s abandoning of traditional male costumes is the result of earlier assimilation in another culture, primarily through sailing and economic migration to the New World. 8zo Women s abandoning of traditional female traditional costumes can be traced through a gradual abandoning of specific traditional forms of clothing. The oldest generation of women keeps their costumes even after The Second World War, only gradually accepting new elements of modern clothing. Women born at the time of The First World War completely accept the city women s clothing of that time when they are at the age of young girls, which, at the same time, shows that specific socio- economic factors generally impact villages more and more. Translated by Emil Šprljan Pavao Kero THE LIFE AND WORK OF MATE GARKOVIĆ, THE ARCHBISHOP OF ZADAR Mate Garković was born in 1882 in Veli Rat on Dugi Otok. He finished his primary education and theology in Zadar, where he also spent his first years of his priestly life, working as an educator at the Seminary and as a pastoral associate. In 1914, he was appointed pastor in Preko, where he stayed for ten years conducting his regular parochial duties and taking care of the spiritual and material life of the believers entrusted to him. In 1925, he took over the office of educators in the Central Theological Seminary in Split, where he lived and worked until 1947. Unfortunately, very few data have been preserved of that period in his life. After returning to Zadar in 1947 he began the most fertile period of his life, which lasted until his death in 1968. During that time, as the Vicar General, capitulary bishop and resident archbishop he has indeed done much for the destroyed and ravaged city and the archdiocese. Particularly he focused his efforts on teaching the clergy, opening the seminary, on the reconstruction of demolished churches and church buildings and the renovation of the entire religious life in the archdiocese. He invested notable effort in the well-performed arrangement of the church province of Dalmaţia, but, sadly, death prevented him in doing so. Eduard Peričić ARCHBISHOP MARIJAN OBLAK Marijan Oblak, the Archbishop of Zadar, born in 1919 in Veli Rat, on Dugi Otok, as a young priest served at the Seminary in Šibenik and taught religion in the Gymnasium. He came in Zadar in 1949, where he exercised the ministry as an educator and a professor in the seminary archbishop classical gymnasium. From 1958 to 1968, he was a suffragan bishop and Vicar General for the Archbishop Mate Garković, with whom he was trying to heal the wounds of the archdiocese caused by the Second World War. From 1968 to 1996 he was the Ordinary of Zadar. Even as a suffragan bishop, he actively participated in the Second Vatican Council. Taking over the management of the archdiocese, he immediately encountered himself with severe problems of postcounciliar contestation that did much harm to the Archdiocese of Zadar. But he was not discouraged. He endured and systematically carried out the parliamentary directives and guidelines: he founded appropriate diocesan councils for all segments of activities of the Church in the modern world; he founded new parishes, and encouraged and supported the construction of a large number of new churches and chapels across the archdiocese. He encouraged and personally participated in a series of cultural manifestations and anniversary celebrations in the city and numerous places in the archdiocese entrusted to him. He sent the clergy and the believers a series of appropriate pastoral letters and exhortations, and he wrote several acclaimed books of catechetical orientation. Even after his retirement, in 1996, he was always willing to help his successor - Msgr. Ivan Prenda. He quietly passed away on February 15, 2008. Bayerische λ 8 ZI Staatsbibliothek München j
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title	Veli Rat
title_auth	Veli Rat
title_exact_search	Veli Rat
title_full	Veli Rat Sveučilište u Zadru. Urednici Ante Uglešić ...
title_fullStr	Veli Rat Sveučilište u Zadru. Urednici Ante Uglešić ...
title_full_unstemmed	Veli Rat Sveučilište u Zadru. Urednici Ante Uglešić ...
title_short	Veli Rat
title_sort	veli rat
topic	Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd
topic_facet	Heimatkunde Veli Rat Aufsatzsammlung
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work_keys_str_mv	AT uglesicante velirat

Veli Rat

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