Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants |c ed. by Victor Kuete |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 715 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Elsevier Insights | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Toxikologie |0 (DE-588)4060538-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Toxikologie |0 (DE-588)4060538-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kuete, Victor |4 edt | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
1
Toxicological
Societies in Africa: Roles and
Impact
in Policy Making and Living Conditions
1
Jules C.N.
As sob,
Dickson S.
Nsagha,
Neville
Mvo
Ν
gum
and Victor Kuete
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Toxicological Societies in Africa
2
1.2.1
African Society for Toxicological Sciences
2
1.2.2
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
4
1.2.3
West African Society of Toxicology
5
1.2.4
Cameroon Society for Toxicological Sciences
5
1.2.5
The Association
Tunisienne de Toxicologie
6
1.2.6
The Egyptian Society of Toxicology
7
1.2.7
The Africa Education Initiative
(NEF)
8
1.2.8
Environmental Protection Agency
—
Program in Africa
8
1.3
Interactions Between African Societies of Toxicological
Sciences with European and American Societies
11
1.3.1
International Union of Toxicology
11
1.3.2
General Objectives of IUTOX
11
1.3.3
The Society of Toxicology
11
1.4
The Role of African Societies of Toxicological Sciences
in Government Policy Making
12
1.5
Information Resources in Toxicology
13
1.5.1
Toxic Remnants of War
13
1.6
Conclusions and Recommendations
14
References
14
2
Ethical Issues for Animal Use in Toxicological
Research in
Africa
17
Wafaa El Say
ed Abd
El-Aal
2.1
Introduction
17
2.2
Definitions
18
2.3
Ethical Aspects of Medicinal Plants in Africa
20
2.4
The Importance of Animals in Toxicological Studies
21
vi
Contents
2.5
Guidelines of Animal Research Ethics
22
2.5.1
History: Development of Guidelines
and Legal Frameworks
22
2.5.2 3
Rs (Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement)
23
2.5.3
International Guidelines for Use and Care of Animals
in Scientific Procedures
25
2.5.4
Guidelines for Managing and Supervising Breeding
and Holding Facilities
25
2.5.5
Hazards for Animal Care Personnel
26
2.5.6
Training Guidelines
26
2.6
Animal Welfare Issues
27
2.6.1
What Is Animal Weil-Being or Welfare?
27
2.6.2
Strategies to Safeguard Animal Well-being,
Australian Code,
2013 [151 27
2.6.3
Some Possible Ways of Protecting the Welfare of Animals
Used in Research or Teaching
28
2.6.4
Protection of Animals During Transport
and Related Operations
28
2.6.5
Acclimatization and Conditioning
29
2.6.6
Food and Water
29
2.6.7
Avoiding or Minimizing Discomfort, Anxiety, and Pain
29
2.6.8
Anesthesia and Analgesia
29
2.6.9
Euthanasia
30
2.7
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
30
2.7.1
Responsibilities of AECs, Australian Code,
2013 [15] 31
2.7.2
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Monitoring System, According to the
Australian Code,
2013 [15] 31
2.7.3
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Records,
According to the NACLAR, 20O4
[36] 31
2.7.4
Responsibilities of the Institutions Regarding
Animal Research, According
to the NACLAR,
2004 [36] 32
2.7.5
IACUCs in Developed Countries
32
2.7.6
Ethical Review
33
2.7.7
Principles of Ethical Review, According
to Fry,
2012 [27] 33
2.8
Health Research Ethics in Africa
34
2.9
Challenges of Research Ethics in Africa
36
2.10
Laws of Animal Research Ethics in Africa
36
2.10.1
Situation in Some African Countries
36
2.11
Conclusions
37
Acknowledgments
38
References
38
Contents
vii
3
Critical Review of the Guidelines and Methods
in Toxicological Research in Africa
43
Louis L· Gadaga and Dexter Tagwireyi
3.1
Introduction
43
3.2
Need for
Toxicity
Testing
44
3.3
Acute
Toxicity
Testing
46
3.4
Alternatives Methods for the Oral LD50 Test
46
3.4.1
Repeated Dose
Toxicity
Testing
46
3.4.2
Subacute
Studies
47
3.4.3
Subchronic Studies
47
3.4.4
Chronic Studies
47
3.4.5
Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity Testing
47
3.4.6
Clinical Testing Studies
48
3.5
Conclusion
49
References
49
4
Discordant Results in Plant
Toxicity
Studies in Africa:
Attempt of Standardization
53
Roland E. Akhigbe
4.1
Introduction
53
4.2
Toxicological Evaluation: Parameters and Interpretation
53
4.2.1
Body and Organ Weight
54
4.2.2
Hematological Profile
54
4.2.3
Plasma Enzyme Activities
55
4.2.4
Hepatic and Renal Function Tests
56
4.2.5
Oxidative Stress
56
4.2.6
Gastrointestinal and Neurological Manifestations
57
4.3
Standard Values for Parameters in Toxicological Survey
57
4.4
Conclusion
57
References
59
5
Acute and
Subacute
Toxicities of African Medicinal Plants
63
Gerald Ngo
Teke
and Victor Kuete
5.1
Introduction
63
5.2
The Acute and
Subacute
Effects of Medicinal Plants
64
5.2.1
Leaf Poisoning
64
5.2.2
Flowers and/or Fruits
65
5.2.3
Stem Bark
66
5.2.4
Roots
66
5.3
Experimental Models for Toxicological Studies
66
5.3.1
Animals Used in Acute and
Subacute
Toxicity
Surveys
67
5.3.2
Animals Used in Acute
Toxicity
67
5.3.3
Animals Used in
Subacute
Toxicity
68
5.3.4
Methods in Acute and
Subacute
Toxicity
Survey
68
viii Contents
5.4
The Significance of LD50 in Acute
Toxicity
Screenings
71
5.4.1
History of LD50 Determination
71
5.4.2
Significance of LD50 in
Toxicity
Studies
71
5.4.3
Toxic Symptoms in Acute and
Subacute
Toxicity
Studies
72
5.5
Limitations of the Study of the Acute and
Subacute
Toxicities of Medicinal Plants
73
5.6
African Plants Screened for Their Acute
and
Subacute
Toxicities
74
5.7
Conclusion
74
References
87
6
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicities of African Medicinal Plants
99
Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye
6.1
Introduction
99
6.2
Subchronic and Chronic
Toxicity
Effect
of Medicinal Plants
101
6.2.
і
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae)
101
6.2.2
Rosmarinus
offìcinalis
Linn. (Lamiaceae)
102
6.2.3
Erythrina mulungu (Fabaceae)
102
6.2.4
Hydrastis canadensis (Ranunculaceae)
103
6.2.5
Symphytum
officinale (Bignoniaceae)
103
6.2.6 Ginkgo
biloba
(Ginkgoaceae)
103
6.2.7
Piper methysticum
Forster f. (Piperaceae) 104
6.2.8
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
(Fabaceae)
105
6.3
Methods, Parameters, and Data Interpretation in Subchronic
and Chronic
Toxicity
Screenings Worldwide and in Africa
106
6.3.1
Conventional Subchronic and Chronic Oral Tests
106
6.3.2 OECD
Recommendations for Subchronic
and Chronic
Toxicity
Study
108
6.3.3
WHO Recommendations for Subchronic
and Chronic
Toxicity
Study
113
6.3.4
Other Recommendations
115
6.4
Animals Used in Subchronic and Chronic
Toxicity
Screenings
116
6.5
Observable Symptoms and Signs in Subchronic and Chronic
Toxicity
Screenings
117
6.6
Limitations of the Study of the Subchronic and Chronic
Toxicity
of Medicinal Plants
117
6.7
African Plants Screened for Their Subchronic and Chronic
Toxicity
118
6.7.1
Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Menispermaceae)
118
6.7.2
Spathodea
campanulata
P. Beauv (Bignoniaseae)
119
6.7.3
Syzigium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry (Myrtaceae)
119
6.7.4 Hunte
ria umbellata
(К.
Schum.)
Hallier f.
(Apocynaceae)
120
6.7.5
Cnestis
ferruginea (CF) Vani ex
DC (Connaraceae)
121
Contents ix
6.7.6 Corrigiola telephiifolia
Рошт.
(Caryophyllaceae) 121
6.7.7
Carica
papaya Linn. (Caricaceae)
122
6.7.8 Allium
сера
Linn. (Liliaceae)
122
6.7.9 Allium
sativum Linn. (Liiiaceae)
123
6.7.10 Carum
carvi
Linn. (Apiaceae/Umbellifereae)
124
6.7.11
Nigella
sativa
Linn. (Ranunculaceae)
124
6.7.12
Viscum album L. (Santalaceae)
125
6.8
Conclusion
125
References
126
7
Toxic Plants Used in African Traditional Medicine
135
Jean-de-Dieu Tamokou and Victor Kuete
7.1
Introduction
135
7.2
Toxic Symptoms of Medicinal Plants
136
7.2.1
Gastrointestinal Tract Symptoms
137
7.2.2
Liver Symptoms
138
7.2.3
Skin and Eye Symptoms
138
7.2.4
Blood and Cardiovascular System
139
7.2.5
Nervous System Symptoms
140
7.2.6
Reproductive and Developmental Effects
141
7.2.7
Kidney and Bladder Symptoms
143
7.3
Toxicity
of African Medicinal Plants
144
7.4
Toxic African Medicinal Plants as Identified
by Their Medium Lethal Doses (LD50) Values
and Induced Physical Symptoms
146
7.5
Toxic African Medicinal Plants as Identified
by Biochemical Indices
165
7.6
Conclusion
170
References
171
8
Cytotoxicity of African Medicinal Plants Against
Normal Animal and Human Cells
181
Lyndy J. McGaw, Esameldin E. Elgorashi
and Jacobus
N.
Eloff
8.1
Introduction
181
8.1.1
Important Factors to Consider in Cytotoxicity
Experiments
182
8.2
Necessity for Cytotoxicity Testing
183
8.3
Limitations of Cytotoxicity Testing
184
8.4
Different Types of Cytotoxicity Assay
185
8.4.1
Metabolism
Reducíase
Viability Assays
186
8.4.2
Bioluminescent ATP
Assays
187
8.4.3
Enzyme Release-Based Cytotoxicity Assays
187
8.4.4
Other Commonly Used Assays
188
8.4.5
Brine Shrimp Assay
188
χ
Contents
8.5
xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyzer
and SpectraMax
ІЗ
System
188
8.6
Cytotoxicity of African Medicinal Plants
189
8.7
Conclusion
223
Acknowledgments
224
References
224
9
Genotoxicity and Teratogenicity of African Medicinal Plants
235
Armel
Jackson Seukep,
Jaurès
A.K. Noumedem, Doriane E. Djeussi
and Victor Kuete
9.1
Introduction
235
9.2
Methods Used in Genotoxicity Assays
235
9.3
Methods Used in Teratogenicity Assays
237
9.4
Medicinal Plants with Genotoxic Effects
238
9.5
Medicinal Plants with Teratogenic Effects
253
9.6
Conclusion
266
References
266
10
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of African Medicinal Plants
277
Jean-de-Dieu Tamokou and Victor Kuete
10.1
Introduction
277
10.2
Medicinal Plants with Mutagenic Effects
278
10.3
Medicinal Plants with Carcinogenicity Effects
281
10.4
Methods in Mutagenic Study of Medicinal Plants
282
10.4.1
Conventional Methods
282
10.4.2
Toxicogenomics Methods
287
10.5
Methods in Carcinogenicity Survey of Medicinal Plants
288
10.5.1
M
Vivo Methods
288
10.5.2
in Vitro Methods
289
10.6
Interpretation of Data in Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
Studies and Significance of Test Results
291
10.7
African Medicinal Plants Screened for Their Mutagenicity
291
10.8
Conclusion
312
References
313
11
Hepatotoxicity and
H
epato
protective Effects
of African Medicinal Plants
323
Faustin Pascal Tsague Manfo,
Edouard
Акопо
Nanna
and Victor Kuete
11.1
Introduction
323
11.2
The Liver and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
324
11.2.1
Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver
324
11.2.2
Role of Liver the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
325
11.2.3
Phase I and Phase
Π
Reactions
325
11.2.4
Xenobiotic-Induced Hepatotoxicity
326
Contents xi
11.3
Methods in Hepatotoxic and Hepatoprotective Screenings
of Medicinal Plants
327
11.3.1
Reference Hepatotoxic/Hepatoprotective Compounds
Currently Used for Assessment of Hepatoprotective
Effect of Medicinal Plants
328
11.3.2
Experimental Models
331
11.4
Hepatotoxic Medicinal Plants of Africa
331
11.5
Hepatoprotective Medicinal Plants of Africa
334
11.6
Conclusion
342
References
343
12
Nephrotoxicity and Nephroprotective Potential
of African Medicinal Plants
357
Martins
Ekor
12.1
Introduction
357
12.2
The Kidney and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
359
12.2.1
Structure and Function of the Kidney
359
12.2.2
The Kidney and Xenobiotic Metabolism
364
12.2.3
Renal Metabolism and Risk to Nephrotoxicity
365
12.3
Known Nephrotoxic and Nephroprotective Plants
366
12.3.1
Known Nephrotoxic Plants
367
12.3.2
Known Nephroprotective Plants
369
12.4
Methods in Nephrotoxic and Nephroprotective Screenings
of Medicinal Plants
370
12.4.1
In Vivo Animal Models
371
12.4.2
Isolated Perfused Kidney
372
12.4.3
Renal Cell Culture Models
372
12.4.4
Renal Slice Model
373
12.4.5
Omics Methods
373
12.5
Nephrotoxic Medicinal Plants of Africa
373
12.5.1
Alstonia boonei (Apocynaceae)
373
12.5.2
Pithecellobiwn lobatum (Fabaceae)
375
12.5.3
Callilepis
laureola (Impila) (Asteraceae)
375
12.5.4
Dioscorea quartiniana (Dioscoreaceae)
375
12.5.5
Larrea
tridentate (Zygophyllaceae)
376
12.5.6
Catha edulis (Khat) (Celastraceae)
376
12.5.7
Aloe Species (Aloaceae)
376
12.6
Nephroprotective Medicinal Plants of Africa
376
12.6.1
Glycine
max (Soybean, Family: Fabaceae)
377
12.6.2
Curcumin
377
12.6.3
Zingiber
officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
380
12.6.4
Phyllanthus
amants (Euphorbiaceae)
380
12.6.5
Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae)
380
12.7
Conclusion
381
References
381
xii
Contents
13
Cardiotoxicity and Cardioprotective Effects
of African Medicinal Plants
395
Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun, Mary Tolulope Olaleye
and Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi
13.1
Introduction
395
13.2
The Heart and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
396
13.2.1
The Heart and the Cardiovascular System
396
13.2.2
Energy and Drug Metabolism in the Heart
397
13.2.3
Effects of Cardioactive Substances on the Heart
398
13.3
Known Cardiotoxic and Cardioprotective Plants
398
13.3.1
Cardiotoxic Plants
398
13.3.2
Cardioprotective Plants
400
13.3.3
Mechanisms of Action of Cardioactive Substances
402
13.4
Methods in Cardiotoxic and Cardioprotective Screenings
of Medicinal Plants
405
13.4.1
In Vitro Tests
405
13.4.2
Ex Vivo Methods
407
13.4.3
In Vivo Models
407
13.5
Cardiotoxic Medicinal Plants of Africa
408
13.6
Cardioprotective Medicinal Plants of Africa
408
13.7
Conclusion
413
References
413
14
Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotective Effects
of African Medicinal Plants
423
Germain S. Taiwe and Victor
Кие
te
14.1
Introduction
423
14.2
The CNS and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
424
14.2.1
Overview of the CNS
424
14.2.2
General Functions of the CNS
424
14.2.3
Cellular Elements in the CNS
424
14.2.4
The Blood-Brain Barrier
425
14.2.5
The Role of Metabolism
426
14.3
Known Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Plants
427
14.3.1
Possible Mechanism of Action of Known
Neurotoxic Medicinal Plants
427
14.3.2
Possible Mechanism of Action of Neuroprotective
Medicinal Plants
429
14.4
Methods in Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Screenings
of Medicinal Plants
431
14.4.1
In Vivo Models of Neurotoxicity
431
14.4.2
In Vitro Models of Neurotoxicity
432
14.4.3
Developmental Neurotoxicity
432
14.4.4
Clinical Neurotoxicity Tests in Humans
433
Contents xiii
14.5
Neurotoxic Medicinal Plants of Africa
433
14.6
Neuroprotective Medicinal Plants of Africa
436
14.7
Conclusion
442
References
442
15
Toxicity
and Beneficial Effects of Some African Plants
on the Reproductive System
445
Yakubu
Musa
Toyin, Ajiboye Taofeek Olakunle
and Akanji Musbau Adewunmi
15.1
Introduction
445
15.2
The Reproductive System and the Metabolism
of Xenobiotics
446
15.2.1
Male Reproductive System
447
15.2.2
Female Reproductive System
449
15.3
Known Toxic and Beneficial Plants Acting on the
Reproductive System
453
15.3.1
Mode of Action of Toxic Medicinal Plants
on Reproductive System
453
15.3.2
Mode of Action of Beneficial Medicinal Plants
on the Reproductive System
457
15.4
Methods in the Screenings of Medicinal Plants Affecting
the Reproductive System
458
15.4.1
Aphrodisiac
458
15.4.2
Mating Behavior Test in Female Rats
463
15.4.3
Fertility Testing
463
15.5
Reproductive
Toxicity
466
15.5.1
Evaluation of Medicinal Plants for
Reproductive
Toxicity
466
15.5.2
Epididymal Semen Analysis
466
15.5.3
Female Rat Fertility and Embryonic Study
467
15.5.4
Abortifacient Study
467
15.5.5
Determination of Uterogenicity
and Estrogenicity
468
15.5.6
Contraception
468
15.6
Medicinal Plants of Africa with Effects
on the Reproductive System
468
15.6.1
Medicinal Plants of Africa with Abortifacient,
Concept!
ve,
and Contraceptive Activities
485
15.6.2
Medicinal Plants of Africa Affecting Spermatogenesis
and
Ovulation
485
15.6.3
Medicinal Plants of Africa with Affecting Sexual
Behavior and Reproductive Hormones
485
15.7
Conclusion
485
References
486
xiv
Contents
16
African Plants with Dermatological and Ocular Relevance
493
Danielle Twilley and Namrita
Lall
16.1
Introduction
493
16.2
The Skin and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
496
16.3
The Eye and the Metabolism of Xenobiotics
498
16.4
African Plants Affecting the Skin
498
16.5
African Traditional Medicines Used for the Treatment
of Dermatological Disorders
499
16.6
African Plants Affecting the Eyes
499
16.7
Ocular Effects of Medicinal Plants of Africa
506
16.8
Conclusion
509
References
509
17
Toxicity
and Protective Effects of African Medicinal Plants
on the Spleen and Lung
513
Armel
J.
Seukep,
Donane E. Djeussi, Francesco K. Touani,
Aime G.
Fankam,
Igor K. Voukeng, Jaurès
A. K. Noumedem,
Simplice B. Tankeo, Alfred Ekpo
¡tor,
Ngueguim K. Glawdys
and Victor Kuete
17.1
Introduction
513
17.2
The Anatomy and Physiology of the
Spleen
and Lung
513
17.2.1
Anatomy and Physiology of the Spleen
514
17.2.2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Lungs
515
17.3
The Roles of the Spleen and Lung in the Metabolism
of Xenobiotics
516
17.3.1
The Role of the Spleen in the Metabolism Xenobiotics
516
17.3.2
The Role of the Lung in the Metabolism of Drugs
517
17.4
Overview of the African Plants Known to Affect
the Spleen and Lung
519
17.4.1
Medicinal Plants Screened Out of Africa
with Hurtful Effect on the Spleen
519
17.4.2
Medicinal Plants Screened Out of Africa
with Protective Effect on the Spleen
520
17.4.3
Medicinal Plants Screened Out of Africa
with Hurtful Effect on the Long
521
17.4.4
Medicinal Plants Screened Out of Africa
with Beneficial Effect on the Lung
521
17.5
African Plants Affecting the Spleen
522
17.5
Л
Harmful Effects of African Plants on the Spleen
522
17.5.2
Protective Effects of African Plants on the Spleen
522
17.6
African Plants Affecting the Lung
522
17.6.1
Harmful Effects of African Plants on the Lung
522
17.6.2
Protective Effects of African Plants on the Lung
526
17.7
Conclusion
526
References
528
Contents xv
18
Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies
535
Theophine
Chinwuba
Okoye, Phillip F.
Uzor,
Collins A. Onyeto
and Emeka K. Okereke
18.1
Introduction
535
18.2
Some Medicinal Plants with Good Toxicological Profiles
536
18.2.1
Alstonia boonei
De
Wild (Apocynaceae)
536
18.2.2
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees
(Acanthaceae)
537
18.2.3
Annona senegalensis
Pers. (Annonaceae)
537
18.2.4
Annona squamosa L.
(Annonaceae)
538
18.2.5
Anthocleista
grandiflora
Gil. (Gentianaceae)
538
18.2.6
Artemisia
afra (Asteraceae)
539
18.2.7
Azadirachta
indica
Juss (Meliaceae)
539
18.2.8
Berlina grandiflora
Hutch and Dalz (Leguminasae)
540
18.2.9
Buchholzia
coriacea (Capparidaceae)
540
18.2.10
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb (Caesalpiniaceae)
540
18.2.11
Cassia occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae)
540
18.2.12
Chrysophyllum albidum L. (Sapotaceae)
541
18.2.13
Cissus cornifolia (Vitaceae)
541
18.2.14
Enantia chlorantha
Oliv
(Annonaceae)
541
18.2.15
Garcinia
kola Heckel (Guttiferae)
542
18.2.16
Grewia
crenata
L.
(Malvaceae)
542
18.2.17
Hybanthus enneaspermus
(L.) F.
Muell (Violaceae)
542
18.2.18
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiaceae)
542
18.2.19
Lithocarpus
dealbata (Miq.)
Render (Fagaceae)
543
18.2.20
Monochoria
vaginalis
(Burm. F.) C.
Presi ex
Kunth
(Pontederiaceae)
543
18.2.21
Moringa
oleifera
Lam. (Moringaceae)
543
18.2.22
Mormodica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)
544
18.2.23
Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae)
544
18.2.24
Nigella
sativa
L. (Ranunculaceae)
544
18.2.25
Oldenlandia corymbosa Lam. (Rubiaceae)
544
18.2.26
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) (Fabaceae)
545
18.2.27
Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock
(Asclepiadaceae)
545
18.2.28
Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze)
Exceli (Euphorbiaceae)
545
18.2.29
Piptadeniastum
africana
Pip (Hook f.)
Brenan. (Mimosaceae)
545
18.2.30
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims (Pittosporaceae)
546
18.2.31
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)
546
18.2.32
Solanum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae)
546
18.2.33
Sorghum
bicolor
(L.)
Pers.
(Gramineae, Poaceae)
547
18.2.34
Stachytarpheta cayennensis
С
Rich
(Val)
(Verbenaceae)
547
xvi Contents
18.2.35
Strychnos
henningsii
Gil. (Loganiaceae)
547
18.2.36
Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae)
547
18.2.37
Urena
lobata
L. (Malvaceae)
548
18.2.38
Ximenia
americana (Olacaceae)
548
References
548
19
Harmful and Protective Effects of Terpenoids
from African Medicinal Plants
557
Armelle
T. Mbaveng,
Rebecca
Hamm
and Victor Kuete
19.1
Introduction
557
19.2
Plant Terpenoids and Their Medicinal Importance
558
19.3
Toxic Terpenoids and Their Mode of Action
559
19.3
Л
Neurotoxicity
560
19.3.2
Inhibition of Cellular Respiration
560
19.3.3
Cytotoxins
561
19.3.4
Alkylating and Intercalating
DNA
Toxins
562
19.3.5
Toxins of Skin and Mucosal Tissues
562
19.4
Protective Terpenoids from Plants
562
19.5
Harmful Effects of Terpenoids from African
Medicinai
Plants
563
19.5.1
Atractyloside
563
19.5.2
Cicutoxin
565
19.5.3
Daphnetoxin
565
19.5.4
Digoxin
566
19.5.5
Gibberellic Acid
566
19.6
Organ-Protective Effect of Terpenoids from African
Medicinal Plants
567
19.6.1
BetulinicAcid
567
19.6.2
Lupeol
567
19.6.3
Oleanolic Acid
570
19.6.4
UrsolicAcid
570
19.7
Conclusion
571
References
571
20
Harmful and Protective Effects of Phenolic Compounds
from African Medicinal Plants
577
Armelle
T.
Mbaveng, Qiaoli Zhao and Victor Kuete
20.1
Introduction
577
20.2
Medicinal Importance of Plant Phenolics
578
20.3
Toxic Phenolics and Mode of Action
579
20.4
Harmful Effects of Phenolics from African
Medicinal Plants
580
20.4.1
Chamuvaritin
580
Contents xvii
20.4.2 Gossypol 580
20.4.3 Plumbagin 582
20.4.4 Scopoletin 583
20.5
Protective Effects of Phenolics from African
Medicinai
Plants
583
20.5.1
Catechin
584
20.5.2
EpigaUocatechin-S-gailate
585
20.5.3
Genistein
586
20.5.4
Kaempferol
587
20.5.5
Morin
588
20.5.6
Naringenin
588
20.5.7
Quercetin
589
20.5.8
Resveratrol
590
20.5.9
Rutin
590
20.5.10
Other Protective Phenolics from African Plants
591
20.6
Conclusion
593
References
593
21
Health Effects of Alkaloids from African Medicinal Plants
611
Victor Kuete
21.1
Introduction
611
21.2
Toxic Alkaloids and Their Mode of Action
612
21.2.1
Toxicity
of PAs
612
21.2.2
Toxicity
of Tropane Alkaloids
614
21.2.3
Toxicity
of
Vinca
Alkaloids
615
21.3
Alkaloids Involved in Organ Protection
616
21.4
Harmful Effects of Alkaloids from African
Medicinal Plants
617
21.4.1
Anabasine
617
21.4.2
Aristolochic Acids
618
21.4.3
Linamarin
619
21.4.4
Nicotine
619
21.4.5
Sanguinarine
620
21.4.6
Solanine
621
21.5
Protective Effect of Alkaloids from African
Medicinal Plants
622
21.5.1
Atropine
622
21.5.2 Berberine 622
21.5.3
Hirsuteine and Hirsutine
623
21.5.4
Isorhynchophy
Hine
and Isocorynoxeine
624
21.5.5
Jatrorrnizine
624
21.5.6
Palmatine
625
21.6
Conclusion
626
References 626
xviii Contents
22
Physical, Hematological, and Histopathological Signs
of
Toxicity
Induced by African Medicinal Plants
635
Victor Kuete
22.1
Introduction
635
22.2
Methods and Interpretation of Data of Important Physical
Parameters Altered in Medicinal Plant
Toxicity
Studies
636
22.3
Experimental and Plant-Induced Gastrointestinal Disorders
636
22.4
Photosensitivity, Skin Irritation, and Sleepiness Induced
by Herbal Medicine
637
22.5
Effects of African Medicinal Plants on Physical, Hematological,
and Histopathological Parameters in Toxicological Studies
638
22.5.1
Abrus precatorius
640
22.5.2
Atractylis gummifera
640
22.5.3
Butyrospermum
paradoxům
641
22.5.4
Chenopodium ambrosioides
642
22.5.5
Datura stramonium
642
22.5.6 Manihot
esculenta
644
22.5.7
Nerium oleander
645
22.5.8
Peganum harmala
646
22.5.9
Phaseolus
vulgáris
647
22.5.10
Ricinus
communis
647
22.5.11
Sacoglottis gabonensis
648
22.5.12
Solanum
nigrum
649
22.5.13
Solanum tuberosum
649
22.5.14
Syzigium aromaticum
650
22.5.15
Tabernaemontana
crassa
651
22.6
Conclusion
652
References
653
23
Biochemical Parameters in Toxicological Studies in Africa:
Significance, Principle of Methods, Data Interpretation,
and Use in Plant Screenings
659
Jean P. Dzoyem, Victor Kuete and Jacobus
N.
Eloff
23.1
Introduction
659
23.2
Important Biochemical Indices in
Toxicity
Studies
660
23.3
Enzymes of Toxicological Relevance
661
23.3.1
Hepatocellular Leakage Enzymes: Transaminases
662
23.3.2
Cholestatic Enzymes
666
23.3.3
Muscle Leakage Enzymes
667
23.3.4
Other Enzymes of Toxicological Relevance
669
23.4
Nonenzymatic Markers in
Toxicity
Studies
675
23.4.1
Bilirubin
676
23.4.2
Creatinine and Urea
676
23.4.3
Malondialdehyde
677
23.4.4
Glutathione
678
Contents
XIX
23.4.5
Triglycérides
679
23.4.6
Cholesterol
680
23.4.7
Bile
Acids
680
23.4.8
Glucose
681
23.4.9
Total Protein
681
23.4.10
Troponin
682
23.5
Electrolytes of Toxicological Relevance
683
23.5.1
Sodium
683
23.5.2
Potassium
684
23.5.3
Chloride
685
23.5.4
Calcium
685
23.5.5
Magnesium
686
23.5.6
Phosphate
687
23.5.7
Iron
687
23.6
Effect of African Medicinal Plants on Biochemical Indices
688
23.6.1
Asteraceae
688
23.6.2
Fabaceae
689
23.6.3
Euphorbiaceae
689
23.6.4
Apocynaceae
690
23.6.5
Other Families
691
23.7
Conclusion
691
References
703
|
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| id | DE-604.BV041903143 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 012800018X 9780128000182 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants ed. by Victor Kuete Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014 XXVI, 715 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elsevier Insights Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd rswk-swf Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 s Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 s DE-604 Kuete, Victor edt Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027346847&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060538-3 (DE-588)4024076-9 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
| title | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants |
| title_auth | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants |
| title_exact_search | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants |
| title_full | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants ed. by Victor Kuete |
| title_fullStr | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants ed. by Victor Kuete |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants ed. by Victor Kuete |
| title_short | Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants |
| title_sort | toxicological survey of african medicinal plants |
| topic | Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Heilpflanzen (DE-588)4024076-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Toxikologie Heilpflanzen Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027346847&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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