Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV

Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format: Buch
Sprache:Slovak
Veröffentlicht: Bratislava Veda 2014
Ausgabe:1. vyd.
Schlagworte:
Slovenská akadémia vied
Geschichte
Wissenschaftsorganisation
Slowakei
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MARC

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Obsah Prvý diel Predhovor · Jaromír Pastorek, predseda SAV ......................................................................... 12 Uvod · Dušan Kováč.................................................................................................................... 14 I. časť . Slovenská akadémia vied a slovenská veda na pozadí historického a spoločenského vývoja 1. kapitola · Snahy o inštitucionalizáciu slovenskej vedy pred rokom 1939 · Karol Hollý ......................................................................................... 21 a) Od Mateja Bela po vznik Matice slovenskej ............................................................................. 22 b) Snahy o organizovanie vedy na pôde Matice slovenskej (1863-1875) ................................. 28 c) Snahy o organizovanie vedy v rokoch 1875 - 1918 ................................................................. 32 d) Veda a jej inštitúcie v Československej republike ..................................................................... 39 e) Učená spoločnosť Šafárikova ..................................................................................................... 42 DEJiNY SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED 2. kapitola · Slovenská akadémia vied a umení · AdamHudek ..................... 55 a) Vedecké inštitúcie a ich postavenie v spoločnosti po 14. marci 1939 .................................... 56 b) Projekt Slovenskej akadémie vied a umení a jeho realizácia ................................................... 58 c) Činnosť SAVU do roku 1945...................................................................................................... 60 3. kapitola · Slovenská akadémia vied a umení v rokoch 1945 - 1952. Prerod SAVU do Slovenskej akadémie vied AdamHudek ...................................................................................................................................... 69 a) SAVU v obnovenom Československu. Nový zákon o SAVU ..................................................... 69 b) Prvé plány na vybudovanie Československej akadémie vied (ČSAV) a aktivity SAVU .......... 74 c) SAVU v prvých rokoch komunistickej diktatúry. Snaha o implementáciu tzv. socialistickej vedy ................................................................................................................ 76 d) Plány na reorganizáciu vedy v Československej republike ...................................................... 85 4. kapitola · Vznik Slovenskej akadémie vied ................................................... 89 a) Situácia v spoločnosti a vo vede v rokoch 1952 - 1953 »AdamHudek ................................. 89 b) Príprava na vytvorenie SAV · Jozef Kläcka .............................................................................. 92 c) Uzákonenie a slávnostné otvorenie SAV · Jozef Klačka ......................................................... 99 d) Organizačná štruktúra SAV v zákone z roku 1953 · Jozef Klačka ......................................... 100 e) Vzťah SAV a ČSAV v zákone a v základných dokumentoch · Jozef Klačka ........................... 103 5. kapitola · Slovenská akadémia vied v zložitých podmienkach komunistickej totality a jej krízy (1953 - 1967)........................................ 107 a) Protirečivý vývoj SAV. Vedecký výskum a budovanie pracovísk na pozadí tlakov politickej moci · Adam Rudek .................................................................................................. 107 b) Centralizačně snahy v spoločnosti a ich odraz vo vzťahu SAV a ČSAV · Adam Hudek, Jozef Klačka ................................................................................................................................. 119 c) Vzťah SAV k ČSAV v zákone z roku 1963 · JozefKlačka ........................................................ 124 d) Vzťah SAV k ostatným vedeckým inštitúciám na Slovensku · Adam Hudek ......................... 128 e) Zložitá situácia spoločenskovedných pracovísk · AdamHudek .............................................. 131 f) Slovenské „Predjarie a jeho odraz vo výskume a v spoločenských aktivitách SAV Adam Hudek, Jozef Klačka .......................................................................................................... 138 6. kapitola · Slovenská akadémia vied v „obrodnom procese 1968 - 1969 · AdamHudek .................................................................................................. 145 a) Začiatok „obrodného procesu a postoj vedeckej komunity v SAV ......................................... 145 b) Príprava nového zákona o SAV .................................................................................................. 152 c) Podiel SAV na spoločenských premenách počas tzv. československej jari .............................. 156 d) Federalizácia štátu. SAV ako vrcholná vedecká inštitúcia na Slovensku ................................ 163 7. kapitola · Obdobie „konsolidácie a „normalizácie (1969-1989)........................................................................................................................ 169 a) Umrtvená spoločnosť · Adam Rudek ....................................................................................... 169 b) Personálne zmeny a čistky v SAV po roku 1969 · Adam Hudek ............................................. 171 c) Novela zákona o SAV z roku 1970 · Adam Hudek ................................................................... 177 d) SAV pod kontrolou politickej moci · Adam Hudek .................................................................. 180 e) Organizačné zmeny - zlučovanie pracovísk, vytváranie centier výskumu Ľudm ila Nemeskürthyová............................................................................................................. 188 £) Pomalé a rozpačité zmeny v rokoch tzv. perestrojky · Adam Hudek ...................................... 190 8. kapitola · Transformácia Slovenskej akadémie vied V rokoch 1989 - 1993 · Dušan Kováč ........................................................................... 199 a) Podiel SAV na spoločenských procesoch počas tzv. nežne) revolúcie ...................................... 199 b) Náprava deformácií spôsobených totalitnou mocou ................................................................ 200 c) Rada vedcov - nový samosprávny orgán .................................................................................. 204 d) Prvé demokraticky volené Predsedníctvo SAV ......................................................................... 205 e) Systémové zmeny v SAV ............................................................................................................ 208 f) Pokračovanie systémových zmien za druhého ponovembrového Predsedníctva SAV ........... 211 9. kapitola · Zásadné spoločenské zmeny a vývoj SAV po roku 1993 · AdamHudek ................................................................................................ 217 a) Vznik Slovenskej republiky. Postavenie SAV v novom štáte .................................................... 217 b) SAV na prelome storočí .............................................................................................................. 222 c) Definícia SAV v zákone o SAV z roku 2002 .............................................................................. 227 d) SAV a integrácia Slovenska do Európskej únie ......................................................................... 230 e) Nové výzvy a nové problémy ..................................................................................................... 234 II. časť · Vnútorný vývoj v Slovenskej akadémii vied l. kapitola · Najvýznamnejšie výsledky vedeckého bádania v SAV vjednotlivých oblastiach vied .................................................................................. 243 a) Vedy o dejinách ........................................................................................................................... 245 b) Vedy o človeku a spoločnosti ..................................................................................................... 248 c) Vedy o kultúre a umení .............................................................................................................. 251 d) Lekárske ve dy ............................................................................................................................. 255 e) Chemické a biologické vedy ....................................................................................................... 2 62 f) Poľnohospodárske a veterinárne vedy ...................................................................................... 266 g) Matematicko-fyzikálne vedy a informatika .............................................................................. 271 h) Vedy o zemi a vesmíre ................................................................................................................ 275 i) Technické vedy ............................................................................................................................ 280 DEJINY SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED 2. kapitola · Riadenie Vedeckého Výskumu V SAV · Kristína Majerová ....... 287 a) Riadiace orgány SAV 1953 - 1989............................................................................................. 287 b) Sekcie vied 1953 - 1961 ............................................................................................................ 290 c) Vedecké kolégia SAV 1962 - 1990 ............................................................................................ 291 d) Oddelenia vied, centrá vied SAV ................................................................................................ 292 e) Pracoviská SAV ........................................................................................................................... 293 f) Riadiace orgány SAV po roku 1989 ........................................................................................... 294 3. kapitola · Vedecká Výchova V SAV · Alexandra Marčeková ................................. 299 a) Ašpirantúra, doktorandské štúdium ......................................................................................... 299 b) Vedecké hodnosti a kvalifikačné stupne ................................................................................... 308 c) Spolupráca s vysokými školami ................................................................................................. 312 4. kapitola · Zahraničná Spolupráca SAV · Lýdia Kamencová ............................. 317 a) Vývoj medzinárodnej spolupráce v rôznych obdobiach ........................................................... 317 b) Medziakademické dohody a projektová spolupráca 1953 - 2009 ........................................... 328 c) Zmena postavenia SAV v medzinárodnom kontexte po roku 1993........................................ 332 5. kapitola · Finančné, materiálne a personálne zabezpečenie i SAV · Jana Gubášová Baherníková ......................................................................... 339 a) Organizácia hospodárskej činnosti ........................................................................................... 339 b) Hospodárske vzťahy SAV a ČSAV .............................................................................................. 343 c) Personálne zabezpečenie ............................................................................................................ 344 d) Materiálne zabezpečenie ............................................................................................................ 348 e) Spoločná výkonná výpočtová technika a počítačová sieť ........................................................ 354 6. kapitola · Vydavateľská a patentová činnosť · Mha Pavlova ..................... 359 a) Vydavateľská činnosť ................................................................................................................. 359 b) Patentová činnosť ....................................................................................................................... 362 c) Objavy ......................................................................................................................................... 365 7. kapitola · Vedecké spoločnosti pri Slovenskej akadémii vied Júlia Pavlova ...................................................................................................................................... 369 a) História vedeckých spoločností pred vznikom SAV ................................................................. 369 b) Vedecké spoločnosti od roku 1953 do roku 1989 .................................................................... 370 c) Vedecké spoločnosti po roku 1989 ............................................................................................ 373 d) Vedecké spoločnosti v súčasnosti .............................................................................................. 374 e) Činnosť vedeckých spoločností ................................................................................................. 375 Druhý diel I. časť · Dokumenty Prvá povojnová správa o stave SAVU .............................................................................................. 383 Prejav generálneho tajomníka KSS Štefana Bašťovanského definujúci hlavné zásady kultúrnej a vedeckej politiky na Slovensku .................................................................................... 385 Rezolúcia vedeckých pracovníkov SAVU reagujúca na výsledky 9. zjazdu KSS, určená pre tlač .................................................................................................................................. 390 11. 10. 1952. Rokovanie Komisie Zboru povereníkov pre vybudovanie SAV o vzťahu budúcej SAV k rezortným výskumným ústavom, k ČSAV a o návrhu rozpočtu SAV na rok 1953 ...................................................................................................................................... 391 11.10. 1952. Žiadosť predsedu Komisie Zboru povereníkov pre vybudovanie SAV O. Pavlíka riaditeľovi Ústavu slavistiky AV ZSSR o informáciu o vzťahu celoštátnej Akadémie vied ZSSR k republikovým akadémiám .......................................................................................... 394 17.10. 1952. Predseda Správneho zboru SAVU prof. J. Gonda odovzdáva vedenie SAVU prof. O. Pavlíkovi .............................................................................................................................. 395 Dokument pre ÚV KSS definujúci zásady kádrovej politiky v budúcej SAV ................................. 395 28. 5.1953. Návrh na uzákonenie Slovenskej akadémie vied, na menovanie prvých funkcionárov s ich charakteristikami a na termín slávnostného otvorenia SAV ......................... 3 99 29. 6. 1953. Zákon o zriadení Slovenskej akadémie vied a dôvodová správa k nemu ................. 404 Reakcia vedenia SAV na nepokoje v Poľsku a revolúciu v Maďarsku v roku 1956 ...................... 411 12.11. 1957. Zmena zákona o Československej akadémii vied .................................................... 416 4. 11. 1958. Prvý Organizačný poriadok SAV je rozpracovaním zákona o SAV z 18. 6. 1953 ..................................................................................................................................... 420 Kritika „kádrových nedostatkov v SAV počas politicko-odborných previerok v roku 1958 ...... 437 Prejav prezidenta a prvého tajomníka ÚV KSČ Antonína Novotného, ktorý odštartoval proces včleňovania SAV do ČSAV .................................................................................................... 441 5. 10. 1963. Zákon o Slovenskej akadémii vied ............................................................................. 443 4.1.1964. Rozpracovanie ustanovení zákona SNR o SAV z 23. 9. 1963 v stanovách SAV ........ 447 Analýza dokumentujúca nutnosť obnovenia sociologického výskumu v socialistickom Československu ................................................................................................................................ 458 Zoznam sťažností zástupcov vysokých škôl na dominantné postavenie SAV vo vede a výskume ......................................................................................................................................... 463 Návrh na odstránenie „prvkov a metód v riadení SAV , ktoré nezodpovedali „demokratizačným a federalizačným princípom z roku 1968 ..................................................... 464 15. 6. 1968. Komisia pre prípravu akčného programu SAV navrhuje zásady celoštátnej koordinácie vedy a novej organizačnej štruktúry SAV .................................................................. 468 Reakcia vedúcich pracovníkov slovenských vedeckých inštitúcií na vpád vojsk Varšavskej zmluvy do Československa (21. 8.1968) ...................................................................................... 476 1968. Návrh dôvodovej správy k návrhu zákona o SAV vo väzbe na federálnu prestavbu štátu .................................................................................................................................................. 477 Reakcia Predsedníctva SAV na smrť študenta Jana Palacha ......................................................... 478 1969. Nerealizovaný návrh zákona o SAV ako vrcholnej národnej učenej spoločnosti ............... 479 DEJINY SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED Verejné vyhlásenie významných členov SAV vyjadrujúce bezvýhradnú podporu normalizačnému vedeniu KSČ ........................................................................................................ 484 Správa o priebehu normalizačného „očistného procesu v SAV, spísaná pre ÚV KSS ................. 486 Normalizačný kádrový poriadok ČSAV a SAV, zaisťujúci stranícku kontrolu nad personálnymi otázkami ............................................................................................................ 488 20. 12.1977. Doplnok zákona o SAV publikovaný v Zbierke zákonov čiastka 27/1977 pod číslom 92................................................................................................................................... 489 6.1.1980. Návrh stanov SAV na rozpracovanie ustanovení doplneného zákona o SAV č. 92/1977 ........................................................................................................................................ 495 Prvé návrhy na niektoré demokratizačné opatrenia v rámci SAV - reakcia na začiatok „prestavbového obdobia v ČSSR .................................................................................................... 511 Mimoriadne zasadnutie Predsedníctva SAV reagujúce na začiatok „nežnej revolúcie .............. 514 2. 2.1990. Dočasné, prvé demokraticky zvolené Predsedníctvo SAV prezentuje svoje programové ciele .............................................................................................................................. 514 1990 Návrh organizácie SAV predpokladajúci zriadenie národných akadémií pôsobiacich pri ČSAV ........................................................................................................................................... 516 14. 8.1990. Protestný list Predsedníctva SAV a Koordinačného výboru Rady vedcov SAV proti návrhu vlády začleniť riadenie vedy do ministerstva školstva ............................................ 518 1992 Zákon SNR o SAV a jemu predchádzajúce opatrenia zabezpečujúce existenciu SAV po zániku ČSAV ................................................................................................................................ 520 19. 2. 2002. Zákon o SAV ako samosprávnej vedeckej inštitúcii .................................................. 522 29.10. 2009. Vedecká rada SAV ako jeden z troch samosprávnych orgánov SAV sa vo svojej činnosti riadi rokovacím poriadkom ............................................................................................... 531 19.12. 2007. Štatút čestného orgánu SAV, Učenej spoločnosti SAV, schválil najvyšší samosprávny orgán SAV, Snem SAV ............................................................................................... 534 17. 6. 2009. Základná interná norma Štatút SAV rozpracovává ustanovenia zákona 133/2002 Zb ..................................................................................................................................... 539 15.12.2010. Doplnky a zmeny vykonané Snemom SAV v Štatúte SAV ...................................... 547 11. 11. 2009. Organizačnú štruktúru SAV a pôsobnosť jej orgánov a organizácií upravuje Organizačný poriadok ...................................................................................................................... 549 15.12. 2010. Základná norma najvyššieho samosprávneho orgánu SAV, Snemu SAV ............... 554 II. časť · Prílohy Predsedovia SAV .............................................................................................................................. 563 Akademici, členovia korešpondenti a členovia Učenej spoločnosti SAV ...................................... 573 Prehľad zloženia Predsedníctiev SAV v r. 1953 - 2009 ................................................................. 583 Výbor Rady vedcov a Snemu SAV 1990 - 2013 ............................................................................. 587 Zoznam vedeckých kolegií SAV ...................................................................................................... 589 Pracoviská SAV ................................................................................................................................. 593 Bibliografia ....................................................................................................................................... 613 Zoznam skratiek .............................................................................................................................. 622 Menný register ................................................................................................................................. 624 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 629 10 History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Summary Thi: lis History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences is the ñrst comprehensive and synthesised study concern¬ ing this important Slovak scientific institution. Sixty years of existence of the Slovak Academy of Scienc¬ es (SAS) is not a long period but it has been the one that experienced several historic turning points fol¬ lowed by often surprising developments. The major¬ ity of changes, Academy was subject to, were directly connected with the political and governmental trem¬ ors that affected the entire Slovak society. The aim of this book is to show the historic development in the above-mentioned historical implications. The ñrst part of the book is devoted to the his¬ tory of efforts put into institutionalisation of scien¬ tific research in the Slovak environment. An endeav¬ our of Slovak scholars to establish a learned society and a scientific and research institution sporadically appeared already in the early Іб* century. The first serious attempt in this sense was the never realized project of polyhistor Matej Bel in 1735 under the ti¬ tle Societas Iliteraria. The following similar attempts including the one of Matica slovenská founded in 1863 and closed in 1875 by the Hungarian Govern¬ ment had a short life. At the end of the 19th century, an amateur scientist and Catholic priest Andrej Kmet: prepared a plan for the establishment of the Slovak Academy of Sciences but this noble intention was re¬ duced to mere foundation of a museum and instead of the learned society, the Slovak Society of Museums was born. The short existence of the First Czechoslovak Re¬ public (1918 - 1939) was exceptionally favourable for the development of Slovak science and culture. The Slovak society rapidly recovered the lost time. Come- nius University in Bratislava including the Šafárik s Learned Society bearing the name of an important Slavist was founded. Accelerated development of sci¬ ence and culture focused on the foundation of the Slovak scientific institution, but the political sit¬ uation and the outburst of the Second World War postponed the project. It was realized only after the breach of Czechoslovakia in time of the Slovak State (1939-1945). The principal actor and initiator of such institution was the linguist Ľudovít Novák. The in¬ centive to found an entity supposed to organize sci¬ entific and artistic life in Slovakia did not come from the governmental authorities. It was proposed by the Slovak Learned Society (successor of the Šafárik s Learned Society), which associated the most impor¬ tant figures active at the University of Bratislava. Official proposal to establish Academy was pre¬ sented in March 1942. The project had its opponents among the political elite and part of the academic scene. However, Ľ. Novák did obtain sufficient sup¬ port and in July 1942, the Congress of the Slovak Re¬ public approved the Law about the Slovak Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA). The first scholars acced¬ ed to the Academy in spring 1943. The Academy then consisted of a few humanity Institutes. The establish¬ ment of the Academy was met with feeble interest on 629 DEJINY SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED the side of political elites what also reflected in its funding. The SASA was not considered a preferred ideological centre, a fact that paradoxically helped its survival after 1945. The scientific contribution of the Academy itself was not (and could not be) of any significance before the end of war in 1945. Its activities were only start¬ ing in the complicated after-war situation. Howev¬ er, its management s effort in promoting the idea of the Slovak Academy succeeded to such an extent that when Czechoslovakia was restored, abolishment of the Academy was not even considered. On the con¬ trary, existence of the Slovak Academy became part of the idea of equal positions of the Czech and Slovak nations in the Republic and became an important po¬ litical point for conservation the Academy. At the beginning of 1946, a new proposal for re¬ structuring of the Academy based on the on peo¬ ple s-democratic principle was formulated. The new 1946 Law counted with independence and apolitical nature of the entire institution. Due to the escalating tension in inner political situation in Slovakia (and Czechoslovakia as a whole), organizational and struc¬ tural process of the SASA was not quite completed. Appointment of proposed academicians was not car¬ ried out either and the institution was ran under an emergency regime in 1953 that did not respond to or fulfil the provisions of the 1946 Law. The management maintained independence of the Academy in spite of efforts of the central govern¬ ment to create an all-national institution for science in the form of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The communist coup of 1948 meant a crucial break through for the history of science in Czechoslova¬ kia in many ways. On the one side, the communists declared that science and its development were ex¬ tremely important for the society but on the other they also declared the society needed a highly ide¬ ological science . Only those who were ready to con¬ form to the ideology were to remain active in science. The following destiny of the Academy was closely connected with the development of the totalitari¬ an system in the framework of what was referred to as the Eastern Block. History of the Slovak Acade¬ my of Sciences reflects with a considerable closeness the overall development of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The majority of problems and draw¬ backs in Academy s activities rooted in the very es¬ sence of the communist dictatorship. It also explains why the representatives of Academy were infallibly dragged into the disputes concerning reforms of the ruling regime in time of so-called periods of crisis . The 1948 political transformation did not exert any immediate impact on the staff of the Academy. Before 1948, the Marxist science did not practically exist and the new regime could not rely on the ex¬ isting group of scholars-Marxists to replace the ide¬ ologically unacceptable scientists. The advantage of Academy s staff was that they did not directly partic¬ ipate in the strictly controlled university tuition. The ruling power also realized that their expertise could be of use even if it did not build on the Marxists foundations. The Communist Party authorities rath¬ er concentrated on education of the new generation, the prospective cadre at the universities. In 1949- 1950, the SASA assumed the scientific departments of Matica slovenská closed by the Government. Acad¬ emy s management supported the decision of the ruling power to restrict and reduce the scientific re¬ search pursued in Matica because it meant strength¬ ening of Academy s position as a sole and exclusive non-university scientific centre in Slovakia. The Academy experienced political cleansing as late as in 1951 in the context of the fight against bourgeois nationalism and Slovak separatism . By the end of 1950, Ladislav Novomeský, a prominent repre¬ sentative of the Slovak Communist Party (SCP), was chosen to lead the Academy albeit he was politically discredited at that time. In 1950, the 9th Congress de¬ fined the Party s general line to pursue in the sphere of science and arts. The basic trend of Academy s de¬ velopment was to give preference to technological, medical and natural sciences where contribution to the economic development of the country was pre¬ sumed and expected. Humanities and social scienc¬ es were supposed to concentrate upon the indoctri¬ nation of population in the Marxist-Leninist spirit. Definition of aims in scientific policy in Czecho¬ slovakia opened space for restructuring the organi¬ zation of science and research. The result was the or¬ igin of a central Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CzAS) and a subordinate Slovak Academy of Scienc¬ es (SAS). The planned changes were meant to approx¬ imate organization of science and research in the country to the Soviet model: the CzAS was meant to become the pendant of the all-Soviet academy and the SAS should correspond to what were the national academies in individual Soviet republics. Represent¬ atives of the Slovak science along with some Slovak politicians enforced the autonomy of the future SAS so that it was founded as an independent entity with¬ in the CzAS. Stress was to be laid on natural and tech¬ nical sciences coordinated on the national level. The following chapters of the book deal with the history of the Academy in broad social and political implications but also in relation to the scientific pol¬ icy as well as to other scientific institutions both, in Slovakia and Czechoslovakia. The Slovak Academy of Sciences was ceremoniously established in June 1953. The staff of the former SASA, all academic In¬ stitutes, and those that existed in individual indus¬ trial sectors were included into the new entity. New centres involved with science and technology also emerged. An important result of the adopted law on the SAS was the fact that for the first time since 1946, the Academy was run pursuant an approved Law in¬ stead of having to follow the interim rules. The Slo¬ vak Government appointed the first academicians (founder members of the SAS) and the first members of the Presidium. All other changes were in responsi¬ bility of the plenary assembly. The first Chairman of the Academy was Ondrej Pavlík who participated in 630 II. Prílohy HISTORY OF THE SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES organization of the Slovak scientific life since 1945, virologist Dionýz Blaškovič, metallurgist Jozef Ča- belka, and physicist Dionýz Ilkovič were appointed Vice-Chairmen. In spite of the totalitarian system typical for the omnipresent ideological pressure, the Slovak Acad¬ emy experienced almost a continuous period of ex¬ pansion characterised by an increasing number of In¬ stitutes and employees since 1953. First of all, the proportion of technological, natural and biological sciences increased. Centres that grouped under the heading of the SAS represented miscellaneous enti¬ ties of country s different economic sectors. Scientific centres and laboratories were not established accord¬ ing to a plan set in advance. They sprang depending of availability of experts. This is one of the reasons why the organizational development of Institutes in the first decade of Academy s existence was quite com¬ plicated and unstable. Direction of the Academy had to defend itself and resist against the demure that centres of basic research in natural and technologi¬ cal sciences should exclusively concentrate under the CzAS. The Slovak Academy never gave up the idea to build such Institutes albeit it took more time. Ideological control of the Academy was strong es¬ pecially in the sphere of humanities. Mere declara¬ tions of adhesion to Marxism were not satisfactory enough for the Party ideologists. Scientists were ex¬ pected to make an effort and to master the ideology. A latent conflict between the directors of the ac¬ ademic Institutes and the Party cadre commission went on. Directors tried to protect their qualified staff in spite of possible ideological deficiencies while the Party officials pointed to the fact that the Academy did not enforce enough the political and class aspects . Relationships of the SAS with the universities became more complicated after 1953. Universities had undergone considerable changes, which brought about worse conditions for scientific activities. As the process pursued at the Academy was contrary, a feel¬ ing of disadvantage in universities progressively in¬ creased. Another basic problem in the socialist Czech¬ oslovakia was the vague definition and interpretation of the relationships between the basic and applied re¬ search and between the scholarly research and the entrepreneurial sphere. Political crisis of the Communist Block in the mid- 1950s changed the view of the top Party representa¬ tives of what was referred to as the socialist intelli¬ gentsia . Tendencies to rid of the Stalinist practices led to critical discourses addressed to Party leaders by the scientific community. For the state power, in¬ tellectuals did not represent a support to the regime anymore; instead they were viewed as source of lib¬ eralist and oppositionist moods. It was the reason whey the new management of the Academy under Chairman Andrej Sirácky was charged with the task to indoctrinate the academic life. In 1958, the Party headquarters launched a cleansing campaign against ideologically unreliable staff, which still held their po¬ sitions thanks to their expertise. They were to be re¬ placed by the new generation of scientists brought up in the socialist spirit. Distinct centralising efforts in the country also influenced the development of the Slovak Academy and peaked by the adoption of the new Constitution in 1960. The central Government enforced the com¬ plete absorption of the Slovak Academy of Sciences by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. New prin¬ ciples for organization of scientific research were ap¬ proved at the meeting of the top representatives both from the SAS and the CzAS in 1960. The SAS became an organic component of the CzAS. Officially, this step was substantiated by the accomplishments of the Slovak science, which was to participate in great¬ er extent in the statewide tasks. The period between 1958 and 1963 is characterized by an effort to recti¬ fy the uncontrolled development in the first peri¬ od and to formulate a long-term conception of the Slovak science. This trend manifested itself by the stress on effectiveness and overall contribution of the scholarly research to the development of the country and by the inclusion of the SAS into nationwide eco¬ nomic plans. It was in that period that the precincts of the SAS were started. The basic idea was to concentrate insti¬ tutes/laboratories of closely related sciences, which were considered most important in terms of Slova¬ kia s economic progress into a single place. Construc¬ tion of the new academic precincts became primari¬ ly an investment into the development of the prior¬ itised technological and natural sciences. The Slovak Academy was granted considerable funds for that purpose. Political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia entered a new phase of the development of single socialist science in the CSSR in 1961. However, the Slovak scientific com¬ munity succeeded in an attempt to impose the prepa¬ ration of a new special law about the Slovak Acade¬ my of Sciences, which in fact confirmed its autono¬ my. The 1963 Law eventually conserved the position of the SAS as the national scholarly institution. Nev¬ ertheless, its centres became formally parts of those of the CzAS. The changing political situation in the State con¬ tributed to the fact that the original plan was not ex¬ ecuted. Progressive liberalization of the regime in¬ volved a relative freedom of speech, which in case of the Academy manifested itself in a greater pres¬ sure of the Slovak scientific community rejecting the merge of the SAS and the CzAS. The following devel¬ opment in the SAS was characterised by an open sup¬ port of the liberalizing processes . The management of the Academy led by mathematician Štefan Schwarz in 1965-1970 encouraged the process and the great ma¬ jority of Slovak scientists gave full support to the re¬ forms of the Czechoslovak Spring appealing for a lib¬ erated scientific research, self-administration of re¬ search and scientific institutions and rehabilitation of scientists afflicted by purges and federalization 631 DEJINY SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED of the Academy. These issues were elaborated and in¬ cluded into the Action Plan of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, which triggered the preparation of a new ac¬ ademic law. Numerous scientists, especially human¬ ists, were engaged in the reforming process and plan¬ ning of federalization of Czechoslovakia. The general atmosphere of renaissance in the Academy comparatively intensively resounded un¬ til 1969 even after the invasion of the Warsaw Pact armies. The response to what is referred to as nor¬ malization came only in 1970. Preparation of the law about the Academy was stopped by a political de¬ cision. The ruling power imposed an amendment to the law about the Academy completely submitting it to the newly established government of the Slovak Socialist Republic. The Academy simultaneously re¬ mained part of the CzAS. The State power and Par¬ ty officials were thus able to control and manage all aspects of Academy s life and operation until 1989. Thorough and extensive purges followed in 1970- 1972. The Party entrusted the task to the Presidium of the Academy led by Karol Šiška and the General Secretary Milan Petráš. Almost all employees were submitted to the political screening and introduction of temporary work contracts was intended as a tool how to ensure obedience of the Academy s staff. When the consolidation process finished, a new period of development started in the second half of the 1970s. It was when the Slovak Academy of Scienc¬ es chaired by Vladimir Hajek had the highest number of employees and Institutes in its history. The ways of preparation and planning of scien¬ tific research in the Academy completely changed in the 1980s. Bonds between the academic research cen¬ tres and other components of the research-scientific base and particularly the sphere of production were strengthened. Physics, microelectronics, cybernet¬ ics, material research, machine mechanics support¬ ing the principal branches of production in Czecho¬ slovakia (electrical engineering industry, machine in¬ dustry and metallurgy) were the sciences prioritised in that time. In the 1980s, political restrictions started to loos¬ en up. The process was clearly recognizable in com¬ partments of technological and natural sciences which could afford to employ several politically un¬ reliable persons even earlier. Many of them became the leading figures of the democratising process after 1989. With the onset of perestroïka at the end of the 1980s, the management of SAS started negoti¬ ations about the democratising changes in the inner operation of the Academy and in summer 1989 the new employees were recruited via a competition. Another breakthrough in functioning of SAS af¬ ter the fall of the communist regime came by the end of 1989. In November, Academy s representatives joined the manifestation strike and formed an all-ac¬ ademic Strike Committee. The Committee present¬ ed its requests to the Presidium of the SAS. Among them was exclusion all political parties from the indi¬ vidual academic centres and laboratories, dismissing of the discredited Presidium members, establishment of a dialogue between the representatives of the civ¬ ic initiatives and the management, participation of elected representatives at the Academy s plenary as¬ sembly, and measures leading to de-indoctrination of science. Almost 1,000 scientist and researchers along with other Academy s staff addressed the Govern¬ ment and the Slovak National Council with the re¬ quest to repeal the Law about the Academy and the rules concerning the management of science. An apology to those that had to leave in the years of normalization , an offer of indemnification and re¬ turn to their original positions as well as confirma¬ tion of expressed discredit to some Institutes direc¬ tors followed. The Scientific Council became a new self-adminis¬ trating body of the Academy elected by the nine-mem¬ ber organizational committee chaired by physicist Sil¬ vester Takács. The committee was entrusted the task to propose a draft of the amended Law about the SAS. The Slovak National Council approved the proposal in January 1990. The amended Law changed the po¬ sition of the Academy within the scientific commu¬ nity. The statement that the Slovak Academy is the top scientific institution in Slovakia was omitted and Academy changed from a representative of science in¬ to a creative research institution. In January 1990, a new Presidium led by Ladislav Mach was elected. Some changes also took place in in¬ dividual Institutes. A credit was expressed to the ex¬ ecuting directors. Those that were not granted credit had to leave their posts. The vacancies were filled by elections held in each centre. Among the first reso¬ lutions adopted by the new Presidium of the Slovak Academy was the principle of selection procedure for positions of directors and such procedures followed in all academic centres and laboratories. Criteria for the evaluation of activities and results of the aca¬ demic Institutes were being prepared. Their form ex¬ cluded any interventions of the political regime into the research work especially in humanities. The great novelty was the progressive reduction of workers at the Academy, which dropped to a half before the mid- 1990s. After accreditation procedures in 1992 seven Institutes were closed. The split of Czechoslovakia in 1993 meant a fun¬ damental change for the SAS. The Academy had to achieve acceptation on the international level and to adapt to the new social and economic conditions. Po¬ litical situation in the Slovak Republic in the first half of the 1990s was unstable and inauspicious in the fol¬ lowing half of the decade because of its non-stand¬ ard government, which put the country into interna¬ tional isolation. These were significant factors, which contributed to the unsuccessful effort to transform the Slovak Academy of Sciences. Lack of funds for re¬ search was to become the permanent problem of the Academy faced by the subsequent Presidia (headed by Branislav Lichardus, Stefan Ľúby Jr. and Jaromír Pastorek in the quoted order). Year 1995 is perhaps a kind of a landmark between two transformation 632 Prílohy HISTORY OF THE SLOVAK ACADKMY OF SCIENCES phases. The first was typical for restrictions and re¬ duction of staff pursuant accreditations. The second phase was to be characterised by partial revival of the scientific potential, reformed postgraduate studies, identification of research priorities based on socie¬ ty s demand and the ongoing transformation. Howev¬ er, the second phase of the plan ran into more serious obstacles compared with the neighbouring countries. The reason why transformation of the research-scien¬ tific sphere in Slovakia lags behind is the scarce pro¬ gress made in legislation concerning science. A mod¬ ern law about the Slovak Academy of Sciences, which confirms its transformation into a research institu¬ tion, was adopted already in 2002. Grants and funds supplied by the EU represented an important support of research pursued at the SAS already in the phase of accession negotiations but first of all after accession of Slovakia to the EU in 2004. Joining the Europe¬ an projects was particularly important for the Acade¬ my, as the funds obtained from these sources embod¬ ied the only chance how to compensate underfunding by the State. This also was the principal reason why Academy tried to participate in all offered EU inter¬ national projects. Priorities of Slovakia in the field of science correspond to those of the EU. Categories of health and nutrition, nanotechnologies, material and production technologies, energy, environment and research into population s safety are among them. The second part of the book is devoted to the in¬ ternal developments within the SAS. The introducing chapter presents the most important results achieved by Academy s scientists. This extensive chapter shows that in spite of repeated restructuring, reforms and political pressures, science in SAS contributed to scholar knowledge by in no way negligible share. The following chapters deal with the management of sci¬ entific research, scientific education, international cooperation, financial, material and human resourc¬ es, editing and patenting activities, and about activi¬ ties of Academy s the scholar societies. The documenting part contains the most impor¬ tant documents concerning the development of SAS - laws, provisions, statutes and articles concerning its social position. Individual Institutes and laborato¬ ries in their historical development as well as biogra¬ phies of Academy s chairmen, and lists of managing bodies are also presented in this part. 633
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spellingShingle Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV
Slovenská akadémia vied (DE-588)5346-6 gnd
Wissenschaftsorganisation (DE-588)4822749-3 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)5346-6
(DE-588)4822749-3
(DE-588)4055297-4
title Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV
title_alt Dejiny SAV
title_auth Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV
title_exact_search Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV
title_full Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV [vedecký red.: Dušan Kováč]
title_fullStr Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV [vedecký red.: Dušan Kováč]
title_full_unstemmed Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied = Dejiny SAV [vedecký red.: Dušan Kováč]
title_short Dejiny Slovenskej akadémie vied
title_sort dejiny slovenskej akademie vied dejiny sav
title_sub = Dejiny SAV
topic Slovenská akadémia vied (DE-588)5346-6 gnd
Wissenschaftsorganisation (DE-588)4822749-3 gnd
topic_facet Slovenská akadémia vied
Wissenschaftsorganisation
Slowakei
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