Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis
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| 100 | 1 | |a Biron, Michel |d 1936- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1314212737 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thermosets and composites |b material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis |c Michel Biron |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2014 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a PDL handbook series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermosetting plastics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics industry and trade | |
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| adam_text | A Volume in the Plastics Design Library Series
Thermosets
and Composites
Material Selection, Applications, Manufacturing and Cost Analysis
Second Edition
Michel Biron
This second edition contains a new section on composites solutions for practical problems gathering information on trends contributing to the
breakthrough of composites in Aeronautics, Automotive transportation, Building
&
Civil engineering, Shipbuilding,
E
&
E,
Anticorrosion,
and
Wind energy. Other new sections on specific crosslinking processes, processing trends, machinery and equipment manufacturers, applications,
bio-sourced
thermosets
and natural fibers, and recycling of
thermosets
and composites are included.
Case studies are provided to illustrate a wide range of design and production challenges. Furthermore, new market data and information about
health and safety have been added. Information is included on carbon fibers, bensoxazoles and benzoxazines, photo-crosslinkable polymers,
graphenes, and the most recent materials such as unsaturated polyesters, polybenzoxazole, WPCs, and photo-curable resins. All data is fully
updated throughout, with pricing in USD and EUR, and both
ASTM
and European standards.
By providing the knowledge necessary for selecting a fabrication process, thermoset material and methods for determining the all-important
cost of thermoset parts this new edition is an invaluable decision-making aid and reference work for practitioners in a field with growing
importance.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Michel Biron has held managing positions in manufacturing,
R
&
D,
customer support, scientific and technical information, in international
companies as well as in technical centers dealing with industrial polymers. Currently a consultant, he is working on several publications and
works concerning the industrial polymer area.
RELATED TITLES
Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, 3e,
Goodman
&
Dodiuk
ISBN:
9781455731077
Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites, 2e,
Biron
ISBN:
9781455778980
William
Andrew
Applied Science Publishers
www.wffluunandfcw.coffi
Contentei
Disclaimer
...........................................................................................................................................................
XV
Acronyms and Abbreviations
...........................................................................................................................XVII
1
Outline of the Actual Situation of Plastics Compared to Conventional Materials
......................1
1.1
Polymers: The Industrial and Economic Reality Compared to Traditional Materials
...............................1
1.1
Plastic and Metal Consumption
........................................................................................................1
1.1.2
Mechanical Properties
......................................................................................................................3
1.3
Thermal and Electrical Properties
....................................................................................................4
1.1.4
Durability
..........................................................................................................................................5
1.1.5
Material Costs
...................................................................................................................................7
1.2
What are
Thermosets,
Composites, and Hybrids?
......................................................................................8
1.2.1
Thermosets
.......................................................................................................................................8
1.2.2
Polymer Composites
.......................................................................................................................11
1.2.3
Hybrid Materials
.............................................................................................................................12
1.3
Plastics: An Answer to the Designer s Main Problems
............................................................................13
1.3.1
Economic Requirements
.................................................................................................................13
1.3.2
Technical Requirements
.................................................................................................................14
1.3.3
Marketing Requirements
................................................................................................................15
1.3.4
Sustainability and Environmental Requirements
...........................................................................16
1.3.5
Some Weaknesses of the Polymer Materials
..................................................................................16
1.4
Outline of the Technical and Economic Possibilities of Processing
.........................................................16
1.4.1
Thermoset Processing
.....................................................................................................................17
1.4.2
Composite Processing
....................................................................................................................18
1.4.3
Hybrid Processing
..........................................................................................................................21
1.5
Environmental Constraints
.......................................................................................................................21
1.5.1
Toxicity
and Pollution
....................................................................................................................21
1.5.2
The Recycling of Polymers
............................................................................................................21
1.5.3
Development of Thermosetting Bio-Plastics from Renewable Sources
.........................................22
1.6
The Final Material/Process/Cost Compromise
.........................................................................................22
1.7
Useful Source Examples for Initiation of In-Depth Studies
.....................................................................22
References
.......................................................................................................................................................24
2
The Plastics Industry: Economic Overview
_____________________________________.25
2.1
Overview of the Global Plastics Industry
.................................................................................................26
2.2
Market Shares of the Various Thermoset Families in the Main Industrialized Countries
........................27
2.3
Market Shares of Composites
...................................................................................................................28
2.4
Market Shares for the Main Application Sectors
......................................................................................28
VI
2.5
Importance
of the Various
Processing
Modes
........................................................................................32
2.6
The Mature Markets
...............................................................................................................................33
2.6.1
The European Market
...............................................................................................................33
2.6.2
The North American Market
....................................................................................................34
2.7
The Emerging Markets: China, India, Brazil, and Russia
......................................................................34
2.7.1
China
........................................................................................................................................35
2.7.2
India
..........................................................................................................................................35
2.7.3
Brazil
........................................................................................................................................37
2.7.4
Russia
.......................................................................................................................................37
2.8
Consumption Growth Trends
..................................................................................................................37
2.8.1
Thermosets
...............................................................................................................................37
2.8.2
Composites
...............................................................................................................................37
2.9
Structure of the Plastic Processing Industry
...........................................................................................38
2.10
Plastic Costs
............................................................................................................................................39
2.10.1
Raw Material Costs
..................................................................................................................39
2.10.2
Examples of Additive Costs
.....................................................................................................39
2.10.3
Reinforcement Costs
................................................................................................................39
2.10.4
Processing Costs
.......................................................................................................................40
2.10.5
Examples of Part Costs
.............................................................................................................42
2.10.6
Assembly, Operating, and Maintenance Costs: Three Factors to Favor Composites
...............44
2.11
Survey of Main Markets
.........................................................................................................................48
2.11.1
Automotive and Transportation
................................................................................................48
2.11.2
Building and Civil Engineering Industry
..................................................................................53
2.11.3
Furniture and Bedding
..............................................................................................................56
2.11.4
Aeronautics, Space, Armaments
...............................................................................................57
2.11.5
Shipbuilding, Offshore, Nautical Sports
...................................................................................60
2.11.6
Anti-Corrosion Equipment, Mechanics, Industry, Tools
..........................................................62
2.11.7
Electricity, Electronics
..............................................................................................................64
2.11.8
Electric Household Appliances, Refrigeration, Office Automation
.........................................65
2.11.9
Medical
.....................................................................................................................................65
2.11.10
Sports and Leisure
....................................................................................................................66
2.11.11
Packaging
.................................................................................................................................66
2.11.12
Art, Decoration
.........................................................................................................................66
2.11.13
Miscellaneous Applications
......................................................................................................66
2.12
Applications of the Main Thermoset and Composite Families
..............................................................67
2.12.1 Polyurethane
and Polyurea
.......................................................................................................67
2.12.2
Unsaturated Polyesters
.............................................................................................................69
2.12.3
Phenolic Resins
........................................................................................................................74
2.12.4
Melamine and Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
(Amino
Resins)
....................................................76
2.12.5
Epoxide
Resins
.........................................................................................................................77
2.12.6
Polyimides
................................................................................................................................80
2.12.7
Silicones
...................................................................................................................................83
2.12.8
Polycyanates or Cyanate Esters
................................................................................................85
2.12.9
DCPD
.......................................................................................................................................86
2.12.10
Furane
Resins
.............................................................................................................. .......86
VII
2.13
Application
Examples of the Main Reinforcements
...............................................................................87
2.13.1
Glass Fibers
..............................................................................................................................87
2.13.2
Aramid
Fibers
...........................................................................................................................90
2.13.3
Carbon Fibers
...........................................................................................................................91
2.13.4
Sustainable Natural Fibers
........................................................................................................92
2.13.5
Other Fibers and Reinforcements
.............................................................................................93
2.13.6
Self-Reinforcing Polymers
.......................................................................................................93
2.13.7
Sandwich Composites
..............................................................................................................93
2.13.8
Hybrids
.....................................................................................................................................95
2.14
Applications of the Main Processing Methods
.......................................................................................95
2.14.1
Thermoplastic Composites
.......................................................................................................95
2.14.2
SMQBMCZMC
....................................................................................................................96
2.14.3
RTM
..........................................................................................................................................97
2.14.4
Hand Lay-Up and Spray Lay-Up
.............................................................................................98
2.14.5
Pultrusion
..................................................................................................................................99
2.14.6
Filament Winding
.....................................................................................................................99
2.14.7
Prepreg Applications
................................................................................................................99
2.14.8
Centrifugal Molding
...............................................................................................................100
2.14.9
Continuous Sheet Molding
.....................................................................................................100
2.15
The Future: Economic Features and New Applications
.......................................................................100
2.15.1
Costs Evolutions
.....................................................................................................................100
2.15.2
New Raw Material Sources: Bio-Sourced Plastics
.................................................................101
2.15.3
New Applications of Polymers and Composites Can Boost Their Consumption
..................102
References
.....................................................................................................................................................104
3
Basic Criteria for the Selection of
Thermosets
............................................................................105
3.1
Evaluation of Plastic Properties
............................................................................................................105
3.1.1
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................105
3.1.2
Low Temperature Behavior
......................................................................................................107
3.1.3
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................108
3.1.4
Long-Term Mechanical Properties
...........................................................................................109
3.1.5
Long-Term
Light and UV Resistance
.......................................................................................109
3.1.6
Chemical Resistance by Immersion or Contact
........................................................................110
3.1.7
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................110
3.1.8
Gas Permeability
......................................................................................................................111
3.1.9
Flammability
.............................................................................................................................
Ill
3.1.10
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................
Ill
3.1.11
Non-destructive Testing
............................................................................................................
Ill
3.2
ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polymer Testing
.....................................................................112
3.2.1
ISO Standard Examples
............................................................................................................113
3.2.2
ASTM
Standard Examples
.......................................................................................................118
3.3
Material Selection
.................................................................................................................................123
3.4
Precision of the Molded Parts
...............................................................................................................124
3.5
Schematic Comparison of Thermoset and Composite Properties
........................................................126
3.6
Crosslinking, Curing, Hardening
..........................................................................................................129
VIH
3.7
Upgrading
and Customization of Raw Polymers: Formulation
...........................................................133
3.7.1
The State of Cure
......................................................................................................................136
3.7.2
The Reinforcement
...................................................................................................................137
3.7.3
The Aspect and Dimensional Stability
.....................................................................................139
3.7.4
The Processing Enhancers
........................................................................................................140
3.7.5
The Cost Cutters
.......................................................................................................................140
3.7.6
The Specific Characteristics
.....................................................................................................140
3.8
Analysis and Diagnostic Equipment
.....................................................................................................141
3.9
Environmental Trends
...........................................................................................................................142
4
Detailed Accounts of Thermoset Resins for Molding and Composite Matrices
.......................145
4.1
Polyurethanes (PUR), Polyureas, Polyisocyanurates
...........................................................................146
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
. 1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................147
.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................148
.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................149
.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................149
.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................150
.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................150
.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................150
.8
Foams
.......................................................................................................................................152
.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polyurethanes
..........................154
4.1.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................157
4.1.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................158
4.2
Unsaturated Polyesters (UP)
.................................................................................................................158
4.2.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................158
4.2.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................167
4.2.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................169
4.2.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................169
4.2.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................170
4.2.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................172
4.2.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................172
4.2.8
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polyesters
................................172
4.2.9
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................173
4.2.10
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................173
4.3
Phenolic resins (PF)
..............................................................................................................................176
4.3.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................179
4.3.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................182
4.3.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................183
4.3.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................183
4.3.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................183
4.3.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................185
4.3.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................185
4.3.8
Foams
.......................................................................................................................................185
4.3.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Phenolic Resins
.......................185
їх
4.3.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................187
4.3.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................187
4.4
The
Amino
Resins: Melamine
(MF)
and Urea-Formaldehyde (UF)
....................................................187
4.4.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................191
4.4.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................193
4.4.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................194
4.4.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................194
4.4.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................194
4.4.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................195
4.4.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................195
4.4.8
Foams
.......................................................................................................................................196
4.4.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
Amino
Resins
..........................196
4.4.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................197
4.4.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................199
4.5
Epoxides or Epoxy Resins (EP)
...........................................................................................................199
4.5.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................201
4.5.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................203
4.5.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................204
4.5.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................204
4.5.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................205
4.5.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................206
4.5.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................206
4.5.8
Foamed Epoxies and Syntactic Foams
.....................................................................................210
4.5.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning Epoxides
..................................211
4.5.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................212
4.5.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................213
4.6
Polyimides (PI)
.....................................................................................................................................213
4.6.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................213
4.6.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................221
4.6.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................222
4.6.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................222
4.6.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................224
4.6.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................226
4.6.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................230
4.6.8
Foamed Polyimides and Syntactic Foams
................................................................................230
4.6.9
Examples of Specific
ASTM
Standards Concerning Polyimides
.............................................230
4.6.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................231
4.6.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................231
4.7
Silicones or Polysiloxanes (MQ, PMQ, PVMQ, VMQ, or SI) and Fluorosilicones (FMQ, FVMQ,
orFSI)
...................................................................................................................................................231
4.7.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................236
4.7.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................240
4.7.3
Optical Properties
.....................................................................................................................241
4.7.4
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................241
4.7.5
Aging
........................................................................................................................................242
4.7.6
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................245
4.7.7
Joining
......................................................................................................................................245
4.7.8
Foamed Silicones and Syntactic Foams
...................................................................................245
4.7.9
Examples of Specific ISO and
ASTM
Standards Concerning
Silicones
...................................................................................................................................246
4.7.10
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................247
4.7.11
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................247
4.8
Polycyanates or Cyanate Esters
(Су)
....................................................................................................247
4.8.1
General Properties
....................................................................................................................247
4.8.2
Thermal Behavior
.....................................................................................................................249
4.8.3
Mechanical Properties
..............................................................................................................250
4.8.4
Aging
........................................................................................................................................251
4.8.5
Electrical Properties
..................................................................................................................252
4.8.6
Syntactic Foams
........................................................................................................................252
4.8.7
Trade Name and Producer Examples
.......................................................................................254
4.8.8
Property Tables
.........................................................................................................................254
4.9
Other Thermosets
.................................................................................................................................254
4.9.1
Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)
.....................................................................-................................254
4.9.2
Furans
.......................................................................................................................................257
4.9.3
Crosslinked Polyethylene PE-X
...............................................................................................259
4.9.4
Polybenzoxazines
.....................................................................................................................262
4.9.5
Polybenzoxazoles
(PBO)
..........................................................................................................262
4.10
Thermosets from Renewable Raw Materials
........................................................................................264
4.10.1
Bio-Polyurethanes
....................................................................................................................264
4.10.2
Soy-Derived Polyesters
............................................................................................................265
4.10.3
Phenolic Resins
........................................................................................................................266
4.10.4
Epoxy Resins
............................................................................................................................266
4.10.5
Furan
Resins
.............................................................................................................................266
4.10.6
Crop Oil Derived Resins
...........................................................................................................266
4.10.7
Composites
...............................................................................................................................266
References
.....................................................................................................................................................267
5
Thermoset Processing
...................................................................................„...............................269
5.1
Solid Thermoset Processing
.................................................................................................................269
5.1.1
Compression Molding
..............................................................................................................270
5.1.2
Compression Transfer Molding
............................................................................... 271
5.1.3
Injection Molding
.....................................................................................................................272
5.1.4
Extrusion
................................................................................................. .............. 274
5.2
Liquid Thermoset Processing
..............................................................................._.............. 277
5.2.1
Casting and Molding by Spraying
......................................................................................... 277
5.2.2
Liquid Injection Molding
(LIM)
..............................................................................................277
5.2.3
Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)
......................................................................... 278
5.2.4
Rotational Molding or Rotomolding
.................................................................. .280
Xl
5.2.5
Foaming
....................................................................................................................................282
5.2.6
Composite Processes
................................................................................................................282
5.3
Thermoset
Machining
...........................................................................................................................282
5.4
Thermoset Assembly
............................................................................................................................283
5.4.1
Adhesive Bonding
.....................................................................................................................283
5.4.2
Mechanical Assembly
...............................................................................................................283
5.5
Curing
...................................................................................................................................................284
5.6
Another Way: Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Prototyping
and eManufacturing
..............................................................................................................................286
5.7
Processing Trends: Cheaper, Faster, Easier, Greener
...........................................................................286
5.8
Starting Points for Manufacturer, Converter and Equipment Maker Search
........................................289
5.8.1
Associations, Institutes, Specialized Websites
..........................................................................289
5.8.2
Machinery and Equipment Makers and Distributors
................................................................289
References
.....................................................................................................................................................297
Composites..
....................................................................................................................................299
6.1
Definitions
............................................................................................................................................300
6.2
Reminder of Some Basic Principles
.....................................................................................................300
6.3
Composite Mechanical Performances According to the Reinforcement Type
.....................................301
6.3.1
Reinforcement by Randomly Distributed Short Fibers
............................................................302
6.3.2
Reinforcement by Arranged Continuous Fibers
.......................................................................302
6.3.3
General Approximate Method for Strength Estimation
............................................................302
6.4
Composite Matrices
..............................................................................................................................304
6.4.1
Thermosets
...............................................................................................................................304
6.4.2
Thermoplastics
.........................................................................................................................308
6.4.3
Influence of the matrix on the composite properties
................................................................312
6.5
Reinforcements
.....................................................................................................................................312
6.5.1
Fibers
........................................................................................................................................313
6.5.2
The Different Fiber Forms Used for Reinforcement
................................................................331
6.5.3
Foams for Sandwich Technology
.............................................................................................332
6.5.4
Honeycombs
.............................................................................................................................338
6.5.5
Ply wood and Wood
...................................................................................................................339
6.5.6
Influence of the Core on the Sandwich Properties
...................................................................340
6.5.7
Nanofillers
................................................................................................................................340
6.5.8
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
.........................................................................................................342
6.6
Intermediate semi-manufactured materials
..........................................................................................343
6.6.1
SMC, Bulk Compounds, Prepregs
............................................................................................343
6.6.2
Glass Mat Thermoplastics (GMTs) and Prepregs
....................................................................346
6.6.3
Examples of Intermediate Semi-Manufactured Composites
....................................................348
6.6.4
Advanced All-Polymer Prepregs or Self-Reinforced Polymers
...............................................348
6.7
Composite Processing
..........................................................................................................................348
6.7.1
Thermoset Composites
.............................................................................................................349
6.7.2
Thermoplastic Composites
.......................................................................................................363
6.7.3
Sandwich Composites
..............................................................................„..............................365
хн
6.7.4
Finishing Operations
..............................................................................................................367
6.7.5
Repairing Composites
............................................................................................................369
6.8
Examples of Composite Characteristics
...............................................................................................369
6.8.1
Basic Principles
......................................................................................................................369
6.8.2
Nanocomposites
.....................................................................................................................369
6.8.3
Short fiber Composites
...........................................................................................................370
6.8.4
Long Fiber Reinforced Plastics: LFRT and BMC
..................................................................374
6.8.5
Continuous Fiber Composites
.............................................................................................374
6.8.6
Sandwich Composites
............................................................................................................378
6.8.7
Foamed Composites
...............................................................................................................378
6.8.8
Hybrid Composites
.................................................................................................................381
6.8.9
Conductive Composites
..........................................................................................................382
6.8.10
Composites as Intermediates for Powder Injection Molding
.................................................386
6.9
Bio-Composites
....................................................................................................................................387
6.9.1
Polymer Matrices from Renewable Sources
..........................................................................388
6.9.2
Fibers and Fillers from Renewable Sources
...........................................................................389
6.9.3
Cores from Renewable Sources for Sandwich Structures
......................................................390
6.10
Composites Solutions for Practical Problems
......................................................................................390
6.10.1
Basic Interest of Composites
..................................................................................................391
6.10.2
Become Aware of Specific Composite Features
.....................................................................391
6.10.3
Consider the Problem as a Whole
...........................................................................................391
6.10.4
Solutions for Metal Replacement
...........................................................................................395
6.10.5
Solutions for Aeronautics: Carbon Composites, Repairing, Out-of-Autoclave Prepregs,
Shifting Toward Thermoplastics, Automation, New Materials
..............................................396
6.10.6
Solutions for Automotive Sector: Composite Versatility, Hybrid Technologies, Carbon
fiber Breakthrough, New Materials and Processes
.................................................................400
6.10.7
Building
&
Civil Engineering Solutions, WPC, Sandwich Panels, Bridge Construction
and Repairs, Pipe Rehabilitation
............................................................................................407
6.10.8
Shipbuilding, Offshore, Nautical Sports, Pultruded FRP, Syntactic Foams
...........................414
6.10.9
Electricity
&
Electronics: Fire Retardancy, RoHS Regulations, Conductivity
......................417
6.10.10
Anticorrosion
..........................................................................................................................435
6.10.11
Industry: Antifriction, Magnetic, High Heat Composites
......................................................443
6.10.12
Wind Energy
...........................................................................................................................464
6.10.13
Sports and Leisure
..................................................................................................................471
References
.....................................................................................................................................................473
7
Future Prospects for
Thermosets
and Composites
..................................__..............................475
7.1
The Laws and Requirements of the Market
..........................................................................................475
7.2
Thermoset and Composite Answers and Assets
...................................................................................476
7.3
Markets: What Drives What? The Forces Driving Development
.........................................................478
7.3.1
Consumption Trends
...............................................................................................................478
7.3.2
Requirements of the Main Markets
........................................................................................479
7.4
Cost savings
..........................................................................................................................................
4gO
7.4.1
Material Costs
.........................................................................................................................480
7.4.2
Hybrids
...................................................................................................................................480
Xlii
7.4.3
Processing
Costs
.......................................................................................................................481
7.4.4
Low-Cost Tool Examples
.........................................................................................................482
7.5
Material Upgrading and Competition
...................................................................................................482
7.5.1
Nano-Carbon
............................................................................................................................482
7.5.2
Molecular Reinforcement
.........................................................................................................483
7.5.3
Polymer Nanotubes
..................................................................................................................483
7.5.4
Nanofillers and Nanofibers
.......................................................................................................483
7.5.5
Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics to Compete with LFRT
.............................................485
7.5.6
Thermoplastic and Thermoset Competition
.............................................................................486
7.5.7 3D
reinforcements Compete with 2D
.......................................................................................487
7.5.8
Carbon Fibers Compete with Glass Fibers
...............................................................................488
7.5.9
New High-performance Polymers
............................................................................................488
7.6
The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Patents
..........................................................................490
7.6.1
Analysis of Patents by Polymer Type
.......................................................................................490
7.6.2
Analysis of Patents by Reinforcement Type
.............................................................................490
7.6.3
Analysis of Patents by Structure and Process Type
..................................................................491
7.7
The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Awards
..........................................................................491
7.8
Environmental Concerns
......................................................................................................................494
7.8.1
Recycling of Thermosets and Composites
...............................................................................495
7.8.2
Sustainable Standard and High-Performance Reinforcements
.................................................499
7.8.3
Sustainable and Biodegradable Components for Matrices
.......................................................500
7.8.4
Examples of Sustainable Composites
.......................................................................................500
References
.....................................................................................................................................................501
Conclusion
.........................................................................................................................................................503
Glossary
.............................................................................................................................................................507
Index
..................................................................................................................................................................515
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1314212737 |
| author_facet | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Biron, Michel 1936- |
| author_variant | m b mb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041708855 |
| classification_rvk | UV 9250 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)881815822 (DE-599)BVBBV041708855 |
| discipline | Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041708855 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:03:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781455731244 1455731242 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027156090 |
| oclc_num | 881815822 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | XX, 526 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | PDL handbook series |
| spellingShingle | Biron, Michel 1936- Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062670-2 (DE-588)4150907-9 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4033695-5 |
| title | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis |
| title_auth | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis |
| title_exact_search | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis |
| title_full | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron |
| title_fullStr | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thermosets and composites material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis Michel Biron |
| title_short | Thermosets and composites |
| title_sort | thermosets and composites material selection applications manufacturing and cost analysis |
| title_sub | material selection, applications, manufacturing, and cost analysis |
| topic | Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Duroplast (DE-588)4150907-9 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Thermosetting plastics Plastics industry and trade Verbundwerkstoff Duroplast Kunststoff Kunststoffindustrie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027156090&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bironmichel thermosetsandcompositesmaterialselectionapplicationsmanufacturingandcostanalysis |