Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[Boston, Mass.]
American Bar Association
2014
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |c Leonard D. Vines and Christina M. Noyes (eds.) |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a [Boston, Mass.] |b American Bar Association |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 429 S. |e 1 CD-ROM | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Franchises (Retail trade) |x Law and legislation |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Consolidation and merger of corporations |x Law and legislation |z United States | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Vines, Leonard D. |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)1073888193 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152653319503872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ABOUT THE EDITORS XIII
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XV
FOREWORD
XXVII
INTRODUCTION
XXIX
CHRISTINA NOYES AND LEONARD VINES
1 INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH
BUYING OR SELLING A FRANCHISE COMPANY 1
HARRIS J. CHERNOW AND CHARLES S. MODELL
I. INTRODUCTION TO FRANCHISE ACQUISITIONS 1
A. OVERVIEW 1
B. MOTIVATIONS OF BUYERS 2
C. MOTIVATION OF SELLERS 4
II. UNIQUE ASPECTS TO THE ACQUISITION OF A FRANCHISOR 5
A. NATURE OF A FRANCHISOR S ASSETS 5
B. NATURE OF A FRANCHISOR S LIABILITIES 6
C. FRANCHISE LAWS 8
III. INFORMATION ACCESS*BEYOND THE TYPICAL DUE DILIGENCE 13
IV. RIGHTS OF, AND DUTIES TO, FRANCHISEES 17
A. BREACH OF CONTRACT 17
B. COMMON LAW FRAUD 19
C. BREACH OF IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING 19
D. TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT 20
E. VIOLATION OF ANTITRUST LAWS 20
HI
IV CONTENTS
F. INTRA CHAIN COMPETITION
G. LACK OF QUALIFICATIONS
V. THE FRANCHISE AGREEMENT AND FDD*GENERAL
A. TRANSFER AND ASSIGNMENT PROVISIONS
B. TRADEMARKS
C. SYSTEM CHANGES
D. TERRITORIAL RIGHTS AND ENCROACHMENT PROBLEMS
E, ADVERTISING AND MARKETING PROGRAMS
F. DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCEDURES
G. VENUE, JURISDICTION AND CHOICE OF LAW
H. AREA DEVELOPMENT AND SUBFRANCHISING RIGHTS
VI. DISCLOSURE AND REGISTRATION ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO THE SALE OF THE
SYSTEM
VII. INITIAL DRAFTING AND DOCUMENT ISSUES
A. EXPLORATORY STAGE
B. CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT
C. LETTER OF INTENT
D. THE DEFINITIVE AGREEMENT
VIII. CONCLUSION
2 NEGOTIATING KEY PROVISIONS IN THE AGREEMENT
DAWN NEWTON, REHEKAH PRINCE, AND LES WHARTON
I INTRODUCTION
11. NONDISCLOSURE/CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT
A. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
B. TERM
C. OTHER PROVISIONS
HI. LETTER OF INTENT
A. BINDING VS. NON-BINDING
B. GENERAL ISSUES
C. ACCESS TO INFORMATION
D. ANNOUNCEMENT
IV ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT
A. DEFINITIONS
B. PURCHASE PRICE ADJUSTMENTS: HOLDBACKS, ESCROWS, EARN-OUTS,
AND CLAWBACKS
C. CLOSING
D. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES
E. PRE-CLOSING COVENANTS
21
22
23
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
29
33
33
33
35
37
39
41
41
42
43
44
45
47
47
48
49
51
52
52
59
60
61
67
F. CONDITIONS TO CLOSING
G. TERMINATION AND PROVISIONAL REMEDIES
H. ADDITIONAL POST-CLOSING COVENANTS
I. INDEMNITY
J. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
V. STOCK PURCHASE COMPARED
VI. CONCLUSION
CONTENTS V
69
71
71
72
73
74
76
3 DUE DILIGENCE ON FRANCHISE SYSTEMS 77
JOHN BAER, MARK KIRSCH, AND BEATA KRAKUS
I. OVERVIEW AND GOALS OF FRANCHISE DUE DILIGENCE 77
A. DUE DILIGENCE*GENERALLY 78
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM AND ASSETS 78
C. BUYER AND SELLER DUE DILIGENCE 80
D. TIMING 81
II. OVERLAP WITH GENERAL CORPORATE ISSUES; COORDINATING WITH OTHER
(USUALLY CORPORATE) COUNSEL 82
A. EDUCATING OTHER COUNSEL 82
B. COORDINATING DOCUMENT REVIEW AND PURCHASE AGREEMENT
DRAFTING 82
C. RELIANCE ON SELLER S REPRESENTATIONS WHEN BUYER DOES ITS OWN
DUE DILIGENCE 83
III. FRANCHISE-SPECIFIC * 84
A. SCOPE OF DUE DILIGENCE 84
B. LARGE FRANCHISE SYSTEM DUE DILIGENCE 85
C. DUE DILIGENCE IN PRE-BID SITUATIONS 86
D. DOCUMENTS TO REVIEW 87
E. ISSUES TO LOOK FOR 96
F. DUE DILIGENCE WHEN ACQUIRING A COMPETING SYSTEM 97
G. DISCUSSIONS WITH FRANCHISEES OR FRANCHISE SYSTEM ADVISORY
COMMITTEES 98
IV. FRANCHISE RELATED DUE DILIGENCE*SPECIAL ISSUES 99
A. PURCHASING AND SUPPLY ISSUES AND REBATES 99
B. REAL ESTATE 103
C. FINANCING 105
D. FINANCIAL REPORTING 106
E. ANTITRUST ISSUES 108
F. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 111
G. OTHER FRANCHISE-RELATED ISSUES 114
VI CONTENTS
V. INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISE ISSUES IN DUE DILIGENCE 116
A. TYPE OF PROGRAM * ^
B. THE FOREIGN MASTER FRANCHISEE OR DEVELOPER 117
C. COMPLYING WITH FOREIGN FRANCHISE AND OTHER LAWS 118
D. COMPLYING WITH U.S. FRANCHISE LAWS 118
E. COMPLYING WITH OTHER U.S. LAWS 119
F. MASTER FRANCHISE ISSUES 119
G. TRANSLATIONS/COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP 120
H. EXIT STRATEGY/DISPUTE RESOLUTION 121
I. USE OF LOCAL COUNSEL TO ASSIST IN THE REVIEW 122
VI. TECHNOLOGY-RELATED ISSUES IN DUE DILIGENCE 122
A. DATA ROOMS*WHO SETS THEM UP, POPULATES DATA, AND
ORGANIZES THEM 122
B. TECHNOLOGY REVIEW CHALLENGES 123
C. AVOID POST-MERGER DISCOVERY SURPRISES 124
VII. OTHER PRACTICAL ASPECTS
12
4
A. VISITING THE FRANCHISOR S OFFICES 124
B. DISCUSSIONS WITH THE FRANCHISOR S IN-HOUSE OR OUTSIDE COUNSEL 125
C. WRITING THE REPORT 125
D. THE RISK TO COUNSEL 126
VIII. SAMPLE DUE DILIGENCE LISTS 126
4 REAL ESTATE MATTERS IN ACQUISITIONS AND MERGERS 129
HERBERT A. HEDDEN AND JUDITH L. MARSH
I. INTRODUCTION 129
II. CONTROL OF THE FRANCHISED SITE 130
A. DIRECT CONTROL 130
B. INDIRECT CONTROL 134
HI. FRANCHISOR LIABILITY FOR SITE SELECTION 138
IV. DUE DILIGENCE 142
A. GENERALLY 142
B. REVIEW OF THE LEASEHOLD STRUCTURE 143
C THE FDD AND THE FRANCHISE AGREEMENT 144
V. SAMPLE ACQUISITION DOCUMENT PROVISIONS 145
A. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 145
B- COVENANTS 15
C CONDITIONS TO CLOSING 151
VI. CONCLUSION 153
CONTENTS VII
5 VALUATION OF FRANCHISE COMPANIES 155
RICHARD GREENSTEIN AND RICHARD MOREY
I. CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR CALCULATING VALUATION OF FRANCHISE
COMPANIES 155
A. KEY DEFINITIONS 155
B. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 156
II. COMMON MULTIPLES OF EBITDA FOR FRANCHISE COMPANY DEALS 157
HI. A BUYER S FOCUS WHEN ASSESSING VALUATION 158
A. RECENT GROWTH 159
B. UNIT-LEVEL ECONOMICS 159
C. QUALITY OF EARNINGS 159
D. CHARACTERISTICS OF FRANCHISEES 160
E. ANTICIPATED REVENUE STREAMS 160
F. COST REDUCTIONS 161
G. UNIT-LEVEL PERFORMANCE 162
H. TIMING 163
IV. STRATEGIES FOR SELLING FRANCHISORS TO MAXIMIZE VALUATION 163
A. HIRING PROFESSIONAL ADVISORS 163
B. REDUCING UNCERTAINTY 164
C. COST CUTTING 164
D. DATA ROOMS 165
E. COMPANY-OWNED UNITS 165
F. POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH 165
G. EQUITY FOR MANAGEMENT 166
H. FRANCHISE PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION 166
V. STRUCTURING ISSUES IMPACTING VALUATION 168
A. ASSET OR STOCK PURCHASE 168
B. DISTRESSED SALES 169
C. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 169
D. AUCTIONS 170
E. EARN-OUTS 172
F. FINANCIAL BENCHMARKS 172
VI. CONCLUSION 173
6 INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS IN ACQUISITIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF
FRANCHISE BUSINESSES 175
MICHAEL J. DELAURENTIS AND WILL K. WOODS
I. INTRODUCTION 175
VIII CONTENTS
II. PRELIMINARIES 176
A. TAX TREATMENT OF FRANCHISE TRANSFERS IN GENERAL 176
B. SIGNIFICANCE OF TYPE OF ENTITY*BASICS 179
C. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 180
III. TAXABLE TRANSACTIONS 181
A. ASSET SALES 181
B. SALES OF STOCK OR PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS 193
IV. TAX-DEFERRED TRANSACTIONS 198
A. CORPORATE REORGANIZATIONS 198
B. CROSS-BORDER REORGANIZATIONS*I.R.C. 367 214
C. COMBINATIONS INVOLVING NONCORPORATE PARTIES 216
D. THE INHERITANCE OF CORPORATE TRAITS 216
V. STATE TAX CONSIDERATIONS: NEXUS 219
7 TRADEMARK CONSIDERATIONS IN FRANCHISE TRANSFERS 223
CHRISTOPHER P. BUSSERT AND WILLIAM M. BRYNER
I. INTRODUCTION 223
A. WHAT ARE TRADEMARKS? 223
B. WHY IS TRADEMARK LAW IMPORTANT TO FRANCHISE TRANSFERS? 225
C. TRADEMARKS DISTINGUISHED FROM PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, AND
TRADE SECRETS 225
D. DOMAIN NAMES AND CYBERSQUATTING 227
E. TRADEMARK DUE DILIGENCE 228
II. TRADEMARKS SUBJECT TO THE TRANSACTION AND POTENTIAL
ENCUMBRANCES ON THEM 229
A. POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS 229
B. SCOPE OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS 231
C. LOSS OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS 233
D. LIENS ON TRADEMARK REGISTRATIONS 235
E. POTENTIAL INFRINGEMENT OF OTHERS TRADEMARKS 235
F. INFRINGEMENT OF THE SELLER S TRADEMARKS BY OTHERS 237
G. TRADE DRESS INFRINGEMENT 238
H. TRADEMARK DILUTION 239
I. TOOLS AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 240
III. TRADEMARK LICENSES 240
A. EXCLUSIVE OR NONEXCLUSIVE LICENSES 241
B. CONTROL OF LICENSEES 241
C. OWNERSHIP OF NEW MARKS 242
D. CHALLENGING INFRINGEMENT BY OTHERS 243
CONTENTS IX
E. ADVERTISING 243
F. SUMMARY OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROVISIONS 243
IV. VALUATION OF TRADEMARKS 244
A. HOW MUCH WOULD A BANK LOAN ON THE STRENGTH OF THE
TRADEMARK ALONE? 244
B. COMPARABLE VALUES 244
C. COST OF DEVELOPING AND PROMOTING A MARK 244
V. TRANSFER OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS 245
A. TRANSFER AGREEMENT TERMS RELATING TO TRADEMARKS 245
B. RECORDATION 246
VL MAINTENANCE OF TRADEMARKS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 247
A. CONTINUED USE AND INCONTESTABILITY AFFIDAVITS 247
B. MARKING OF TRADEMARKS, PATENTED ITEMS, AND COPYRIGHTED
WORKS 247
C. DEVELOPING A TRADEMARK STYLE GUIDE 248
VII. CONCLUSION 248
8 ACQUISITION OF A FRANCHISOR, OR ITS ASSETS, THROUGH A
BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDING 249
GLENN D. MOSES
I. INTRODUCTION 249
A. NOTE ON DUE DILIGENCE 250
II. ADVANTAGES OF CHAPTER 11 SALES 250
A. SALES IN BANKRUPTCY ARE GENERALLY FREE AND CLEAR OF LIENS,
CLAIMS, AND INTERESTS 250
B. PURCHASERS HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHERRY PICK FAVORABLE
CONTRACTS AND LEASES 251
C. ABILITY TO BIND DISSENTING SHAREHOLDERS 252
D. PROTECTION AGAINST FRAUDULENT CONVEYANCE AND SUCCESSOR
LIABILITY CLAIMS 252
E. PROTECTION AGAINST RISK OF REJECTION OF SALE CONTRACT IN A
SUBSEQUENT BANKRUPTCY 253
R PROTECTION FOR THE SELLER S MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTORS 253
III. CHOOSING 363 SALES OR 363 PLANS 254
A. 363 PLANS IN GENERAL 254
IV. THE 363 SALE PROCESS 255
A. FIRST STAGE: APPROVAL OF STALKING HORSE AGREEMENT, BREAK-UP
FEE, BID PROCEDURES, AND PROTECTIONS 256
X CONTENTS
B. SECOND STAGE OF THE 363 SALE: AUCTION AND BANKRUPTCY COURT
APPROVAL 258
V ASSUMPTION, ASSIGNMENT, AND REJECTION OF CONTRACTS AND LEASES 260
A. CONDITIONS TO ASSUMPTION OR REJECTION 261
B. TIMING OF ASSUMPTION OR REJECTION 261
C. ABILITY TO OVERRIDE ANTI-ASSIGNMENT PROVISIONS 262
VI ACQUISITION THROUGH A PLAN OF REORGANIZATION 263
VII. PARTICULAR ISSUES IN ACQUIRING THE ASSETS OF A FRANCHISOR IN
BANKRUPTCY 265
A. SPECIAL PROTECTIONS GRANTED TO LICENSEES OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY 266
B. SECTION 365(N) IN PRACTICE 268
C. WHAT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF 365(N)? 269
D. ARE TRADEMARKS PROTECTED? 269
E. THE ISSUE OF BUNDLED RIGHTS 271
F. PAYMENT OF ROYALTIES UNDER A 365(N) ELECTION 272
G. CAN A 363 SALE EXTINGUISH THE 365(N) RIGHTS OF A LICENSEE
UNDER A REJECTED IP AGREEMENT? 273
VIII. CONCLUSION 274
9 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 275
JEFFREY A. BRIMER, LUCIE GUYOT, AND KENNETH S. LEVINSON
I. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 275
II. FRANCHISE REGISTRATION AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS 275
A. APPLICATION OF U.S. FRANCHISE LAWS 276
B. FOREIGN FRANCHISE DISCLOSURE AND REGISTRATION LAWS 277
HI. TRANSACTION STRUCTURE AND DUE DILIGENCE ISSUES 282
A. DUE DILIGENCE INVESTIGATION 282
B. TRANSACTION STRUCTURE 284
C. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ISSUES 286
D. VALUATION ISSUES/CURRENCY EXCHANGE AND RISK/EXCHANGE
CONTROLS 286
E. EMPLOYMENT LAW ISSUES 287
F. TRANSLATION ISSUES 287
IV. TAX ISSUES 288
A. TAX ISSUES GENERALLY AFFECTING STRUCTURE OF TRANSACTION 288
B. FRANCHISING THROUGH YOUR SUBSIDIARY VS. AN UNRELATED ENTITY 291
C. PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT/TAX NEXUS ISSUES 294
CONTENTS XI
D. TAX ISSUES LOCALLY FOR INDIVIDUALS PERFORMING CERTAIN LOCAL
SERVICES 297
E. WITHHOLDING TAXES 298
R U.S. RULES ON REPORTING FOREIGN BANK ACCOUNTS 302
G. TAX ISSUES IN THE USE OF FLOW-THROUGH STRUCTURES 303
V. DISPUTE RESOLUTION 305
A. LITIGATION AS RECOURSE: HAZARDS AND HOME COURT ADVANTAGE
ISSUES 306
B. TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 306
C. ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND AWARDS 311
VI. NON-FRANCHISE U.S. LAWS AFFECTING INTERNATIONAL MERGERS AND
ACQUISITIONS 311
A. USA PATRIOT ACT/SPECIALLY DESIGNATED NATIONALS AND BLOCKED
PERSONS 312
B. FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT 312
C. EXPORT CONTROLS 316
VII. FOREIGN LAWS AFFECTING INTERNATIONAL MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 316
A. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 317
B. DATA PRIVACY LAWS 319
C. ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE 320
D. SECURITIES REGULATION 320
E. EMPLOYMENT LAW ISSUES 321
F. NONCOMPETITION COVENANTS 323
G. THIRD-PARTY APPROVALS 324
H. ANTITRUST LAWS 325
VIII. POST-MERGER COMPLIANCE ISSUES 330
IX. WORKING WITH FOREIGN COUNSEL AND FOREIGN PARTIES 330
A. IMPACT OF CULTURAL ISSUES ON BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS 330
B. SELECTING FOREIGN COUNSEL 331
C. WORKING WITH FOREIGN COUNSEL 332
D. NEGOTIATION OF THE ACQUISITION AGREEMENT 332
X. CONCLUSION 333
APPENDIX A-1 335
APPENDIX A-2 343
APPENDIX B 349
XII CONTENTS
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
RYAN ELLIOTT AND KRISTIN WATT
APPENDIX E
369
I. THE 338 ELECTIONS 3GG
A. DEEMED SALE OF TARGET ASSETS TO ITSELF 369
B. AMOUNT REALIZED ON ASSET SALE; PURCHASER S BASIS IN TARGET
ASSETS N-JN
C. OTHER RULES
373
II. TAX-DEFERRED TRANSACTIONS
374
A. CONTINUITY OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 374
B. COMBINATIONS INVOLVING ONE OR MORE NONCORPORATE ENTITIES 375
APPENDIX F-I
J
(Y
APPENDIX F-2
381
APPENDIX G
383
MATTHEW J. KREUTZER
SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT
383
SECTION 2 OF THE SHERMAN ACT
THE ROBINSON-PATMAN ACT
389
Y PROVISIONS
APPENDIX H-1
OTHER STATUTORY PROVISIONS
393
APPENDIX H-2
397
TABLE OF CASES
399
INDEX
411
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| id | DE-604.BV042157714 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:14:08Z |
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| isbn | 9781627225311 1627225315 |
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| publishDate | 2014 |
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| publisher | American Bar Association |
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| spelling | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies Leonard D. Vines and Christina M. Noyes (eds.) 2. ed. [Boston, Mass.] American Bar Association 2014 XXX, 429 S. 1 CD-ROM txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Recht Franchises (Retail trade) Law and legislation United States Consolidation and merger of corporations Law and legislation United States USA Vines, Leonard D. Sonstige (DE-588)1073888193 oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027597427&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies Recht Franchises (Retail trade) Law and legislation United States Consolidation and merger of corporations Law and legislation United States |
| title | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |
| title_auth | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |
| title_exact_search | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |
| title_full | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies Leonard D. Vines and Christina M. Noyes (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies Leonard D. Vines and Christina M. Noyes (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies Leonard D. Vines and Christina M. Noyes (eds.) |
| title_short | Mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |
| title_sort | mergers and acquisitions of franchise companies |
| topic | Recht Franchises (Retail trade) Law and legislation United States Consolidation and merger of corporations Law and legislation United States |
| topic_facet | Recht Franchises (Retail trade) Law and legislation United States Consolidation and merger of corporations Law and legislation United States USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027597427&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vinesleonardd mergersandacquisitionsoffranchisecompanies |