Tools of radio astronomy

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser: Wilson, Thomas L. 1942- (VerfasserIn), Rohlfs, Kristen 1930- (VerfasserIn), Hüttemeister, Susanne 1963- (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Heidelberg [u.a.] Springer 2013
Ausgabe:6. ed.
Schriftenreihe:Astronomy and astrophysics library
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text CONTENTS 1 RADIO ASTRONOMICAL FUNDAMENTALS 1 1.1 ON THE ROLE OF RADIO ASTRONOMY IN ASTROPHYSICS 1 1.2 THE RADIO WINDOW 3 1.3 DISCOVERIES IN RADIO ASTRONOMY 5 1.3.1 A SELECTED LIST OF FACILITIES 6 1.4 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS 7 1.5 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 10 1.6 BLACK BODY RADIATION AND THE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE 13 1.7 EMISSIVITY AND REFLECTIVITIES OF SURFACES 18 1.8 THE NYQUIST THEOREM AND THE NOISE TEMPERATURE 19 PROBLEMS 20 REFERENCES 23 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALS 25 2.1 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS 25 2.2 PLANE WAVES IN NONCONDUCTING MEDIA 26 2.3 WAVE PACKETS AND THE GROUP VELOCITY 30 2.4 PLANE WAVES IN CONDUCTING MEDIA 32 2.5 THE DISPERSION MEASURE OF A TENUOUS PLASMA 33 PROBLEMS 37 REFERENCES 39 3 WAVE POLARIZATION 41 3.1 VECTOR WAVES 41 3.2 THE POINCARE SPHERE AND THE STOKES PARAMETERS 46 3.3 QUASI-MONOCHROMATIC PLANE WAVES 50 3.4 THE STOKES PARAMETERS FOR QUASI-MONOCHROMATIC WAVES 51 3.5 FARADAY ROTATION 52 PROBLEMS 57 REFERENCES 59 HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1038189780 VIII CONTENTS 4 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND RECEIVERS: THEORY 61 4.1 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND STATIONARY STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 61 4.1.1 PROBABILITY DENSITY, EXPECTATION VALUES AND ERGODICITY 61 4.1.2 AUTOCORRELATION AND POWER SPECTRUM 63 4.1.3 LINEAR SYSTEMS 66 4.1.4 FILTERS 68 4.1.5 DIGITIZATION AND SAMPLING 68 4.1.6 GAUSSIAN RANDOM VARIABLES 71 4.1.7 SQUARE LAW DETECTORS 72 4.1.8 RECEIVER CALIBRATION PROCEDURE 73 4.2 LIMITING RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 74 4.2.1 NOISE UNCERTAINTIES DUE TO RANDOM PROCESSES 76 4.2.2 THE MINIMUM NOISE FOR A COHERENT SYSTEM 78 4.2.3 RECEIVER STABILITY 79 PROBLEMS 85 REFERENCES 89 5 PRACTICAL RECEIVER SYSTEMS 91 5.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 91 5.1.1 INCOHERENT RADIOMETERS 91 5.1.2 COHERENT RADIOMETERS 91 5.1.3 BOLOMETER RADIOMETERS 92 5.1.4 THE NOISE EQUIVALENT POWER OF A BOLOMETER 94 5.1.5 CURRENTLY USED BOLOMETER SYSTEMS 95 5.2 COHERENT RECEIVERS 98 5.2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS: PASSIVE DEVICES 98 5.2.2 BASIC COMPONENTS: ACTIVE DEVICES 99 5.2.3 SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS 105 5.2.4 PRACTICAL HEMT DEVICES 107 5.2.5 SUPERCONDUCTING MIXERS 109 5.2.6 HOT ELECTRON BOLOMETERS ILL 5.3 SUMMARY OF THE COHERENT FRONT ENDS PRESENTLY IN USE 113 5.3.1 SINGLE PIXEL RECEIVER SYSTEMS 113 5.3.2 MULTIBEAM SYSTEMS 114 5.4 BACK ENDS: CORRELATION RECEIVERS, POLARIMETERS AND SPECTROMETERS 115 5.4.1 CORRELATION RECEIVERS AND POLARIMETERS 115 5.4.2 SPECTROMETERS 118 5.4.3 FOURIER AND AUTOCORRELATION SPECTROMETERS 119 5.4.4 PULSAR BACK ENDS 130 PROBLEMS 132 REFERENCES 134 CONTENTS IX 6 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANTENNA THEORY 137 6.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIALS 137 6.2 GREEN S FUNCTION FOR THE WAVE EQUATION 139 6.3 THE HERTZ DIPOLE 143 6.4 THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM 148 6.5 ARRAYS OF DIPOLES 148 6.6 RADIATION FIELDS OF FILLED ANTENNAS 152 6.6.1 TWO DIMENSIONAL FAR FIELD 152 6.6.2 THREE DIMENSIONAL FAR FIELD 154 6.6.3 CIRCULAR APERTURES 157 6.6.4 ANTENNA GRADING RELATED TO POWER PATTERNS 159 6.7 SUMMARY 161 PROBLEMS 162 REFERENCES 164 7 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF FILLED APERTURE ANTENNAS 165 7.1 DESCRIPTIVE ANTENNA PARAMETERS 165 7.1.1 THE POWER PATTERN P(ID, (P) 165 7.1.2 THE MAIN BEAM SOLID ANGLE 166 7.1.3 EFFECTIVE AREA 168 7.1.4 ANTENNA TEMPERATURE 172 7.2 PRIMARY FEEDS 174 7.2.1 PRIME FOCUS FEEDS: DIPOLE AND REFLECTOR 175 7.2.2 FLORN FEEDS USED TODAY 175 7.3 REFLECTOR SYSTEMS 177 7.3.1 ANTENNA BLOCKAGE 179 7.3.2 FIELD OF VIEW 181 7.4 ANTENNA TOLERANCE THEORY 183 7.5 THE PRACTICAL DESIGN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTORS 188 7.5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 188 7.5.2 SPECIFIC ANTENNAS 190 7.6 SUMMARY 194 PROBLEMS 195 REFERENCES 197 8 SINGLE DISH OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 199 8.1 THE EARTH S ATMOSPHERE 199 8.2 CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 204 8.2.1 GENERAL 204 8.2.2 COMPACT SOURCES 205 8.2.3 EXTENDED SOURCES 207 8.2.4 EXTREMELY EXTENDED SOURCES 208 8.2.5 CALIBRATION OF METER WAVELENGTH INSTRUMENTS 208 8.2.6 CALIBRATION OF CENTIMETER WAVELENGTH TELESCOPES 209 X CONTENTS 8.2.7 CALIBRATION OF MM AND SUB-MM WAVELENGTH TELESCOPES FOR HETERODYNE SYSTEMS 209 8.2.8 BOLOMETER CALIBRATIONS 213 8.3 CONTINUUM OBSERVING STRATEGIES 213 8.3.1 POINT SOURCES 213 8.3.2 IMAGING OF EXTENDED CONTINUUM SOURCES 215 8.4 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECTRAL LINE OBSERVATIONS 217 8.4.1 RADIAL VELOCITY SETTINGS 217 8.4.2 STABILITY OF THE FREQUENCY BANDPASS 219 8.4.3 INSTRUMENTAL FREQUENCY BASELINES 219 8.4.4 THE EFFECT OF STRAY RADIATION 222 8.4.5 SPECTRAL LINE OBSERVING STRATEGIES 224 8.5 PULSAR OBSERVING STRATEGIES 226 8.6 SOURCE CONFUSION 227 8.6.1 INTRODUCTION 227 8.6.2 SPECTRAL LINE CONFUSION 230 PROBLEMS 230 REFERENCES 235 9 INTERFEROMETERS AND APERTURE SYNTHESIS 237 9.1 THE QUEST FOR HIGHER ANGULAR RESOLUTION 237 9.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 240 9.2.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 242 9.3 RESPONSES OF INTERFEROMETERS 244 9.3.1 FINITE BANDWIDTH 244 9.3.2 SOURCE SIZE AND MINIMUM SPACING 246 9.3.3 BANDWIDTH AND BEAM NARROWING 246 9.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 247 9.4.1 LOCAL OSCILLATORS AND INSTRUMENTAL EFFECTS 247 9.4.2 MULTIBEAM SYSTEMS AND FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS 248 9.4.3 COORDINATE SYSTEMS FOR INTERFEROMETRY 250 9.5 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY 253 9.6 INTERFEROMETERS IN ASTROMETRY AND GEODESY 256 9.7 SENSITIVITY 259 9.8 OBSERVING STRATEGIES 260 9.8.1 BASIC PROCEDURES 260 9.8.2 DYNAMIC RANGE AND IMAGE FIDELITY 261 9.8.3 OBSERVING PROCEDURES 262 9.9 SPATIAL FILTERING AND INTERFEROMETRY 264 9.10 DATA PROCESSING 265 9.10.1 GRIDDING UV DATA 265 9.10.2 PRINCIPAL SOLUTION, DIRTY MAP AND DIRTY BEAM 266 9.11 APERTURE SYNTHESIS 270 9.11.1 IMPROVING VISIBILITY FUNCTIONS 272 9.11.2 MULTI-ANTENNA ARRAY CALIBRATIONS 273 CONTENTS XI 9.12 ADVANCED IMAGE IMPROVEMENT METHODS 273 9.12.1 SELF-CALIBRATION 273 9.12.2 THE CLEAN PROCESS 274 9.12.3 THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY DECONVOLUTION METHOD (MEM) 275 9.13 CALIBRATIONS AND CORRECTIONS FOR LOW FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS 276 9.14 CALIBRATIONS AND CORRECTIONS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS 277 9.15 PRESENT DAY FACILITIES 279 9.16 SUMMARY 283 PROBLEMS 283 REFERENCES 287 10 EMISSION MECHANISMS OF CONTINUOUS RADIATION 289 10.1 THE NATURE OF RADIO SOURCES 289 10.2 BLACK BODY RADIATION FROM ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS 291 10.3 DUST EMISSION 292 10.4 RADIATION FROM ACCELERATED ELECTRONS 296 10.5 THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF BREMSSTRAHLUNG FOR AN INDIVIDUAL ENCOUNTER 297 10.6 THE RADIATION OF AN IONIZED GAS CLOUD 301 10.7 NONTHERMAL RADIATION MECHANISMS 305 10.8 REVIEW OF THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION 306 10.9 THE SYNCHROTRON RADIATION OF A SINGLE ELECTRON 309 10.9.1 THE TOTAL POWER RADIATED 310 10.9.2 THE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF RADIATION 311 10.9.3 THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMISSION 312 10.10 THE SPECTRUM AND POLARIZATION OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 314 10.11 THE SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FROM AN ENSEMBLE OF ELECTRONS 317 10.11.1 HOMOGENEOUS MAGNETIC FIELD 320 10.11.2 RANDOM MAGNETIC FIELD 322 10.12 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF SYNCHROTRON SOURCES 323 10.13 LOW-ENERGY CUT-OFFS IN NONTHERMAL SOURCES 325 10.14 INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING 326 10.14.1 THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT 326 10.14.2 ENERGY LOSS FROM HIGH-BRIGHTNESS SOURCES 328 PROBLEMS 329 REFERENCES 331 11 SOME EXAMPLES OF THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL RADIO SOURCES 333 11.1 THE QUIET SUN 333 11.2 RADIO RADIATION FROM OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS 337 11.3 SPATIALLY EXTENDED RADIO RADIATION 338 11.4 MEASUREMENTS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 339 XII CONTENTS 11.5 MODELS BASED ON CMB DATA 343 11.6 RADIO RADIATION FROM HII REGIONS 344 11.6.1 THERMAL CONTINUUM 344 11.6.2 RADIO RADIATION FROM IONIZED STELLAR WINDS 346 11.7 SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 347 11.8 THE HYDRODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 349 11.8.1 THE FREE-EXPANSION PHASE 350 11.8.2 THE SECOND PHASE: ADIABATIC EXPANSION 352 11.8.3 THE THIRD PHASE: SNOWPLOW EXPANSION 357 11.9 THE RADIO EVOLUTION OF OLDER SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 357 11.10 PULSARS 360 11.10.1 DETECTION AND SOURCE NATURE 360 11.10.2 DISTANCE ESTIMATES AND GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION 362 11.10.3 INTENSITY SPECTRUM AND PULSE MORPHOLOGY 364 11.10.4 PULSARTIMING 367 11.10.5 ROTATIONAL SLOWDOWN AND MAGNETIC MOMENT 369 11.10.6 BINARY PULSARS 372 11.10.7 MILLISECOND PULSARS 374 11.10.8 PULSARS AS GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS 376 11.10.9 RADIO EMISSION MECHANISM 377 11.11 EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES 378 11.11.1 RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS AND TIME VARIABILITY 379 11.11.2 RADIO GALAXIES: CYGNUS A 382 11.11.3 AN EXAMPLE OF THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT: CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 383 11.11.4 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 384 PROBLEMS 385 REFERENCES 388 12 SPECTRAL LINE FUNDAMENTALS 393 12.1 RADIOSPECTROSCOPY 393 12.2 THE EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS 393 12.3 RADIATIVE TRANSFER WITH EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS 395 12.4 DIPOLE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 398 12.5 A SOLUTION OF THE RATE EQUATION 400 PROBLEMS 402 REFERENCES 404 13 LINE RADIATION FROM ATOMS 405 13.1 THE 21 CM LINE OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN 406 13.2 THE ZEEMAN EFFECT 409 13.3 SPIN TEMPERATURES 410 13.4 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINES 412 13.4.1 THE INFLUENCE OF BEAM FILLING FACTORS AND SOURCE GEOMETRY 413 13.5 THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR GAS 416 CONTENTS XIII 13.6 DIFFERENTIAL VELOCITY FIELDS AND THE SHAPE OF SPECTRAL LINES 418 13.7 THE VELOCITY FIELD IN THE INTERSTELLAR GALACTIC GAS 420 13.8 EXTRAGALACTIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN 424 13.8.1 VIRIAL MASSES 426 13.8.2 THE TULLY-FISHER RELATION 428 13.9 COSMOLOGICAL NEUTRAL HYDROGEN 430 PROBLEMS 433 REFERENCES 436 14 RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES 439 14.1 EMISSION NEBULAE 439 14.2 PHOTOIONIZATION STRUCTURE OF GASEOUS NEBULAE 440 14.2.1 PURE HYDROGEN NEBULAE 440 14.2.2 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM NEBULAE 443 14.2.3 ACTUAL HII REGIONS 445 14.3 RYDBERG ATOMS 446 14.4 LINE INTENSITIES UNDER LTE CONDITIONS 448 14.5 LINE INTENSITIES WHEN LTE CONDITIONS DO NOT APPLY 450 14.5.1 COLLISIONAL BROADENING 455 14.6 THE INTERPRETATION OF RADIO RECOMBINATION LINE OBSERVATIONS 456 14.6.1 ANOMALOUS CASES 458 14.7 RECOMBINATION LINES FROM OTHER ELEMENTS 458 PROBLEMS 459 REFERENCES 462 15 OVERVIEW OF MOLECULAR BASICS 465 15.1 BASIC CONCEPTS 465 15.2 ROTATIONAL SPECTRA OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES 467 15.2.1 HYPERFINE STRUCTURE IN LINEAR MOLECULES 470 15.3 VIBRATIONAL TRANSITIONS 471 15.4 LINE INTENSITIES OF LINEAR MOLECULES 473 15.4.1 TOTAL COLUMN DENSITIES OF CO UNDER LTE CONDITIONS 475 15.5 SYMMETRIC TOP MOLECULES 479 15.5.1 ENERGY LEVELS 479 15.5.2 SPIN STATISTICS 480 15.5.3 HYPERFINE STRUCTURE 481 15.5.4 LINE INTENSITIES AND COLUMN DENSITIES 484 15.6 ASYMMETRIC TOP MOLECULES 486 15.6.1 ENERGY LEVELS 486 15.6.2 SPIN STATISTICS AND SELECTION RULES 486 15.6.3 LINE INTENSITIES AND COLUMN DENSITIES 487 15.6.4 ELECTRONIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM 491 15.6.5 MOLECULES WITH HINDERED MOTIONS 493 PROBLEMS 494 REFERENCES 496 XIV CONTENTS 16 MOLECULES IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE 499 16.1 INTRODUCTION 500 16.1.1 HISTORY 500 16.2 MOLECULAR EXCITATION 504 16.2.1 EXCITATION OF A TWO-LEVEL SYSTEM 504 16.2.2 MASER EMISSION PROCESSES IN ONE DIMENSION 506 16.2.3 NON-LTE EXCITATION OF MOLECULES 512 16.3 MODELS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER 515 16.3.1 THE LARGE VELOCITY GRADIENT MODEL 515 16.4 SPECTRAL LINES AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS 521 16.4.1 KINETIC TEMPERATURES 521 16.4.2 LINEWIDTHS, RADIAL MOTIONS AND INTENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS 522 16.4.3 ROTATION DIAGRAMS AND THE TOTAL COLUMN DENSITIES OF SPECIES 523 16.4.4 DETERMINATION OF H 2 DENSITIES 525 16.4.5 ESTIMATES OF H 2 COLUMN DENSITIES FROM CO LINE DATA 526 16.4.6 MASSES OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS FROM MEASUREMENTS OF 12 C 16 0 527 16.4.7 THE CORRELATION OF CO AND H 2 COLUMN DENSITIES 528 16.4.8 MASS ESTIMATES AND CLOUD STABILITY 531 16.4.9 SIGNATURES OF CLOUD COLLAPSE 533 16.5 A SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS 534 16.6 CHEMISTRY 536 16.6.1 OBSERVATIONAL RESULTS 536 16.6.2 ION-MOLECULE CHEMISTRY 539 16.6.3 NEUTRAL-NEUTRAL CHEMISTRY 543 16.6.4 GRAIN CHEMISTRY 543 16.6.5 MODELS OF PHOTON DOMINATED REGIONS 544 16.6.6 SEARCHES FOR NEW MOLECULES 546 16.6.7 SEARCHES FOR PRECURSORS OF LIFE 549 PROBLEMS 550 REFERENCES 553 A SOME USEFUL VECTOR RELATIONS AND FOURIER TRANSFORMS 557 REFERENCES 561 B THE VAN VLECK CLIPPING CORRECTION: ONE BIT QUANTIZATION 563 C CONVENTIONAL DERIVATION OF SQUARE LAW DETECTOR RESPONSE AND RECEIVER NOISE 567 C.L SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR 567 C.2 LIMITING RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 570 REFERENCES 574 CONTENTS XV D THE RECIPROCITY THEOREM 575 E FILLED APERTURE ANTENNAS 579 E. 1 THE RADIATION FIELD OF LOCALIZED SOURCES 579 F THE HANKEL TRANSFORM 583 REFERENCE 584 G LISTS OF CALIBRATION RADIO SOURCES 585 REFERENCES 588 H THE MUTUAL COHERENCE FUNCTION AND VAN CITTERT-ZERNIKE THEOREM 589 H.L THE MUTUAL COHERENCE FUNCTION 589 H.2 THE COHERENCE FUNCTION OF EXTENDED SOURCES: THE VAN CITTERT-ZERNIKE THEOREM 590 REFERENCE 594 INDEX 595
any_adam_object 1
author Wilson, Thomas L. 1942-
Rohlfs, Kristen 1930-
Hüttemeister, Susanne 1963-
author_GND (DE-588)121154270
(DE-588)121154238
(DE-588)114014183
author_facet Wilson, Thomas L. 1942-
Rohlfs, Kristen 1930-
Hüttemeister, Susanne 1963-
author_role aut
aut
aut
author_sort Wilson, Thomas L. 1942-
author_variant t l w tl tlw
k r kr
s h sh
building Verbundindex
bvnumber BV041743680
classification_rvk US 1640
US 1650
ctrlnum (OCoLC)864531080
(DE-599)DNB1038189780
dewey-full 522.682
dewey-hundreds 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics
dewey-ones 522 - Techniques, equipment & materials
dewey-raw 522.682
dewey-search 522.682
dewey-sort 3522.682
dewey-tens 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences
discipline Physik
Geographie
edition 6. ed.
format Book
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id DE-604.BV041743680
illustrated Illustrated
indexdate 2024-12-24T04:04:23Z
institution BVB
isbn 3642399495
9783642399497
9783662517321
language English
oai_aleph_id oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027190214
oclc_num 864531080
open_access_boolean
owner DE-20
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physical XV, 609 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm
publishDate 2013
publishDateSearch 2013
publishDateSort 2013
publisher Springer
record_format marc
series2 Astronomy and astrophysics library
spellingShingle Wilson, Thomas L. 1942-
Rohlfs, Kristen 1930-
Hüttemeister, Susanne 1963-
Tools of radio astronomy
Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 gnd
Astronomisches Instrument (DE-588)4143252-6 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4048200-5
(DE-588)4143252-6
title Tools of radio astronomy
title_auth Tools of radio astronomy
title_exact_search Tools of radio astronomy
title_full Tools of radio astronomy Thomas L. Wilson ; Kristen Rohlfs ; Susanne Hüttemeister
title_fullStr Tools of radio astronomy Thomas L. Wilson ; Kristen Rohlfs ; Susanne Hüttemeister
title_full_unstemmed Tools of radio astronomy Thomas L. Wilson ; Kristen Rohlfs ; Susanne Hüttemeister
title_short Tools of radio astronomy
title_sort tools of radio astronomy
topic Radioastronomie (DE-588)4048200-5 gnd
Astronomisches Instrument (DE-588)4143252-6 gnd
topic_facet Radioastronomie
Astronomisches Instrument
url http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4390559&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm
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AT rohlfskristen toolsofradioastronomy
AT huttemeistersusanne toolsofradioastronomy