Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą)
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2013
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| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Wydawnictwo DiG |c 2013 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The history of the Mazovian-Teutonic border (between Pisa and Biebrza) | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 335-395 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / granice / Państwo Krzyżackie |2 jhpk | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / geografia historyczna / średniowiecze |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
. 7
ROZDZIAŁ I. Stan badań, problematyka badawcza i źródła do dziejów
pogranicza mazowiecko—pruskiego i granicy mazowiecko—krzyżackiej
. 13
1.
Stan badań i problematyka badawcza
. 13
2.
Źródła pisane
. 31
3.
Źródła i opracowania kartograficzne
. 34
4.
Źródła i opracowania toponomastyczne
. 38
5.
Źródła i opracowania archeologiczne
. 44
ROZDZIAŁ
II.
Topografia pogranicza mazowiecko—pruskiego
. 56
1.
Regiony fizyczno-geograficzne
. 56
2.
Ukształtowanie terenu
. 58
3.
Gleby
. 59
4.
Rzeki
. 60
5.
Brody i przeprawy
. 73
6.
Bagna
. 78
7.
Jeziora
. 80
8.
Lasy
. 83
9.
Surowce mineralne
. 89
10.
Drogi
. 92
ROZDZIAŁ III.
Toponimia
pogranicza mazowiecko—pruskiego
. 112
1.
Nazwy krain
. 113
2.
Nazwy wodne i terenowe
. 117
3.
Najstarsze nazwy miejscowe polskie i pruskie
. 142
4.
Nazwy stanowisk archeologicznych
. 145
6
Spis treści
ROZDZIAŁ
IV.
Dzieje osadnictwa wczesnośredniowiecznego w strefie
pogranicza
. 150
1.
Osadnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne w świetle źródeł materialnych
. 150
—
Grodziska
. 152
—
Cmentarzyska
. 189
—
Osady
. 195
—
Skarby
. 196
2.
Wczesnośredniowieczne struktury osadnicze i administracyjne
północno—wschodniego Mazowsza
.200
3.
Osadnictwo późnośredniowieczne
(XIV—
XV
w.), wybrane aspekty
.209
ROZDZIAŁ
V.
Kształtowanie się pogranicza mazowiecko—pruskiego i granicy
mazowiecko—krzyżackiej
.221
1.
Opisy granicy mazowiecko—pruskiej przed
1343
r.
.249
2.
Przebieg granicy mazowiecko—krzyżackiej od ugody w
1343
r.
.257
—
układ w Bratianie w
1343
r.
.258
—
układ z Litwą w
1358
r. i sprawa Rajgrodu
.264
—
ujazd graniczny z
1374
r.
.275
—
zastaw Wizny w
1382
r.
. 277
—
traktat saliński z
1398
r.
.283
—
spory graniczne przed i po bitwie grunwaldzkiej
.289
—
traktat mełneński z
1422
r. i rokowania w Szczuczynie w
1437
r.
. 300
ROZDZIAŁ
VI.
Wyznaczniki i znaki graniczne, wytyczanie granic
.303
Zakończenie
. 325
Summary.
. 331
Wykaz cytowanych źródeł i opracowań
.335
SUMMARY
The history of the Mazovian—Teutonic border
(between Pisa and Biebrza)
The presented research on the history of the eastern section of the northern Mazo¬
vian—Yotvingian borderline and the border of Mazovia with the State of the Teuto¬
nic Order (between Pisa and the springs of Biebrza) is a continuation of the research
regarding its western section (between
Drwęca
and Pisa). Research confirms that
the current state of knowledge is insufficient, and that it in fact duplicates findings
of German historians from the second half of the 19th century up until the mid
20th century. These findings, most likely due to former knowledge as well as ide¬
ological and political bias, contained factual and methodological errors. Especially
significant was incorrect identification of topographic border signs, due to inade¬
quate sources and the lack of in—depth geographical as well as historical knowled¬
ge, and poor recognition of the Mazovian and Yotvingian settlement ranges. An
assumption that rivers (even the tiniest) designated natural settlement borderlines
might be at fault. Also, at fault were Polish researchers, who until recently have not
made an
erFort
to verify correctness of the German findings and especially they limi¬
ted their own research (historical, archaeological and
toponymie)
of early Mazovia,
by delimitations from
1343
as well as in
1358
and
1398.
Due to lack of written records dated earlier than the beginning of the 14th centu¬
ry (with the exemption of references to Wizna and expeditions to Yotvingia), the re¬
search was supplemented with archaeological and
toponymie
sources. However,
those proved insufficient as well, mainly due to their condition and lack of pub¬
lished archaeological records. In this situation, previously unused Teutonic descrip¬
tions of the Mazovian borderline, dating from the 14th century to the 15th century,
proved to be of great assistance. They shine a new light on to the Mazovian—Teu¬
tonic borderline conflicts, and introduce many new facts. They also provide many
field and aquatic names, regarding the course of the borderline, almost entirely Pol¬
ish, dating from the period prior to the reactivation of local settlements by Prince
Janusz
I. This in fact allowed for the rejection of faulty topographic border markers,
identification of new determinants, and a clearer understanding of vague descrip¬
tions of older pieces.
332
Summary
The researched section of the northern borderline and the Mazovian border is
not homogeneous in terms of geography. The northern edge of the
Kolneńska
Plateu
shows connection to the
Leszno
phase of the last
glaciations
within the so-called
Vistula lobe. Further east, a natural settlement border was established by lower
Łek
and middle and upper Biebrza, with accompanying extensive marshes, of up to
20
km in width. It was a border with a durable, natural character, which consti¬
tuted for settlement and ethnic borderlines in the early middle ages. It lost the func¬
tion when Yotvingia was conquered and Lithuania began its territorial expansion.
The border remained only along the line of lower
Lek,
as the Mazovian—Lithuanian
state line.
Significant changes to the existing image of the early Slavic settlers were brought
upon by the excavation team in Truszki-Zalesie. They proved that Slavic set¬
tlers came to the
Wincenty
river basin, the left tributary of Pisa, towards the end
of the 9th century. The northernmost Mazovian hill-fort in the right Wissa basin
was built on the northern bank of the
Ława
river. This has yet to be researched in de¬
tail. Further to the east past Wissa, all the way to lower
Lek
and Biebrza, stretched
a swampy
Dybła
forest, most likely used by the Mazovian and
Połeksza
settlers for
economic gain. This area is home to many relics of the Prussian field and aquatic
names. The settlement in the arch of the Biebrza, is however, shaped quite differ¬
ently. There are no traces of Yotvingian settlements and archaeological studies have
shown a connection of the region with Mazovian settlements.
The existence of a land route which goes deeper into Yotvingia through
Kami¬
enny Bród
(the ford) on the banks of the
Lek
river made the barrier naturally created
by the lower part of the river, penetrable. That crossing made Yotvingian invasions
on Mazovia and western Russia easier. Consequently, it allowed Poland and Ma-
zovia to conduct political and territorial expansion, first with the help of the Rus¬
sians and then the Teutonic Order. The tangible result could be the dependence
(late 12th century), and then the incorporation of the southern
Połeksza
to Mazovia.
The Mazovian-Russian-Teutonic agreement regarding the division of Yotvingia was
made in
1254,
and granted
1/6^
of Yotvingia to Mazovia. Most likely it was the same
area of southern
Połeksze,
which is introduced in the borderline agreement between
Mazovia and Lithuania in
1358.
The territorial acquisition was not permanent,
and the princes of Mazovia tried to regain it in the beginning of the 15th century,
without success. The agreement of
1358
is also related to a Mazovian-Teutonic epi¬
sode from
1360,
when acting on the orders of King
Casimir
the Great who already
owned the Wissa land, an attempt was made to reconstruct the
Rajgród
hill-fort.
This undertaking proved to be unsuccessful due to an intervention from the Or¬
der. The post Yotvingian land was then divided between the Teutonic Order state
and Lithuania in
1422.
The territorial expansion of the Order was not limited to Prussian land. Similar as
to that in the western part of the borderland by
Wkra, Nida
and Orzyc rivers, the Or-
Summary
333
der
tried to detach its northern part of the
Komenská
Plateu in the 1330's. This area
was bordered by Korczwoda (initially mistakenly identified as
Łabna)
and Skroda
—
the Pisa river left tributaries
—
and Comorow (identified with
Chojna/Ludwigówá)
—
the Wissa river right tributary
—
and the Wissa river itself. That was possible
because of the considerable depopulation of the
Kolneńska
Plateu, due to Yotving¬
ian and Lithuanian invasions in the region. The Order put territorial claims on
Mazovian borders in the beginning of the 15th century, despite the agreement signed
on November
8, 1343
in Bratian which set the borderline along the northern bor¬
der of the Plateau, on the banks of the Wincenta river, and her springs, all the way
to the springs of
Chojna
and the
Łek
river ford. The subsequent border, starting at
the
Łek
river ford all the way to Biebrza, was not described properly. The latter de¬
scriptions of the borders state that the Mazovian princes and the Order interpreted it
differently. The Order wanted the border in line with the
Łek
river, whereas the Ma-
zovians wanted it to pass through post Yotvingian land, on the left river bank, east
of Biebrza. Another attempt to take over Mazovian lands was to take the pledge on
Wissa land between
1382-1401.
In the Biebrza river arch, settlements developed differently. The navigability
of the Biebrza and
Narew
rivers as well as the existence of
a Narew
land route through
a Wissa crossing, lead to the sovereignty of the Polish state over the local Slavic set¬
tlement, by the rulings period of
Bolesław Chrobry
at the latest. It is possible that
even then Mazovia's authority covered land all the way to the source of the Biebrza
river. This is confirmed in
1325,
as well as border descriptions from the
1340
s. This
state persisted (with the possible exception of an episode from
1146
to
1147)
to
the mid 14th century, when as a result of expansion of the emerging state of Lithu¬
ania, in
1358
the boundary from the upper Biebrza moved to the line of her right
tributary
Netta
and her left: tributary Brzozowka. In
1397
the border was established
on the lower line of the Biebrza, and this was sanctioned in
1398
in the
Salno
Treaty.
The final stages of the Mazovian—Teutonic border disputes fall in the period post
the Battle of
Grunwald.
The arbitration process
(1412—1414)
run before the Ger¬
man king
Sigismund
of Luxembourg in
Buda, as
well as subsequent border ne¬
gotiations, did not go beyond the terms of the acceptance of separation of
1343.
In the following years, concerns regarding the borderline which ran along the Win¬
centa river bend were explained. Also the area of the spring of the Wincenta riv¬
er and upper ford
Kamienny Bród
on
Łek
was divided
(1437),
which as a result
of the Melno Treaty
(1422)
became a border point for
Mazo
via, the Teutonic Order
and Lithuania. At that time Mazovia was granted the disputed lakes on the
Łek:
Toczyłowo
and Grajewskie. It was the one and only victory for Mazovia in this bor¬
derline section. The final border line was decided upon in
1437,
between the source
of the Wincenta river and upper ford
Kamienny Bród
on
Łek.
The research clarifies knowledge regarding the northeastern Mazovia border
and tries to explain the misunderstanding accrued in existing literature. However,
334
Summary
the topic has not yet been exhausted. A satisfactory outcome will be possible after
examining materials obtained in the course of the past several decades from excava¬
tions and by conducting new research, with a precisely formulated research ques¬
tionnaire all of which should be conducted by responsible scientists. Furthermore
a study of the local hydronym and terrain names is required especially on the north¬
ern side of the border, dating from
1343.
Perhaps then we will be able to determine
the farthest reach of early Mazovian settlements as well as identifying its phases.
The contents of recently acquired and used here Teutonic archival sources require
further study of the archives of the Teutonic Order. I am convinced that this will
clarify many of the issues and reveal many as yet unknown events associated with
the formation of the Mazovian—Teutonic border.
TransUted by
Aleksandra Karolina Oldak |
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| author | Kowalczyk-Heyman, Elżbieta 1945- |
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| geographic | Państwo Krzyżackie / granice / Polska / Mazowsze (region) jhpk Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / granice / Państwo Krzyżackie jhpk Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / geografia historyczna / średniowiecze jhpk Preußen Ordensstaat (DE-588)4076337-7 gnd Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Państwo Krzyżackie / granice / Polska / Mazowsze (region) Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / granice / Państwo Krzyżackie Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / geografia historyczna / średniowiecze Preußen Ordensstaat Masowien |
| id | DE-604.BV041655740 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:10:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371818219 9788371818158 8371818157 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027096242 |
| oclc_num | 879084093 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 395 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo DiG |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kowalczyk-Heyman, Elżbieta 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1205285113 aut Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman Warszawa Wydawnictwo DiG 2013 395 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The history of the Mazovian-Teutonic border (between Pisa and Biebrza) Bibliogr. s. 335-395 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Nazwy geograficzne / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd rswk-swf Państwo Krzyżackie / granice / Polska / Mazowsze (region) jhpk Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / granice / Państwo Krzyżackie jhpk Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / geografia historyczna / średniowiecze jhpk Preußen Ordensstaat (DE-588)4076337-7 gnd rswk-swf Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 gnd rswk-swf Masowien (DE-588)4037853-6 g Preußen Ordensstaat (DE-588)4076337-7 g Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027096242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027096242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kowalczyk-Heyman, Elżbieta 1945- Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) Nazwy geograficzne / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021993-8 (DE-588)4076337-7 (DE-588)4037853-6 |
| title | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) |
| title_auth | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) |
| title_exact_search | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) |
| title_full | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman |
| title_fullStr | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą) Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman |
| title_short | Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej |
| title_sort | dzieje granicy mazowiecko krzyzackiej miedzy pisa a biebrza |
| title_sub | (między Pisą a Biebrzą) |
| topic | Nazwy geograficzne / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze jhpk Grenzgebiet (DE-588)4021993-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nazwy geograficzne / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Mazowsze (region) / średniowiecze Grenzgebiet Państwo Krzyżackie / granice / Polska / Mazowsze (region) Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / granice / Państwo Krzyżackie Mazowsze (Polska ; region) / geografia historyczna / średniowiecze Preußen Ordensstaat Masowien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027096242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027096242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kowalczykheymanelzbieta dziejegranicymazowieckokrzyzackiejmiedzypisaabiebrza |