Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova]
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | Croatian English |
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Zagreb [u.a.]
Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar [u.a.]
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Zbornici / Institut Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar
42 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb [u.a.] |b Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar [u.a.] |c 2013 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Biblioteka Zbornici / Institut Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar |v 42 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152297893134336 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Urednička riječ
.................................................................................................7
Ivan Rogić
Vukovar
1991. —
otisci uporabe konstrukcijskih
pravila drugojugoslavenskogporetka
..................................................................11
Ante Nazor
Kontinuitet velikosrpske ideologije kao uzrok rata u Hrvatskoj 1990-ih
................33
Josip Esterajher
Velikosrpska ideologija u suvremenom srbijanskom društvu.
Nacrt za daljnja istraživanja
............................................................................57
Stjepan G. Meštrović
Strike
and Destroy: A Comparison and Contrast of the
Siege
of
Vukovar
and Recent
American
War Crimes
....................................................75
Sanja
Spoljar
Vržina
Anthropology of
Vukovar:
Times (of Remembering) and Spaces
(of Proving) in Confronting the Equilibrative Justice
..........................................87
Dražen Živić
Je li Vukovar (bio) srpski
gradì
........................................................................103
Ivica
Sola
Renarativizacijska destrukcija vukovarske epopeje
.............................................121
Albert
Bing
Vukovar i kultura sjećanja:
mythos
i
episthémé
recentne hrvatske prošlosti
........137
Sanja Spoljar Vržina
Anthropologically Identifiable:
Vukovar
Between the
Terror of
Universalism
and Humanitarian Tourism
......................................... 157
Danijel Labaš, Marija Barčot
Mediji i rat
—
etički izazov
Tiskani mediji u Domovinskom ratu na primjeru Vukovara
1991.....................177
Patricija Kajić Kudelić
Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju
i simboli Domovinskog rata
—
pravno-kriminoloski aspekt
.................................205
Tomislav Jonjić
Razaranje Vukovara i Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju
...............217
Mato
Artuković
Vukovar
1991.
u hrvatskim školskim udžbenicima
............................................239
Fra
Božo
Lujić
Vukovar iz biblijsko-teološkeperspektive žrtve
..................................................257
Vine MihaJjević
Religijska istina
о
Vukovaru
91......................................................................271
Mateo
Žanić
Od mjesta sjećanja do zajednica sjećanja
—
društveno označavanje prošlosti
.......293
Mladen Barać
Vukovar u slavonskobrodskim tiskanim medijima
1991.-2010..........................309
Vinicije B. Lupiš
Paradigma
armenskoga genocida
.....................................................................331
Anna Givargizyan
Armenian National-Cultural Genocide. The Century-long Struggle for Justice
... 341
SVJEDOČANSTVA
....................................................................................349
Danijel Rehak, Ružica
Barbaric
Prešućeni ratni zločin
-
žene zlostavljane u logorima
.......................................351
Hrvoje Kačić
Naša je dužnost obraniti suverenitet Hrvatske
..................................................359
Juraj
Kołarić
Hrvatski rotarijanci za Vukovar
......................................................................381
Sažetci
..........................................................................................................391
Summaries
....................................................................................................405
О
autorima
...................................................................................................421
SUMMARIES
Ivan Rogić
VUKOVAR
1991,
IMPRINTS OF THE
APPLICATION
OF
CONSTRUCTIONAL RULES OF THE SECOND-YUGOSLAVIA SYSTEM
Viewed typologically, the system that existed in the Second Yugoslavia can be
described with a few basic constructional rules. For our purpose it is beneficial to
draw attention to three such rules: the Yugoslav rule, the revolutionary rule and
the rule of Croatia s greater responsibility for committed crimes. The application
of the Yugoslav rule indicates that the Second Yugoslavia system was shaped „from
above (Ramet,
2009).
The main difficultly in the application of this rule is mani¬
fested in a shortage of the Yugoslav national population (Yugoslavs). Therefore,
the system attempts to mould this shortage by force/transversely, using first of all
the social aspirations of the egalitarian working class and comprador bureaucracy.
The direct consequence of the rule s application is the awarding of a controver¬
sial, „enemy status to all social groups that have an interest in their national au¬
tonomy. Considering that, from the perspective of the Serbian political elite, the
Yugoslav framework is optimal for the realization of Serbian national integration,
the application of the rule is implemented asymmetrically: the national aspirations
of the Croats, Albanians, Bosniaks are characterized as subversive while those of
the Serbs as compatible with the system. Precisely on those foundations the Serbs
gradually take on the position of the leading proponents of the system. The Ser-
bization of other ethnic groups is equalized with their Yugoslav integration. The
application of the rule of Croatia s greater responsibility for crimes committed in
World War II determines that Croatia (as a statehood idea) and Croats (as a na¬
tion) bear greater responsibility for the crimes committed during the fascist/Nazi
aggression. The specific practice of the system to stigmatize Croats, both politi¬
cally and in terms of their identity, developed along these lines of reasoning and
became a generally accepted idea in general public opinion.
Z.
Radelić
(2006)
for
example reports that in
1966,
as many as
67%
of the Croatian employable popula¬
tion had files in the archives of the secret service (UDBA). The application of the
same rule, on the other hand, in the long run directly strengthens and facilitates
the transformation of the politico-bureaucratic stratum in the Serb ethnic mi¬
nority in Croatia into credible proponents and guarantors of the system, namely,
into a group with special political and social authority. In numerous analyses of
current circumstances the fact is neglected that memories of such basic relations
and constructional rules, as well as the ritualisation of political practices derived
from these rules, have steadily accumulated in Croatian society on two basic lev¬
els: familial and institutional, and outside of Croatian society, in the operational
408
SUMMARIES
premises of numerous international institutions. The effects of this accumulation
should analytically be viewed as specific, independent factors of influence on the
formation and practice of numerous current participants of Croatian society. In
the case of
Vukovar
the application of the mentioned rules should be observed on
four basic levels on which
Vukovar
symbolism was differentiated and formed. At
the first level, where in regard to the meaning of Vukovar s symbolism the image
of the city/victim of developmental stagnation dominates, traces of the specific use
of the mentioned rules are not visible. The stagnation of development in the city
corresponds to the general developmental „recession of the Croatian economy,
likewise impacted by the mentioned rules but on a level that exceeds the local
framework of stimulating development. At the second level of meaning of Vuko¬
var s symbolism the image of the city
-
as the fiery gate
(Termopile)
is dominant.
The application of the constructional rules of Second Yugoslavia on this level
can be perceived only peripherally, in the attempts of creating a specific narrative
about the intentional sacrificing of
Vukovar
by the highest echelons of the then
Croatian authority. In that narrative the traces of the rule of greater Croatian re¬
sponsibility for the evil committed are particularly
discernable.
The image of the
city/stage as the protagonist of „peaceful
reintegration
dominates the third level
of the sphere of meaning. The application of the constructional rules of Second
Yugoslavia has a direct impact on subordinating the process of peaceful
reintegra¬
tion
to bureaucratic mediation „from above . In such circumstances, other crimes
of aggression, excluding war crimes as defined by law, have remained in parenthe¬
ses. In this way the required, moral order without which it is impossible to estab¬
lish the difference between the perpetrator of the crime and the victim is brought
into question. The consequence is a divided (city) community and the additional
shaming of the actual victims of war and aggressor violence. On the other hand,
the basic benefit from the „peaceful
reintegration :
stopping war violence and kill¬
ings, otherwise ethically undisputable, has unfortunately remained the only one.
Two images dominate the fourth level of the sphere of meaning of Vukovar s sym¬
bolism. The first is
Vukovar as a
place of patriotic pilgrimage. It actually implies
the intensified positioning of the symbolic image of
Vukovar as a
specific Croatian
pilgrimage point. It is evident that this position is trans-political, so the effects of
the mentioned rules are not perceptible in relation to it. Visible, however, are the
technical effects of the procedures applied in similar circumstances, namely, its
transformation into a museum and spectacle. The second image is:
Vukovar — as
the symbol of Croatian freedom. Specific symbolic imperatives have been built
into this image according to which care for national and social freedom appears
as a generalized symbolic and practical obligation. On the other hand, however,
the evolution of state narratives in Croatia shows that its direction is contrary to
the mentioned
Vukovar
symbolic imperatives. In this way, the essential part of
Vukovar s symbolism remains without reception in the political sector. The ap¬
plication of certain constructional rules from the period of Second Yugoslavia can
be observed here in tendencies that promote change in the sphere of meaning of
the symbolism of
Vukovar
that is opposite the original one. Narratives of Vuko¬
var s role in the Region are promoted along those lines, on the need to forget the
crimes and work on the future and generally, to symbolically shift the fragments
SUMMARIES
409
of a failed past into
-
footholds of a successful future. The author unfoundedly
believes
—
that such a course of events will not take place.
Ante
Nazor
THE CONTINUITY OF GREATER SERBIAN IDEOLOGY
AS THE CAUSE OF WAR IN CROATIA IN THE
1990s
The paper deals with some of the Greater Serbia projects from the 19th and
20th centuries aimed at creating an integral Serbian state („Greater Serbia ) in
which all the Serbs from the territory of former Yugoslavia, namely, the Balkans,
would live. Special attention is devoted to preparations for the realization of the
new Greater Serbia project whose implementation resulted in open armed Serbian
aggression on Croatia in the summer of
1991.
The paper also points to memoir
material which testifies to the rapprochement process between the Serbian leader¬
ship and the top echelons of the Yugoslav People s Army, given that this „alliance
was decisive for the exclusive position of the Serbian leadership in the negotiations
with the presidents of Croatia and Slovenia on the issue of decentralization and
possible restructuring of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into a con-
federal state. In other words, after having won over the leadership of the Army to
its side and disarmed the Croatian Territorial Defence (TO), the Serbian leader¬
ship was convinced that it would achieve its goal through military means with
the assistance of the Army, which from the summer of
1991
actually acted as the
Serbian army and was the exponent of the armed aggression against Croatia.
Josip
Esterajher
GREATER SERBIAN IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY
SERBIAN SOCIETY
Points for Further Research
Greater Serbian ideology in contemporary Serbia is holding out regardless
of its changing leading social and political protagonists. In spite of a decade of
political development of the country after Slobodan Milosevic, it is still possible
to depict traits of Greater Serbian ideology in views on issues regarding the status
and position of Serbs outside Serbia, the legacy of Milosevic s regime, the character
of the wars in the
90s,
rehabilitation of the Chetnik movement, status of Kosovo,
etc. The survival of Greater Serbian ideology in Serbia, in which an authoritarian
political culture was dominant for a considerable period of time, is contributed to
by long-standing structures within the Serbian society. The Serbian political elite
has been divided since the 19th century into the proponents of a modern, and a so
called national state
(Latinka
Perović)
and these divisions are present and domi¬
nant to this day. Traditional resistance to the constitution of a modern state in
410
SUMMARIES
Serbia is achieved through the persistent maintenance of Greater Serbian national¬
ism, which perseveres in its main characteristics but changes protagonists, forms
and intensities of expression. The open questions Serbia has with its neighbours,
such as unresolved issues pertaining to borders and its war legacy, can last until
the question of the constitution of Serbia as a modern state is not resolved. The
unsolved Serbian foreign policy issues are the products of unresolved internal po¬
litical issues, considering that the conflicts between the representatives of diverse
ideological and political concepts did not result in the reaching of consensus on
essential social and state issues within the Serbian political elites.
Stjepan
G.
Meštrović
STRIKE AND DESTROY: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE
SIEGE OF
VUKOVAR
AND RECENT AMERICAN WAR CRIMES
The implicit theory of post-World War II war crimes seems to be that of
„spontaneous combustion. Horrific acts of wanton violence against civilians that
are war crimes are typically explained in the media, courts, and even
academia
as the result of „monstrous individuals who spontaneously commit the crimes.
The social context, social climate, and social predisposing factors in war crimes
are not usually invoked in war crimes. This paper will compare and contrast the
JNA
(Yugoslav National Army) war crimes in
Vukovar
with specific US Army
cases of war crimes in Iraq and Afghanistan (the Operation Iron Triangle, Bagh¬
dad Canal, and Maywand District killings). Drawing upon the research data I
gathered as an expert witness at courts-martial for these US Army cases, as well
as my sociology expert witness testimony, I will make comparisons and contrasts
between war crimes in the former Yugoslavia committed by the Belgrade regime
and US war crimes. There is no intent to make any political comparisons between
the governments involved. Rather, the purpose of the study is to point out several
universal components of the poisoned social climates which precede war crimes: a
doctrine of war based upon a „strike and destroy philosophy; the use of symbols,
nicknames, and
mottos
which predispose officers and soldiers toward a lethal ap¬
proach; and a denigration of non-lethal means and measures that are mindful of
civilians. While the doctrine of command responsibility is invoked in both US
Army doctrine and Hague tribunals, it fails to account for the social context of
war crimes. In other words, command responsibility needs to take into account
the responsibility for the social climates which lead to war crimes, and not remain
narrowly focused on whether civilian or military commanders knew or should
have known that war crimes were committed.
SUMMARIES
411
Sanja Špoljar Vržina
ANTHROPOLOGY OF
VUKOVAR:
TIMES (OF REMEMBERING
)
AND SPACES (OF PROVING)
IN CONFRONTING THE EQUILIBRATIVE JUSTICE
This paper questions the technique of the equilibrative justice and it s em¬
ployment upon all events in the region of former Yugoslavia, even on those of an
extremely visible genocidal pattern (such as in the case of
Vukovar).
Through the
anthropological concepts of allochronous (defining the Other in different time
patterns) and denial of coevalness (denying the contemporary time) (Fabian,
1983)
an attempt is made towards interpreting the functionality of the normative equali¬
zation of guilt and conduct of equilibrative justice. Furthermore, an analysis is
aimed at correcting its basic mechanisms: factographic/chronologic fragmentation
and augumentation of the asymmetry in guilt
,
shaming and blaming.
Dražen Živić
IS (WAS)
VUKOVAR
A SERBIAN CITY?
On the basis of relevant demographic-statistical (census) documentation the
paper analyses the basic changes in the national composition of the population
of the city of
Vukovar
during the 20th century, namely, from
1900
to
2001.
The
purpose of the paper is to establish the intensity and character of changes in the
ethno-demographic dynamics and structure of
Vukovar
and on the basis of a com¬
parative analysis refute the claim voiced during an interview to the daily paper
Frankfurter
Allgemeine
Zeitung,
in mid May
2012
by the then Serbian president,
Tomislav Nikolić,
that according to the national structure of its population
Vu¬
kovar
was or is a Serbian city. The claim of the Serbian president, regardless of its
groundlessness or reasons why he gave such a statement, is on the trail of the spe¬
cific revival of Serbian national-state politics based on the Greater Serbian idea of
„uniting Serbian lands , which has repeatedly been supported by the falsification,
beguilement, malicious interpretation and manipulation of demographic facts. In
spite of the dynamic demographic development and significant changes in the
national composition of the population, according to the results of all the censuses
in the 20th century
Vukovar
had a relative, and in some censuses
(1948, 1953,
1961
and
2001)
an absolute majority of Croats in its overall population. Serbs
became the second most numerous ethnic entity in
Vukovar
only after Word War
II, primarily owing to the almost complete demographic regression of the German
population, and in the course of the 20th century never exceeded one third of the
overall population of the city.
412
SUMMARIES
Ivica
Sola
THE RE-NARRATIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE
VUKOVAR
EPIC
In political and media terms much has happened in the last twenty years
regarding the perception of events during the aggression on and occupation of
Vukovar.
Many of these perceptions have the character of falsifications of au¬
thentic tragic events motivated by ideological, intelligence and geo-political fac¬
tors connected to „this region . We shall call these falsifications „the re-narrative
destruction of Vukovar s tragedy. When interpreted on the basis of media reports
or else politically, they do not have the random character of awkward statements
made by individuals, cultural or aesthetic arbitrariness or current international
political re-arrangements and interests but rather indicate rationally defined strat¬
egies in which political, aesthetic or ideological premises that have been developed
and implemented more or less successfully for decades can clearly be discerned.
From the strategy of secondary victimisation and trivialization through strategies
of relativization and reverse theses and strategies of fratricidal war to strategies of
prolonging justice and selecting the guilty, this re-narrative construction also has
the characteristics of moral perversion in which the victims disappear from the
horizon that covered by the media fog, judicial or political (reconstructions of
reality in which differences between victims and criminals, between aggressor and
attacked, between interpretive fantasy and reality are erased. Prior to embarking
upon the analyses of the strategies we shall define the term re-narration and place
it in the concrete context of wartime events. The paper is our attempt to merge
theoretical-scientific and journalistic research of this phenomenon.
Albert
Bing
VUKOVAR
AND THE CULTURE OF REMEMBRANCE:
MYTHOS
AND
EPISTHÉMÉ
IN RECENT CROATIAN HISTORY
The paper questions specific aspects of the collective remembrance of
Vuko¬
var
as one of the key paradigms of the Homeland War relevant for the culture of
remembrance within the framework of recent Croatian history (past). In addition
to the problem matter of
historiographie
interpretations of the
Vukovar
epic
—
(pluralism of historic truths, specific characteristics of researching recent history,
specific controversies, etc.), the paper also deals with issues pertaining to the influ¬
ence of the media and „politics on the shaping of various perceptions of
Vukovar.
Within that context the paper also analyses the relationship between memorial
and scientifically oriented historiography
—
mythos and
episténié, as a
component
that influences the creation of the contemporary identity of Croatian society. In
conclusion the author touches upon the correlation between historical and politi¬
cal perceptions and current issues linked to life in
Vukovar.
SUMMARIES
413
Sanja Špoljar Vržina
ANTHROPOLOGICALLY IDENTIFIABLE:
VUKOVAR
BETWEEN THE
TERROR OF
UNIVERSALISM
AND HUMANITARIAN TOURISM
From
1991.
onwards Croatia became one of the countries in which the cult of
the Western liberal self nurtured and its mantra of existence protected: the social
construct of Universal Human Rights, hardly universal and globally present. They
were certainly not universal for Croatia, in the eyes of the international commu¬
nity
—
then (in the early 90ies), as well as today
—
as if the War never was; aggres¬
sion, maybe; and in the interpretation of many in the international community, or
even national community
-
it was a conflict, yet in fact only another name for the
civil war still unaccepted by the still „unaware , „undemocratized and „national-
istically prone citizens of Croatia. The fact of today s, already visible, rehabilita¬
tion of the Chetniks within the (international community and deliberate overlook
of the truth about the Serbian aggression are just part of a sequence that many
authors perceive as a dangerous blindness and amorality on the part of the inter¬
national politics (Lambrichs,
2005, 2011;
Meštrović,
1996, 1997;
Rogić,
2004,
2012).
The author challenges this reality through a number of recent culminating
events
-
from celebratizations, festivalizations, univerzalizations of places, non-
-places and happenings of the Homeland War, to the attempts of total negation of
the survivors and their testimonies. Case in point is the recent „invitation from
the highest political levels to the war raped women to join the routine parades,
much in the fashion of turning them into „majorettes of
universalism,
but not
partakers in Justice for all. The paper directs towards psychological anthropology
and recognition of the psychodynamic level of a consolatory role that
universalism
has for the moral deficit of the Western conscious and individuals. The aware¬
ness of one s own incapabilities for
auto-reflexivity
and interpretation of crimes,
started through the violence of one s own people throughout the colonial and post-
colonial world, is easier to bare, control and silence when there is an Other that
needs a continued disciplining. Based on the anthropological discourse of critique
towards the evidenced profiteering humanitarianism (Harrell-Bond,
1986),
the
author joins other authors that sense a dangerous
punctum saliens
of the univer-
salistic tourism crowned with „good deeds of the humanitarian, as well as the
politics of Human Rights (Baxi,
2006)
crowned with „democratization , all the
way to the relativization of violent deaths and genocide, as in the case of
Vukovar.
Danijel Labaš, Marija Barčot
THE MEDIA AND WAR
-
AN ETHICAL CHALLENGE
Printed Media in the Homeland War on the Example
of
Vukovar
1991
The fundamental postulates of media ethics relate to the obligation of trans¬
mitting the truth and maintaining, impartiality and honesty in reporting. A high
level of morality and professional dedication to work are always demanded from
414
SUMMARIES
the journalist in special circumstances, such as natural and other disasters, and
particularly in wartime. War reporting, war journalism and the media in war have
a difficult task of searching for the truth and of reporting the truth. The paper
questions whether is it is at all possible to speak of ethical and objective reporting
and is it not a fact that the very nature of war is contrary to any possible objective
approach and ethical performance of professional tasks basing its premises on case
studies of three Croatian daily newspapers
—Večernji
list,
Vjesnik
and
Glas Slavonije
—
analysing their reporting in the first two weeks of the initial attack on
Vukovar
and one week prior and a week during the occupation by the Serbian aggressor.
Patricija Kajić Kudelić
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA AND SYMBOLS OF THE HOMELAND
WAR
-
LEGAL-CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECT
The International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) processed
in its mandate the perpetrators of crimes in
Vukovar
and in addition to that,
evaluated the liberation action
Oluja
(Storm). Analysing the work of the Court
the paper questions whether justice has been served for the
Vukovar
victims and
whether, on the one hand, the real character of this battle was determined, and the
way the military-police action
Oluja
was evaluated and what are the consequences
of the Court s decisions, on the other. Through all these questions elements of
justice and truth, as the fundamental tasks of the ICTY, are interlaced as in a
delicately woven fabric. The paper offers a criminological-legal view through an
analysis of the legal processing of the
Vukovar
crimes and the sentencing of the
commander of the military action
Oluja
by the ICTY.
Tomislav Jonjić
THE DESTRUCTION OF
VUKOVAR
AND THE INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
Although it suffered extreme destruction during the Greater Serbian aggres¬
sion on the Republic of Croatia the city of
Vukovar
and the crimes committed
against it, its citizens and the population of this region of Croatia never came
into the focus of attention of the world community. Recalling the circumstances
that gave rise to the institution of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former
Yugoslavia in The Hague (ICTY), the author attempts to give his interpretation
of the reason behind that. He also concludes that the primary cause for not re¬
vealing the crimes committed against the citizens of
Vukovar, Vukovar
itself and
Croatia in general, should be looked for in the combination of foreign-political
and internal-political reasons. Given the geographic and geopolitical position of
SUMMARIES
415
Vukovar,
it is quite evident that the aggression against it would not have been
possible without the participation of forces of the Republic of Serbia, namely, the
remaining part of the former Yugoslavia and without the use of areas that make
up part of the Republic of Serbia today. Considering that the ICTY had and per¬
manently retained a pronounced political role, the greater part of the international
community was not ready to threaten the political processes that evolved after the
wars in the territory of former Yugoslavia by establishing relevant facts. In these
attempts the international community had an excellent partner in the Croatian
political establishment. Just like the international community, it subordinated the
interests of justice and the law to political interests, namely, the rapprochement
to the European Union, ignoring the frustrations of the victims of aggression and
internal-political implications of neglecting the consequences of war.
Mato
Artuković
VUKOVAR
1991
IN CROATIAN SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS
The paper analyzes the presentation of
Vukovar
1991
in school textbooks
in Croatia. The author places the aggression against
Vukovar
within the general
context of the aggression of the Yugoslav People s Army, the Government of the
Socialist Republic of Serbia and part of the insurgent Croatian Serbs in the Repub¬
lic of Croatia and analyses the terms used by the textbook authors to characterize
the attack on
Vukovar.
He also analyses what the students will actually learn from
the textbooks about this dramatic period in the history of this Croatian city and
the way the authors of the textbooks evaluate the meaning of
Vukovar
1991
in
Croatian history.
Father
Božo
Lujić
VUKOVAR
FROM THE BIBLICAL-THEOLOGIC
PERSPECTIVE OF SACRIFICE
The paper proceeds from the biblical presumption of the existence of sacrifice
in archaic religions, in biblical manuscripts as well as in the research of the French
anthropologist
René Girard.
There is a dual perception of this notion: someone
unjustly victimized by others
(Lat.
victima),
and sacrifice taken on by individuals
as their life philosophy, dedicating themselves to the noble ideas of man, nation
or humanity. This form is called sacrificium in Latin.
Girard
also dwells upon the
mechanism of scapegoats which existed in mythology and old religions and which
Jesus, by his sacrifice in the freedom of love, practically abolished. The anthro¬
pologist rightly warns of the danger, on the one hand from the instrumentalization
of the victim, and on the other, from denouncing any form of sacrifice. The paper
analyses the sacrifice of the Lord s Servant from the Old Testament as well Jesus s
416
SUMMARIES
sacrifice from the New Testament. The latter sacrifice differs in an essential way
from sacrifices in mythologies and old religions because it is based on Jesus s free
decision that stems not from hate but from love. Such sacrifice brings forgiveness,
while the sacrifice in the mythological sense of a scapegoat on which all evil befalls
gives rise to new tensions, disturbances and wars. As far as
Vukovar
is concerned,
from the perspective of the correct perception of this notion, its sacrifice and the
sacrifice of many noble individuals who gave their lives should not be instrumen-
tilized for daily political purposes nor should it be scorned from the point of view
of liberal theology which advocates that no one should either kill or die for others.
This view is not Christian. One should also refrain from offering forgiveness to
the perpetrators on behalf of the victims. Only the victim can give forgiveness to
the perpetrator in order to be freed from him and his evil.
Vine
Mihaljević
RELIGIOUS TRUTH ABOUT
VUKOVAR
1991
Truth is the fundamental principle of philosophy, religion and moral human
activity where the Greek-philosophical and Christian-theological conceptions are
confronted, and according to which truth is in the very being, namely, in its mani¬
festation respectively. These two conceptions substantially differ in respect to the
manifestation of truth, wherein according to the Greek-philosophical perception
truth is the singularly of being and exists only in the deliberations of the mind,
while according to the Christian-theological perception truth is God s revelation.
On the other hand the
intellectualist
conception of truth emphasizes that truth
(αλήθεια)
is the harmony of reason and reality (adaequatio /conformitas/ intellec-
tus cum re), or else reality per
se as
it reveals itself, and is clear, evident (truthful,
αληθής
—
unhidden). The Bible bases truth on religious experience. According
to the Old Testament, truth (emet) is dedication to the union between God and
man, God s plan while in the New Testament truth is God s Word revealed, Jesus
Christ, where the Jewish term „truth of the law is substituted by the term „truth
of the Gospel. If we bear in mind, as pointed out by the eminent German ecu¬
menical theologian Hans
Küng,
the ethical, religious and specifically Christian
criteria of truth then it is necessary to point out that according to the general ethic
criteria a religion is truthful and good if it is humane
{humánum)
and therefore
does not oppress or destroy but protects and promotes humaneness. According to
the general religious criterion a religion is truthful and good if it is true to its own
source or cannon, its authentic „nature , its normative postulates and Teacher and
finally, according to a specifically Christian criterion, a religion is truthful and
good if the spirit of Jesus Christ is recognized in its theory and practice. The title
of our lecture indicates as the topic religious truth in the context of the Serbian ag¬
gression on the city of
Vukovar
1991.
On the basis of the official population census
in the Republic of Croatia in
1991
and in line with the national composition of the
settlement of
Vukovar
(Croats
47.2%,
Serbs
32.3%)
two dominant Christian reli¬
gious communities are also apparent
-
that of the Catholic Church
(47.9%)
and of
SUMMARIES
417
the Serbian Orthodox Church
(29-6%).
Therefore, in the context of the situation
of wartime events in
Vukovar
in the
1990s,
the first thing that comes to mind is
not the religious but rather the Christian truth of the Serbian aggression on
Vuko¬
var
in
1991.
In the phenomenological deliberations of socio-religious facts during
the war events in
Vukovar
1991,
Christianity has shown two different faces.
Mateo
Žanić
FROM MEMORIAL PLACES TO MEMORIAL
COMMUNITIES
-
THE SOCIAL DENOTATION OF THE PAST
Focusing on the social aspect of remembrance the paper thematically dwells
upon three essential questions. The first deals with the context of the territoriality
of memory, namely, on the ways in which attempts are made to connect remem¬
brance with a specific space through physical marks, such as monuments. The sec¬
ond concerns the emergence of memorial communities formed in relation toward
the place of remembrance and in whose maintenance an important role is played
the protagonists of remembrance. The third is an analysis of the positioning of this
type of community within society considering the three types of responses their
formation provokes: symbolic identification, indifference and disputation.
Mladen Barać
VUKOVAR
IN THE
SLAVONSKI BROD
PRINTED MEDIA
1991-2010
The paper analyses the theme of
Vukovar
in the
Slavonski Brod
printed media
with emphasis on the wartime period
1991,
the exile of its population, peaceful
reintegration
of occupied
Podunavlje
(Danube basin region) and the return of the
exiles, concluding with the parallel process of creating symbols and of adopting
the memory of the sacrifice of
Vukovar
at the local level in order to explain and
bring closer to home the process of creating the
Slavonski Brod
perception of the
phenomenon of
Vukovar
in the course of the last two decades. An analysis of the
presented problem matter gives an insight into the manner of profiling
Vukovar
in
the press discourse which was by its content subordinated to the public affirmation
of the significance of Vukovar s martyrdom based on the heightened sensibility
of the readers. In addition, the further contribution of the
Brod
printed media
consisted of reporting on and positively assessing similar efforts of other social
organizations from the
Slavonski Brod
region through which they confirmed the
essential role in the creation of an affirmative opinion of the local public toward
the
Vukovar
phenomenon.
418
SUMMARIES
Vinicije
В.
Lupiš
PARADIGM OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
The Eastern question
—
a legacy of European and world politics at the time,
which included the resolution of the Croatian issue, as well as the Armenian and
Assyrian ones further to the east, is in many aspects topical even today. The crime
committed against the Armenians, namely, one of the most large-scale genocides
in the history of humankind, which is actually in its elements the first holocaust
against a people and a religion, was carried out by the Constantinople military and
political leaderships while the covering up and turning of a blind eye on the part of
the international community, which armed on a massive scale and trained the Tur¬
kish army to carry it out, have paradigmatic significance. The existence of a pro¬
gramme document from
1896
on the justifiability of exterminating the Armenians
has a parallel in European anti-Semitism as well as in the Serbian
Načertanije,
i.e.,
in the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, in regard to the
resolution of the Croatian issue, requires our full attention. Europe s benevolence
toward the „liberal movement in Turkey lead by the Young Turks, who called
themselves the Committee of Unity and Progress, enabled by its non-intervention
the execution of one of the most mass-scale genocides known in human history
with its culmination in
1915.
Statistical data on the number of Armenians in the
Ottoman Empire vary. The most credible statistics are those of the Armenian Pa¬
triarch in Constantinople from
1878,
which for the purpose of taxing „infidels
recorded about
3.000,000,
and after the genocide in
1919, 543.600
Armenians in
the Empire. At all events, regardless of the numbers, methods, systematic nature
and cruelty of a preconceived process of annihilating a people it is paradigmatic
for all similar phenomena in the 20th century. Croats from Constantinople and
Smyrna were witnesses of sorts as well as victims of these bloody events
Anna Givargizyan
ARMENIAN NATIONAL-CULTURAL GENOCIDE.
THE CENTURY-LONG STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE
The article is devoted to the problem of Armenian national-cultural Geno¬
cide. During the whole time of existence of the Turkish Republic, not only of the
Ottoman Empire, purposefully erased traces of Armenians on their own land.
How much would it nor denied. The fact remains. In
1914
the Armenian Patriar¬
chate of Constantinople consisted of more than
200
monasteries and
1600
church¬
es, the vast majority of which were destroyed in the period of genocide and after.
To this must be added the many monuments of Armenian architecture, which up
to the last stone were destroyed with a view to erase the evidence of thousands of
Armenian culture. Half a century later, scientists finally have raised the question
of registration and rescue of monuments of Armenian culture, but it was already
too late. In the
70s
there appeared a study, as a result of which historians have
SUMMARIES
419
identified hundreds of Armenian churches and monasteries in Turkey, however,
many monuments have not survived
—
part has been destroyed, some died from
abandonment. The policy of destruction of cultural monuments is punishable.
On the territory of Western Armenia remained only
3%
of the monuments that
existed before the genocide of Armenians.
|
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| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2011 Vukovar |
| id | DE-604.BV041926124 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:08:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537964023 |
| language | Croatian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027369535 |
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| physical | 426 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar [u.a.] |
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| series2 | Biblioteka Zbornici / Institut Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar |
| spelling | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] ured.: Dražen Živić ... Zagreb [u.a.] Inst. Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar [u.a.] 2013 426 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Zbornici / Institut Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar 42 Beitr. überw. kroat., teilw. engl. - Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Schlacht um Vukovar (DE-588)4450184-5 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2011 Vukovar gnd-content Schlacht um Vukovar (DE-588)4450184-5 s Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s DE-604 Živić, Dražen 1968- Sonstige (DE-588)114641059X oth Institut Društvenih Znanosti Ivo Pilar Biblioteka Zbornici 42 (DE-604)BV013828727 42 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369535&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369535&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Schlacht um Vukovar (DE-588)4450184-5 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4450184-5 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] |
| title_auth | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] |
| title_exact_search | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] |
| title_full | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] ured.: Dražen Živić ... |
| title_fullStr | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] ured.: Dražen Živić ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] ured.: Dražen Živić ... |
| title_short | Vukovar '91. - istina i/ili osporavanje |
| title_sort | vukovar 91 istina i ili osporavanje izmedu znanosti i manipulacije zbornik radova |
| title_sub | (između znanosti i manipulacije) ; [zbornik radova] |
| topic | Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Schlacht um Vukovar (DE-588)4450184-5 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichtsschreibung Schlacht um Vukovar Kollektives Gedächtnis Konferenzschrift 2011 Vukovar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369535&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369535&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013828727 |
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